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Gamocdili Mascavlebeli1
Gamocdili Mascavlebeli1
maswavlebeli
jon safieri
robert goueri
gamocdili maswavlebeli: swavlebis unarebis ganviTareba. jon safieri, robert goveri, me-5 gamocema
The Skillful Teacher: Building Your Teaching Skills. Jon Saphier, Robert Gower, 5th Ed.
es wigni mraval kolejSi pedagogikis Seswavlis standarti gaxda. misi avtorebi novatori da gamocdili
pedagogebi arian. gamocdili maswavlebeli swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis bazis unikaluri sinTezia, sadac
swavlebis strategiebi morgebulia moswavleTa saWiroebebze. wigni erTgvari praqtikuli gzamkvlevia
maswavleblisTvis romlis mizani swavlebis unar-Cvevebis gaRrmavebaa. masSi Teoria da praqtika Serwymulia da
fokusirebulia saklaso oTaxis 18 mniSvnelovan sferoze. Tanamedrove skolebisTvis araferia imaze arsebiTi,
vidre maswavlebeli Tavisi rwmeniTa da SesaZleblobebiT. maswavleblis ostatoba gavlenas axdens aramarto
moswavlis warmatebaze, mis qulebze, aramed moswavlis mier warmatebisa da keTildReobis gancdazec.
ISBN 978-9941-9116-6-8
Sinaarsi
Sesavali
Tavi 1 Sesavali
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13
menejmenti
Tavi 2 yuradReba
Tavi 3 tempi
Tavi 4 sivrce
Tavi 5 dro
Tavi 6 rutina
Tavi 7 disciplina
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105
instruqcia
Tavi 8 sicxade
Tavi 9 swavlis principebi
Tavi 10 swavlebis modelebi
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motivacia
Tavi 11 molodinebi
Tavi 12 pirovnul urTierTobaTa damyareba
Tavi 13 saklaso garemo
saswavlo gegma
Tavi 14 miznebi
Tavi 15 swavlis gamocdileba
Tavi 16 Sefaseba
Tavi 17 saswavlo gegmis Seqmna
Tavi 18 saboloo miznebi
Tavi 19 farTod gaRebuli WiSkari
Tavi 20 maswavleblis Sexedulebebi
indeqsi
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495
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gamocdili maswavlebeliI
Sesavali
es wigni maswavleblebis dasaxmareblad davwereT. gvsurda maT swavlebis unar-Cvevebis
meti gamocdileba SeeZinaT. Cveni faseulobebi naTelia. Cveni azriT, kargi skolisaTvis mravali ram aris mniSvnelovani: saswavlo gegma, mSobelTa CarTuloba, sufTa, usafrTxo Senoba. Tumca umniSvnelovanesi maswavlebelia, misi codna, Sexedulebebi da SesaZleblobebi.
yvelaferi, TiTqmis yvelaferi, rasac vakeTebT emsaxureba maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobis xelSewyobas da saswavlo garemos, romelsac maswavleblebi arsebuli resursebiT
uqmnian moswavleebs.
Cven gvjera, rom maswavleblis unar-Cvevebs SeuZlia Secvalos ara marto moswavlis testirebis qulebi (ramdenad mniSvnelovanic ar unda iyos), aramed miRwevebiT kmayofilebisa
da keTildReobis gancdac. imis Tqma rodi gvsurs, rom unars yvela sxva adamianuri Tvisebis
Secvla SeuZlia; magram darwmunebuli varT, rom maswavleblis saqmianoba moswavleTaTvis
gamocdilebis wyaroa da amitom es saqmianoba ostaturi unda iyos.
swavlebis Cveneuli kvleva wignSi sami ZiriTadi koncefciis mixedviT aris warmodgenili:
sisrule, repertuari da Sesabameba.
1. sisrule miuTiTebs Cven mier swavlebis, rogorc mTlianobis gagebaze. Cven im dRis
dadgomas veswrafiT, rodesac vityviT, `es is sferoebia, risganac swavleba Sedgeba.
Tu es sferoebi gecodineba swavlebis yvela instumenti Cvens xelT iqneba~.
