B CNG THNG TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

HCM VIN CNG NGH SINH HC- THC PHM

TIU LUN MN PHU GIA THC PHM

TN TI:

C CH CM NHN V V CC CHT TO V C TRONG T NHIN

GVHD: NGUYN TH HONG YN SVTH:

TP.HCM 11/11/2011

MC LC M U ............................................................................................................................... 5 NI DUNG ........................................................................................................................... 6

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II.1 Tng quan v ti ................................................................................................... 6 II.1.1S lc v ph gia thc phm ................................................................................ 6 II.1.2 Quy nh V S Dng Ph Gia To V T Nhin. ............................................. 6 II.2 Khi Nim, Vai Tr Ca Cc Cht To V Trong Thc Phm ............................ 7 II.3 Cc Cht To V C Bn C Trong T Nhin ....................................................... 7 II.3.1 Cht To V Ngt.................................................................................................... 7 II.3.1.1Cc Cht Ngt Khng ng. ............................................................................ 8 Ii.3.1.2ng Sucrose:...................................................................................................... 9 II.3.1.3 Fructose .............................................................................................................. 20 II.3.1.4Glucose ................................................................................................................ 36 II.3.1.5Xylitol .................................................................................................................. 40 II.3.1.6.Cht ngt t cy c ngt Stevia- stevioside/ rebaudioside A.. ....................... 45 II.3.1.7 Thaumatin ......................................................................................................... 57 II.3.1.8.La hn qu: ....................................................................................................... 63 II.3.2 Cc cht to v chua ............................................................................................. 67 1.Mt s cht ph gia to v chua t nhin: ................................................................. 68 2.Liu lng s dng: .................................................................................................... 68 II.3.2.3 Mt s cht to chua in hnh ........................................................................ 68 II.3.2.3.1 Axit Citrit ........................................................................................................ 68 II.3.2.3.2Dm (Axit acetic) ............................................................................................. 73 II.3.2.3.3 Axit lactic ........................................................................................................ 77 II.3.2.3.4Axit malic ......................................................................................................... 79 II.3.2.3.5 Acid tactric. ..................................................................................................... 81 II.3.2.3.6 Acid fumaric. .................................................................................................. 83 II.3.3 Cht to v ng.................................................................................................... 85 II.3.3.1 Nicotin ................................................................................................................ 86
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II.3.3.2 Quinin:................................................................................................................ 88 II.3.3.3Naringin v Hisperdin: ...................................................................................... 89 II.3.3.4 Cafein.................................................................................................................. 90 II.3.4 Cht to v mn. ................................................................................................... 93 II.3.5.Cht iu v ........................................................................................................... 93 3.5.1Bt ngt (Natri glutamat) ...................................................................................... 94 3.5.2 Siu bt ngt......................................................................................................... 103 1 Axit guanylic v mui ca n ................................................................................... 103 2.Axit inosinic v mui ca n ..................................................................................... 103 3. Maltol v etyl maltol ................................................................................................. 104 II.4 C ch cm nhn v ............................................................................................... 113 1.Trung tm cm nhn v............................................................................................. 113 2.Cm Nhn V. ............................................................................................................ 114 2.Cu trc ho hc ca cht to v .............................................................................. 115 3.Tm quan trng ca cm gic v .............................................................................. 118 KT LUN ....................................................................................................................... 119

LI NHN XT CA GING VIN ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................

M U

Ph gia ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic ch bin thc phm. V hon ton khng phi ph gia no cng khng an ton nh nhiu ngi vn ngh...C ngi ni: thi nay nu chng ta mun loi tr mt s ph gia khi ba n th ch cn cch t i trng trt, chn nui, thu hoch, s ch v dnh nhiu thi gian cho vic nu nng, ng hp hoc l chp nhn nguy c thc phm mau b h thi. iu ny cho thy trong thi i cng nghip, s c mt ca ph gia ph bin nh th no. Vi nhiu ngi tiu dng, khi ng trc hai sn phm cng loi, mt loi c ghi nhn, qung co l khng dng ph gia, loi kia c dng th s la chn thng nghing v loi th nht. Cm t "ph gia" i vi nhiu ngi nh l mt cht g "khng t nhin" v khng "an ton". Chnh v th, nhiu sn phm vn thng qung co rng "khng cha ph gia" hay nhng "cht chit xut t t nhin" nh mt li th cnh tranh. Khi nim v ph gia thc phm ph gia thc phm (PGTP) l: "nhng cht khng c coi l thc phm hoc mt thnh phn ch yu ca thc phm, c th c t hoc khng c gi tr dinh dng; c ch ng thm vo thc phm vi mt lng nh, an ton cho sc khe nhm duy tr cht lng, hnh dng, mi v, kim hay acid ca thc phm, hoc nhm p ng cho yu cu v cng ngh trong sn xut, ch bin, ng gi, vn chuyn v bo qun thc phm" Nng cao v khng phi ch tc bng cch nu nng,lm cho thc phm to nn nhng cu t mi , c mi v thm ngon hn so vi nguyn liu banu, m cn bng cch cho thm cc cht lm tng v ngon t ngoi vo. Cc cht c v v mi thm trong thin nhin c rt nhiu tuy nhin bn cnh nhng li ch l lm tng mi v cho sn phm th cc cht to v ny cng c khng t tc hi. Cng chnh v tnh a dng ca cc loi ph gia to v ny cng nhng li ch v tc hi ca chng m chng em chn ti c ch cm nhn v v cc cht to v c trong t nhin tm hiu.
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NI DUNG
II.1 Tng quan v ti II.1.1S lc v ph gia thc phm
S pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh gip cho ph gia thc phm ngy cng hon thin v a dng hn, hn 2500 ph gia c s dng trong cng ngh thc phm gp phn quan trng trong vic bo qun v ch bin thc phm. Ph gia c vai tr quan trng trong lnh vc cng ngh thc phm c th l: - Gp phn iu ha ngun nguyn liu cho cc nh my sn xut thc phm, gip nh my c th hot ng quanh nm, gip sn phm c phn phi trn ton th gii. - Ci thin c tnh cht ca sn phm: cht ph gia c b sung thc phm lm thay i tnh cht cm quan nh cu trc, mu sc, ng u,.ca sn phm. - Lm tha mn th hiu ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng. Do nhu cu n king ca con ngi t ra i cng nghip sn xut cc thc phm t nng lng. Nhiu cht to nh v keo t, cc este ca acid bo v cc loi ng gip lm gim mt lng ln cc lipid c trong thc phm - Gp phn lm a dng ho cc sn phm thc phm. Cng vi s xut hin ca ph gia thc phm, thc n nhanh, thc n t nng lng, cc thc phm thay th khc cng ra i v pht trin p ng nhu cu n ung ngy cng a dng ca con ngi. - Nng cao cht lng thc phm. Cc cht mu, cht mi, cht to v lm gia tng tnh hp dn ca sn phm. - Lm n gin ho cc cng on sn xut. Vic s dng cc ho cht bc v trong ch bin cc loi c gip rt ngn c thi gian bc v trong ch bin. - Lm gim ph liu cho cc cng on sn xut v bo v b mt ca nh my

II.1.2 Quy nh V S Dng Ph Gia To V T Nhin.

- Vic kim tra cht lng, v sinh an ton i vi cc cht to v phi thc hin theo cc quy nh ca php lut ti thng t QCVN 4-11: 2010/BYT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v ph gia thc phm .

- S dng cht ph gia ng theo i tng thc phm, liu lng khng vt mc gii hn an ton cho php hoc theo GMP. - Ph gia thc phm phi p ng yu cu k thut, v sinh an ton theo quy nh hin hnh. - S dng cht ph gia khng lm bin i bn cht, thuc tnh t nhin ca thc phm.

II.2 Khi Nim, Vai Tr Ca Cc Cht To V Trong Thc Phm

Khi nim:Cc cht to v l cc ph gia lm cho thc phm hng v hay mi c th no v c th c to ra t cc cht t nhin hay nhn to. Vai tr: *Cc cht ng c vai tr quan trng trong thc phm, cc vai tr c bn c th hin nh sau: L cht to v ngt cho thc phm. Ci thin cu trc v nht. Bo qun thc phm chng li s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Cung cp c cht cho qu trnh ln men thc phm. Tng kh nng gi nc. To mt im ng bng khc v to tinh th nhit khc. To cm gic ngon ming, kch thch tiu ha.

II.3 Cc Cht To V C Bn C Trong T Nhin II.3.1 Cht To V Ngt

Cht to ngt l ph gia to v ngt, chng thm vo thc phm nh l cht thay th ng. n nay, cc nh khoa hc tm thy hng trm cht ha hc c kh nng to nn v ngt. Chng dc chit tch t thc vt hoc c sn xut bng phng php tng hp. Tuy nhin ch c vi chc cht c php s dng trong cng ngh thc phm. Ty theo quy nh ca mi quc gia m danh mc cht to ngt c php s dng c th khc

nhau. Cc nh khoa hcvn ang n lc tm kim nhng cht to ngt mi vi cc c tnh k thut u vit hn s dng trong sn xut 1 s loi thc phm chc nng.

Mt s cht ngt c ngun gc t nhin.

L cht ngt c kh nng cung cp gi tr dinh dng cho c th, c tinh ch t cc sn phm c ngun gc t nhin, khng gy c hi i vi c th khi s dng, liu lng s dng khng hn ch ngoi tr nhng ngi b bnh tiu ng hoc bo ph. Vd: ng sucrose c sn xut t ma hay c ci ng, mt ong... Cht ngt t nhin c s dng trong sn xut thc phm thng l ng ct tinh luyn sucrose loi RE v RS. Ngoi ra, c mt s ni dng ng thng, ng mch nha (Maltose), latose, mt ong, sorbitol, manitol sn xut bnh, ko Mt s cht ngt t nhin thng gp nh: -Mt ong: c ly t hoa bi nhng con ong. N l mt cht rt ngt, c kt hp t fructose, glucose v sucrose. -Fructosec ngun gc t ngun tri cy v ngt hn ng ma tinh. -Malt-mtc lm t ng cc nguyn thin nhin. ng Maltose c coi l c hi nht cho c th v chng l carbohydrate phc tp. C ngun gc t ng cc, cc loi xi r. -ng sucrose c sn xut t ma, c ci ng, tht nt y l loi ng c s dng rng ri nht. -Mt ng l mt sn phm c ly t ph phm ca cng ngh sn xut ng ma. -Stevia l loi cy c s dng trch chit ra mt cht ngt. Ngoi ra cn mt s loi ng khc nh: lactose, galactose Cc cht ngt t nhin c s dng rt rng ri trong cc sn phm thc phm v cho mt s mc ch khc.

II.3.1.1Cc Cht Ngt Khng ng.

Cc cht ngt khng ng s dng trong thc phm do cc tnh nng c bit ca chng: ngt gp nhiu ln so vi cc cht ngt thng thng, bn nhit, bn acid, t c phn ng ph lm bin i phm cht thc phm. c bit c gi thnh rt thp nu so snh vi cc cht ngt ang s dng ph bin. Cc cht ngt khng ng cho php dng
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thc phm cng ty thuc vo s hiu bit ca con ngi, theo tng giai on (c lc cho s dng, c lc cm s dng). Cht ngt ny c v ngt m nhng khng mang nng lng hoc mang nng lng rt t. Nhng cht ny c ch cho ngi bnh tiu ng v thch v ngt nhng khng cung cp nng lng cho ngi s dng.

Ii.3.1.2ng Sucrose:

1.c im:
Sucrose l loi ng rt ph bin trong thin nhin. N c nhiu trong c ci ng, trong ma v l, thn, r, qu ca nhiu loi thc vt. Trong cng nghip sn
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xut ng, ngi ta dng nguyn liu l ma hoc c ci ng v chng c th cha t 20 30% ng sucrose. Sucrose l loi ng d ha tan, n c ngha rt quan trng i vi dinh dng ca ngi.Sucrose l mt disacaride cu to t -glucoza v -fructoza.Hai monosacaride ny lin kt vi nhau nh hai nhm OH glucozit ca chng, v vy sucrose khng c tnh kh.Khi thy phn bng acid hoc enzyme invertaza, s gii phng glucoza v fructoza. Trong phn t sucrose, gc glucoza dng piranoza, cn gc fructoza dng furanoza, lin kt xy ra nhm C1 ca glucoza v C2 ca fructoza, do sucrose cn c gi l -D-glucopiranozit (12) -D-fructofuranozit (c quay cc bng +66.50 ).

2.Cc thuc tnh vt l v ha hc ca sucrose:

Sucrose c CTPT l: C12H22O11

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Sucrose c cc tnh cht c trng thng xy ra trong qu trnh sn xut thc phm nh sau:

3. Tc Dng Vi Kim: Khi tc dng vi cht kim hoc kim th, sucrose to nn cc sucrate l hp cht tng t vi alcolat. Trong sucrate, hydro ca nhm hydroxyl c thay th bi kim loi, nh vy trong mi trng ny c th coi sucrose nh mt acid yu. c th kt ta sucrat ra khi dung dch ca n bng ru. Phn ng to thnh sucrat ph thuc vo: -Nng ca dung dch, -Lng kim cng nh lng sucrose c trong dung dch. Trong dung dch m c v d kim, sucrose s to ra nhiu sucrate: C12H22O11 + NaOH HOH + NaC12H21O11 Khi tc dng vi vi s thu c cc dng phc sucrate nh sau: C12H22O11 . CaO .2H2O : monocanxi sucrate C12H22O11 . 2CaO : dicanxi sucrate C12H22O11 . 3CaO .3H2O : tricanxi sucrate Phn ng to thnh tricanxi sucrat c ng dng trong cng ngh sn xut sucrose t r ng, v tricanxi sucrate rt t ha tan trong nc, cn hai dng monocanxi v dicanxi d
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ha tan trong nc. Dung dch Feling c th phn gy ra s oxy ha chm sucrose khi cho oxy hoc khng kh qua dung dch sucrose.

4..Phn ng Thy Phn:

Sucrose c c tnh d b thy phn thnh glucoza v fructoza. Qu trnh ny c th c thc hin nh enzyme invertaza hoc nh acid (acid clohydric nhit cao). thc phm c pH acid cng thun li cho s nghch o, v d dch qu khi bo qun qu trnh ny cng xy ra t ng. Sn phm hnh thnh khi thy phn sucrose c gi l ng nghch o - n c trong mt ong dng t nhin, n c gi nh vy v dung dch sucrose sau khi thy phn c s thay i gc quay cc t phi sang tri. S nghch o cng lm tng cht lng kh ln 5.26%, ng thi tng nh v ngt v nht l tng ha tan ca ng trong dung dch. Dung dch ng nghch o thng t nht hn so vi dung dch sucrose khi dng mt trng lng kh ngang nhau. S tng tnh ha tan gy ra nh qu trnh nghch o l do tnh ha tan cao ca ng fructoza cng nh tnh kh kt tinh ca ng glucoza so vi ng sucrose.

Tnh ha tan ca ng chung nh thm ng nghch o v c khi thm glucoza hay siro glucoza. iu cho php iu chnh nht ca cc dung dch ng.

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Khi lm lnh cc dung dch bo ha ng sucrose (thu c nhit cao) s c th to nn cc dung dch qu bo ha sucrose. Vn tc kt tinh sucrose t cc dung dch ny cng nh kch thc ca cc tinh th to thnh c th gim ng k nh thm vo dung dch glucoza, ng nghch o, siro glucoza.Tnh cht ny c s dng trong k ngh mt ko to nn cc sn phm trong d sucrose nng rt cao nhng vn khng kt tinh.

5.Tnh ht m ca ng
Tnh cht ny nh hng n kt cu ca mt s thc phm. V tnh cht ht m, so snh gia cc loi ng th nhn thy glucoza, maltoza, cc siro glucoza l nhng cht c tnh kh cao thng c tnh ht m km hn so vi sucrose nht l so vi ng nghch o v fructoza.Khi cn duy tr mt m nht nh trong thc phm th s c mt ca cht ht m l cn thit. V d: khi lm bnh, mt, ko c th thm cc cht ht m nh ng nghch o hoc mt ong duy tr kt cu mm, lng. Ngoi cc loi ng c th dng cc polyalcol nh sorbitol, manitol, glycerol Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp c cc ch phm mt ko, nu ng tn ti trng thi v nh hnh th s tn t ca cc cht ht m li khng c li v khi s hp th nc s lm tng nhanh qu trnh kt tinh ng v lm cho cc ch phm s tr nn dnh. khc phc tnh trng trn c th gim lng ng nghch o v thm siro glucoza . Trong nhiu loi thc phm cha mt lng nc thp.ng tn ti dng v nh hnh c nht cao do cn tr qu trnh kt tinh ng. Tuy nhin trng thi ny khng bn vng v khi vt qu vng nng chuyn i , nht s gim i v xy ra qu trnh kt tinh ng. Mt khc, ng dng v nh hnh thng c ht m cao v s hp th nc li lm tng vn tc kt tinh ng.

6. Phn ng t chy:
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Sucrose nng chy v b phn hy khi nung nng nhit 186 C (hay 367 F) to thnh caramel (c mu t vng n nu en). V cng tng t nh cc loi carbohydrate khc, khi chy, sn phm s sinh ra kh cacbon (C), cacbonic (CO2) v nc.

Da vo , ngi ta thng ng dng phn ng Caramel ha ny vo cng ngh sn xut Thc Phm nhm mc ch to nn mu cho cc sn phm nh mt, ko caramel, bnh nng,

7. ng Dng Ca ng Sucrose Trong Thc Phm:

ng c xem l mt nguyn liu thng s dng trong cc sn phm thc phm, vi nhiu mc ch khc nhau , n va l cht to ngt, cht to gi tr dinh dng; n va l thnh phn quan trng trong nhiu loi thc phm nh bnh bch quy, ko ngt, kem v nc tri cy. Ngoi ra, n cn l cht h tr trong qu trnh bo qun thc phm.

8. Tc Dng Bo Qun:
Sucrose cng c s dng nh mt cht bo qun thc phm bng cch to p sut thm thu nu dng ng nng cao, gp phn to nn tnh a dng ca sn phm. - Khi mi trng bn ngoi c p sut thm thu cao hn bn trong t bo VSV s xy ra hin tng co nguyn sinh c ngha l nc trong t bo VSV b rt ra ngoi, t bo vi sinh vt b co nguyn sinh cht gy c ch s pht trin ca VSV. - to p sut thm thu cao cho mi trng cn phi s dng mt nng ng kh cao mi ngng bo qun. V d: a. Khi dng ng lm cc loi mt, ng c tc dng: - Gy co nguyn sinh i vi cc VSV nhim trong nguyn liu tiu dit chng. - Lm kh nguyn liu khin cho cc VSV mi khng m xm nhp v pht
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trin (bi v ng Sucrose c tnh ht m cao). - Dng nhit cao (khi nu mt) nhm st trng. - Cc loi mt sau khi lm xong nu c bao gi tt c th bo qun c lu hn. b. Cc loi tri cy ngm ng va bo qun c tt hn, va to ra cc sn phm mi ph hp vi th hiu ngi tiu dng.

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Cc non ngm ng v Xiro m lm t tri m ngm ng.

9.Tc dng to cu trc:

Sucrose cng to ra c cu trc, trng thi, hnh dng cng nh cht lng ca cc sn phm thc phm: - Kh nng to gel: Do sucrose c kh nng ha tan rt tt trong nc nn khi phn tn vo trong nc th mi phn t s lin kt vi cc phn t bn cnh to thnh mt cu trc khng gian 3 chiu gi cht cc phn t nc bn trong to thnh khi gel, gip cho cc cht phn b u trong dung dch. c ng dng nhiu trong sn xut mt qu, ko, creams, thch, mt s loi nc gii kht, sa chua, V d: ng sucrose c nh hng trc tip n kh nng phn b ca gc trong sn phm jelly. Khi nng ng cao hay thp th gc s ni hoc chm xung y lm gim gi tr cm quan ca sn phm do nht dch jelly thay i v lm thay i t trng ca jelly, to ra s chnh lch t trng gia jelly vi gc nn kh nng phn b ca gc trong jelly khc nhau. S phn b tt v ng u ca gc trong jelly khi nng ng trong jelly t 12%. - Kh nng to c: Sucrose tan nhiu trong nc s to thnh dung dch c nht do c kch thc phn t ln ( nht cao hay thp ty tng nng ng cho vo). Do , n gp phn lm c cc sn phm thc phm. c dng trong sn xut cc sn phm mt, ko,

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- Kh nng to mu:

Sucrose cng c dng vi c tnh to mu cho sn phm v mi thm cho sn phm thng qua phn ng Maillard hay phn ng caramel ha) lm cho sn phm c mu sc c trng (nh mu vng ca bnh nng, mu nu ca ko caramel, ) - Kh nng to ngt: y l mt ng dng chnh ca ng Sucrose,n to ra ngt cao nn thng c dng trong cc sn phm ngt nh:nc gii kht, bnh ngt (cakes, biscuits..), cc loi ko,

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Ngoi ra, sucrose cn c kh nng lu gi c cc cht thm c trong thc phm; gip qu trnh kt tinh ko din ra nhanh chng (c bit trong ko cng); c th dng lm kh nguyn liu hoc cc sn phm da vo tnh ht m ca chng; lm ngun nguyn liu to ra cc loi ng khc m vi sinh vt c th s dng ln men . v d: Sucrose nh hng n trng thi, cu trc ( dy), khi lng ca thch da (do sucrose l mt ngun dinh dng cho vi khun s dng). Khi s dng sucrose cc nng khc nhau cho qu trnh ln men th khi lng thch da thu c vi cc gi tr khc nhau).

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Ch ht sen: Mn ch sen bc nhn lng x Hu ni danh khp chn xa nay. Ht sen nu ch theo kiu Hu c em hp chn, sau nu chung vi nc ng ct trng hay ng phn trong vt cho n khi si nh. V ngt ca ng thm vo ht sen l bc ra ngoi bp.

