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1757
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Daniel Bernoulli and the making of the fluid equation

Source : The Tumer Collection , Keele University

References : http://www.groups.dcs.stand.ac.uk/~history/Societies

:
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Groningen university
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Karl von Terzaghi

The Father of Soil Mechanics

He who said "Erdbaumechanik" in 1923

): (1883-1963
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1925
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Arthur Casagrande
)(1902 1981

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Alec Westley Skempton

:
A.W.Skempton
. North hampton 1914
1935

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1949 . 1936
.
1946
. 1961 1957

.

.
:
Dr. A.W. Skempton has authored and co-authored many works.
Following are a few of his most well-known articles:

Skempton, A.W. (1942), "An Investigation of the Bearing

Capacity of a Soft Clay Soil," J. Inst. Civil Engrs., vol. 18,
p.307.

Skempton, A.W. (1948), "The =0 Analysis for Stability and

its Theoretical Basis," 2nd ICSMFE, vol. 1, p. 72.
Skempton, A.W. (1951), "The Bearing Capacity of Clays,"
Proc. Building Research Congress, vol. 1, pp. 180-189.
Skempton, A.W. and Northey, R.D. (1952), "Sensitivity of
Clays," Geotechnique, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 40-51.
Skempton, A.W. and Henkel, D.J. (1953), "The Post-Glacial
Clays of the Thames Estuary at Tilbury and Shellhaven," 3rd
ICSMFE, vol. I, p. 302.

Skempton, A.W. and Bjerrum, L. (1957), "A Contribution to

the Settlement Analysis of Foundations on Clay,"
Geotechnique, vol. 7, p. 168.
Skempton, A.W. (1961) "Effective Stress in Soils, Concrete
and Rocks," Pore Pressure and Suction in Soils,"
Butterworths, London, p. 4.
Skempton, A.W. (1986), "Standard Penetration Test
Procedures" Geotechnique, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 425-557.

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Ralph Brazelton Peck

Ralph B. Peck with NGI Director Suzanne Lacasse

)at the opening of Ralph B. Peck Library at NGI (2000

:
23 1912) (Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada .
.
Rensselaer Polytechnic 1934
. 14 1937


. 200 .


.
.

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.
.
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.

Laurits Bjerrum

Laurits Bjerrum, the first Director at NGI (1951-73)

In

1951,

Dr.

Laurits

Bjerrum,

from

Denmark,

was

headhunted for the position of Director, and he led NGI until

his death in 1973. The first 20 years of NGI were strongly
influenced by three key figures: Laurits Bjerrum, Bjrn
Kjrnsli and Ove Eide. They provided the backbone for NGI's
development and established the NGI's culture.
In the early years, The Research Council of Norway
contributed about 50% of NGI's annual turnover to research
activities. The rest of the turnover came from advisory
assignments for industry and governments. Today, The
Research Council of Norway contributes about 10% of NGI's
turnover to project-related research.

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From the start, NGI's goal was "To promote geotechnical

research and the implementation of research results in
practice". This still holds true today. NGI's research and the
understanding and solution of problems in connection with
constructions in soft clay gave Dr. Bjerrum and NGI high
international recognition. Results and methods developed at
NGI are now incorporated in textbooks in use at universities
world-wide. In the early years, construction in soft clays,
landslides in quick clays and earth- and rockfill dams were the
predominant areas of work at NGI. When the oil industry
started in Norway around 1970, NGI soon became an
important

contributor

to

the

development

of

offshore

geotechnical engineering. Work in this area resulted in an

award in 1989 for "Outstanding contributions in the field of
offshore geotechnical engineering" from the International
Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering.
After Laurits Bjerrum's untimely death in 1973, Ove Eide
acted as Director until Dr. Kaare Heg came from Stanford
University to take position as Director of NGI. He was
Managing Director until 1991, when he became Professor at
University of Oslo, but he today acts as Technical Adviser at
NGI. In 1991, Dr. Suzanne Lacasse, who came from MIT to
NGI in 1978, took over NGI's leadership.
In 1985, NGI was privatised. Research remained at the
centre of NGI's activities. NGI currently employs a staff of
145, among which 110 have university degrees. In 2001 the
turnover was NOK 140 millions.

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Trademarks of NGI's research, covering geotechnical, rock

and environmental engineering, are to meet industry's needs
for practical and reliable engineering solutions. Today's
technological

challenges

include

offshore

innovations,

environmental protection and risk assessment associated with

natural hazards.
NGI has wide international practice, for example, offshore
USA, Canada, Africa and Australia, highways and bridges in
Thailand, natural hazards in Hong Kong, Canada and Latin
America, dams and dikes in Canada and South Africa, deep
excavations in Singapore, subway in Taipei, artificial island in
Italy, rock tunnels and caverns in Hong Kong and Taiwan and
storage of nuclear waste in Britain. In 2001, 25% of NGI's
activity was on projects outside Norway.
In 2002, NGI's research quality was recognised by The
Research Council of Norway and Norwegian authorities when
NGI was awarded Centre of Excellence status to pursue
research as "International Centre for Geohazards".