2. repertuari im faqts asaxavs, rom swavlebis nebismieri sferos samarTavad maswavlebels ramdenime gza aqvs. repertuari is koncefciaa, romelic sxvadasxva situaciebSi strategiaTa da qcevaTa mravalferovani strategiebis SemuSavebas gvaiZulebs.
3. Sesabameba gvaiZulebs vifiqroT, ra qcevis arCeva iqneba upriani repertuaridan
situaciis, jgufis Tu individualuri moswavlisaTvis.
wignis struqtura am sami ideis garSemo trialebs. swavlebis yoveli axali sferos gansazRvrisa da aRwerisas, Cven mas SesaZlo alternativaTa WrilSi ganvixilavT. Semdeg Sesabamis
alternativas SevarCevT da vnaxavT, ra viciT am alternativis Sesaxeb.
wignis struqtura swavlebis Sesatyvis Zalze specifikur qcevaTa da situaciaTa simravleze avageT da, Sesabamisad, is sasargeblo unda iyos rogorc TviTganviTarebis, kadrebis
marTvis, zedamxedvelobis da maswavleblis Sefasebis instrumenti. Teoria uSualod praqtikasTan aris dakavSirebuli. uxvi magaliTebi swavlebis aRwerili qcevis ilustracias emsaxureba. imedi gvaqvs, rom am gziT mkiTxveli ufro srulad da zustad SeZlebs sakuTari (an sxva
maswavleblis) swavlebis gagebas; da rac ufro mniSvnelovania, is SeZlebs sakuTari saqmianobis kontrols miznis miRwevisa da moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad.
gamocdili maswavlebeli
naxlebisaTvis Cveni mondomebis nakleboba rodia! es is situaciebia, rodesac codnis mniSvnelovanma sferoebma dakarga miziduloba da iSviaTad Tu Seiswavleba, Tumca swavlebasa
da swavlaSi mniSvnelovan cvladebad rCeba. erT-erTi magaliTia moswavleTa gamocdilebis
struqtura arCevanisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb (ix. Tavi `swavlis gamocdileba~).
miuxedavad mkvlevarTaTvis yavlgasulobisa, struqturis moswavleebisaTvis morgebis codnas SeuZlia Tavisi wvlili Seitanos warmatebul swavlaSi.
viciT, rom gamocdil maswavleblebs uzarmazari individualuri praqtikuli codna aqvT
sakuTari sagnis swavlebisa da swavlebis gansxvavebuli saWiroebis bavSvebisadmi misadagebis
Sesaxeb (Edwards 1994).1 skolebSi Cveni ZiriTadi saqme iyo maswavleblebs, TanamSromlur
garemoSi, erTobliv muSaobaSi davxmarebodiT, Camogveyalibebina jgufebi da gvewarmoebina
erToblivi kvleva. es maswavleblis SesaZleblobis gazrdis gzaa, romelic pirdapir aisaxeba
moswavleTa warmatebebze swavlaSi.
maswavlebelTa individualuri praqtikuli codna skolis gaumjobesebis mZlavri gamouyenebeli resursia. is droisa da sivrcis uxilav sistematizirebas moiTxovs: magaliTad,
maswavlebelTa yovelTviuri Sekreba konkretul Temaze `gakveTilebis gasaSalaSineblad~.2
specialistTa jgufi (maswavleblebi) amuSavebs gakveTilis progresul versias, awarmoebs
eqsperiments da urTierTdakvirvebas da saboloo Sedegs warudgens kolegebs. amrigad, yvela
maswavlebeli mogebuli rCeba kolegebis nafiqralisa da warmoebuli aqtiuri eqsperimentebis Sedegad. amgvari TanamSromlobis Sedegad miRebuli gakveTilebi daxvewili da efeqtiania; isini maswavlebelTa mowonebas imsaxurebs da yoveli maTganisaTvis misawvdomi xdeba.
avTentur Sefasebaze momuSave maswavlebelTa jgufebi aseve dinamikuri profesiuli saswavlo gamocdilebis wyaroa, romlis safuZveli maTive individualuri praqtikuli codnaa.