10. an ton khi s dng ng sucrose:

Cc nghin cu cho thy rng nu tiu th ng qu mc (dng vi s lng ln trong ngy v dng lin tc) c th s gy nh hng n sc khe: bo ph, su rng, tim mch, i tho ng

Su rng:
Vn su rng tr thnh mi nguy lin quan n vic tiu th ng. Cc vi khun rng ming nh Streptococcus mutans sng bm trong mng rng v chuyn ha cc loi ng (ngoi sucrose ngun dinh dng ch yu ca VK, cn glucose, lactose, fructose, hoc tinh bt nu chn) thnh acid lactic. Nng cao ca acid ny c th tn
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ti trn b mt ca rng, dn n kh cc cht khong ca rng lm rng b h (hay cn gi l su rng).

Tng ch s ng huyt:
Khi tiu ha, ng sucrose c chuyn ha thnh glucose (ging dng ng trong mu) v sau c vn chuyn vo mu. Nu s dng qu nhiu ng c th lm tng hm lng ng trong mu.

Bnh tiu ng:

Bnh Tiu ng l mt bnh khi mc phi th c th khng cung cp hay s dng cht insulin ng mc. Bnh Tiu ng c th gy cho c th c qu nhiu ng trong mu. Khi glucose tch t nhiu trong mu, n c th gy ra hai vn sau: Trong thi gian ngn, cc t bo tr nn thiu nng lng bi v chng khng th hp th c glucose. Trong thi gian di, lm h hi nhiu n cc c quan ca c th, bao gm mt, thn, thn kinh hoc tim.

Bnh bo ph:
T chc Y t th gii nh ngha bo ph l tnh trng tch ly m qu mc v khng bnh thng ti mt vng c th hay ton thn n mc nh hng ti sc khe.Bo ph l tnh trng sc khe c nguyn nhn dinh dng. Thi quen hay n qu vt, n qu nhiu ngt nh ko, bnh, mt; cc thc n nhanh giu nng lng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra bnh bo ph.

Bnh gout:
S xut hin ca bnh gout l do s vt qu mc lng acid uric. Mt ch n nhiu ng sucrose c th dn n bnh gout v n lm cn tr s bi tit ca acid uric ra khi c th. Khi nng acid uric trong c th tng ln, th nng acid uric trong khp tp trung nhiu , cc acid uric bt u kt ta thnh tinh th bnh gout. Tm li, cn s dng ng mt mc nht nh (mc d liu lng s dng khng hn ch) nhm bo v sc khe cho chnh bn thn.

II.3.1.3 Fructose
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1. Khi qut chung:

Fructose cn c gi l ng tri cy hay levulose. C nhiu trong qu , mt hoa v cc loi rau. Mt ong, tri cy, cc loi qu mng, da v r ca mt s loi rau cha mt khi lng ng k phn t fructose, thng l dng kt hp vi glucose to thnh sucrose. Khong 240.000 tn fructose kt tinh c sn xut mi nm. Ngun fructose t nhin quan trng l mt ong, trong lng fructose ln ti 37,1%. Hm lng fructose trong mt s loi qu nh sau: chui 8,6%, to 6,5 11,8%, mn 0,9 2,7%, m 0,1 - 3%, nho 7,2%. Ngoi ra trong syrup bp cng c hm lng fructose cao (high fructose corn syrup hay HFCS).

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2. Tnh cht cm quan:

Fructose l carbohydrate t nhin c ngt cao nht. Fructose ngt gp 1,73 ln so vi ng sucrose. Tnh ngt ca fructose c cm nhn d hn ca sucrose hay dextrose, kh nng cm nhn v ngt ny t n cng ti a sau gim i nhanh hn sucrose.Fructose cng c th kch thch s cm nhn cc loi hng v khc.

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Fructose cho hiu qu v ngt khi kt hp vi cc cht to ngt khc. ngt cm nhn c khi kt hp fructose vi sucrose, aspartame hay saccharin th mnh hn ngt ca tng cht ring r.

3.Tnh cht vt l- ha hc.

* Tnh cht ha hc. Fructose l mt ng phn ca glucose, c hai u c cng mt cng thc phn t (C6H12O6), nhng chng khc nhau v cu trc.

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 Phn ng ln men: Fructose c th ln men c bng men anaerobically hoc vi khun. Fructose d dng b ln men bi nm men.Enzym nm men chuyn ha ng fructose to thnh ethanol v CO2. Phn ng Maillard: Fructose tri qua cc phn ng Maillard, ha nu phi enzyme vi cc axit amin. Kh nc: Fructose d dng kh nc cung cp cho hydroxymethylfurfural ("HMF").

* Tnh cht vt l. - Tan tt trong nc, c v ngt hn trong nc lnh. - Khi kt tinh trong dung dch nc fructose c hnh kim, tinh th ca n ngm mt phn t nc (2C6H12O6.H2O). - C kh nng lm quay mt phng ca nh sng phn cc sang bn tri (nn cn c tn l levulose ). - Trong dung dch, fructose tn ti nh mt hn hp cn bng gm 70% fructopyranose v khong 22% fructofuranose.

4.ng Dng Trong Thc Phm Fructose c nhiu trong cc ngun t nhin nh trong cc loi tri cy, cc loi cy (bao gm c ng ma) v mt ong.Fructose thng c sn xut t nhng ngun ny.
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Dng fructose c s dng trong ch n hng ngy nhiu nht, ngoi dng tinh th fructose tinh khit, l nhng thc phm cha ng ma (sucrose), high-fructose corn syrup ( xiro bp giu fructose), mt cy agave (agave nectar), mt ong, mt r ng (molasses), xiro cy thch (maple syrup) v cc loi nc tri cy. Nhng loi ny cha mt hm lng fructose cao nht (bao gm c fructose di dng glucose) so vi cc thnh phn hay cc loi thc phm khc. Fructose c th c mt trong thc phm di dng phn t monosaccharide t do hoc lin kt vi glucose to thnh sucrose di

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dng disaccharide. Fructose, glucose v sucrose c th cng hin din trong mt loi thc phm, tuy nhin nhng thc phm khc nhau s cha hm lng mi loi ng khc nhau.

4 .1High-fructose corn syrup ( xiro bp) HFCS bao gm cc nhm ca xiro bp, tri qua mt qu trnh x l vi enzyme chuyn ng glucose thnh ng fructose nhm tng

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ngt. Ti th trng M, HFCS c s dng nh l cht lm ngt cho cc sn phm thc phm. N c s dng ph bin trong cc loi thc n, ung ch bin sn nh: bnh m, ng cc, sa chua, cc mn sp, cc loi st gia v, thanh n sng (mt dng thanh thc phm gm ng cc v nhng thc phm giu nng lng khc, dnh cho ngi bn rn). HFCS tr thnh mt cht thay th ng hp dn, v c a thch hn ng ma vi cc nh sn xut ung ti M. Cc nh sn xut nc gii kht nh Coca-Cola v Pepsi th s dng ng cc quc gia khc, nhng li s dng HFCS l cht lm ngt Hoa K vo nm 1984. Dng s dng ph bin nht ca HFCS l: HFCS 55 (ch yu s dng trong cc loi nc gii kht) thnh phn ca n bao gm xp x 55% fructose v 42 % glucose; ngoi ra cn c HFCS 42 (c s dng cho nhiu loi thc phm v cc sn phm bnh nng) cha khong 42% fructose v 53% glucose; loi HFCS 90 cha khong 90% fructose v 10% glucose ch c s dng vi liu lng nh trong mt s ng dng c bit, tuy nhin n thng c s dng pha trn vi HFCS 42 to thnh HFCS 55.

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4 .2Xiro cy thch ( maple syrup)

Maple syrup l mt loi xir lm t nha ca cy thch ng (cy thch hoc cy thch en). Fructose trong Maple syrup ch yu l di dng sucrose. Maple syrup cng c th c s dng to cc hng v khc nhau cho nhiu loi thc n, bao gm: bnh quy, cc mn chin, kem, ng cc nng, v tri cy ti. N cng c dng nh cht lm ngt cho mn to nu ng, u nng, ko khoai lang, b ma ng, bnh ngt, bnh nng, bnh m, ko mm v ko khc, milkshakes, tr, c ph, v toddies nng. Maple syrup cng c th c s dng nh l mt cht thay th cho mt ong trong ru mt ong.

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Bnh pancake s dng siro cy thch.

Xiro cy thch c bn trong cc l thy tinh di dng lng.

4 .3Mt cy agave (agave nectar)

Mt cy Agave (i khi cng c gi l xi r agave agave syrup) c sn xut ch yu t cy Agave (cy Tha)

Cy Agave. Fructose ca mt cy Agave c ch s ng huyt thp hn so vi ng ma.Tuy nhin nu dng qu nhiu fructose s gy ng c v l nguyn nhn ca mt s loi bnh. Mt cy Agave th ngt hn 1.4 n 1.6 ln so vi ng thng thng. Mt cy Agave thng c s dng thay ng hay mt ong trong ch bin. Mt cy Agave c dng
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trong cc sn phm chay thay cho mt ong v chng d ha tan, chng cng c s dng nh cht lm ngt cho cc loi nc gii kht lnh nh tr lnh. Agave nectar c bn di nhiu dng cht c mu sc khc nhau thay i t mu nht, mu h phch n sm mu hoc dng cha tinh ch. -Loi mt cy agave mu nht c v du nh, khng gt, thng l c v thanh trung bnh, v chnh v vy chng thng c dng trong cc loi thc n v nc gii kht c v nh du. -Mt cy agave mu h phch th c hng caramel mc trung bnh, v th chng c dng vi cc loi thc phm c hng v mnh hn. -Mt cy agave sm mu c v caramel c trng, v to mt v caramel d dng nhn thy cho cc mn n, nh trong cc mn trng ming, cc mn t gia cm, tht hay hi sn.

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-Loi mt cy mu h phch v mu sm i khi c dng trc tip ri ln mt bnh

pancake hay bnh qu waffle. -Mt cy agave cha qua tinh ch c v nh du tng t mt cy agave mu nht. N c sn xut nhit thp hn 1180F (480C) c th gi li cc enzyme t nhin, ph hp vi nhu cu ca nhng ngi mun n thc phm ti (raw foodists: kiu n s dng phn ln cc dng thc phm khng nu, cha qua ch bin hay thc phm hu c v h tin rng thnh phn trong cc loi thc phm ti ny tt cho sc khe).

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Mt cy Agave khng tinh ch. (raw agave nectar). Mt cy agave ch yu c s dng lm cht lm ngt di dng lng ng chai.Trong cng ngh thc phm mt cy Agave ngoi ra cng c s dng lm cht lm ngt trong mt s sn phm nc gii kht ng chai.Chng cng thng c s dng trong cc sn phm bnh
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nng, cc mn trng ming.Mt s cng ty cng s dng mt cy agave cng kt hp vi cc loi cht lm ngt khc sn xut thc phm.

4 .4Mt ong Mt ong c nhng ch ong ly t mt ca cc loi hoa.Trong mt ong cn c cha hai loi ng l fructosse v glucose Chng c dng lng v to ra mi v rt c trng cho nhng mn nng.Mt ong chuyn thnh ca-ra-men nhanh v nhit thp hn so vi ng nn chng s lm cho mn nng nhanh vng hn.Mt ong cng thch hp vi cc loi kem lm t trng.

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4. 5Mt r ng.
Mt r ng l loi si-r c mu nu en v c snh, thng c lm t nc p ca cy ma ng sau khi qua qu trnh tinh ch. Mt c s dng ch yu to hng v cho cc loi bnh qui v bnh m, nhng bn vn c th dng n cho cc mn nng.

Thng thng, c hai loi mt:mu vng m v nht. Vic s dng loi mt no s ty thuc vo hng v m bn mun c.Tuy nhin, c hai loi mt u c th b tr cho nhau. Ngoi ra, mt r ng c th c s dng nh vt liu c s cho qu trnh ln men thnh ru rum, c s dng trong ung nh bia en.

5. an ton
Fructose thin nhin trong tri cy chim mt t l khng ng k.Nu s dng mt cch
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bnh thng s khng hi g n sc khe. Trong rau qu, fructose (v mt vi loi ng khc) lun lun phi hp vi mt s dng cht khc gip cho vic hp th c d dng. Fructose c coi l loi carbohydrate thch hp nht cho ngi lao ng tr c ng tui v ngi gi. y cng l loi carbohydrate tt cho cc bnh nhn x va ng mch, cc trng hp ri lon chuyn ho lipid v cholesterol. Fructose nh hng tt n hot ng ca cc vi khun c ch trong rut. ngt cao ca fructose cho php s dng vi lng nh t mc cn thit.Ngoi ra cn hn ch c hm lng ng s dng. Mt s tiu th bnh thng fructose s khng c hi g nhng ngc li, nu tiu th qu ti ng fructose di dng sirop bp hay HFCS s l nguyn nhn ca nhiu th bnh tt nh tim mch, bo ph v tiu ng type 2. Thng thng th cht bt ng carbohydrate tiu th s c chuyn ra thnh ng n glucose. Vo mu, glucose s kch thch tuyn ty tng pancreas tit hormone insuline gip em glucose vo t bo to nng lng ng thi cng gip vo vic iu chnh ng huyt glycmie mc thch hp. Ring fructose c chuyn ha ti gan. Mt s tiu th qu nhiu fructose s lm cho gan khng chu ton c nhim v to nng lng v thay th vo l s to ra nhng cht m xu triglycerides v c thi vo mu. y l yu t nguy c gy ra bnh tim mch. Cc th nghim s khi ngi cho thy, fructose cng lm tng cn, gy bo ph do tc dng xu trn liu lng ca hai loi hormones lin quan n cm gic no v cm gic thm n. l hormone leptin v hormone ghrelin. Nhiu nghin cu mi y cng ch r tc dng ca mt ong i vi sc khe h tim mch, bi trong mt ong c cha glucose - rt cn thit cho vic tng cng sc khe c tim. Lng ng trong mt ong t hn so vi cc loi thc phm c v ngt khc v khng gy ra cc chng bnh nh tiu ng hay bo ph. Mt ong cng gip tng cng sc khe h thn kinh v h min dch, lm tng nng hemoglobin trong mu. Ti M, HFCS l cht lm ngt c s dng thay th hng u cho glucose. HFCS tn t chi ph sn xut hn nhng cht lm ngt khc. Vi nhiu u im, HFCS nhanh
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chng c s dng trong nhiu sn phm thc n ch bin sn v cc loi nc gii kht ti M. Tuy nhin gn y c nhng cnh bo v sc khe khi qu lm dng HFCS. Vic s dng HFCS trong cc sn phm thc n nhanh v nc gii kht c cho l nguyn nhn lm tng nhanh t l ngi mc bnh bo ph, tng ch s ng huyt, bnh tim mch cng nh mt s cn bnh khc.

II.3.1.4Glucose 1.Khi qut chung:

Glucose l mt loi ng n gin (monosaccarit), l mt cacbohydrat quan trng trong sinh hc, c cng thc phn t l C6H12O6. Glucose c to ra do thy phn ng saccharose vi cht xc tc l axit (y chnh l qu trnh xy ra trong d dy con ngi khi n ng saccharose hoc cc sn phm cha saccharose). Glucose c nhiu trong hoa qu ngt, nh nho chn, hoa qu chn, cng nh lng nh trong mt ong. Hm lng ca chng trong mt s loi qu nh sau: chui 4,7%, to 2,5 5,5%, mn 1,4 4,1%.

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2.Tnh cht cm quan:

ngt ca glucose ch bng khong 0.7 ngt ca saccharose (cho ngt ca saccharose l 1, th ngt ca glucose bng 0.7)

3.Tnh cht vt l- ha hc
*Tnh cht vt l: -Glucose l mt cht rn, kt tinh, khng mu. -Nhit nng chy 146C. -Ha tan nhiu trong nc. -C v ngt, nhng khng ngt bng ng ma (saccaroz, saccarose, sucrose, C12H22O11). -Dung dch glucose lm quay mt phng nh sng phn cc sang bn phi ( nn cng c tn l dextrose).

*Tnh cht ha hc:

Glucose c CTPT l C6H12O6 , c 1 lin kt i hoc 1 vng. Glucose c nhiu nhm -OH lin k v nhm -CH=O nn c tnh cht ca ancol a chc v aldehyde. Tnh cht ca ancol a chc: Ha tan kt ta ng II oxit Cu(OH)2 to thnh dung dch mu xanh lam l phc cht ca ng.
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Tnh cht ca aldehyde: Phn ng trng gng khi cho vo dung dch Ag(NH3)2OH, to ra kt ta bc Ag (nn cn gi l trng bc). Phn ng to kt ta vi Cu(OH)2: Glucose tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 c xc tc NaOH to kt ta gch Cu2O Phn ng hidro ha: Cng Hidro vo gc CH=O to thnh gc CH2-OH Phn ng ln men ru: c men xc tc to ru etylic C2H5OH v kh carbon dioxide CO2

Phn ng ln men acid lactic: c men lactic to acid lactic CH3-CH(OH)-COOH

4.ng Dng Trong Thc Phm

Glucose gip cc hn hp c pha ng khng b hin ln nhng ht ng nh khi lu (hin tng hi ng hay li ng). ng thi n cng gip bnh ko lu b kh v gi c mm.N cng c s dng trong qu trnh lm kem gi hn hp nc v ng mn, khng b hi ng.

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Ni chung, trong cng nghip thc phm, glucose c s dng lm cht bo qun. Ngoi ra, trong cng nghip, glucose c s dng nh mt tin cht lm cho vitamin C trong qu trnh Reichstein, to ra axit citric, axit gluconic, ethanol sinh hc, acid polylactic, sorbitol

Mt tc

5. an ton

Glucose l cht dinh dng chnh cung cp nng lng cho cc t bo trong c th hot ng. Sau khi n, thc n c tiu ho d dy v rut. Tuy nhin glucose khng th vo trong t bo mt mnh c, m n phi nh n insulin a vo trong t bo.Nu khng c insulin, t bo khng s dng c nng lng t glucose, v nh vy lm cho nng glucose trong mu tng.Lm cho glucose b thi nhiu qua nc tiu. V vy n nhiu glucose c th b bnh tiu ng. Nhiu nghin cu mi y cng ch r tc dng ca mt ong i vi sc khe h tim mch, bi trong mt ong c cha glucose - rt cn thit cho vic tng cng sc khe c tim. Tuy nhin, lng ng trong mt ong t hn so vi cc loi thc phm c v ngt khc v khng gy ra cc chng bnh nh tiu ng hay bo ph. Mt ong cng gip tng cng sc khe h thn kinh v h min dch, lm tng nng hemoglobin trong mu.
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II.3.1.5Xylitol

1.Khi Qut Chung

Xylitol l mt cht lm ngt t thin nhin, l mt dng carbohydrate, c sn xut nh vi sinh vt. Ting Phn lan gi xylitol l "koivusokeri", hay "ng phong". Xylitol c tm thy trong cc si ca nhiu loi tri cy v rau qu, v ng, yn mch, v nm. N c th c chit xut t si bp, bch dng, mm xi, mn, v ng..hoc c th t v cy Bulo

2Tnh cht cm quan

ng xylitol c ngt mt, khc vi ngt ca ng ma. nhit bnh thng xylitol c ngt bng saccharose; hai ln so vi sorbitol, ba ln so vi mannitol.

3.Tnh cht vt l- ha hc:

* Tnh cht vt l: -L cht ngot dng bt. -C v ngt, mi v nht rt thch hp trong sn xut thc phm.
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-Tng th xylitol c ngt v nng lng cao hn saccharose. -L cht khng c.

*Tnh cht ha hc:

Xylitol l mt hp cht hu c vi cng thc (CHOH)3 (CH2OH)2. Ni v mt ha hc, tht s xylitol khng phi l ng, nhng l mt ru ng (ng ln men).N khc vi cc cht lm ngt khc nh l sorbitol, ng qu v glucose v phn t xylitol ch c nm, thay v su nguyn t cc bon. a s nhng vi khun trong ming khng th s dng ng nh vy. Xylitol khng b ln men sinh ra axt, khng ph hng men rng, n c th tng thm kh nng tit dch v, gim axt trong dch v nh vy c th h tr phng chng su rng. y cng l mt l do ti sao xylitol gip ngn nga bnh su rng.

4.ng dng trong thc phm

Trong sn xut bnh ko.
-Xylitol c cha lng cht ngt ngang bng saccharose v c th c s dng theo nhiu cch khc nhau nh khi s dng saccharose. Ngoi ra xylitol c ngt mt cng vi cm gic mt lnh trong ming khi ha tan lm cho xylitol cc k hp dn trong sn xut bnh ko v ung. -Trn th trng, cc sn phm c s dng xylitol hu nh xut hin trong tt c cc loi bnh ko nh: ko gum, ko cng, ko gum Arabic (gum Arabic pastilles), cc loi thch gelatin, mt thch pectin, ko b cng toffee, ko caramel mm, ko b sa fudge, ko bc hCc tinh th xylitol c th c s dng nh lp ph hoc trong thnh phn chnh ca cc sn phm bnh ko khng ng.
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-Mc d xylitol c th c s dng nh cht lm ngt chnh trong cc loi ko cng nhng chng thng c s dng ph bin di dng kt hp vi cc polyol v cc cht lm ngt khng ng khc. Vic s dng xylitol trong cc sn phm bnh ko khng b gii hn nghim ngt v liu lng nh cc loi cht lm ngt khng ng khc.

Ko do- starch jelly candy. Trong sn xut ko gum. -a Xylitol vo ko gum l mt gii php thng minh ngn chn cc bnh rng ming bng chnh sn phm b coi l nguyn nhn hng u lm hng rng ny. V hng Lotte lm mt bc t ph khi cho ra mt sn phm ko chng su rng c cha hn 50% Xylitol. Lotte Xylitol l loi ko gum u tin ti Vit Nam s dng Xylitol chim hn 50% lm cht ngt, mt loi cht ngt t nhin c y hc kim chng l c th gip ngn nga su rng hu hiu, mt t l cao nht trong tt c cc sn phm cng loi trn th trng. Do Xylitol khng b vi khun trong ming phn hy nn Xylitol l mt loi cht ngt an ton c th gip tng cng ngn ng su rng v cc bnh rng ming. V vy ngoi vic nh rng hng ngy, gp nha s hng thng, chng ta cn c thm Xylitol chm sc rng ming.