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William John Maquorn Rankine

(1820 - 1872)

One can only wonder if the brilliance of William John Maquorn

Rankine was hereditary or if he was merely a prodigy of his time. In a
lecture delivered before the British Geotechnical Society at the
University of Glasgow on December13, 1972, Hugh B. Sutherland,
Cormack Professor of Civil Engineering from the University of Glasgow
said of him:
Rankine was no ordinary man.
He humbly described his task of telling of Rankines life and times by
saying:
It has left me with the feeling that anything I can say is a
tribute to a giant of the past from a tiny mortal of the
present."
On ending his lecture, he stated:
Rankine was the most wonderful combination of the man of
genius and of humor. How much more pleasant and
effective is the contribution, scientific or otherwise, when
you know behind it lies a man capable of having a twinkle in
his eye.
William John Maquorn Rankine is a name engraved in scientific
annals throughout the world. Rankine is best known for his
accomplishments in thermodynamics (description of the operational
cycle of an ideal engine using steam or another vapor) and soil
mechanics (earth pressure theory). Yet another stellar attribute of this
great man was his pioneering role as an engineering educator. He was

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born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on July 5, 1820. His learning consisted of a

primary education taught mostly by his father and private tutors, and
two extraordinary years of schooling at the University of Edinburgh.
Leaving without a degree, Rankine set out to become a civil engineer.
He apprenticed under Sir John Benjamin MacNeill, a notable civil
engineer of his time who had been Thomas Telfords chief assistant. He
practiced the civil engineering profession until the late 1840s, switching
without hesitation to practice mathematical physics. From 1848 to 1855,
Rankine spent a great amount of his time in researches on theoretical
physics, thermodynamics and applied mechanics. On December 3,
1855, at the age of 35, Rankine was appointed by the Queens
Commission to the Chair of Civil Engineering and Mechanics at Glasgow
- a Regius Chair established by royal decree. His ensuing years, leading
up to the time of his death, were spent as a professor and author.
Rankine imparted an immense knowledge of learned theory and practice
to eager students. Authoring 111 papers and writing numerous
textbooks, his respective scientific findings remain a foundation in soil
mechanics and thermodynamics today.

Civil Engineer
Very little is known today of Rankines work as a practicing civil
engineer. However, it is apparent he was introduced during his second
year of college to the profession by his father, David Rankine. The elder
Mr. Rankine, a civil engineer, was a superintendent for the Edinburgh
and Dalkeith Railway. Young Rankine spent a year assisting his father
and then he left for Ireland, where he worked on railroad, hydraulic, and
various other projects. After four years in Ireland, he returned to
Scotland and worked with railway companies and consultants until about
1848.

Educator
"Pioneer with a determination" best describes William John Maquorn
Rankine as an educator. Separate from his great contribution as an
author, Rankine introduced and vigorously sought at Glasgow, a
degreed program in engineering. Engineering courses in Rankines time
were not recognized in fulfilling any degree requirements. Rankine first
pushed for an award of Diploma in Engineering Science, but was turned
down by Scotland University Commissioners. On a second effort,
Rankine endeavored for the award and got approval. Lastly to Rankines
effort were his success at establishing a BSc in science. Once again,
Rankines incessant efforts aside from his respected knowledge gained
him praise throughout the world for pioneering the engineering
education.

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References
H. B. Sutherland. Rankine: His Life and Times. Lecture delivered
before the British Geotechnical Society at the University of Glasgow on
13 December 1972 to mark the centenary of the death on 24 December
1872 of William John Macquorn Rankine. London: 1973.
"Rankine, William John Macquorn." Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
1975 ed., Vol. XI, pp. 291-295.
"Rankine, William John Macquorn." Cambridge Biographical
Dictionary. 1990 ed., pp.1216-1217.
"Rankine, William John Macquorn." Encyclopedia Americana. 1996
ed., Vol. 23, p. 253.
"Rankine, William John Macquorn." New Encyclopedia Britannica.
1997 ed., Vol. 9, p. 939.
http://www.ce.boun.edu.tr
http://www.pubs.asce.org
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Terzaghi
http://www-groups.dcs.st
http://www.ngi.no/english/default.asp
http://www.ejge.com
http://en.wikipedia.org

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