cxadia isic, rom TviT pedagogikaSi sajaro codnis bazis arsebobisa da sirTulis auRiareblobis gamo, maswavlebelTa yoveli Taoba iZulebulia Tavidan gamoigonos es codna;
umravlesoba mTeli saqmianobis ganmavlobaSi ver axerxebs aTobiT im mZlavri instrumentisa
da midgomis aRmoCenas, romelsac arsebuli codnis wyalobiT gamoiyenebda. imedi gvaqvs, rom
es wigni arsebuli situaciis gamosworebisaken gadadgmuli nabiji iqneba.
swavleba rTuli saqmianobaa, romelic maRali donis azrovnebas, gadawyvetilebis miRebas da mravali alternativis Camoyalibebas, ganxilvasa da Sefasebas moiTxovs. azrovneba
da gadawyvetilebis miReba maswavleblis rolis ZiriTadi koncefciebia. informirebuli
gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, gvWirdeba asarCev alternativaTa (gansakuTrebiT, gamocdil
alternativaTa) sruli nakrebi. gvWirdeba sistematuri profesiuli ganaTleba, romelic
droTa ganmavlobaSi Cvens yuradRebas arsebul alternativebs miapyrobs da maTi gamoyenebis
swavlas SegvaZlebinebs. Sedegad Cven SevZlebT gadawyvetilebis miRebas maswavlebliseuli
codnis ori ZiriTadi wyarodan: (1) individualuri da kolegebis praqtikuli codna da (2)
sferoSi dagrovili sajaro pedagogiuri codnis baza. `gamocdili maswavlebeli~ am meore
wyaros strategiaTa da midgomaTa repertuaris, romelsac sajaro pedagogiuri codnis
baza moicavs organizebisa da yvelasaTvis xelmisawvdomobis mcdelobaa.
swavlis mdidari resursebis xelmisawvdomoba swavlis garantias ar gvaZlevs. amitom am
axal gamocemaSi ori axali Tavi daemata maswavlebliseuli swavlis Sesaxeb. me-19 TavSi Camoyalibebulia optimaluri pirobebi imisaTvis, rom maswavlebelma iswavlos. aq mocemulia
iseTi dilemebi, rogoricaa balansi maswavleblis avtonomiasa da skolis erTobas Soris, administratorTa liderobasa da maswavlebelTa mesakuTreobis grZnobas Soris. me-20 TavSi
ganxilulia maswavlebelTa is Sexedulebebi, romelic vrceldeba maT samuSaoze, moswav1 Edwards, John. `Thinking, Education and Human Potential`. In J. Edwards, ed., Thinking: International Interdisciplinary Perspectives.
Melbourne: Hawker Brownlow, Education, 1994.)
2 Steven, Harold W., and Stigler, James W. The Learning Gap. New York: Summit Books, 1992
gamocdili maswavlebeliI
gamocdili maswavlebeliI
madlierebis niSnad
wigni, romelic didi moculobis informaciis sinTezirebas cdilobs, rogorc wesi, mravali avtorisa da moazrovnis winaSe valSia xolme. yoveli Tavis bolos mocemuli bibliografia mianiSnebs im individebze, romlebmac gavlena moaxdines Cvens naazrevze.
gansakuTrebiT madlierebi varT bruklinis, kembrijis, karlailis, konkordis da niutonis (masaCusetsi) ganaTlebis muSakebis, romelTa monawileobam dakvirvebaTa monacemebis
safuZvelze Cvens adreul kvlevaSi wignis struqturis formirebaSi Seitana wvlili. kerZod, jini Calmersma, suzan-jo raselma, suzan stuartma da raisa uaiThedma TavianTi saklaso
oTaxebis karebi gagviRes da swavlebis Sesaxeb mravali mniSvnelovani diskusia Caatares. kim
marSalis detaluri kritika dagvexmara wina gamocemis redaqtirebaSi da ufro gasagebi, Jargonisagan Tavisufali gaxada Txroba. fasdaudebeli daxmareba gagviwia ronald bartmac.
uzomod madlierebi varT Research for Better Teaching-is gundis kolegebisa da konsultantebis: luiza tompsonis, meri en haleis, aleqsanrd pletis, paula ruTerfordis, fren prolmanis, debora ridis, greg qaidris, ken Capmenis, sandra snuperis, marsia buTis da karolina
tripis. maT erTgvarad `gafiltres~ TavianTi olqis skolebis maswavleblebisa da administratorebis SeniSvnebi da rCevebi. amgvarma ukukavSirma wignis Sinaarsi srulyo da sicxade
Semata. aseve Zalze waadga wigns ramdenime Tavis kritikuli wakiTxva da redaqtireba, romelic ostaturad Seasrules: pegi maknil makmulenma, luiza tompsonma, fren prolmanma, lin
stuartma, bena kalikma, art kostam da bob garmstonma.