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 ng dng lm lp ng ph. Nh vo c tnh vt tri v s kt hp gia kh nng ha tan v d kt tinh ca xylitol, nn xylitol c ng dng lm lp ph ngoi cho cc sn phm ko gum vin, y cng l mt trong nhng ng dng thng mi chnh ca xylitol. Trong sn xut ko scla. Xylitol c th c s dng thay cho ng sucrose lm cht lm ngt khng ng thm vo ko scla.Mc d khi s dng xylitol vi nng cao c th gy ra hu v gt, nhng vn c mt s sn phm scla s dng xylitol to v ngt.Mt u im chnh khi s dng xytilol trong sn xut ko scla l khi s dng xylitol th khng phi thm cc cht to ngt cng cao khc.

Cc sn phm t sa v cc mn trng ming lnh.

Xylitol c th s dng thay cho ng sucrose trong rt nhiu sn phm t sa v cc mn trng ming lnh nh: sa chua, kem mousse, kem, kem tri cy v nc tri cy lnh. Cc sn phm thc phm ny c th em li nhiu li ch cho sc khe nh gim lng calorie, khng thm ng, thch hp cho ngi n king, gim tng ng huyt v khng gy su rng. im ng c ca cc sn phm trng ming lnh ny ty thuc vo thnh phn cc cht ha tan. Hm lng cc cht rn ha tan cng cao th im ng c ca cc sn phm cng thp.

Cc sn phm bnh nng.

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Xylitol thch hp s dng cho cc loi bnh nng trong thng mi cng nh s dng ti gia nh nh cc loi bnh quy, bnh m v cc loi bnh cake.Vic s dng xylitol trong cc loi bnh nng gip gim vic s dng ng cng nh em li cc li ch v sc khe c bn n. u im ln nht ca xylitol khi s dng trong cc loi bnh nng l v ca n ging vi ng sucrose v c ngt kh cao nn khng phi b sung thm cc loi ng khc. Mt s nghin cu cho thy rng c th s dng xylitol nh cht lm ngt thay th trc tip cho ng sucrose trong cc loi bnh bng lan v bnh nng m khng gy ra bt li no nh hng n cht lng sn phm. V c ngt cao nn xylitol ch c s dng vi lng nh, cho nn i khi phi iu chnh v hm lng cc thnh phn trong cng thc ch bin so vi khi s dng sucrose. Do nhng khc bit v cu trc ha hc, xylitol khng tham gia phn ng ha nu Maillard cho nn c th phi b sung them mt s loi ng kh trong cng thc to mu cho thnh phm. Xylitol cng ng vai tr nh cht gi m hiu qu trong cc loi bnh cake v bnh nng muffin.Bng vic lin kt vi nc trong sn phm, xylitol cho thy c kh nng ci thin c v mt cu trc ln thi gian s dng ca cc cc loi bnh nng. Cc th nghim c th i vi cc loi bnh bong lan chng t xylitol ci thin r rt thi hn s dng ca sn phm. Mt s ng dng khc. Do c hm lng calo thp, Xylitol ph hp vi cc ch n king gim cn, phng chng bnh bo ph. Xylitol c s dng lm ngun ng thay th cho cc bnh nhn tiu ng.

5. an ton
Xylitol c bit n t nhiu nm nay v c nhiu nh sn xut M, Trung Quc, Nht Bn dng lm cht ngt thay th ng knh. Vic s dng Xylitol thay ng s gim nguy c cc bnh su rng, tim mch, tiu ng v bo ph. Mt mung c ph (5 gam) ca xylitol c cha 9,6 kilocalories (Cal), so vi mt mung c ph ng, trong c 15 Cal. Xylitol hu nh khng c d v, v c cng nhn
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l "an ton cho bnh nhn tiu ng, nhng ngi c ng huyt tng." C nng lng thc n t hn khong 40%, xylitol l mt gii php thay th t nng lng cho ng n.Hp th chm hn so vi ng, n khng lm tng lng ng trong mu hoc tng ng huyt l kt qu gy ra bi phn ng insulin khng . c tnh ny cng c chng minh c li cho nhng ngi b hi chng chuyn ha, ri lon ph bin bao gm khng insulin, tng huyt p, tng cholesterol, v nguy c gia tng ng mu, v gim nguy c b bnh tiu ng.

II.3.1.6.Cht ngt t cy c ngt Stevia- stevioside/ rebaudioside A. 1.Gii thiu chung.

T nm 1908 c ngt c bit n.Hai nh khoa hc Reseback (1908) v Dieterich (1909) chit xut c glucoside t l c ngt.n nm 1931 Bridel v Lavieille mi xc nh c glucoside chnh l Stevioside, cht ngt c bn to nn ngt loi cy ny. Vo th k XVI, cc thu th Ty Ban Nha tng cp n s hin din ca loi tho mc ny.Nhng phi ch n nm 1988, nh Thc vt hc ngi Paraguay l Moises Santiago Bertoni mi phn loi v chnh thc t tn gi n l Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni.Th dn Guarani Paraguay gi c ny l Ca-h c ngha l C c v ngt. T c ngn nm nay, h dng loi tho mc ny lm du ngt cc thc n thc ung c tnh ng v cng cha tr mt s bnh nh bo ph, tim, cao huyt p vv... Ti Vit Nam c ngt cn c bit n vi mt s tn khc nh: cht lm ngt Hong Gia, c mt, c ng, cc ngt. C ngt l cy lu nin bn nhit i, thuc h Cc Asteraceae (Compositae).Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni l mt trong s 154 loi C ngt thuc dng Stevia.Cy c ngt mc thnh bi, cao ti 75cm lc trng thnh.Thn v cnh trn.Thn non c mu xanh, thn gi mu nu. Bn l di 5-7 cm, c mp hnh rng ca. Hoa nh mu trng.Phn hoa c th gy d ng.Cht ngt tp trung trong l.L gi di thp cha nhiu cht ngt hn l non pha trn cao.Cht ngt trong l gim i khi cy tr hoa vo thng 9. Cn lu khi lng thn, l v cht lng c ngt t cao nht thi k trc khi n hoa, tc l nn
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thu hoch giai on hnh thnh n, ch khng cy ra hoa mi thu hi.

2Tnh cht vt l- ha hc. 2.1 Tnh cht ha hc.

Stevioside v hp cht tng t rebaudioside A l cc dng diterpene glycoside (diterpene: cc ng ng ca terpene hay tecpinen C6H16) c cha 20 nguyn t Carbon v c 4 nhnh l nhm methyl c tm thy trong l ca cy Stevia rebaudiana. Nhng cht ngt ny l cc glycoside, thng c chung nhm phi ng l steviol (glycoside l mt phn t gm mt gc ng lin kt vi mt nhm phi ng). Lin kt vi nhm phi ng steviol l cc carbohydrate, s lng cc carbohydrate v v tr cc lin kt ny gip phn bit cc cht ngt steviol glycoside khc nhau, cng nh lin quan n cc tnh cht cm quan ring ca mi cht.

nhm Steviol
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Phn t Stevioside gm nhm steviol lin kt vi mt glucose (bng lin kt ) v phn cn li l mt glucose-glucose disaccharide ( hai phn t -D-glucose lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt 2-1, hay cn c gi l sophorose)

sophorose

Cng thc ha hc ca Stevioside, gm nhm steviol lin kt vi mt phn t -DGlucose v mt sophorose. Rebaudioside A tng t cng gm nhm steviol lin kt vi mt phn t glucose (lin kt ) v mt phn t glucose-glucose-glucose trisaccharide (gm ba phn t -D-glucose lin kt vi nhau bng hai lin kt 2-1 v 3-1). Chnh v vy, rebaudioside A cha nhiu nhm phn cc hn stevioside. V do cha nhiu nhm phn cc hn nn rebaudioside A d ha tan hn v cng c v ging vi sucrose hn stevioside. Ngi ta nhn thy stevioside ngoi v ngt cn c hu v ng.

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Cng thc ha hc ca rebaudioside A. Vi dng cht ngt tng t khc c nhn bit (c t nht tm loi steviol glycoside), tuy nhin chng cha c nghin cu r v khng cho li ch thng mi cao bng stevioside v rebaudioside A. Steviol glycoside c th c phn tch bng phng php HPLC s dng nc/ acetonitrile C2H3N l cht tch ra

2.2 Tnh cht vt l.

C stevioside v rebaudioside A u l nhng cht to ngt bn vng. Mt nghin cu chi tit kim tra tnh bn vng ca hai cht to ngt ny, cho thy chng c tnh n nh khi tin hnh kim tra trong acid phosphoric carbonate v trong cc loi nc gii kht c cha acid citric. Sau hai thng ct gi 370C, ngi ta xem xt nhng s thay i c th xy ra, nhng khng c bin i no c ghi nhn i vi cc sn phm nc gii kht c lu tr ti nhit phng, kt qu tng t khi lu tr vi nhit thp hn trong vng 5 thng. Rebaudioside A c mt s bin i (hao ht 20%) c nhn thy khi cho tip xc vi tia UV bng cch phi nng trong 1 tun, nhng stevioside li hon ton bn vng khi th nghim iu kin tng t. c bit Stevioside khng to calorie, khng ln men v rt n nh nhit cao 198oC (388oF ), nh khng tr nn xm mu, v cng khng tr thnh ng caramel c ko.

2.3 Tnh cht cm quan.

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L stevia ti v bt kh t loi cy ny c xc nh l c ngt gp 10-15 ln so vi ng ma. Hp cht tinh ch t cy Stevia, c dng bt trng, cha 85-95% Steviosides, ngt hn ng ma t 200-300 ln.C dng bt kh t cy v dng bt tinh ch u c mt hu v ng nh (do cha ch yu l stevioside), ng thi cho cm gic ging tnh cht ca cam tho.

Mc d nhiu c gng t rt sm nhn ging v pht trin rng cy Stevia rebaudiana khng thnh cng, nhng nhng n lc ng k Nht cui cng cng cho kt qu kh quan, ngy nay cy Stevia rebaudiana c trng t r v c trng thng mi rng khp nhiu quc gia, gm Nht Bn, i Loan, Hn Quc, Trung Quc v Brazil. Thnh phn ca steviol glycoside ph thuc vo ngun cy trng, nhng trong a s cc trng hp, stevioside l dng chim u th hn. Do Stevioside c mt hu v ng d nhn thy, nn cht lm ngt ny cha c chp nhn mt s th trng, v trong nhiu nm ch ph bin mt th trng va phi. Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca cc k thut to ging cy trng, cc nh khoa hc nghin cu to ra c ch yu dng rebaudioside A.

Mi quan h v ngt gia mt s cht steviol glycoside. Mt vi nghin cu nh gi v cc c tnh cm quan ca tt c cc cht ngt steviol
49

glycoside, nhng kt qu ca mt trong nhng nghin cu ny c tm tt trong bng trn. Mc d cc cht glycoside ch c so snh ti ngng nng xc nh (0,4%, w/v, sucrose), dn n vic gii thch kt qu gp kh khn, tuy nhin c th nhn thy r rng l nhng glycoside (steviolbioside) c t nhm phn cc hn th cng c ngt thp hn so vi cc glycoside c hai hay nhiu nhm phn cc hn (rebaudioside A v D). V nhng quy nh v s tch chit v tinh ch steviol glycoside khng yu cu vic phn lp nhng cht c th, nn phn ln vic sn xut to ra cc sn phm l hn hp ca cc loi steviol glycoside, ch t khi ch c stevioside hay rebaudioside A nguyn cht. Hu ht nhng ti liu nghin cu v tnh cht cm quan ca stevioside v rebaudioside A, nh c cp, kh phc tp do vic khng m bo v tinh khit ca mu th. Tuy nhin, nhng ni dung xuyn sut cc ti liu nghin cu ny, u cho thy v ca rebaudioside A d chu hn v ca stevioside. Nhn chung, vic ny c cho l do rebaudioside A c v ng thp hn rt nhiu, ngoi ra cn c mt hu v mt d chu. Cc chng thc v v ng thp ca rebaudioside A c th tm thy trong cc ti liu ca Dubois v cc ng nghip. H tin hnh cc th nghim th liu lng v v ngt v ng ca cc cht ngt thng mi c ngt cao. Cc d liu ca h cho thy mt cch r rng rebaudioside A khng ch ngt hn stevioside, m v cn bn cn c mt v ng thp hn rt nhiu ti cc nng ngt theo tiu chun iso.

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Nhng thng tin v cht lng hng v ca stevioside v rebaudioside A c nghin

cu v kt qu c nu trong bng sau. Nhng thng tin ny biu th r cht lng ca rebaudioside A tt hn so vi stevioside, v cng khng nh chung v ca nhng cht ngt ny khng ging vi sucrose.

2.4ng dng trong thc phm.

Nh c cp, stevioside kh bn vng di cc iu kin nhit , cc phng thc ch bin trong cc qu trnh ch bin thc phm, vic ny m bo cho cc tnh cht cm quan khng b thay i, v vy stevioside v cc hp cht tng t l cht ngt c la chn trong nhiu cc sn phm thc phm v cc loi nc gii kht. Sn phm Stevioside v cc hp cht tng t, cc Steviol glycoside, pht trin nht ti th trng Nht Bn v chng c s dng rt a dng trong cng ngh sn xut thc phm. Kh ngc nhin khi bit rng chng c s dng chnh trong cc mn mn, stevioside c dng lm t i v mn ca NaCl. S s dng kt hp thng gp trong cc loi thc phm nh cc loi rau mui chua, cc loi hi sn kh, nc tng v cc mn n t u ph. Stevioside cng c tm thy trong cc loi ko v ko chewing gum, cc sn phm bnh nng v ng cc, yoghurt v kem, cc loi ru to v tr,
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ngoi ra chng cn c mt trong cc sn phm kem nh rng v nc sc ming. Stevioside cng chim mt th trng quan trng ti Nht trong vai tr cc cht lm ngt t nng lng. Hin ti, Stevioside vn c dng nhiu nht di dng cht to ngt khng sinh nng lng. C rt nhiu cng ty sn xut ra Stevioside v rebaudioside A dng tinh cht di cc tn thng phm khc nhau v s dng nh cht lm ngt khng sinh nng lng. Truvia l sn phm cha ch yu rebaudioside A, c nghin cu sn xut v phn phi bi tp on Cargill- tp on hng u ca M trong lnh vc nng nghip v thc phm. Hin nay sn phm Truvia ca Cargill ang lm b ch trn th trng v chim khong 6% th phn cht lm ngt ti USA.

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Cc sn phm ca Stevioside v Rebaudioside A, di cc tn thng mi khc nhau, c sn xut rng ri bi nhiu cng ty.

Stevioside c th s dng dng rn (bt) hoc dng lng.Chng cng c kt hp vi cc mi hng khc nhau nh mi chocolate, mi du (berry), mi nho gip a dng ha sn phm. Ngay sau khi FDA cho php s dng Stevia trong cc sn phm thc phm, Coca-cola i tin phong khi tung ra th trng sn phm nc gii kht s dng Stevia l cht lm ngt. Dng sn phm ny c t tn l Sprite Green, c gii thiu l mt dng ung t nng lng s dng cht lm ngt t nhin TRUVIA, n c ra mt vo thng 12/2008 ti New York v Chicago, cng vi hai sn phm ung tri cy khc l Odwalla Mojito Mambo v Odwalla Pomegranate Strawberry. Sprite Green l sn phm hp tc gia Cargill v cng ty Coca-cola.

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Ngoi vic s dng di dng ring l, stevioside v Rebaudioside A cn c kt hp vi cc loi cht khc nhm to ra cc loi ph gia s dng trong thc phm. Fructevia l tn thng mi ca mt loi ph gia lm ngt vi thnh phn kt hp gm: Fructose, FOS (Fructooligosaccharides, mt dng prebiotic, c th tm thy trong chui, ti, actiso.), Rebaudioside A v mui Magnesium Carbonate. Sn phm c gii thiu c ngt gp hai ln so vi ng thng thng, khng sinh nng lng v khng lm thay i ng huyt. Sn phm s dng trong nu n v dng cho cc sn phm bnh nng.

sn phm kt hp ca stevioside, rebaudioside A v cc loi cht lm ngt khc. Ti Vit Nam, cc dng steviol glycoside c bit n ch yu l cc cht chit xut t c ngt. C ngt c mt trn th trng vi vai tr l nguyn liu v cc thnh phm nh: L kh (lm tr n hoc phi hp vi atis); lm xi r, bt, hoc chit xut stevioside
54

 tm vo tr Nhn sm - ng quy - Nhn trn Tinh th hay bt stevioside ( cho vo c ph, nc gii kht, ch ngt, bnh mt ko).Vi tr C ngt bn trn th trng l nhng gi cnh l C ngt kh, c th dng sc ung vi liu 3 - 9 g/ngy. C th sc ly nc c hn cho vo ch, cho, c ph thay ng. Mt s sn phm c thnh phn cha c ngt c th tm thy trn th trng hin nay l: Tr en thnh phn cu to c ghi trn bao b gm: c ngt, ch en, ch Thi Nguyn, sn phm c sn xut bi cng ty c phn Stevia Ventrures. Cng ty Stevia Ventrures cng sn xut nhiu loi tr t c ngt khc nh: Ngc Hoa Tr (gm c ngt, hoa nhi, ch Thi Nguyn), Tr Hoa Hng (gm c ngt, hoa hng) hay Tr Hoa Cc, Tr Hong Gia, Tr Tuyt Bo, Lin Hoa Tr c gii thiu c cc cng dng ch li khc nhau.

2.5 an ton.
C nhng ti liu th nghim (trong ng nghim v trn ng vt) v qu trnh chuyn ha ca stevioside v rebaudioside A. Ngi ta tin hnh th nghim trn s chuyn ha stevioside ca chut nhng cha c th nghim no v s trao i cht ca ngi c thc hin. i vi chut, trong phn ln cc kt qu o c stevioside khi b thy phn s gii phng ra steviol. Vi trng hp, stevioside khng b bin i v c thi qua phn, nhng a s cc trng hp, stevioside b bin i thnh steviol, steviolbioside v glucose do h vi khun ng rut. Cc steviol c kt hp trong gan v bi tit nh mt cht qua gan.Trong khi nhng chuyn ha ca stevioside cc ng vt hu nh c hiu bit kh k cng, th ngi s chuyn ha ca chng vn cha c tm hiu y , mc d ngy nay stevioside c s dng ph bin. Mc d stevioside khng gy t bin, nhng nhm aglycone (nhm khng ng) ca n, steviol (13-hydroxy-ent-kaurenoic acid) trong mt s th nghim gy t bin trn cc chng Samonella typhimurium . Matsui lm th nghim v kh nng gy t bin gen ca stevioside v steviol trn vi khun, cc t bo ng vt hu nh c nui cy, v t bo chut. Kt qu cho thy Stevioside khng gy t bin trong bt k th nghim no.Tuy nhin steviol li cho kt qu dng tnh khi s dng vi cc liu lng khc
55

nhau trong mt s th nghim gy t bin. Nhng nghin cu v dinh dng s dng chut cho thy rng bn thn stevioside khng gy ra mt mi nguy hi v sc khe, ngay c khi s dng vi liu lng cao trong thi gian di. Yamada, th nghim s dng stevioside v rebaudioside A trn chut trong vng 2 nm vi liu lng 0,3-1% trong ch n. V ngay c khi s dng vi liu lng cao, cng khng cho thy bt k s thay i bt thng no trong nhng xt nghim ha sinh, gii phu, bnh l v ung th trn 41 c quan c th trong cc ca gii phu. Toskulkao, nhn thy rng vi liu lng 15g/kg th trng khng gy c i vi cc loi chut hay chut hamster. Nht a Stevia vo mc cc sn phm hng ngy t thp nin 70 ca th k qua v stevia chim 40% th trng cc cht lm ngt. Cc steviol glycoside to ngt tinh ch t cy Stevia rebaudiana c cho php v s dng rng ri nh cht to ngt Nht, Hn Quc, Trung Quc, i Loan, Brazil, Paraguay v nhiu nc ng Nam . Ti Vit Nam, t nm 1988, c ngt c nhp v trng nhiu vng nh H Giang, Cao Bng, H Ty, Lm ng... V mc d cc quc gia phng ng cho php s dng Stevia t rt sm nhng cht lm ngt ny mi c cc quc gia phng ty chp nhn gn y. Mt vi th nghim c tin hnh i vi stevioside nhm chng minh kin ngh c s dng n nh mt loi ph gia thc phm to ngt ti M v Chu u. Nm 1999, y ban JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives: y ban chuyn v ph gia thc phm) ca t chc y t th gii WHO v y ban khoa hc v thc phm ca lin minh Chu u (the Scientific Committee for Food of the European Union) xem xt v quyt nh trong cc ti liu khoa hc hin hnh, khng chp nhn s dng stevioside l cht lm ngt. Tuy nhin, JECFA c nhng xem xt li i vi stevioside vo nm 2004 v chp nhn ADI ca cc cht steviol stevioside l 2mg/kg th trng. JECFA cng i hi thm thng tin v nhng nh hng dc l ca stevioside i vi c th ngi phi c cung cp trc nm 2007. Thng 8/2008, mt y ban ca T chc lng thc v T chc y t th gii cng b kt lun khoa hc v tnh v hi ca cc cht to ngt bao gm rebaudioside A v cc cht ngt khc chit xut t cy stevia. Cc cht ny khng cha cc yu t gy ung th, khng lm hi gen, khng c nh hng n
56

h sinh sn hay tng trng ca ngi. Ti M, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) tuyn b Rebaudioside A khng c hi v c dng lm ph gia trong thc phm vo thng 12-2008. Hin ti n c s dng rng ri nh l mt cht to ngt t nng lng ti M, nhng bt buc phi ghi r trn bao b nh l mt cht b sung supplement. Php chp nhn tm thi vo thng 9, 2009 cho php s dng rebaudioside A nh mt thnh phn thc phm. Mt quy nh khc vo u thng 1 nm 2010 ca chnh ph Php tip tc cho php s dng rebaudiosid A vi hm lng cao hn. Quy nh ny c gi tr trong hai nm, trong khi ch i quyt nh ca cc c quan chu u c thm quyn.Tuy nhin, vic s dng l cy stevia kh cho vo cc ung vn b cm ti Php. Ngy 14-4-2010, C quan an ton thc thm chu u a ra kt lun, theo , liu dng an ton ca cc cht ngt chit xut t cy stevia l 4mg trn 1 kilogram trng lng c th

II.3.1.7 Thaumatin 1Gii thiu

Thaumatin l tn mt hn hp ca cc protein c v ngt, n c th c chit xut t cy Thaumatococcus danielli min Ty Chu Phi.Ht ca qu cc loi cy ny c cha nhng protein ngt.Cy mc t nhin hu ht nhng quc gia pha Ty Chu Phi, cng nh c th pht trin tt trong cc v ma trng xen ti cc n in cao su Malaysia. Nhng cp u tin v Thaumatin trong nhng ti liu khoa hc c bit n t th k 19, nhng phi n gia th k 20 Thaumatin mi c thng mi ha nh cht lm ngt.

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Hn hp ca cc protein t loi cy ny, gm hai thnh phn chnh l Thaumatins I v II, mi cht c khi lng phn t gn bng nhau l 22.000 daltons.Thaumatin I v II c nhng chui acid amin tng i ging nhau, ch khc nhau nm acid amin. Thnh phn acid amin ca Thaumatin I c lit k bng 16.9. Protein Thaumatin c tm cu ni disulfit, do gip phn t n nh hn vi s bin tnh do nhit v pH. Nhng cu disulfit cng l nguyn nhn gip vic gi vng chui protein ng cu to to ra v ngt, kt lun ny c cng c thm nh mt th nghim, vic phn tch mt cu disulfit n l dn n vic mt mi v. Nhng protein to ngt ny l ch ca nhiu nghin cu l thuyt v mt s tp ch chuyn su c pht hnh. Thaumatin khng phi l cht to ngt nhn to, n c chit xut t cy nh mt qu trnh tch c nc, sau c tinh ch li nhm loi b nhng tp cht. Sn phm sau cng c dng bt mu vng nu sng.

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2. c tnh cm quan
ngt ca thaumatin xp x gp 2000 ln ngt ca sucrose, mc d, rt kh xc nh mc mt cch chnh xc. DuBois v nhng ng nghip nghin cu d liu v liu lng phn ng di nhng iu kin c kim sot, nh hng n vic c lng ngt ca thaumatin, nng tng ng 6% sucrose th ngt thaumatin gp khong 6000 ln, v nng tng ng 8% sucrose th ngt thaumatin gp khong 2000 ln, ni ngn gn l khi nng tng th tnh ngt gim. Nhng d liu m t s lc v ca thaumatin cho thy v ngt c cm nhn chm, mt v ngt ko di tng dn n khi cm nhn c ngt ln nht, sau s c mt hu v ging v cam tho. Nhng c tnh ny dn n kt qu ch s pht sinh c gii hn ca c im d liu cm quan m t vic s dng ca n nhng nng to ngt, phn ln l v nhng c tnh khng thch hp vi nhng ng dng thc phm v ung thng thng. Khng c ti liu no nghin cu v s kt hp gia thaumatin v nhng cht to
59

ngt c cng cao khc.Trong mt s ti liu ca Nht, cho thy c nhng th nghim c gng chuyn v ca thaumatin ging saccarose hn, nhng tt c nhng cht c ci thin u ch c nhn thy mc nh.Nhng hp cht ca Thaumatin vi glycyrrhizin, nhng acid amin, acid citric v acid succinic, natri glutamate v lactose c bn nh mt cht ngt t nng lng Nht Bn trong sut nhng nm 1980. Thaumatin cho thy c nhng c im c lin quan n thay i mi v hp dn v c p dng trong thng mi, c tho lun chi tit trong phn sau 7.5

3.Nhng c tnh vt l v ha hc.

Nh c m t, thaumatin c lm n nh bng tm cu ni disulfit, dn n mt mng li lin kt ngang ca nhng chui acid amin.iu ny dn n vic cn xc nh v tnh bn vng i vi nhit v pH, nhng vn cha c ti liu no v nh hng ny.Nhng cu ni disulfit ny cng gip gi chui protein c dng cu trc chnh xc to ra v ngt, nh c cp, c th nghim tch ra mt cu ni disulfit ring l cho kt qu v ngt b mt i.Mt nhn t c th lm thay i cc thuc tnh ca Thaumalin na phi k n l hot enzyme. Ngoi ra, mc d cha c cc ti liu v tnh tan ca thaumatin, nhng Thaumatin c s dng lm cht to ngt di dng bt ng kh v c th d dng ha tan c trong nc.

4. c tnh sinh l hc
Thaumatin l mt protein thc vt t nhin vi cu trc gm nhng acid amin thng thng.Chnh v vy, thaumatin cng b chuyn ha nh nhng protein thc vt khc v iu ny c chng minh trong mt s trng hp.

5.Nhng ng dng
Trong qu trnh pht trin ca thaumatin vi vai tr ca mt thnh phn thc phm mi, n c d on trc c th c s dng trong nhiu ng dng, da trn thuc tnh v ngt c bn ca chng.Tuy nhin, Thaumatin vn cha c ng dng nhiu v
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rng, bi v nh c gii thch, trong cc ti liu cho thy chng khng thch hp vi phn ln cc loi thc phm v cc sn phm ung. Mc d i khi thaumatin c th c s dng to mt t v ngt trong cc sn phm, trong tip th gi l lm ngt t nhin, sau c th b mt do lm gim s bin minh ban u cho vic la chn thaumatin trong v tr u tin. Do , nhng ng dng thng mi ch yu cho thaumatin li dng yu cu thay i mi v v vic nng cao nhng chc nng ca chng. Nhng kh nng tc ng c li trn nhy mi v v cht lng trong mt danh sch thc phm v ung rng ln c tng hp bi Higgnbotham. Thaumatin tm thy ng dng trong nhng loi thuc nc v nhng sn phm chm sc rng ming. Trong nhng ng dng ny, s lu li v ngt lu di ca thaumatin c l gip chng li v ng v thng xuyn h tr lin kt vi nhng sn phm .

6.Tnh an ton
Mt qu trnh nh gi ton din v tnh an ton c kim sot trn thaumatin trc khi chp nhn vic s dng n, nhng chi tit v iu ny c cng b. Trong sut qu trnh ny, thaumatin c nghin cu v c tnh cp ca n trn chut v ch v kh nng ca n sn xut nhng khng th chng d ng sau khi thc hin trn chut v nhng i tng con ngi bnh thng. N c pht hin c th c tiu ha trc khi hp th trong chut v khng gy nh hng c bt li do vic thi hnh trn chut v ch ch n vi nng l 0%, 0.3%, 1% v 3% lin tc trong 13 tun. N c cho thy khng phi l yu t gy qui thai khi thc hin trn chut 0, 200, 600 v 2000mg/kg th trng/ngy t ngy 6 n 15 trong qu trnh mang thai v khng gy nh hng trong phm vi ca nhng nhng thay i c nh hng ln gy cht khi cung cp trong 5 ngy lin tc liu lng 200 n 2000 mg/kg/ngy trn chut c. Vic khng c kh nng gy t bin c xc nhn trn nhng th nghim t bin vi khun vi salmonella typhimurium (ging TA 1535, TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98, v TA 100) v E.coli WP2, mc thm vo 0.05 50 mg/plate. chut, thaumatin c pht hin l cht c nhy yu, c th so snh nh vi albumin
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trng. Th nghim ca nhn vin phng th nghim_nhng ngi tip xc trc tip bi vic ht thaumatin trong thi gian ln ti 7 nm cho thy rng 9.3% phn ng tch cc vi thaumatin thng mi, trong khi 30.7% l dng tnh vi Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (d ng nh HDM). Nhng ngi th nghim cho phn ng dng tnh trn da vi Thaumatin thng mi khng phn ng vi nhng thnh phn thc vt vn cn sau khi loi b ca nhng protein thaumatin ngt c bit. Ni chung, n c kt lun l nhng kt qu nghin cu ch ra rng thaumatin khi s dng nh mt s thay i v ko di mi v, v mt phn cht ngt, th khng nguy him mc s dng cho trc.

7.Tnh trng php l

Thaumatin c cho php u tin nh mt ph gia thc phm t nhin ti Nht nm 1979.N c ph chun nh mt cht lm ngt ti UK v Australia, v c a vo S hng dn nhng cht ngt ca EU_ the EU sweeteners Directive ni n c s chp nhn cho vic s dng trong mt s loi thc phm (Bng 16.10). Ti USA. Thaumatin c chp nhn trng thi GRAS nh mt cht mi thm vo trong chewing gum nm 1984 v t khi iu ny c p dng bi Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Assciation (FEMA) dn n vic s dng ph bin trong tt c cc loi thc phm. Mt s xem xt li ca JECFA v s an ton ca thaumatin dn n kt qu JECFA ng vi tnh trng ADI_ khng xc nh nng s dng i vi cht ngt.

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II.3.1.8La hn qu: 1Gii thiu

Cy Siraitia grosvenorii Trung Quc l cy thn leo lu nm thuc h bu b (da leo, hay da) pht trin ch yu tnh Qung Ty, cng vi hu ht sn phm t ni Qu Lm. Nhng tri Siraitia c s dng c bn trong v bn ngoi Trung Quc nh mt loi thc phm, nc gii kht, v thuc ng y. Nhng thnh phn cht ngt ca cy l nhng triterpenoid glycoside, c gi l mogrosides. Nhng tn gi thng thng ca cy l: La hn qu.

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S m t v ngun gc thc vt hc ca Siraitia grosvenorii c pht hnh vo nm 1941 t nhng thc vt thu gom min Nam Trung Quc bi W.T.Swingle. Swingle t tn Momordica grosvenorii t lng tn trng vi Tin s Gilbert Grosvenor, ch tch ca National Geographic Society, v bo tr cuc hnh trnh thu hoch la hn qu Trung Quc. Cy trng c i tn l Momordica grosverorii Swingle C.Jeffrey nm 1979, nhng sau bng chng mi ch ra rng cy trng nn c t tn Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) C.Jeffrey ph hp hn. Mt n phm t rt lu ca Lee chng minh cu trc ca thnh phn ngt l mt glycoside.Sau vic tch ra hai thnh phn ngt (gi l mogroside IV v V) c hon thnh mt cch thnh cng v nhng c tnh cm quan ca chng c m t. Mogroside IV l thnh phn phong ph nht, xut hin trong khong 1% nhng tri cy sy kh, v cu trc triterpenoid glycoside ca n c a ra trong hnh 16.7. Qu trnh thu cht ngt t La hn qu c cp bng sng ch nm 1995 bi cng ty Procter and Gamble (P&G). Nh m t trong ng dng bng sng ch, bn thn tri cy, d ngt, c nhng mi v thm vo lm chng khng ph cho vic s dng ph bin nh mt cht lm ngt, v th P&G pht trin mt phng php trong sn xut loi b nhng mi v khng mong mun. Trong quy trnh P&G, tri cy ti c thu hoch trc khi chn v n chn hon ton trong khi lu tr vi mc ch s ch bin bt u vi qu va mi chn. Sau loi b v v ht ca qu, v qu c ngm tr thnh phn chnh ca nc qu c c hay puree v c th c s dng trong sn xut thc phm. Xa hn, quy trnh sn xut lin quan n vic s dng nhng dung mi loi b nhng thnh phn d bay hi v khng mi v.

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2Nhng c tnh cm quan:

Trong nhng cng trnh ban u, Lee m t v ngt ca mogroside l gp 150 ln ngt sucrose, nhng khng c thm nhiu chi tit na c cung cp.Mt bo co sau c lng ngt ca mogroside V l gp khong 250 ln sucrose ti mt nng ng lng 5% sucrose. Khng c s cng b no nhn xt n chi tit trong m t s lc mi v ca mogroside, mc d cht ngt ny c bit cung cp mt v c cha nhng phn t v thng c thy trong nhng cht ngt t nhin, nh l mt s cn tr nh t ti cng ngt mnh nht v d v cha nhng thnh phn cam tho v the mt.

3.Nhng c tnh vt l v ha hc:

Mc d khng c ti liu no cng b v bn ca mogroside, theo kinh nghim, n dng nh l mt cht ngt n nh. V cu trc, n tng t steviol glycoside_mt cht c n nh rt tt. Ngoi ra, vic s dng La Hn Qu bao gm sy kh qu v sau chun b nc c c, iu ny cng cho thy rng yu t cu to v ngt c th l mt phn t n nh tng i. Mogroside c bit l cht tan trong nc v trong dung dch cn 50%, nhng khng c d liu v nh lng no.
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4.Nhng c tnh sinh l:

Nhng chit xut t qu La Hn Qu c s dng lu iu tr cm lnh, au hng, au d dy v nhng bnh v rut. Nhng bo co gn y a ra rng nhng mogroside c th c nhng c tnh chng ung th, c th da trn nhng c im chng oxi ha c chng nhn ca chng.

5Nhng ng dng

Vic s dng nhng qu La Hn Qu truyn thng l vic chun b mt dung dch chit xut, sau c dng nh tr hay ung b dng. C mt kinh nghim nh v vic s dng cht ngt ny trong nhng ng dng khc hn l vic s dng truyn thng, mc d c mt s nh nhng sn phm ung trn th trng Hoa K c cha dch chit qu La Hn nh mt phn ca phng thc lm ngt ni chung. iu ny, n dng nh l ton b tim nng k thut ca cht ngt vn cn c xc nh r tnh cht, mc d n dng nh kh r rng bi yu t t nhin ca n v nhng ng dng ca n s k c vic s dng nh mt cht ngt thng thng

6 an ton
Vic nghin cu an ton trn mogroside l khng rng ln, mc d lch s lu di v vic s dng Trung Quc cho rng cht ngt l mt hp cht an ton. Trong nhng nghin cu c hon thnh v an ton, n c cho thy khng gy t bin trong nhng kim tra d on ngn hn v khng gy t vong khi thc hin trn chut liu lng trn 2g/kg th trng.

7.Tnh trng php l

Nhng tri La Hn Qu v chit xut ca n c quyt nh l nhng thc phm ti Trung Quc. Mt n kin ngh GRAS ang c xem xt li M.
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II.3.2 Cc cht to v chua

Cc cht ph gia to v chua t nhin l ph gia thc phm c trong t nhin c s dng vi mc ch thay i hoc kim sot tnh acid hoc tnh kim ca thc phm, lm cho hng v ca thc phm "sc hn", v chng cng c tc dng nh l cc cht bo qun v chng xi ha. - Cc axt thc phm ph bin l dm, axt citric, axt tartaric, axt malic, axt fumaric, axt lactic. - c dng kt hp vi cc cht chng oxy ho gip ngn nga s i ho du m. - To phc vi kim loi nng, gip ngn chn s khi pht ca s oxy ho v phn ng ho nu. - Gip bo qun thc phm, do to ra mi trng c pH thp. - chua ca axit ph thuc vo cc phn t khng phn ly v cc anion. V chua c cm nhn nh l v ca ion H v vy v chua c quan h mt thit vi nng ca cc loi acid.Cc acid khc nhau c chua hon ton khc nhau, acid v c c v chua mnh hn nhiu ln so vi cc acid hu c. Vd: HCl, Taric, Malic, HPO, Acetic, Lactic, Citric, Propionic. V chua ca cc acid hu c c vai tr quan trng ti qu trnh sn xut thc phm v cht lng sn phm.Acid hu c c tc dng chng kt tinh ng cho cc sn phm c c vi ng, cn thit cho qu trnh to ng vi pectin v ng khi sn xut nhiu loi mt. i vi ngi, acid hu c va l mt yu t gy v va tham gia nhiu qu trnh tiu ha hp th cc cht (cht bo, cht khong,) ca c th. Cc acid hu c tan tt trong nc, acid citric c c ha tan cao nht tip n l acid tartaric. Mi loi acid u c kh nng ht m khc nhau. Cht ph gia to v chua t nhin. Cc cht ph gia to v chua t nhin l ph gia thc phm c trong t nhin c s dng vi mc ch thay i hoc kim sot tnh acid hoc tnh kim ca thc phm, lm cho hng v ca thc phm "sc hn", v chng cng c tc dng nh l cc cht bo qun v chng xi ha.
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1Mt s cht ph gia to v chua t nhin:

- Axit citric, axit tartric, axit malic, axit lactic, axit fumaric, axit axetic bng, canxi axetat, canxi cacbonat, canxi gluconat, dinatri diphosphat, kali axetat (cc mui), kali cacbonat, kali lactat... - Cc axt thc phm ph bin l dm, axt citric, axt tartaric, axt malic, axt fumaric, axt lactic. - c dng kt hp vi cc cht chng oxy ho gip ngn nga s i ho du m. - To phc vi kim loi nng, gip ngn chn s khi pht ca s oxy ho v phn ng ho nu. - Gip bo qun thc phm, do to ra mi trng c pH thp. - chua ca axit ph thuc vo cc phn t khng phn ly v cc anion.

2Liu lng s dng:

Theo cc quy nh ca php lut ti thng t QCVN 4-11: 2010/BYT Quy chun k thut quc gia v ph gia thc phm - Cht iu chnh acid do Ban son tho quy chun k thut quc gia v Ph gia thc phm v cht h tr ch bin bin son, Cc An ton v sinh thc phm trnh duyt v c ban hnh theo Thng t s 28/2010/TT-BYT ngy 20 thng 5 nm 2010 ca B trng B Y t.

II.3.2.3 Mt s cht to chua in hnh II.3.2.3.1 Axit Citrit 1.Lch s

-S pht hin ra axt citric c cho l ca nh gi kim thut ngi Iran trong th k 8 l Jabir Ibn Hayyan. Cc hc gi thi Trung c ti chu u cng nhn thc v bn cht axt ca cc loi nc cam, chanh; nhng kin thc nh th c ghi li trong Bch khoa Ton th th k 13 Speculum Majus, do Vincent of Beauvai vit. Axt citric ln u tin c Carl Wilhelm Scheele, mt nh ha hc ngi Thy in, c lp nm 1784, trong ng kt tinh n t nc chanh.Sn xut axt citric quy m cng nghip bt u t nm 1860, da trn ngnh cng nghip sn xut cc loi qu cam chanh ca Italia.
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-Nm 1893, C. Wehmer pht hin ra rng nm mc Penicillium cng c th sn xut ra axt citric t ng. Tuy nhin, sn xut sinh hc ca axt citric khng tr thnh quan trng v mt cng nghip cho ti tn khi Th chin I lm gin on xut khu cam chanh ca Italia. Nm 1917, nh ha hc thc phm ngi M l James Currie pht hin ra rng mt s bin th ca nm Aspergillus niger c th l cc nh sn xut axt citric c hiu qu v Pfizer bt u sn xut quy m cng nghip bng k thut ny sau 2 nm, tip theo l Citrique Belge vo nm 1929.

2.nh ngha
Acid citric c th c sn xut t cc ngun nh chanh hoc nc da hay ln men t dung dch ng hoc cc mi trng thch hp s dng chng Candida spp. hoc chng Aspegillus niger khng c c tnh. Axt citric l mt axt hu c yu, l mt cht bo qun t nhin v cng c s dng b sung v chua cho thc phm hay cc loi nc ngt. Trong ha sinh hc, n l tc nhn trung gian quan trng trong chu trnh axt citric v v th xut hin trong trao i cht ca gn nh mi sinh vt. N cng c coi l tc nhn lm sch tt v mt mi trng v ng vai tr ca cht chng xi ha.

3.Ngun gc
Axt citric tn ti trong mt lot cc loi rau qu, ch yu l cc loi qu ca chi Citrus. Cc loi chanh c hm lng cao axt citric; c th ti 8% khi lng kh trong qu ca chng (1,38-1,44 gam trn mi aox nc qu). Hm lng ca axt citric trong qu cam, chanh nm trong khong t 0,005 mol/L i vi cc loi cam v bi chm ti 0,030 mol/L trong cc loi chanh.Cc gi tr ny cng ph thuc vo cc iu kin mi trng gieo trng.

4.Tnh cht:
-Cng thc phn t: Dng khan: C6H8O7, Dng monohydrat: C6H8O7.H2O -Tn ha hc: Acid 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propantricarboxylic -Cm quan: Tinh th rn mu trng hoc khng mu, khng mi. Dng monohydrat c th ln hoa trong khng kh kh.

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-Chc nng: Cht iu chnh acid, cht to phc kim loi, cht h tr chng oxy ha, hng liu nhit phng, axt citric l cht bt kt tinh mu trng.N c th tn ti di dng khan (khng cha nc) hay di dng ngm mt phn t nc (monohydrat).Dng khan kt tinh t nc nng, trong khi dng monohydrat hnh thnh khi axt citric kt tinh t nc lnh.Dng monohydrat c th chuyn ha thnh dng khan khi nung nng ti trn 74 C. Axt citric cng ha tan trong etanol khan tuyt i (76 phn axt citric trn mi 100 phn etanol) 15 C. V cu trc ha hc, axt citric chia s cc tnh cht ca cc axt cacboxylic khc. Khi b nung nng trn 175 C, n b phn hy gii phng ixt cacbon v nc

5.c tnh
- Axt citric c hu ht cc quc gia v t chc quc t cng nhn l an ton s dng trong thc phm. N hin din t nhin trong gn nh mi dng s sng, cc lng axt citric d tha d dng trao i v bi tit ra khi c th. - Tuy nhin, vic tip xc vi axt citric kh hay m c c th gy ra kch ng da v mt, v th bo h lao ng nn c s dng khi tip xc vi axt citric. - Vic s dng qu nhiu axt citric cng d lm tn hi men rng. - Tip xc gn vi mt c th gy bng v lm mt th gic. - i khi hm lng qu cao citric c th gy tn hi cho tc, do n m lp cutin ca tc.N c th lm mt cc cht cn thit cho tc v lm tc b bc mu.