Sida samuSaoebis Sesrulebis process ostaturad uZRvebodnen meri degarmo, evelin
ford-qonorsi, debora ridi da roberta sprengi. meri degarmom uTvalavi dro dauTmo
wignze muSaobis process da erTgvari esTetikuri grZnoba Semata am procesis yovel safexurs. fasdaudebelia misi Tavdadeba am proeqtisadmi. madloblebi varT axali gamocemis redaqtoris beverli mileris xarisxianad Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis, aseve jon da qristina
gleidebis wina gamocemebSi redaqtoruli da dizaineruli wvlilisaTvis. didad vafasebT
elizabet parsonis wvlils am gamocemis saxelTa saZieblis SeqmnaSi.
dabolos, gansakuTrebuli madloba gvsurs vuTxraT Cvens colebs da ojaxebs maTi mudmivi mxardaWerisaTvis da im muSaobis mkacri grafikis gagebisaTvis, romelic swavlebis ganviTarebas emsaxureboda.
gamocdili maswavlebeliI
avtorTa Sesaxeb
jon safieri Research for Better Teaching Inc.-is swavlebis sakiTxebis Semswavleli organizaciis damfuZnebeli da aRmasrulebeli direqtoria. is zedamxedvelobis, Sefasebis,
kadrebis marTvisa da skolis kulturis sakiTxebSi saqveynod aRiarebuli konsultantia. aTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi is dawyebiTi klasebisa da sabazo skolis maswavlebeli iyo. aseve gaxldaT
qalaqis didi saskolo sistemis gundis lideri, kadrebis mmarTveli, universitetis leqtori
da axalbeda maswavleblebis zedamxedveli. 1980 wlidan doqtori safieri saskolo olqebSi
swavlebis gaumjobesebis grZelvadiani proeqtebis konsultantia.
bob goveri ganaTlebis magistraturis ganaTlebis profesoria masaCusetsSi, louelis
universitetSi, sadac sadoqtoro programis `lideroba skolaSi~ - mrCevelia. is sajaro
da kerZo skolebis maswavlebeli, direqtori, msxvili kompiuteruli kompaniis treningis
menejeri da sajaro skolebis konsultanti iyo. amJamad doqtori goveri bostonis saskolo
kadrebis marTvisa da ganviTarebis grZelvadian proeqtebSi monawileobs.
rogor dagvyavs cnobierebis donemde is faqti, rom Tqvenc da mec swavlebis unar-Cvevebs
yoveldRiurad viyenebT? ver gadavcemT imas, rac gacnobierebuli ara gvaqvs, rac intuiciuria. treningis dros maswavleblebs veubnebodi, `uyureT ras vakeTeb da Semdeg Tavad gaakeTeT~. aRmovaCine, rom maswavleblebma Cemi yvela mavne Cveva gadaiRes da ugulebelyves is,
rac yvelaze Rirebuli iyo gakveTilze, radgan naTlad ar Camovuyalibe saTqmeli.
madelin hanteri
zedamxedvelobisa da kurikulumis ganviTarebis asociacia
erovnuli konferencia
hiustoni 1977
11
1
Sesavali
ra aris unari swavlebaSi?
yvelaferi, rac swavlebis
Sesaxeb gainteresebT
swavlebis parametrebi
wignis struqtura
wignis gamoyeneba
Sesavali
mindoda mcodnoda, ras risgan vmijnavdi.
robert frosti `kedlis ageba~
15
Tavi 1
16
Sesavali
arsebobs pedagogiuri saqmianobis sxva mniSvnelovani sferoebic _ efeqtiani muSaoba kolegebTan, mSoblebTan, politikur Tu profesiul Sekrebebze; Tumca es wignis Tema ar aris.
gamocdili maswavlebeli orientirebulia saklaso oTaxSi interaqtiuri swavlebis unarebze.