6.Liu lng s dng

Theo QUY NH DANH MC CC CHT PH GIA C PHP S DNG TRONG THC PHM(Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 3742 /2001/Q-BYT ngy 31 thng 8 nm 2001 ca B trng B Y t) Liu lng s dng ca axt citric trong mt s loi thc phm tiu biu vi hm lng sau:

-Sa ln men (nguyn kem): 1500ML -Sa ln men (nguyn kem), c x l nhit sau ln men: GMP
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-Du v m khng cha nc: 100 ML -B v b c c: GMP

-Rau, c ng lnh: GMP -Tht, tht gia cm v tht th ti nguyn ming hoc ct nh:2000 ML -Tht, tht gia cm v tht th ti dng xay nh :100 ML -Thy sn ti, k c nhuyn th, gip xc, da gai ti: GMP -Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t mui) : GMP -Thc n cho tr em di 1 tui: GMP -Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng: GMP -Nc ung khng cn: GMP
7. Sn xut
K thut m ngy nay ngi ta vn dng trong cng nghip sn xut axt citric l nui nm si trn ng n, sau lc nm mc ra khi dung dch v axt citric c tch bng cch cho kt ta vi nc vi to thnh Canxi Citrat, sau kt ta c x l bng axt sulfuric. Ngoi ra axt citric cn c tch t sn phm ln men ca nc lo (4) bng cch dng mt dung dch hydrocacbon ca mt baz hu c Trilaurylamin chit. Sau tch dung dch hu c bng nc

8.ng dng
Vi vai tr l mt cht ph gia thc phm, axt citric c dng lm gia v, cht bo qun thc phm v ung, c bit l nc gii kht, n mang m s E330 (5). Mui Citrat ca nhiu kim loi c dng vn chuyn cc khong cht trong cc thnh phn ca cht n king vo c th. Tnh cht m ca cc phc Citrat c dng hiu chnh
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pH ca cht ty ra v dc phm. Citric axt c kh nng to phc vi nhiu kim loi c tc dng tch cc trong x phng v cht ty ra. Bng cch phc ha cc kim loi trong nc cng, cc phc ny cho php cc cht ty ra to nhiu bt hn v ty sch hn m khng cn lm mm nc trc. Bn cnh axt citric cn dng sn xut cc cht trao i ion dng lm mm nc bng cch tch ion kim loi ra khi phc Citrat. Axt citric c dng trong cng ngh sinh hc v cng nghip dc phm lm sch ng dn thay v phi dng axt nitric. Anh, axt citric c dng lm cht m cho heroin nu d ha tan hn. Mt ti axt citric loi nh c dng p ngi nghin thay kim tim bn bng mt ci sch hn nhm hn ch s ly nhim ca AIDS v bnh vim gan. Cc axt khc dng ha tan heroin nu l ascobbic, axetic v axt lactic, trong trng hp thiu thuc con nghin s tim nc chanh vt hay dm. Citric axt l mt trong nhng ha cht cn thit cho qu trnh tng hp Hexametylen triperoxit diamin (HMDT) l mt cht d pht n ging Axeton peroxit, nhy vi nhit v ma st. mt s nc nu bn mua mt s lng ln axt citric bn s b lit k vo s en ca cc m mu khng b. Axt citric cng c cho vo thnh phn ca kem gi cc git cht bo tch bit. Ngoi ra n cng c thm vo nc p chanh ti 9. Thng tin v an ton Citric axit c coi l an ton s dng cho thc phm cc quc gia trn th gii. N l mt thnh phn t nhin c mt hu ht cc vt th sng, lng d axt citric s b chuyn ha v o thi khi c th. iu th v l mc d axt citric c mt khp ni trong c th nhng vn c mt vi trng hp mn cm vi axt citric. Tuy nhin nhng trng hp ny rt him v ngi ta thng gi l phn ng gi v ca c th. Axt citric kh c th lm kch thch da v mt do nn mc o bo h khi tip xc vi axt ny.

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II.3.2.3.2Dm (Axit acetic) 1.nh ngha

Dm l mt cht lng c v chua, cu to t s ln men ca ethanol. Dm l dung dch CH3COOH 5%. T xa, dm l mt thnh t quan trng v c s dng nhiu trong cc nn m thc chu , chu u. Axit acetic v cc mui c s dng ch yu to v chua v chng vi sinh vt, ch yu chng nm men v vi khun (ngoi tr cc vi khun ln men Axit acetic, Axit latic, v Axit butyric). Hot tnh ca Axit acetic thay i tu thuc vo sn phm thc phm, mi trng, v vi sinh vt cn chng .

2.Lch s
- Loi ngi bit to v s dng dm t nhiu ngn nm trc. Vt tch ca dm c tm thy Ai Cp c i t 3000 nm trc cng nguyn.Theo s tch Thn Nng, dm cng c tm thy Trung Quc t i nh H, 2000 nm trc cng nguyn. -Trong Thnh kinh Cng gio, dm c miu t nh l th g khng "vui", nhng Boaz cng cho php Ruth c chm mu bnh m ca c y vo dm. Cha Gi Su khi b ng inh trn thp t gi 2000 nm trc cng c dng dm.Trong truyn thng Hi gio cng c k dm l 1 trong 4 gia v thch nht ca tin tri Muhammad, ng gi l gia v c ban phc. -Nm 1864, Louis Pasteur chng minh dm l kt qu t mt qu trnh ln men t nhin

3.Phn loi
Tu theo ngun gc ca dm, ngi ta phn bit ra cc loi sau: - Dm lm ru vang. l mt dung dch c mu vng hoc mu tu theo cht lng ru vang c s dng, c mt hng v c bit nh vo ch yu cc cht este c cha trong ru vang. -Dm lm t bia hoc t mch nha: dm lm t vang to, vang l hoc t cc loi nc hm qu khc ln men. Cc loi dm ny thng c mu vng nht.
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-Dm lm t cn, khng c mu trng thi t nhin -Dm lm t cc loi ht, mt, khoai ty thu phn, lactoserum...

4.Cng thc v tnh cht.

-Cng thc ha hc: C2H4O2 -Khi lng phn t: 60,05. -Chc nng: Cht iu chnh acid, cht to hng.

5.c tnh
Theo nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc th dm khng mang c t gy bnh do n dm mi ngy rt tt cho sc khe, kch thch tiu ha v phng nga c mt s bnh tt. Cho d bn s dng dm to, dm trng hoc bt k loi dm no khc, th cht lng ny tuyt vi ny cng cung cp rt nhiu li ch sc khe ca mi ngi.

6.C ch tc ng:
Trong qu trnh ch bin dm hay xut hin mi l km vi s xut hin giun dm (thng l loi giun trn (Anguilula aceti) ,cc loi mt dm (Iphidulus spp.) v nhiu rui (Drosophila melanogaster), thng tin v cht nht gy ra bi Acetobacter xylinum , cc kim loi nhim khun ( s dng st),v h enzyme t nhin mu nu do s dng nc qu .Thng thng cc loi nm men c th ph hu acid acetic trong qu trnh ln men. Acid acetic c nh gi hiu qu chng cc tc nhn ring bit khi s dng mi trng cha vi khun v thc phm trong ng nghim. Hot ng khng khun ca acetate p dng trong thc phm ko di thi gian s dng hoc ci thin cht lng ca thc phm c nh gi l hiu qu.Cc bin i quan trng, nh l thnh phn mi trng v qu trnh hoc nhit bo qun, l cc yu t cn gii hn hoc cn kim sot v chng nh hng n hot ng khng khun ca acid acetic. Acid acetic v cc mui ca n theo tiu chun GRAS (general regarded as safe) c ng dng rng ri trong bo qun thc phm. Kh nng gim pH mi trng xung thp hn i vi acid acetic v dm cho ra cc sn phm mui chua v m bo cht lng cng nh mi v ,v an ton i vi sc kho ca ngi. Bn cnh s dng cc phng php truyn thng , acid acetic cn c s dng nh l tc nhn st khun cc loi thc phm ti sng v cc loi thc phm t qua ch bin . Acid acetic cng vi mt
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vi tc nhn khng khun khc c ngun gc t t nhin c ph khng khun rng. Cc nh ch bin thc phm xem acid acetic nh l mt thnh phn khng khun hiu qu hoc s dng chng v mc ch cng ngh trong cc qu trnh ch bin thc phm v cc yu t : r tin, c bn rng ri trn th trng, c ngi tiu dng chp nhn

7.ng dng trong thc phm

Dm vn l acid acetic, l cht bo qun mnh nht, gi cho thc phm khng b h hng bi s xm nhp ca vi khun v vi trng. Loi acid trung tnh ny cn l cht kh mi rt tt.V cn nhiu ng dng th v khc ca dm trng m c th bn cha bit. Dm c rt nhiu cng dng. - Cng dng u tin phi ni n, l pha vo nc mm nh hng ngy cc bn thng lm. - Dm c th thay th cho chanh trong cng thc lm mt s mn n rau c trn. Dng 1/2 mung c ph dm thay th cho 1/2 mung nc ct chanh trong cng thc ch bin mn n ca bn. Nhng cng dng khc tuy khng c cc bn ti nhng khng km phn quan trng.Vi dm, bn c th lm c v s vic v c th tit kim c rt nhiu th gi. - Dng dm dnh tht: Bn mun dnh mt ming tht m bn li khng c t lnh, bn c th p dng phng php sau: Bn dng mt ci khn sch, nhng vo dm, gi tht cht ming tht. Sau , bn em gi tht ny vo mt ci t li thong v mt. Vi phng php ny, tht ca bn s ti ngon trong vng 24 ting ng h.Tuy nhin, tht phi l tht mi.Nu tht c ch trong vng vi gi l tht c mi ngay. - Lm p tc: Dm to c coi l thn dc gip mi tc bn sng bng hn v chng gu hiu qu. Cc loi dm to nguyn cht s tt hn cho tc bn v cc loi dm to qua ch bin thng mt i kh nhiu vitamin. - Tr mn Axit salicylic c tc dng tiu dit mn cc, chnh v vy m loi axit ny lun c mt trong cc toa thuc tr mn.Dm trng c cha axit axetic mt loi axit c tc dng
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tng t nh axit salicylic.Vy nn, nu bn b mn cc, hy thoa mt lng dm trng va phi ln da.Lm lin tc nh vy vi ln trong ngy, ln da c mn ca bn s c ci thin ng k. - Gim huyt p Trong dm to c rt nhiu kali, gip cho mu long, do ng thi cng gi cho huyt p ca bn n nh v khng b tng cao bt ng. - Kim sot cholesterol Dm to l loi cht lng cha kh nhiu cht x, vy nn n gip c th hp th cholesterol v cht bo.Cc cht bo v cholesterol khng cn thit s b loi tr ra khi c th nh cc cht tha khc. - Tr vim khp Hu ht cc trng hp vim khp thc s u l do trc trc cc tinh th acid cc khp xng thnh phn xy dng ln cc khp. Trn mt t dm to vi mt ong, pha m v ung gip ha tan cc tinh th khp xng. y khng phi bin php cha bnh m ch l bin php gip ngi b khp cm thy d chu hn, au mt cht v c th duy tr c lu di. - Tr cc vn v rng ming Dng hn hp dm to pha vi nc m sc ming s rt tt, v n chng li vi khun, nhim trng v hi ming. Tt nht nn pha mt na nc vi mt na dm to. Hn hp ny cng c th cha vim hng rt tt. - Duy tr trng lng Loi dm c trong ru vang l tt nht trong tt c, v n khng khng c natri, khng c cht bo, khng cholesterol v tt khng c calo. - Chng ung th Dm Balsamic c lm t nho, c ngha l n cha rt nhiu cc hp cht tng t trong ru vang v nc p nho c th gip h thng min dch ca c th khe mnh hn chng tn thng t bo v bnh tim, bnh ung th v nhiu bnh khc na. - Cha chy nng

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 di nh nng mt tri qu lu?By gi da ca bn l , kh v au n?Ch cn mt cht dm s gii quyt vn ny. hoc thoa mt cht dm ln da s gip da bn bt bng rt v gim au, ty . - Bnh tiu ng Nhiu ngi b bnh tiu ng tup 2 v ang phi dng h tr insulin c cnh bo rng dng dm c th lm tng nhy cm ca insulin trong ngi.

8.Liu lng s dng

Theo QUY NH DANH MC CC CHT PH GIA C PHP S DNG TRONG THC PHM(Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 3742 /2001/Q-BYT ngy 31 thng 8 nm 2001 ca B trng B Y t) Liu lng s dng dm trong mt s loi thc phm tiu biu vi hm lng sau: - Du v m khng cha nc: 5000ML - Rau, c ng lnh: GMP - Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t mui) : GMP - Men v cc sn phm tng t: GMP Ch : Bn nn thn trng vi liu lng dm m bn s dng, v n c th nh hng n hng v mn n, (ch nn cho va phi, liu lng khng ng k)

II.3.2.3.3 Axit lactic 1.nh ngha

Lactic acid t nhin trong cc thc phm nhiu.N c hnh thnh bng cch ln men t nhin trong cc sn phm nh pho mt, sa chua, nc tng, bt chua, cc sn phm tht v rau da. Axit lactic cng c s dng trong mt lot cc ng dng thc phm nh cc sn phm bnh m, ung, sn phm tht, bnh ko, cc sn phm t sa, x lch, st, ba n sn sng. Lactic acid trong sn phm thc phm nh l b iu chnh pH hoc lm cht bo qun. N cng c s dng nh mt cht hng liu

2.Lch s

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- Nm 1780 nh bc hc Thu in Schaele ln u tin tch c acid lactic t sa b ln men chua. - Nm 1857 Pasteur chng minh c s ln men sa chua l do nhm vi khun lactic. - Nm 1878 Lister phn lp thnh cng vi khun lactic v t tn l Becterium lactis, nay gi l Steptococus lactis

3.Tnh cht:
Tn ha hc: Acid lactic, Acid 2-hydroxypropanoic, Acid 2-hydroxypropionic M s C.A.S : 50-21-5 (L-:79-33-4; D-:10326-41-7; DL-:598-82-3) Cng thc phn t C3H6O3 Cm quan: Dng lng, snh khng mu hoc dng bt, rn, c mu trng n vng nht Chc nng: Cht iu chnh acid - Tnh cht vt l: nng chy nhit 25 260C. Tan tt trong nc, alcol, glycerin, ete nhng khng tan trong chloroform, ete du ha,

4.C ch tc ng:
Axit lactic c nhiu trong rau qu mui chua v cc sn phm ln men chua nh sa chua, bnh bao, bnh m, bn, nc gii kht ln men,do qu trnh chuyn ha ng thnh Axit lactic di tc dng ca vi khun. Axit ny tham gia vo qu trnh to v, c tc dng c ch vi sinh vt gy thi lm tng kh nng bo qun sn phm. i vi cc sn phm ln men t tht nh tht thnh, nem chua,do tc dng ca cc enzyme c trong t bo tht chuyn ha glycozen thnh Axit lactic. Trong cng nghip Axit lactic c sn xut bng con ng ln men lactic.

5.Liu lng s dng

Theo QUY NH DANH MC CC CHT PH GIA C PHP S DNG TRONG THC PHM(Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 3742 /2001/Q-BYT ngy 31 thng 8 nm 2001 ca B trng B Y t) Liu lng s dng axit lactic trong mt s loi thc phm tiu biu vi hm lng sau:
78

-Sa ln men (nguyn kem) : GMP -Du v m khng cha nc: GMP -B v b c c: GMP -Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t mui) : GMP -Thc n cho tr em di 1 tui: GMP -Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng: 15000 ML -Ru vang: GMP

6.ng dng trong thc phm

Axit lactic c v chua du nn c dng trong cng nghip bnh ko, ng dng trong ln men rau qu v bo qun rau qu Bi v hng v nh ca n, acid lactic c s dng nh mt b iu chnh axit trong thc ung nh nc ngt v nc tri cy. Axit lactic c hiu qu trong vic ngn nga cc h hng ca -liu, da chut ,hnh v cc loi rau khc c bo qun trong nc mui. Axit lactic c th c s dng trong gia cm, tht v c trong cc dng lactate natri hoc kali ko di thi hn s dng, kim sot vi khun gy bnh (ci thin an ton thc phm), tng cng v bo v hng v tht Axit lactic c th c s dng nh mt cht bo qun trong mn salad v nc st, kt qu l sn phm c mt hng v nh hn trong khi vn duy tr s n nh v an ton vi sinh vt. S hin din t nhin ca axit lactic trong sn phm sa, kt hp vi hng v sa v, lactic acid mt tc nhn axit ha tuyt vi cho nhiu sn phm sa Lactic acid l mt acid bt chua t nhin, cho bnh m hng v c trng ca n, v do n c th c s dng cho qu trnh axit ha trc tip trong sn xut bt chua. Axit lactic c s dng tng cng mt lot cc hng v mn. S xut hin t nhin ca n trong cc sn phm tht v sa lm cho axit lactic mt cch hp dn nng cao hng v mn.

II.3.2.3.4Axit malic
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1.Lch s
- Axit malic ln u tin c phn lp t nc to p bi Carl Wilhelm Scheele nm 1785 Antoine Lavoisier nm 1787 xut tn malique acide c ngun gc t ting Latin t to. - Malic acid gp phn vo chua ca to xanh, trong nho. Nng acid malic gim vi tri cy tng chn . Qu trnh ln men malolactic chuyn i axit, malic acid lactic nh hn . - Malic acid, khi thm vo sn phm thc phm, c k hiu l E s E296

2.nh ngha
Axit malic l loi axit ph bin nht trong cc loi rau qu v nguyn liu thc vt ngoi h citrus, c v chua gt.C nhiu trong mn, mm to, c chua.N thng c gi l "axit to" v c hm lng cao trong tri cy . Malic acid c hai hnh thc stereoisomeric (L - v D-enantiomers), mc d ch c ng phn L-tn ti t nhin . Mui v este ca axit malic c bit n nh malates. Anion Malate l mt trung gian trong chu trnh acid citric

3.Tnh cht:
Tn ha hc: Acid dl-malic; acid 2-hydroxybutandioic; acid hydroxysuccinic M s C.A.S: 6915-15-7 Cng thc phn t: C4H6O5 (HO 2 CCH 2 CHOHCO 2 H) Khi lng phn t: 134,1 Cm quan: Bt tinh th hoc ht mu trng hoc gn nh trng Tnh cht vt l: nng chy nhit 100 0C, tan tt trong nc v alcol nhng tan km trong ete.

4.Liu lng s dng

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Theo QUY NH DANH MC CC CHT PH GIA C PHP S DNG TRONG THC PHM(Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 3742 /2001/Q-BYT ngy 31 thng 8 nm 2001 ca B trng B Y t) Liu lng s dng axit malic trong mt s loi thc phm tiu biu vi hm lng sau: -Sa ln men (nguyn kem): GMP -Axit malic c s dng khong 500 mg t 2 n 3 ln/ngy, ty thuc vo nhu cu c nhn

5.c tnh
Axit malic c xem l an ton khi s dng. N khng phi l cht khuyn co s dng bi ph n mang thai v cho con b v tr em di 10 tui, tr khi khuyn co ca bc s.

6.ng dng trong thc phm

Axit malic thng c ng dng trong sn xut mt, cc loi nc qu, bnh ko v ru vang. Trong cng nghip axit malic c sn xut bng cch tng hp t axit fumalic, axit fumalic thu c bng phng php ln men ng dng nm mc Fumaricus

II.3.2.3.5 Acid tactric. 1. Khi nim.

Tartaric acid l mt acid hu c diprotic c th c tm thy trong nhiu loi cy nh chui, nho, v tamarinds.Tinh th khng mu, trong m hoc bt tinh th, ht nh mu trng, khng mi. Vic s dng ph bin nht ca axit tartaric l trong vic to ra ru vang. Tn ha hc: Acid L(+)-tartaric, acid L-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic, acid L-2,3-dihydroxysuccinic. - Tn khc: INS 334. - Ch s ADI: 0 - 30 mg/kg th trng.

2. Cu to v tnh cht.
- Cng thc phn t: C4H6O6.
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- Khi lng phn t: 150,09. - Chc nng: Cht h tr chng oxy ha, cht iu chnh acid, cht to phc kim loi, hng liu.

3. Phng php phn tch. 3.1. nh tnh.

- tan: Rt d tan trong nc v d tan trong ethanol. - quay cc ring: Dung dch mu th 1/10 hu tuyn.

3.2. tinh khit.

- Gim khi lng khi lm kh: Khng c qu 0,5% (trn P2O5 trong 3 gi). - Tro sulfat: Khng c qu 0,1 %. + Th 0,4 g mu, phi t yu cu trong chuyn lun th gii hn sulfat, s dng 0,2 mg ion sulfat (SO42-) lm mu chng. - Sulfat: Khng c qu 0,05%. - Oxalat: + Trung ha 10 ml dung dch mu th 1/10 bng dung dch amoniac (TS) , thm 10 ml calci sulfat (TS), Dung dch khng c c. - Ch: Khng c qu 2 mg/kg. + Th theo hng dn ti JECFA monograph 1 - Vol.4. Xc nh bng k thut hp th nguyn t thch hp cho hm lng quy nh. La chn c mu th v phng php chun b mu da trn nguyn tc ca phng php m t trong JECFA monograph 1 Vol.4 phn cc phng php phn tch cng c. - Hm lng C4H6O6: Khng thp hn 99,5% tnh theo ch phm lm kh.

3.3. nh lng.
- Cn khong 2 g (chnh xc n mg) mu th c lm kh, ha tan trong 40 ml nc, thm dung dch phenolphtalein (TS) v chun vi dung dch natri hydroxyd 1 N n khi dung dch bt u c mu hng nht bn trong 30 giy. - Mi ml dung dch natri hydroxyd 1 N tng ng vi 75,04 mg C4H6O6.

4. ng dng trong thc phm.

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Tartaric acid l mt trong s cc axit tri cy c s dng nh l mt thnh phn hng liu nc gii kht.N cng cho bit thm tartness trong thc phm.Dn xut axit tartaric c s dng trong sn xut ca mt s bt lm bnh. l i khi c s dng thay v bt phn hoc phosphate.

II.3.2.3.6 Acid fumaric. 1. nh ngha.

Acid fumaric l acid l acid khng no, c kh nng chuyn thnh acid malic, l sn phm trung gian ca chu trnh Krebs. Fumaric acid c mt hng v tri cy. Cc mui v este c bit n nh fumarates. L mt ph gia thc phm, n c s dng nh mt iu chnh chua v c k hiu l E s E297. - Tn ha hc: Acid trans-butendioic, acid trans-1,2-ethylen-dicarboxylic. - Tn khc: INS 297. - Ch s ADI: khng gii hn.

2. Cu to v tnh cht.
- Cng thc ha hc: C4H4O4. - Khi lng phn t: 116,07. - Chc nng: Cht iu chnh acid, cht to mi.

3. Phng php phn tch. 3.1. nh tnh.

- tan: Tan trong ethanol; kh tan trong nc v trong diethyl ether. - pH: 2,0-2,5. - Phn ng c trng ca acid 1,2 dicarboxylic. + Ly 50 g mu th vo trong ng nghim, thm 2-3 mg resorcinol v 1 ml acid sulfuric, lc u, un nng 130 oC trong 5 pht v ngui. Pha long vi nc ct cho 5 ml v nh tng git dung dch natri hydroxyd (2 trong 5) kim ha dung dch, ngui v pha long vi nc ct n 10 ml. Khi soi di n t ngoi dung dch c hunh quang xanh lam nh lc. - Phi c phn ng c trng ca lin kt i.
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+ Cho 10 ml nc ct vo 0,5 g mu th, un si ha tan. Thm 2 hoc 3 git dung dch brom (TS) vo dung dch nng. Mu ca dung dch brom s mt.

3.2. tinh khit.

- Gim khi lng khi sy kh: Khng c qu 0,5%. (120 oC, trong 4 gi). - Khong nhit nng chy: 286oC 302 oC. - Tro sulfat: Khng c qu 0,1%. - Acid maleic: Khng c qu 0,1%. - Ch: Khng c qu 2 mg/kg. + Th theo hng dn ti JECFA monograph 1 - Vol. 4. Xc nh bng k thut hp th nguyn t thch hp cho hm lng quy nh. La chn c mu th v phng php chun b mu da trn nguyn tc ca phng php m t trong JECFA monograph 1 Vol. 4 phn Cc Phng php phn tch cng c. - Hm lng C4H4O4: Khng c thp hn 99,0% tnh theo ch phm kh.

3.3. nh lng.
- Cn 1g mu th, chnh xc n mg, chuyn vo bnh nn 250 ml, thm 50 ml methanol, ho tan mu bng cch lm m nh trn b cch thu. ngui, thm dung dch phenolphtalein (TS) v chun vi dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,5 N cho n khi xut hin mu hng bn trong t nht 30 giy. Tin hnh xc nh mu trng v hiu chun nu cn. - Mi ml dung dch natri hydroxyd 0,5 N tng ng vi 29,02 mg C4H4O4.

4. Phng php sn xut.

y chng ti gii thiu phng php sn xut acid fumaric bng ln men. - Nguyn liu sn xut : Glucoza, fructoza ng nghch o, sacaroza, mt r, maltoza, tinh bt. Ngoi ra cc mui v c phi c trong mi trng l kali phosphat v amon sulfat, pH ti u l 57. - Tc nhn gy ln men : Rhizopus
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- Acid fumaric to thnh theo s phn ng : HC - COOH CH2COOH - H2 || | HOOC - CH CH2COOH Axit malic Acit fumaric Hoc :

HC - COOH CH(OH) - COOH - H2 || | HOOC - CH CH2 - COOH Phng trnh phn ng tng qut : C6H12O6 + 3O2 C4H4O4 + 2CO2 + 4H2O

5. ng dng trong thc phm.

- Acid fumaric l mt acidulent thc phm c s dng k t nm 1946. l khng c hi.N thng c dng trong ung v bt lm bnh m yu cu c t trn s tinh khit. N thng c dng nh l mt thay th cho axit tartaric v i khi v tr ca axit citric, vi tc 1,36 g acid citric mi 0,91 gam axit fumaric cho hng v nh nhau. N cng c s dng trong bnh ko thm s chua, tng t nh cch axit malic c s dng.

II.3.3 Cht to v ng
V ng l tnh cht rt c bit ca thc phm, c lin quan n cc hp cht v c v hu c.V ng trong t nhin l cc nhm glycozit, thng tp trung phn v cy v trong nhn ht. Trong thc phm vi ng thng c coi l v xu cn phi c loi b trong qu trnh ch bin (V d: v ng ca cc loi nc p tri cy, v ng trong cc loi mt,) nhng cng c v ng c xem l v ch yu trong sn phm (V d: v
85

ng trong sn phm tr v c ph,..). V ng thng d nhn bit hn cc v khc.Tuy nhin, cc cht gy ng t nhin tn ti phn ln dng cc hp cht hu c v cc hp cht ny nh hng rt ln n qu trnh ch bin thc phm. Mt s cht hu c gy ng thng dng c th tm thy bao gm cc cht sau:

II.3.3.1 Nicotin 1. Khi qut chung:

Nicotin l mt ankaloit tm thy trong cc cy h C (Solanaceae), ch yu trong cy thuc l, v vi s lng nh trong c chua, khoai ty, c tm v t Bell. Ankaloit nicotin cng c tm thy trong l ca cy coca. Nicotin chim 0,3 n 5% ca cy thuc l kh, c tng hp sinh hc thc hin t gc v tch lu trn l. N l mt cht c thn kinh rt mnh vi nh hng r rt n cc loi cn trng; do vy trong qu kh nicotin c s dng rng ri nh l mt loi thuc tr su, v hin ti cc phi sinh ca nicotin nh imidacloprid tip tc c s dng rng ri. Vi liu lng nh hn (trung bnh mt iu thuc tm mt lng khong 1mg nicotin), cht ny hot ng nh mt cht kch thch cho cc ng vt c v v l mt trong nhng nhn t chnh chu trch nhim cho vic l thuc vo vic ht thuc l. Theo Hip hi Tim mch Hoa K, "Nghin nicotin v ang l nhng thi nghin ngp kh b nht

2.

c im
Nicotin c cng thc phn t l: C10H14N2 Tn IUPAC h thng l : (S)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrroli-dinyl)pyridine

86

Nicotin l mt cht lng nh du, ht m v c th trn ln vi nc trong dng baz ca n. L mt baz gc nit, nicotin to ra cc mui vi cc axt, thng thng c dng rn v ha tan c trong nc. Nicotin d dng thm thu qua da. Nh cc s liu vt l th hin, nicotin dng baz t do s chy nhit thp hn im si ca n, v hi ca n bt chy nhit 95 C trong khng kh cho d c p sut ca hi l thp. Do iu ny, phn ln nicotin b chy khi ngi ta t iu thuc l; tuy nhin, n c ht vo gy ra cc hiu ng mong mun. Theobromine (t ht ca cao): v ng ca chocolate, c cng dng tng t caffeine (http://chemistry.about.com/od/factsstructures/a/theobromine-chemistry.htm) Cng thc phn t: C7H8N4O2

Theobromine thuc v mt lp hc ca cc phn t alkaloid c bit n nh methylxanthines. Methylxanthines t nhin xy ra nhiu nht l su mi loi thc vt khc nhau v bao gm caffeine (methlyxanthine ch yu trong c ph) v theophylline (methylxanthine chnh trong tr), ngoi ra theobromine cn c tm thy trong ht cy cola. Theobromine l methylxanthine chnh c tm thy trong cc sn phm ca cy ca cao, theobroma cacao. Theobromine nh hng n con ngi tng t nh caffeine, nhng trn mt quy m nh hn nhiu. Theobromine nh l thuc li tiu (tng sn xut nc tiu), l mt
87

cht kch thch nh, v th gin cc c trn ca ph qun trong phi. Trong c th con ngi, mc theobromine c mt na t 6-10 gi sau khi tiu th. Theobromine c s dng nh mt loi thuc cho tc dng li tiu ca n, c bit l trong trng hp suy tim dn n s tch t ca cht lng c th. N c qun l vi digitalis gim nng. Bi v kh nng ca mnh lm gin cc mch mu, theobromine cng c s dng iu tr huyt p cao. Cc loi sn phm c cha caffeine, theobromine c th gy ra mt ng, run, bn chn, lo lng, cng nh gp phn gia tng bi xut nc tiu v mt s tc dng ph nh chn n , bun nn, v nn ma . Cc loi s-c-la cha mt lng khc nhau ca theobromine. Ni chung, nng theobromine cao hn trong scla en (khong 10g/kg) so vi trong s-c-la sa (15g/kg). S-c-la cht lng cao hn c xu hng cha nhiu theobromine hn so vi sc-la cht lng thp hn. Ht ca cao t nhin c cha khong 300-1200 mg theobromine.

II.3.3.2 Quinin:
c dng trong sn xut nc gii kht (Tonic) l cht to v ng cho mt s sn phm nc gii khc,cc alkaloid nh caffein v theobromin cng c dng nhiu trong ch bin thc phm. Quinin c xem l cht c v ng c bn nh gi cc v ng khc, ngng cm ca quinin l 0,08 mg.

1.

c im

88

L mt ankaloit t nhin, c v cay ng, c tm thy trong v cy canh-ki-na v c dng trong sn xut nc gii kht. Cng thc cu to l C20H24N2O2, tan chy 1770C. Quinine l rt nhy cm vi nh sng tia cc tm (UV) v s pht hunh quang trong nh sng mt tri trc tip, do lin hp cao ca cu trc cng hng.

2.

Cng dng

Quinine l mt thnh phn hng v ca nc tonic v v cay ng ca chanh . Hng v cay ng ca thuc b quinine chng st rt lm ngi dn thuc a Anh ti n kt hp n vi ru gin, do to ra ru gin v thuc b cocktail, ngy nay vn cn ph bin nhiu ni trn th gii, c bit l Vng quc Anh, Hoa K , Canada , c , v New Zealand . Php , quinine l mt thnh phn ca mt khai v c gi l cy canh ki na hoc "Cap Corse". Ti , ru vang c hng v truyn thng Barolo Chinato truyn vi cc loi tho mc quinine v a phng v c phc v nh mt loi thuc tr tiu ha. Ti Canada v , quinine l mt thnh phn trong cc ung c ga chinotto Brio v San Pellegrino Chinotto. Ti Scotland , cc cng ty AG Barr s dng quinine nh l mt thnh phn trong cc loi nc gii kht c ga v nc gii kht Barr Irn- Bru . Uruguay v Argentina , quinin l mt thnh phn ca mt nc Pepsico Inc c tn l Paso de los Toros . Nam Phi , quinine l mt thnh phn ca mt loi nc ung tn l Chikree sn xut bi cc thng hiu thc phm Tiger .

II.3.3.3Naringin v Hisperdin:
C Nhiu Trong v tri cy c mi
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Naringin l mt flavanone glycoside. N l thnh phn flavonoid ch yu trong mi bi, lm cho nc bi c v ng. Trong c th ngi, naringin c chuyn ha thnh naringenin, mt dng flavanone. C naringenin v hesperetin l nhng aglycone ca naringin v hesperidin c mt trong t nhin trong qu c mi (h Cam chanh). Naringin c nhiu tc dng dc l rt mnh nh chng oxy ha, lm gim lipid trong mu, chng ung th c tnh v s c ch chn lc cc enzym chuyn ha thuc cytochrome P450, bao gm CYP3A4 v CYP1A2, m c th gy tng tc gia cc loi thuc trong c th. Vic ung cc flavonoid naringin cng c th nh hng n s hp thu ng rut ca mt s loi thuc, dn n tng hoc gim mc lu hnh thuc. trnh s can thip vi s hp thu thuc v s trao i cht, vic n cc loi qu c mi (c bit l bi) v cc loi nc qu t chng cn c ch nh khi ung thuc. Naringin l cht c hot tnh mnh th 2 (sau rutin) trong s 21 flavonoid, v kh nng c ch s gii phng VEGF gy co mch. * Amidalin (CHNO): cha trong ht hnh nhn (2,5 3 %), trong ht m v o (2 3 %), ht mn (0,96 %). dng tinh th amidalin c cu to tinh th, v ng, ha tan trong nc v ru. Khi thy phn amidalin s to ra acid HCN l mt cht rt c. * Naringin (CHO.4HO): gy v ng khi qu cha chn. Khi qu chn, di tc dng ca men croxidaza n s b phn hy thnh glucose, ramanose v aglucol naringinen (CHO) u khng c v ng. V ng th ng thy trong chanh non, trong bi l naringin v neohesperidin. * Solanin: v ng thng thy trong v khoai ty, c v c chn. Solanin cn c gi l glicoalcaloit, khi thy phn cho ng v glucol solanindin. Solanin c nhiu trong khoai ty khong 0,01 %, ch yu lp st v qu v hm lng solanin s tng ln khi khoai ty ny mm. Solanin l mt cht c, hm lng trn 0,02 % c th gy ng c.

II.3.3.4 Cafein 1.Cu tao v tnh cht

Cafein cn c gi l trimethylxanthine, coffeine, theine, mateine, guaranine,
90

methyltheobromine hay 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, l mt xanthine alkaloid c th tm thy c trong cc loi ht c ph, trong ch, ht cola, qu guarana v (mt lng nh) trong ht ca cao. Cng thc ho hc ca caffein l C8H10N4O2

2.Lch s:
Caffein c tch thnh cng ln u tin vo nm 1820 bi nh ho hc ngi c Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge bng cch un cc ht c ph rang v thu li hi nc sinh ra. Runge thc hin s phn tch ny c l l do li ngh ca bn ng ta, nh th Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Vo ngy 3 thng 10 nm 1819, sau mt cuc chuyn tr v cc loi c thc vt, Goethe chuyn cho Runge mt gi ht c ph, th hng vo khi rt gi tr.

3.ng dng
nh hng ti sc khe Caffein khi dng vi liu lng nhiu gy ra cc nh hng sau: Cng thng thn kinh Hng phn Tng huyt p Gin n ph qun Li tiu (t 300 mg/ngy tr ln) Kch thch nhu ng rut Mt ng T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) khng xp caffein vo nhm cc cht gy nghin. n nay vn khng c du hiu g r rng chng minh caffein nguy hi n sc kho, ngay c nhng trng hp s dng thng xuyn caffein trong thi gian di. Tuy nhin vic dng caffein nhiu c th dn ti s ph thuc v tm l, trong trng hp ny mi v c ph, khu v ngi ung v truyn thng cng ng mt vai tr quan trng. S ph thuc vo caffein c th dn ti cc biu hin nh nhc u, cng thng, run ry, hi hp, thiu tp trung, cu gin. C th cn khong 3 ngy loi b caffein, sau thi gian ny nhng tc dng ph trn s hon ton mt i. Nu dng caffein vi liu
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lng cao c th lm tng nhp tim v li tiu. Tuy vy, nu ung nhng loi ung chm gii phng caffein nh guarana hay ch en th c th hn ch c cc nh hng tiu cc ca caffein cng nh tn dng c cc tc dng ca n. Caffein c cha trong scla hay ch en khng hn l v hi i vi tr em: v d nh lng caffein c trong 3 lon cola v 3 thanh scla cng tng ng vi lng caffein trong 2 tch c ph (khong 200 mg). Mt a tr nng 30 kg nu dng mt liu lng tng ng 7 mg/1 kg c th c th b cng thng v mt ng. Caffein c trong danh sch doping ca U ban Th vn hi Quc t (IOC). Tuy nhin gii hn cm rt cao, cc vn ng vin c th ung c ph trong ba sng.

4. C ch tc ng
Liu gy c LD-50 ca caffein (l lng caffein c th lm cht 50% dn s) khong 10 g, tng ng vi 100 tch c ph. LD-50 ca caffein cho mt con chut cng nng 1 kg l 381 mg. c bit rng, nc bi c kh nng ko di thi gian bn hu ca caffein, bi cht ng trong qu bi s km hm qu trnh trao i cht ca caffein trong gan Caffein gy ra s hng phn v ko di thi gian tnh to bng cch ngn cn hot ng bnh thng ca adenosinev phosphodiesterase. Adenosine c to ra trong

qu trnh hot ng ca c th. Khi nng cao, n s gn vi receptor (th th) lm cho h thn kinh pht ra tn hiu ngh ngi dn n s mt mi v bun ng. Do c cu trc phn t gn ging nhau, caffein cnh tranh vi adenosine trong vic lin kt vi receptor c hiu. iu ny lm h thn kinh s ch o cho c th tip tc lm vic thay v pht ra tn hiu ngh ngi . Caffein cng ngn chn phosphodiesterase khng cho tng hpc ht truyn tin th cp cAMP, do tn hiu hng phn do andrenalinto ra khng c khuych i thng qua cAMP. iu ny lm cc t bo trong c th tr nn tr vi andrenalin. Caffeinol Theo nghin cu mi nht th s kt hp gia cn v caffein l mt phng cch hu hiu tr chng t qu. Sinh vin y khoa James Grotta thuc i hc Texas Houston cng vi ng nghip tim cho tng cng 23 bnh nhn cht caffeinol

92

v rt ra kt lun rng cht ny c hiu qu iu tr tt i vi cc thng tn no gy ra bi chng t qu

II.3.4 Cht to v mn.

Cu trc tinh th Clorua natri, cn gi l natri clorua, mui n, mui, mui m, hay halua, l hp cht ha hc vi cng thc ha hc NaCl. Clorua natri l muich yu to ra mn trong cc i dng v ca cht lng ngoi bo ca nhiu c th a bo. L thnh phn chnh trong mui n, n c s dng ph bin nh l gia v v cht bo qun thc phm. n qu nhiu mui vt qu nh lng cn thit, c th l cc vng c kh hu lnh, dn n s tng cao huyt p mt s ngi, m trong nhiu trng hp l nguyn nhn ca chng nhi mu c tim. Mui n ngy nay c s dng vi vai tr cht ph gia thc phm khng phi l clorua natri nguyn cht nh nhiu ngi vn tng. Nm 1911 cacbonat magi ln u tin c thm vo mui lm cho n t vn cc. Nm 1924 cc lng nh it trong dng natri ioua, kali ioua hay kali ioat c thm vo, to ra mui it nhm gim thiu t l mc bnh bu c.

3.5.Cht iu v
Cht iu v (flavor enhancer) l mt trong cc nhm cht ph gia c php s dng trong thc phm gip iu ha, lm tng v ngon ca mn n. Theo Quyt nh s 3742 /2001/Q-BYT ra ngy 31 thng 8 nm 2001ca B trng B Y t, danh mc cc cht iu v c php s dng trong thc phm nh sau:
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STT Ting Vit Ting Anh 620 Axit glutamic (L(+)-) Glutamic Acid (L(+)-) 621 Mononatri glutamat Monosodium Glutamate 622 Monokali glutamat Monopotassium Glutamate 623 Canxi glutamat Calcium Glutamate 626 Axit guanylic Guanylic Acid 627 Dinatri guanylat Disodium Guanylate (mi c b sung) 630 Axit inosinic Inosinic Acid 631 Dinatri inosinat Disodium Inosinate (mi c b sung) 636 Maltol Maltol 637 Etyl maltol Ethyl Maltol Trong s cc cht iu v trn, c ba cht rt thng xuyn c s dng trong ch bin thc phm. l cht iu v 621 monosodium glutamate (bt ngt), cht iu v 627 disodium guanylate v cht iu v 631 disodium inosinate. Tuy nhin, nhiu ngi trong chng ta vn cn kh xa l v cha nhn bit ht v chng d vn tip xc hng ngy. Vy nhng cht k trn l nhng cht g, c s dng cho mc ch g, kin ca cc chuyn gia dinh dng v thc phm v cc cht ra sao? Xinmi cng ti bc vo ni dung ca cc chng sau y.

Bt ngt (Natri glutamat)

umami l g? umami l mt trong s cc v c bn Khi nm thc n, chng ta cm nhn c cm gic ngon thng qua vic s dng tt c nm gic quan nh khu gic, th gic v xc gic. Tt nhin trong v gic l gic quan quyt nh. Nhng yu t quan trng ca kh nng chp nhn thc phm chnh l cc v: ngt, chua, mn, ng v umami c bit n nh cc v c bn. Mt v c bn l mt v c lp v khng th c to thnh ngay c khi tng hp t cc v khc. Trong cc v c bn, umamic gio s Kikunae Ikeda khm ph vo nm

94

1908. ng tp trung vo v ca kombu dashi (nc dng nu t to b), v khm ph ra rng thnh phn ca v chnh l glutamate. ng t tn cho v ny l umami.

Trn li c cc th th cho cc cht to v umami. Trn b mt li c 3 loi gai v gic, mi gai v gic li c cha cc chi v gic. ngi trng thnh c khong 7.500 12.000 chi v gic. Chi v gic c to thnh t cc t bo v gic, trn b mt ca cc t bo ny c cha th th cm nhn v. Cc th th ny s tip nhn cc cht to v. Li ngi c cc c ch pht hin cc v c bn bao gm ngt, chua, mn, ng, umami v truyn thng tin v v ti cc dy thn kinh v gic. S tn ti ca cc th th ny cho thy s cn thit phi cng nhn nm v c bn v mt sinh l hc. Cc nh khoa hc cng nhn umami l mt v c bn v cng ging nh cc v c bn khc, c mt th th c hiu pht hin vumami v tn hiu v v ny cng c truyn ti no thng qua dy thn kinh v gic.

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Cc cht chnh to v umami C 3 cht chnh to v umami: glutamate, inosinate v guanylate. Glutamate l mt axit amin ph bin tm thy rt nhiu trong t nhin. Nhng nucleotide gp phn ln cho vic to ra v umami l inosinate v guanylate cng tn ti trong rt nhiu loi thc phm. Cc cht chnh to v umami ny u c khm ph bi cc nh khoa hc Nht Bn, v ngy nay v umami tr thnh mt v ph bin trong rt nhiu mn n trn th gii.

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1. c im
Acid glutamic l mt trong 20 loi acidamin thit yu. Mui ca acid glutamic gi l glutamate, v d: natri glutamat, kali glutamat, canxi glutamat. Trong khoa hc thn kinh th glutamate l mt cht dn truyn thn kinh quan trng, c lin quan n chc nng nhn thc ca no nh vic hc v nh. Trong s cc mui ca acid glutamic, natri glutamat c s dng ph bin nht. N cn c gi l bt ngt (hay m chnh), c tn ting Vit l Natri glutamat, tn ting Anh l monosodium glutamate, cc tn IUPAC: 2-aminopentanedioic acid, 2-aminoglutaric acid, 1-aminopropane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid Acid glutamic v cc mui ca n lm tng hng v umami trong thc phm giu protein nh c, tht v sa. Theo Hi Khoa hc k thut an ton v v sinh thc phm th natri glutamat c sn trong cc thc phm t nhin nh tht, c, trng, sa v trong rau qu nh c rt, c chua, u, ng Trong 100g c chua c khong 0,14g bt ngt; 0,044g/100g tht g; 0,043g/100g tm. C th con ngi cn nng t 60kg n 70kg, th lng protein chim t 14 n 17% trong c khong 1/5 l bt ngt. Trc kia, ngi ta s dng bt ngt bng cch trch ly ra t rong bin, ngy ny, bt ngt c sn xut thng qua qu trnh ln men cc nguyn liu nh r ng, tinh bt khoai m,

2. Tnh cht vt l ha hc
Tnh cht vt l ca acid glutamic - Tinh th rn dng que, khng mu, khng mi. D tan trong nc ( tan l 74g/ml), tan va phi trong cn. - C v ngt hoc hi mn. - Nhit nng chy 2320C Tnh cht ha hc Cng thc phn t:
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- Acid glutamic: C5H9O4N - Natri glutamat: C5H8NO4Na

3 Lch s tm ra bt ngt
V gic ca con ngi, ngoi bn v pht hin l chua, ngt, mn, ng; gn y cc nghin cu khoa hc cn chng thc c thm mt v th nm c bn na, l v gi theo Ting Nht l v Umami. Theo tin s Nguyn Th Lm, Ph vin trng Vin Dinh dng quc gia th bt ngt c v Umami. Vic s dng bt ngt c t nhiu th k trc trong ngh thut m thc phng ng. Cch y khong 1500 nm, cc u bp bit cho mt lng to bin vo sp lm tng ng k hng v mn n nhng h hon ton khng bit rng to cha mt lng ln glutamate (bt ngt) t nhin. Mi n nm 1860, Ritenhausen v Woft (c) xc nh c cu to ca axit glutamic v mui natri glutamat. Nm 1908, v gio s ngi Nht Kikunae Ikeda thuc i hc Hong Gia Tokyo khm ph ra cht to nn v ngt tht, chnh l natri glutamat.

Gio s Kikunae Ikeda Cht ny tng c chit sut thnh cng t to bin v ng t tn cho thng phm l Ajinomoto, theo ting Nht ngha l tinh cht ca v ngt. Nm 1909, Gio s Ikeda v dc s Saburosuke Suzuki m mt cng ty chuyn kinh doanh bt ngt vi ci tn Ajinomoto. n nm 1933, sn xut bt ngt ti Nht Bn t n 4500 tn/nm. Bt ngt tr thnh gia v quan trng, nht l ti cc nc phng ng.

4. ng dng
Bt ngt khng c kt cu mu v mi v c trng nn c dng nhiu trong cc mn n lm tng cng hng v ca cc thc phm cha nhiu cht m nh c, tht, m khng lm mt i v t nhin. N cng kt hp tt vi v mn v chua nhng khng c tc dng vi v ngt v ng. V th glutamat natri c dng nhiu trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm, vi s c mt ca nhiu m chnh c th gim c cc gia v
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khc v i khi thay i c v gc ca thc phm m vn cho cm gic ngon ming. Trong cc thc phm ch bin sn nh bt nm, bt canh, khoai ty chin,... thng c nhiu bt ngt. Tuy nhin, t mt gia v khng th thiu trong mi ba n, bt ngt t nhin b ty chay. Gi y, nhiu gia nh on tuyt vi bt ngt, mc d mi ngi vn khng nh gia v ny lm cho mn n ngon hn. H cho rng, n bt ngt s tng nguy c mc cc bnh v thn kinh cng nh bnh ung th. Cng c ngi cho rng, nu cho bt ngt vo mn n khi ang un nu th s lm tng c vn c cc thnh phn ha hc ca n... Ngi ta cnh gic vi bt ngt, lu dn d ng c vi v ngt ca n. Vy bt ngt c c hi hay khng?

5.Cc quan im v bt ngt

*Quan im cho rng bt ngt an ton -Trong mt hi tho ti H Ni do Vin dinh dng t chc, cc chuyn gia thuc y ban k thut Glutamate quc t cho bit: Bt ngt c th b bin i thnh cht gy t bin gen khi thc hin th nghim trong hai gi ng h 3000C. Nhng chng ta nn nh rng: khng ch bt ngt b bin i m nhit ny, cc thnh phn thc phm t nhin nh protein cng u b bin i thnh cht gy t bin gen, cc nguyn liu thc phm b nu nhit cao cng b chy thnh than. Tuy nhin, nhit si ca nc v thc n c ch bin hng ngy bt ngt vn n nh. Do khi c s dng trong iu kin nu n hng ngy th bt ngt l an ton. -y ban Chuyn gia v Ph gia Thc phm (JECFA) ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) v T chc Nng lng Quc T (FAO) cng b trong cun Hng dm s dng an ton cc cht ph gia thc phm (Guide to the Safe Use of Food Additives) xut bn nm 1979 th bt ngt thuc cht cho php s dng an ton vi liu dng hng ngy chp nhn c l 0-120mg/kg. C ngha vi th trng ngi bnh thng 50kg th mi ngy
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c th s dng khong 6g bt ngt. -Nm 1991 u ban Khoa hc v thc phm ca Chu u ti khng nh bt ngt an ton v c th dng hng ngy. -Nm 1992 bo co t hi ng ca v Khoa hc thuc hip hi Y t M khng nh di bt k hnh thc no cng khng chng minh c bt ngt l mi nguy hi ng k i vi sc kho. -Nm 1995 bo co c FDA u quyn ca hip hi Thc nghim sinh hc lin bang (FASEB) xc nhn cc nh gi v an ton ca cc u ban nu, nhng cho rng mt t l cha r dn s c th d ng vi bt ngt v pht trin thnh mt hi chng phc tp khi tiu th hn 3g bt ngt thun. -Nm 2002 mt bo co pht hin chut c nui theo ch dinh dng b sung t 10 20% bt ngt tinh khit b thoi ho vng mc, c th do s dn t ca mui glutamate trong pha l dch. Tuy nhin, mt lng glutamat cao hn rt nhiu so vi lng bt ngt s dng lm gia v thc phm. - mt s nc trn th gii: + Ti Hoa k: bt ngt c cc c quan qun l thuc v thc phm Hoa K a vo danh sch cc gia v thc phm c php s dng. Bt ngt c coi l an ton cho mc ch s dng v c xem l mt thnh phn thc phm ph bin nh mui, tiu, gim, bt n.... v khng quy nh liu dng hng ngy (Theo ti liu Code Federal Regulation Part 182 - 1994. FDA - US ) + Ti Php: Bt ngt c coi l an ton v cng khng quy nh liu dng hng ngy. (Theo ti liu Rglementation des produits qualit - Repression des fraudes 1991 et modifi 6/1993). + Ti Thi Lan: liu dng hng ngy ty theo yu cu (As required). + Ti cc nc Chu khc: Malaysia, Philippin, Nht, Trung Quc, i Loan, Hn Quc u coi bt ngt l an ton v khng quy nh liu dng hng ngy. + Cng ng Chu u ( EC) t m s bt ngt l ph gia thc phm s E621 v cho php dng khng c khuyn co s lng hng ngy. - Vit Nam: + B Y T: bt ngt c xem l mt gia v thc phm v c a vo danh mc cc
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ph gia thc phm c php s dng trong ch bin thc phm theo quyt nh s 3742/2001 Q- BYT ngy 31/8/2001 ca B Y T. + B khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng: bt ngt c php s dng nh mt ph gia thc phm trong ch bin thc n gia nh, ti cc nh hng cng nh trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm (Bo co ngy 20/4/1995 ca Tng Cc tiu chun o lng cht lng - B khoa hc C *Quan im cho rng bt ngt gy ra tc hi c cp ca c tnh bng n v LD50 i vi chut l 19,9 gam/kg th trng. Theo cch tnh ny, i vi mt ngi nng 70kg, liu m chnh gy c l 1,4kg. u thp k 70, JECFA - y ban hn hp v Ph gia thc phm ca T chc Y t th gii (WHO) v T chc Nng Lng Th Gii (FAO) bt u nh gi tnh an ton ca bt ngt v a ra quy nh v liu lng s dng hng ngy: t 0-120mg/kg th trng. Vo nm 1987, Hi ngh ln th 31 ca JECFA tin hnh nh gi li an ton ca bt ngt v a ra kt lun liu dng khng xc nh. Vit Nam, vin dinh dng quc gia (B y t) cho php s dng bt ngt khng qu 6g/ngy. Cn vi tr em di 12 thng tui tuyt i khng nn n bt ngt. PGS.TS Nguyn Th Lm c bi vit v vic s dng bt ngt trn trang web ca bo Tin Phong ng ngy th T, 11/02/2009, lc 9 gi 8 pht. Theo Tin s: Thc t, khng c khuyn co v liu s dng i vi m chnh, cng nh khng c khuyn co ring no i vi tr em. C th hiu, liu dng hng ngy khng quy nh, ngha l cc nghin cu cha tm thy mc liu lng s dng no ca m chnh c th nh hng n sc khe ca ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, l mt th gia v, cng tng t nh s dng mui hay t, m chnh ch c tc dng tng v ngon khi c s dng liu thch hp. Nu qu nhiu, s phn tc dng. PGS.TS Nguyn Th Lm lu thm: Khi s dng, nn nm m chnh lc sp hon thnh mn n. Trong m chnh c mui v v ngt, v vy, vi ngi cn gim mn (bnh thn, cao huyt p) s dng m chnh vi lng ph hp s gip tng v ngon, v m ca thc n, t s gim c lng mm mui s dng khi nu. M chnh khng gy hi
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cho sc khe, khng nguy hi cho tr em v cng khng gy ung th. Tuy nhin, chng khng c cng dng cha bnh. Cn s dng n nh l mt gia v, khng nn lm dng. Theo kt qu bo co di 350 trang (hon thnh ngy 31/7/1995) ca hi Th nghim sinh hc lin bang M, nhng phn ng ph do s dng bt ngt l: Cm gic nng ran nh chy khp c, ngc v phn trc cnh tay. T sau c v t cnh tay tr ln Nga ran khp mt, c, lng v tay Nhc u, bun nn Tc ngc, kh th au tim, suy nhc Nm 1996, Tin s Russell L. Blayclok vit trong quyn: Excitotoxins: The Taste that kills v triu chng bo ph v tn thng no, gim tr nh, bnh Parkinsons,v nhiu bnh khc t vic s dng nhiu bt ngt. Mt nghin cu khc ca gio s lm sng khoa tm thn hc Vin i Hc California Arthur D. Colman cng cho thy, c khong 30% dn chng b nhng phn ng nguy hi, khi n phi bt ngt. Chnh ph Hoa K cng cnh bo vic ny cho ngi dn. Nhiu li khuyn co c a ra nh: ph n c thai v tr em di 6 tui khng nn dng bt ngt, cn ngi ln th trnh dng chng no l tt chng y. Cc thc phm ch bin sn c cha bt ngt ph

6.Cch s dng bt ngt

K thut s dng bt ngt rt n gin. Khi cho vo hp, ngi ta ha tan trong nc trc, khi lm cc mn khc th trn vo di dng bt kh. Trong qu trnh sn xut cc thc phm c th n c a vo hn hp sau khi trn cc thnh phn chnh. Mt s lu khi dng bt ngt: Theo PGS.TS. Bi Minh c - Ph Ch tch Hi KHKT An ton Thc phm Vit Nam th khi s dng bt ngt cn ch : Bt ngt ch l mt gia v c tc dng iu v, do khng nn dng cc loi gia v k c bt ngt thay th cho cc cht dinh dng ni chung. Khng nn s dng bt ngt hay cc loi gia v khc che lp nhng mi v phn nh tnh trng mt cht lng ca thc n nh i, thiu, tanh, thi.
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Bt ngt ch c tc dng iu v tt vi cc v mn, ng v chua, nhng li khng nh hng n v ngt nn trong sn xut bnh ko ni chung, bt ngt t c s dng. Nu s dng bt ngt th cn gim bt lng mui cho vo.

3.5.2 Siu bt ngt 1 Axit guanylic v mui ca n

Cu to Tnh cht Disodium guanylate, hay sodium 5'-guanylate v disodium 5'-guanylate; l mui c cha hai gc natri ca guanosine monophosphate(GMP). Cng thc phn t Axit guanylic : C10H14N5O8P Disodium guanylate: C10H12N5Na2O8P Tnh cht vt l: - Axit guanylic c dng tinh th trng hoc khng mu, hoc dng bt tinh th trng. - t tan trong nc, hu nh khng tan trong etanol. Acid guanylic c th c sn xut bng cc vi sinh vt bin i gen.

2.Axit inosinic v mui ca n

Cu to Tnh cht Disodium inosinate, hay disodium 5'-inosinate, hoc sodium 5'-inosinate; l mui cha hai gc natri ca axit inosinic. Inosinic axit l mt axit t nhin, ch yu xut hin ng vt. Cc ch phm Inosinic axit c ch bin ch yu t tht hoc c. Cng c th c sn xut bng cch ln men ng bng vi khun . Cng thc phn t Axit inosonic: C10H13N4O8P Disodium inosonate: C10H11N4Na2O8P Tnh cht vt l:

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- C dng tinh th trng hoc khng mu, hoc dng bt tinh th trng, khng mi. - t tan trong nc, hu nh khng tan trong etanol.

3. Maltol 3.1 Cu to Tnh cht

Maltol, tn gi khc l 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone, larixinic acid, 2-methyl pyromeconic acid l mt hp cht hu c t nhin c s dng nh ph gia iu v (E636). N c tm thy trong v cy dng tng, cy thng l kim, v trong mch nha rang. Cng thc phn t: C6H6O3 Tnh cht vt l: - C dng bt tinh th trng, c mi ko b caramen c trng. - Tan trong nc nng, chloroform v cc dung mi phn cc khc. - Nhit nng chy: 160 1640C Maltol c th lin kt vi Fe3+, Ga3+, Al3+, and VO2+. Lin quan n c tnh ny, maltol tng c bo co l lm tng kh nng hp thu nhm trong c th v lm tng kh dng sinh hc ca gali v st.

3.2.ng dng
Maltol l mt cht iu v, lm tng v ngt trong cc sn phm cha nhiu glucid nh trong bnh m, bnh ngt, cc sn phm ko v socola, cc mn trng ming. Thm vo mt lng nh maltol c th gim 15% ng s dng. Ngoi ra n cn c dng nh cht to hng, to ra mi thm c trng cho cc sn phm nng v rang.

3.3Liu lng s dng

Maltol: ADI l 0-1mg/kg/ngy ( ML (Maximum level - ML ) l gii hn ti a trong thc phm, l mc gi hn ti a ca mi cht ph gia s dng trong qu trnh sn xut, ch bin, x l, bo qun, bao gi v vn chuyn thc phm)

4.Etyl maltol
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4.1 Cu to v tnh cht

Etyl maltol c cng thc phn t l C7H8O3 Cng thc cu to: Etyl maltol dng bt mu trng, c khi lng phn t 140.14g/mol Nhit nng chy l 85 950C Nhit si l 1610C Etyl maltol l mt ha cht c mi d chu c s dng nh mt flavorant cho thc phm, thuc l v ngnh cng nghip nc hoa Etyl maltol c v ngt v mi thm mnh, th hin r trong cc sn phm c dng lng

4.2 ng dng
Etyl maltol lm tng hng v ca cc sn phm thc phm ng thi loi b mi kh chu ca thc phm c to ra do nguyn liu hoc trong qu trnh ch bin nh v cay, ng hoc cc mi l xut hin trong thc phm. Ph gia ny c s dng rng ri trong nhiu loi sn phm nh tri cy sy kh, nc p tri cy, nc gii kht, ru, cc sn phm sa, nc tng, thuc, m phm etyl maltol gip ci thin v tng cng hng v ca thc phm, n gip lm tng cng v ngt ca ko v ko di hn thi gian bo qun thc phm vi liu lng s dng t (khong 0.1 0.5) nhng c th em li hiu qu s dng rt ln V d: cht iu v etyl maltol HD6 HD6 c mi tht hp dn nn ph hp b sung vo cc sn phm c ngun gc t tht. Lm gim mi gt c trng ca nc mm to hng thm d chu.Etyl maltol c th thng hoa nhit thp nn c th lm tng hng thm c trng ca sn phmng thi trit tiu nhng mi kh chu v duy tr hng thm ca sn phm trong thi gian di HD6 cn lm tng v ngt c trng ca tht, do tng cng v ngt tht cho cc sn phm c ngun gc t tht

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5 .Lch s tm ra cht iu v 627 v 631

Nm 1913, hc tr ca Tin s Ikeda l ng Komada pht hin ra tnh cht c trng ca v Umami trong Disodium 5- inosinate (E631) (IMP) l mt cht c trong kh c nhy. Nhiu nm sau ng Kuninaka v cc cng s li khm ph ra mt cht c hng v Umami cc k quan trng trong loi nm Shiitake kh, l cht Disodium 5-guanylate (E627) (GMP). ng Kuninaka nhn thy, nu trn bt ngt vi 5ribonucleotide th s c c mt cht c ngt gp 10 ln so vi bt ngt thng thng. chnh l siu bt ngt. Theo ti liu Sinh ha ng dng ca GS-TS ng Th Thanh Thu - ging vin Trng H Khoa hc t nhin (thuc H Quc gia TP.HCM) T nm 1960, loi siu bt ngt chnh thc c gii thiu v tiu th trn th trng.

6. Siu bt ngt
Cht iu v 627, 631 tuy xa l vi ngi tiu dng nhng c s dng rt ph bin trong cng nghip ch bin thc phm. GS-TS Bi Minh c - nguyn Ph Ch tch Hi Khoa hc v V sinh an ton thc phm cho bit nh ngha v hai cht 627 v 631 c trong cun Bch khoa ton th thc phm Hoa K. Theo , mui ca hai cht trn c cng v vi bt ngt, thuc nhm bt ngt, gip lm tng ngt hiu qu hn so vi bt ngt thng thng (621), c bit l cht iu v 631. Ni cch khc, hai cht trn kt hp vi nhau to cht siu bt ngt, tuy nhin n to v ngt d chu v t c hi. Cng chung quan im ny, PGS-TS Nguyn Th Lm cho bit: Theo cc ti liu khoa hc th chnh cht iu v 627 v 631 l cht siu ngt c ngt gp 10 n 15 ln bt ngt thng thng. N cn tc ng ln trung ng thn kinh vng cm nhn thm n, kch thch thm n... C ni n 2 cht ny, nhng ngi lm cng nghip thc phm u bit ngay rng l cht siu ngt. Disodium inosinate (631) l loi ph gia thc phm c cng dng iu v, tr lc vi monosodium glutamate (bt ngt). Loi ph gia ny c xut x t tht, c, c th kch thch gy bnh Gout. Thng khng c dng cho thc phm ca tr em.
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Disodium guanylate (627), cng l mt ph gia thc phm c tnh iu v nh c tc dng hip lc vi bt ngt. Disodium guanylate (627) l cht iu v c xut x t c kh hay rong bin kh, sn phm ph ca disodium inosinate (631). Disodium inosinate (627) v disodium guanylate (631) l hai cht iu v khng c cha bt ngt, nhng li c tc dng cng lc vi axit glutamic t do, nn thng c dng chung vi nhau. Cht iu v 627 v cht iu v 631 l nhng ph gia kh t tin, nhng iu c bit l chng khng c hiu qu nu khng c bt ngt i km. V vy, khi bn khm ph trn nhn thc phm c cc k hiu 627 v 631 m khng h thy bt ngt, chc chn l trong loi thc phm ny c cha axit glutamic (bt ngt) n di mt dng khc. Trong ch bin thc phm ngi ta cho siu bt ngt ny vo lm tng v ngt gi to ca tht, hay to ra mt sn phm hon ton khng c tht nhng li c v nh nc hm tht. V d: trong cc mn canh ca cc bp n tp th hay cc qun cm gi r ngi ta ch dng nc, mui, bt ngt v siu bt ngt (c trong bt nm) to ra nc canh nh nc hm tht. Nc mm cng ch c nc, mui, hng nc mm v siu bt ngt. L do l gi sut n qu thp h khng th hm xng hay tht v cng khng th c nc mm tht c. Siu bt ngt c bit ph bin trong ht nm (hoc bt gia v), thng s dng trong cc loi nc chm, tt c mn n ch bin sn (nh m n lin, cc loi bnh snack, ), hay dng p tht v cc mn n khc trong cc bp n, nh hng. Siu bt ngt hon ton khng c gi tr dinh dng m ch l cht iu v, lm tng cm gic ngt.

7. nh hng n sc khe ca siu bt ngt

Bc s K. Ekelman v bc s K. C. Raffaele, B Thc phm v thuc ca Hoa K, cho bit cc nh khoa hc v c cht ang nghi ng khi hai cht Disodium 5-Guanylate v Disodium 5-Inosinate kt hp vi nhau s to ra rt nhiu c cht mi c th gy qui thai v gy ri lon chuyn ha. ng thi cc cng trnh nghin cu trn chut c v chut mang thai v ang tin hnh. Hin nay hai cht iu v 627, 631 (cht siu ngt) c B Y t nc ta cho php s dng trong thc phm. Tuy nhin, cng ging nh bt ngt, n ch n thun lm tng ngon ch khng h c gi tr dinh dng, do khng nn lm dng.
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PGS-TS Phan Th Su, Vin Cng ngh thc phm - B Cng nghip pht biu: Vic s dng cht iu v l c php nhng phi c gii hn nht nh. Nu cho vo bt nm, vin canh, xp tht hoc bt gia v th bt ngt ch c chim t l 10g/1kg sn phm, tc 1% m thi. Cn nu hm lng bt ngt tnh theo khi lng sn phm l 30%, theo ti l qu nhiu. Ring hai cht 631 v 627 d trong qui nh khng ghi c th, nhng theo ti, d g th g cng khng th vt hn t l m bt ngt c php s dng. Hi ng chuyn vin t vn v sinh an ton thc phm ca B Y t cng khuyn co tr em di 12 thng tui tuyt i khng nn n bt ngt. Trong thnh phn ca ht nm c bt ngt, do cng khng nn s dng ht nm trong thc n cho tr nh.

8.Tnh trng sn xut v s dng cht iu v t nhin hin nay

Theo thng k th Chu u v cc nc pht trin hu nh khng s dng bt ngt trong ch bin thc phm. Cc nc sn xut nhiu bt ngt ch xut khu v d nh M tiu th ni a 0,7% sn lng; Php 0,9%; Braxin 1% hay ngay ti Nht (qu hng ca bt ngt) cng ch lm ra xut khu, ch tiu th ni a ch 1,5% sn lng. Ngi dn cc nc trn rt hn ch hoc khng s dng bt ngt trong nu n. H ch ch bin cc nguyn liu ti t t nhin. Trong khi , Vit Nam, bt ngt li ang bnh trng. T vi chc nm nay, bt ngt, bt canh lun l bn ng thu chung ca cc nh bp, c bit l cc nh hng, qun n Vit Nam. Bt k mn n no ca ta hin nay cng u c nm c 1 tha c ph bt ngt. Nu ch s thy cc mn n hng dn trn ti vi, trn bo u khuyn nm thm khong 2 tha c ph cht ngt ngo ny. Ngay m gi, th n quen thuc cng c ti 4 gam bt ngt/ 1 gi. C nm, v nm v ti v. V th m hin nay, hai nh my chuyn sn xut bt ngt Vit Tr, Vedan, Ajinomoto ng Nai v nhiu nh my ln nh khc H Ni, Si Gn cng cha cung cp nhu cu ni a. Hng nm, Vit Nam vn phi nhp khu bt ngt t Nht, i Loan, Hn Quc, Braxin, v nht l bt ngt t bin gii Trung Quc. Vit Nam ang tht s tr thnh bi thi bt ngt nh
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nhiu li bo ng. Hin nay, ngi tiu dng ca ta cng t dng bt ngt v c nhiu li cnh bo v nhng tc hi ca n nhng h li chuyn sang dng ht nm.

Ht nm (hay cn gi l bt nm): l loi ph gia hn hp cha nhiu nguyn liu. Trong thnh phn thng gp l cc cht iu v: bt ngt (chim khong 30% - 40%), cht iu v 627, 631. Ht nm mang nhiu hng v khc nhau cho mn n. Khng ging nh bt ngt c dng hnh que di, ht nm c dng ht nh, gn nh trn, hoc dng bt, v thng c mu vng nht. Trn th trng xut hin rt nhiu sn phm ht nm c qung co l khng bt ngt. Cc nh sn xut u c gng nhn mnh sn phm ca mnh c chit xut t cc vt liu t nhin nh xng ng, tht hm, sn non, ht sen ti,... Tuy nhin, nhn k vo thnh phn trn bao b, ta thy c cht iu v 627, 631. Th lt mt qua mt s sn phm ht nm ca cc nhn hiu ni ting sau: Sn phm ca Knorr: c qung co l Knorr m ang, c v t nhin hn bt ngt. Trong khi thnh phn trn bao b li ghi l: bao gm mui, cht iu v (621, 631, 627),. Tng t, trong thnh phn ht nm tht heo Maggi Ngon Ngon ca Cng ty Nestl VN cng c cht iu v (621, 631, 627), cng vi mui, ng, hng tht heo tng hp... Hng ny cng thuyt phc ngi tiu dng vi cu c lm t tht heo nguyn cht v m v tht.

Trn sn phm ht nm Aji-ngon ca Cng ty Ajinomoto VN c ghi r rng tn khoa hc ca cc cht cu thnh nn sn phm nh cht iu v 621 (mononatri glutamat), cht iu v 631& 627 (dinatri inosinat & dinatri guanylat) bn cnh mui, ng, nc ct, bt tht g,..
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Trn bao b sn phm Ht nm tht heo c qung co l Lm t tht heo nguyn cht mang nhn hiu Vedan ca Cng ty Vedan VN cho thy ngoi thnh phn l mui, ng, tiu trng, t... cn c cc cht iu v (621, 627, 631). Cn ht nm Vicooks ca Cng ty TNHH Vnh Nguyn mang dng ch 100% c ch bin t tht g v tht heo. Thnh phn ca Vicooks cng l cht iu v (621, 631, 627),... Hoc l qung co Ht nm khng bt ngt Chin-su ca Cng ty C phn Cng nghip - Thng mi Masan. Li gii thiu kh n tng nh: Ht nm Khng Bt Ngt u tin ti Vit Nam, mt sn phm bc ngot, CHIN-SU t ho l ht nm u tin Khng Bt Ngt, t sn non v ht sen ti, em n hng v thm ngon, thanh ngt c trng cho mn n, gip c nh tht s yn tm thng thc trn vn ba n gia nh. Trn nhn ca gi ht nm ny in khng di 4 ln cm t khng bt ngt nh mt li nhn mnh. Km theo l dng ch t an ton v sinh thc phm ca B Y t khin ngi tiu dng khng th khng tin tng. Nhng trong thnh phn ht nm cng cha cht iu v 627, 631. Cc li qung co nh 100% t nc hm xng, ngon t tht, ngt t xng, tt hn cho sc khe, tt hn bt ngt,... trn dn n s hiu lm cho ngi tiu dng. C th thy mc ch ca vic qung co ny chnh l nh vo tm l ngi s dng bt ngt ca ngi dn. Bt ngt khng h l cht cm trong thc phm nhng mt s doanh nghip li c tnh thi phng, lm ngi tiu dng hiu sai v bt ngt chuyn sang s dng nhng sn phm ca h. Rt nhiu ngi la chn ht nm nh th gia v hon ton t nhin tt cho sc kho v dng thoi mi cho tr nh. Nhng s tht th khng phi vy Theo phn tch ca cc chuyn gia v thc phm, nu ni sn phm c lm t tht v
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xng th khng c php c cht Monosodium Glutamate (bt ngt). Mi y, Vin V sinh y t cng cng TP. HCM nhn xt nghim 3 mu ht nm ca 3 nhn hiu bt nm ni ting v ph bin trn th trng l Knorr, Maggi v Aji ngon. Kt qu cho thy c 3 mu ht nm ny u c cha Monosodium Glutamate (bt ngt) vi hm lng: Knorr 31,3g/100g, Maggi 28,6g/100g v Ajingon l 26,7g/100g. Nh vy, thnh phn ca cc loi ht nm ny khng ch hon ton l cc thnh phn kt tinh t nc hm xng, tht nh li qung co trn cc phng tin truyn thng v trn bao b. Cn theo kt qu kim nghim ca Trung tm K thut Tiu chun o lng Cht lng 3, trong sn phm Ht nm khng bt ngt Chinsu, hm lng monosodium glutamate (bt ngt) chim 0,6%. Mt s tht ng ngi! Bn cnh , tt c cc bao b ca sn phm ht nm trn th trng hon ton khng c mt thng tin r rng rng c thnh phn bt ngt. Thay vo l cc ch cht iu v (621,631,627) hoc Sodium Glutamate. Hoc c sn phm ht nm ghi rt r khng bt ngt, nhng thnh phn li cha cht iu v (631, 627). Theo PGS.TS Nguyn Th Lm: Cht iu v 627 v 631 khng ch l bt ngt m cn l cht siu ngt. Nu sn phm no ghi trong thnh phn c cht iu v 627 v 631 m ni l khng c bt ngt l gian di. Trong danh mc cc cht ph gia c php s dng cho thc phm ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 3742/2001/Q ngy 31/8/2001 ca B trng B Y t khng c 2 cht iu v l 631 v 627 (Nhng hai cht ny c trong danh mc ca y ban Tiu chun ha thc phm quc t - Codex). Trn nguyn tc, cc cht ph gia khng c trong danh mc ca Vit Nam l khng c php s dng Vit Nam. Th nhng trn thc t t nhiu nm qua cht siu ngt ny c s dng rng ri trong sn xut, ch bin thc phm hu ht cc loi thc phm cn c ngt ca tht, thm
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ch cc sn phm khng lin quan n ngt ca tht. Nhiu nh sn xut, ch bin thc phm m nhm vic s dng cht ny, khng xin php, khng khai bo trong thnh phn ca thc phm, trong khi theo quy nh l phi xin php s dng v phi thng bo trn nhn hng ha. Nh vy vi cc sn phm s dng cht ny m khng xin php lm sao bit h cho vo thc phm vi liu lng bao nhiu, c ng tin cy khng? K t sau v T nhin hn bt ngt ca Knorr m ang (cui thng 10/2005), c cuc hp ca cc chuyn gia t vn v v sinh an ton thc phm. Sau , B Y t quyt nh cho php s dng hai cht iu v 627, 631 trong thc phm. Vic qung co ca mt s sn phm ht nm nu trn. Chng ta nhn thy c hai iu m ngi tiu dng b ng nhn t chnh s tin tng vo cc li qung co sai s tht . -H tin rng trong ht nm khng h c bt ngt. iu ny tht ng ngi cho nhng ngi b d ng vi bt ngt, nhng ngi phi king bt ngt do mt s loi bnh hoc ph n ang mang thai (c bit l 3 thng u), cc tr s sinh. -Vi li qung co mn n khng ch m m cn b dng v tt cho sc kho... khin mt s ngi tiu dng lm tng y l dng bt dinh dng, c th dng thay thc phm nh tht, xng, c, tm... Nhiu v ph huynh khi ch bin thc n cho tr nh lm dng ht nm. C trng hp, mt ngi m thy con mnh bing n dng nhiu ht nm cho bt thm m , ngt hn hn con n c ngon ming. Tuy nhin, sau mt thi gian, a b c ci cc; i khm th cc bc s cho bit chu b suy dinh dng nng. V vy, mong mi ca nhiu ngi dn l sn phm c sao ni vy, ni r, ni d hiu, v qung co trung thc. Nu nh sn xut c n ni lp l gy s hiu lm th chnh h s nh mt nim tin ni ngi tiu dng. Theo Bc s Phm Ngc Oanh - Trung tm Dinh dng TP. HCM th mc d trong
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thnh phn ht nm c mui nhng ch l mui bnh thng, khng phi mui iot. Khi sn xut ht nm, buc phi sy kh nhit cao lm iot bc hi ht. Dng nhiu bt nm, ta phi gim lng mui, ko theo lng iot cn thit cho c th s b thiu ht. Nu mun s dng ht nm, chng ta nn kt hp liu lng ph hp vi mui iot.

II.4 C ch cm nhn v
V l mt hnh thc cm nhn ha hc trc tip. V gic l mt trong nm gic quan ca con ngi. Khi nim v gic cp n kh nng pht hin mi v ca cc cht nh thc phm, mt s khong cht v cc cht c (c t). con ngi v ng vt c xng sng khc, s cm nhn v kt hp vi mt phn cm nhn mi trong nhn thc ca no v mi v. phng Ty, ngi ta xc nh c bn cm gic v truyn thng: mn, ngt, chua v ng. Trong khi ngi phng ng quan nim c nm v c bn l mn, ngt, chua, cay v ng, hoc thm ch l su v (thm v umami). Gn y, cc nh vt l tm thn hc v thn kinh hc xut mt danh mc v (ni bt nht l v ca axit bo, cng nh v kim loi v v nc, mc d v nc thng c b qua do hin tng thch nghi vi v .V gic l mt chc nng cm gic ca h thn kinh trung ng. Cc t bo tip nhn v ca con ngi c trn b mt ca li, dc theo vm ming v trong biu m ca hng v np thanh qun.

1.Trung tm cm nhn v.
Cc s liu gii phu cho thy ngi c khong na triu trung tm cm nhn v,tp trung thng 7-8 ngn t hp cht ch gi l chi v gic,tp trung ch yu trn li,sau l vm hng v cung hng ca ngi.trn li cc chi v gic c nm trong cc gai v gic 1:Cm nhn v ng 2:Cm nhn v chua 3:Cm nhn v mn 4:Cm nhn v ngt
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C 4 loi gai v gic phn b trn nhng phn khu ring bit trn li.Gai hnh nm phn b ch yu phn u li v b khch thch mnh nht bi cht cho v ngt v mn.Gai hnh l v gai hnh si phn t b ch yu hai bn ca li v b khch thch mnh nht bi cc cht cho v chua.Gai hnh i c kch thc to nht vi s lng rt t,tp trung pha sau li to thnh hnh ch V.nhng gai ny c th cha ti 1000 chi v gic v b khch thch mnh nht bi nhng cht cho v ng ngi trng thnh c khong 10000 chi v gic tr conm c t hn t trn 45 tui th cc chi v gic b thoi ha mt cch nhanh chng khin cho kh nng phn bit v v gic km i. Nhng trung tm th cm v c cu to phc tp. Chi v gic c dng hnh cu,ng knh khong 50m.Chng c t bao bc trong th bn y ca biu m li v cc t bo biu m.Mi chi v gic m ra vi biu m thng qua mt mao qun co ng knh 2 m.Trong mi chi v gic l cc t bo hnh di t 30 ti 80 t bo v cc t bo y.Cc t bo cm nhn v c thay mi lin tc t cc t bo y,chu k tn ti ca chng l t 7 cho ti 10 ngy. Nh mi t bo cm gic,t bo v gic c hai cc vi s chnh lch in th qua mng khong 50mV,mang in tch dng bn trong hn so vi bn ngoi.S tc ng ca mt cht gy v lm m nhng knh ion v lm xut hin cc th hiu nhn tc dng lm gim s phn cc ca t bo.Khong thi gian gia s tc ng ca cc cht gy v v s xut hin in th hot ng t 15-100ms

2.Cm Nhn V.
Hnh nh th hin tr em cm nhn v:

Umami

ngt

chua

ng

a,V mt lng
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Ngng pht hin v xc nh v l mt i lng ht sc bin thin tu theo mi c nhn.Phn b ngng pht hin ca mt tp hp ngi th ni chung l phn b bnh thng,tuy cng c nhng trng hp cn nhiu bn ci v phn b kp v nh trng hp vi phenyl-thio-carbamit Hn na gi tr ca ngng c nhn ny vi mt kch thch no khng th l c s d on ngng ca h i vi mt kch thch khc,ngay c khi cc kch thch v mt bn cht l rt ging nhau.

B,V Mt Bn Cht
T lu ngi ta tin rng tp hp cc cm gic v gic l s t hp ca bn v c bn (ngt,mn,chua,ng).Quan im ny c bo lu da vo bng chng l cc th ngim tin hnh t 4 kich thch:saccaroza,NaCL,axit tartric(hay citric) v quinin ng nh l cn thit v m t cho ton b khng gian v gicNgoi ra cn c v th 5 theo quan im phng ty l umami gy ra mui glutamat natri,cn theo quan im phng ng l v cay,trong tp hp ng v hng. S tip nhn v cng rt khc nhau cho tng c nhn nhng s phn b ngng ca h trong mt tp hp chung theo mt quy lut chun,c ngha l a s ngi cm nhn v nng trung bnh v c mt t ngi cm nhn v nng rt thp hay rt cao.Tuy nhin ngi ta cng thy cht thio-phenyl-carbamit(p-t-c) c hai ngng nng khc nhau. Cng cm gic thay i theo nng cht gy v.Ni chung nng v c bn thay i kh nhiutong hn hp cc v khc nhau v i vi mt dung dch mang nhiu cht gy v ngi ta c th xc nh ma trn ba chiu tng i nhn bit cc cht,trong cc cht gy v c bn khng gi c mt v tr c trng no Lu : i vi v chua thng c xc nh bng pH trong ming nhng vi nhng pH bng nhau thng cho kt qu khc nhau v iu ny c pht hin vo nm 1984 theo kt qu ca Christensen bi v ngi ta cng xc nh c rng khi th nm c th c nhng chuyn ho sinh hc lm cho v chua tng ln

2.Cu trc ho hc ca cht to v

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C nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v v.Cn trong thc hnh cm quan,cc cu hi v v c t ra kh nhiu v chnh v th trong cc phng php cho im cht lng h s quan trng v v c nh gi rt cao. C kh nhiu l thuyt v s nhn bit ,mt trong s l l thuyt v s ph hp cu trc gia khng gian cu cht to v so vi cu trckhng gian ca trung tm cm nhn v.Khi cht to v tip xc vi trung tm cm nhn v,cc in t t do trong nhm chc ca cht to v s to thnh mt caauf ni vi mt im tng ng trn c quan cm nhn v,v nh vy cc trung tm cm nhn v b kch thch v to kh nng nhn bit v. V d v s nhn bit v ngt ca ng ta c th m t theo m hnh sau:

H1: Tng tc gia cc nhm hydroxit ln cn trong phn t ng vi nhm i xng hnh hc AH-B ca trung tm cm nhn v

Cu trc ho hc lp th ca cc cht to v ngt ch ra rng: tng tc ho hc ban u ca chng vi trung tm cm nhn v c th l tng tc hai thnh phn(AH-B) hoc c th l tng tc ba thnh phn (AH-B-) Tng tc hai thnh phn quyt nh bn cht ca tng tc (v ngt hay khng phi v ngt) Tng tc ba thnh phn lien quan n cng cm nhn.

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H2:V tr nhm AH-B c trng cho v ngt trong cc phn t -Dfructopyranoza v D-glucopyranoza

H3:Mi lin h gia cc thnh phn AH-B v trn cc phn t ng fructozo v glucozo

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Vi khi nim Trung tm cm nhn tng tc ba thnh phn ,cc nguyn tc v tnh i xng c th p dng tm hiu su sc hn v v ngt. Thuc tnh mang v ngt ca cc hp cht m c bit l ca cc cp phn t i hnh c da trn c s gii thch rng:cu trc ca trung tm cm nhn v l i xng khng gian. Ngoi ra tng tc c vi trung tm cm nhn v th nhm chcto v c tnh tng tc ba thnh phn phi l ng phn lp th (stereo isomer) bt i vi trung tm cm nhn v. (Axit amin D l mt v d in hnh,sau c th k ti cc loi ng)

3.Tm quan trng ca cm gic v

Mc d ch c hnh thnh t t hp ca bn thnh phn v c bn nhng cm gic v ng mt vai tr c bit quan trng trong nh gi cm quan.Cm nhn v cn gip cho c th quyt nh c tiu dung hay khng nhng sn phm khng ph hp nh thc phm i thiu,c v lHin tng ny c th c gii thch trn c s tm l hc hay trn c s cc thi quen,phong tc v vn ho. Nh trnh by v c v tr quan trng trong nh gi cm quan thc phm v c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v v.Cn trong thc hnh cm quan,cc cu hi v v c t ra kh nhiu v chnh v th trong phng php cho im cht lng h s tng quan v v c nh gi rt cao.

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KT LUN
Cho n nay, bt ngt v ht nm l loi ph gia iu v c cc nh khoa hc cng nhn l an ton trong liu lng va phi. B Y t nc ta cng cho php s dng cc cht ny trong ch bin thc phm. Tuy nhin, chng ta nn nh rng bt ngt, ht nm ch l gia v ging nh mui, mm,...; d lm cho thc n thm hp dn v to cm gic ngon ming, nhng chng vn khng th thay th tht, c v cc loi thc phm khc. Qu y vo s thun tin m lm dng chng l iu khng hay, i khi cn gy tc dng ph kh lng. Mun m bo dinh dng cho nhng thnh vin trong gia nh th cc b ni tr nn ch b sung lng thc phm a dng, y , cn i. Theo li khuyn co ca cc chuyn gia, chng ta nn dng nc mm pha ch, nu nng; hn ch s dng bt ngt, ht nm v tuyt i khng dng hai cht ny cho tr n dm. thay th ht nm trong nh bp, chng ta c th mua cc loi xng heo, b, g,... vo sng sm xng cn ti, ngt cao, thm v an ton v sinh. Hm lin tc trn bp nhiu gi, cng lu cng ngt. Nc ct sau khi hm ct vo t lnh dng nhiu ln. Lm theo cch ny tuy hi mt nhiu thi gian nhng vn bo m an ton cho sc khe. Thit ngh, nhng thng tin trung thc v tc dng ca bt ngt, ht nm nn c ph bin, cp nht thng xuyn trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng. iu ny gip cho ngi dn c ci nhn khoa hc hn v bn cht ca hai loi gia v trn, gim bt s lo ngi qu ng, cng nh thn trng hn trong khi s dng.

Cht ph gia thc phm l cc cht c b sung thm vo thc phm bo qun hay ci thin hng v v b ngoi ca chng. Mt s ph gia thc phm c s dng trong nhiu th k. V d t lu i ri ngi ta bit dng cc cht ph gia nh gim ngm rau ci, c kiu, nh mui n dng mui tht, c; hoc cht to mu nh l da to ra mi thm v mu xanh; hay tri gc to ra mu cho xi gc, hoa li, hoa sen c dng p tr, Tt c nhng cht c th c coi nh l cht ph gia. Vi s ra i v pht trin ca cng nghip ch bin thc phm, trong na cui th k 20
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c thm nhiu ph gia thc phm c gii thiu, c t nhin ln nhn to. Hin nay, hn 2500 ph gia c s dng trong cng ngh thc phm c chia thnh nhiu nhm. Cht iu v l mt trong nhng nhm cht ph gia thc phm. TI LIU THAM KHO

1.http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E1%BB%91i_%C4%83n 2.o Duyn T..Gio trnh k thut nh gi cm quan thc phm

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