rogor vapirebT zemoT CamoTvlil kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas? amisaTvis swavlebis Sesaxeb
arsebul araCveulebrivad mdidar codnas gamoviyenebT, romelic iseve gabneulia cinizmis,
uwesrigobisa da gaurkvevlobis unayofo napirze, rogorc awyobis molodinSi 1000 nawiliani
naxati-Tavsatexi.
arsebuli codnis mixedviT yovel kiTxvaSi nagulisxmevi samuSaosaTvis Tavis garTmevis
mravali gza arsebobs (magaliTad, amocanisTvis yuradRebis miqcevisa da SenarCunebis _ 40ze meti, swavlebis modelis SerCevis _ 20-ze meti, miznebis SerCevisa da Camoyalibebis _ 5).
es codna am gzaTa arssac gvixsnis. swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis baza mxolod receptebis dasta
an efeqtiani swavlisaTvis saWiro qcevaTa CamonaTvali rodia (Tumca nawilobriv, asecaa).
codnis baza gvaswavlis, ra arCevani gvaqvs TiToeul sferoSi samuSaod, ZiriTad kiTxvebze
pasuxis gasacemad. gvaswavlis, rom efeqtian swavlebas safuZvlad udevs konkretuli moswavleebisTvis, situaciisa Tu saswavlo gegmisTvis Sesabamisi formis arCeva. swavlebaSi warmatebis sawindarswavlebaSi warmatebis sawindaria
ia Sesatyvisi formis moZebna.
Sesatyvisi formis moZebna.
sailustraciod aviRoT TavsmoxvevasTan dakavSirebuli martivi situacia. pedagogi aswavlis patara
jgufs, mas awyvetinebs moswavle (jimi), romelic raRac sakiTxze Seferxda savarjiSos Sesrulebisas. jimi dasaxmareblad pedagogs mimarTavs. maswavlebels problemis gadaWris ramdenime gza aqvs imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom jgufis samuSao impulsic SeinarCunos da arc jimi
darCes usaqmod an imedgacruebuli: (1) Tavi aaridos jimis; (2) aniSnos jimis, rom wynarad
ijdes, sanam mis dasaxmareblad saWiro moments ar SearCevs; (3) sxva moswavles sTxovos jimis
daxmareba; (4) aswavlos moswavleebs, rom ar SeiZleba maswavlebels Seawyvetino.
arsebiTad, arc erTi varianti ar aris unaklo. SegviZlia sxvadasxva piroba warmovidginoT, romelSic TiToeuli varianti yvelaze Sesaferisi iqneba. magaliTad, Tu jimis aklia
Tavdajerebuloba an socialuri unar-Cvevebi, rom daxmarebisTvis sxva moswavles mimarTos,
ukeTesi varianti iqneba, vaniSnoT mas, simSvide SeinarCunos saTanado momentamde. meore mxriv,
Tu jimi zedmetad aris pedagogze damokidebuli, SesaZloa, Tavis arideba saukeTeso varianti
aRmoCndes, gansakuTrebiT, Tu gvjera, rom damatebiTi mcdelobis SemTxvevaSi, is sakuTari
ZalebiT SeZlebs, Tavi gaarTvas problemas. maswavleblis warmateba am situaciaSi damokidebulia imaze, icis Tu ara man problemis gadaWris arsebuli variantebi da SeuZlia Tu ara konkretul situacias Sesatyvisi variantis SeurCios.
swored aseve, Tuki swavlebis zemoT CamoTvlil ZiriTad kiTxvebze ramdenime pasuxi arsebobs, gamocdili maswavlebeli ecdeba ganuwyvetliv gaamdidros sakuTari repertuari da
konkretul moswavleebs, jgufs, situaciasa Tu saswavlo gegmas Sesatyvisi gza SeurCios. swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis baza aris moqmedebaTa da aqtivobaTa modelebis repertuari, romelic
xelmisawvdomia nebismieri adamianisaTvis, visac swavla, srulyofa da daxelovneba surs.
wignSi yoveli kiTxvis Sesabamisi sferosTvis warmogidgenT Cvens mier SerCeul specifikur
variants Sesaferisi magaliTebiT da SemogTavazebT arsebul codnas Sesatyvisi variantis arCevis Sesaxeb.
swavlebis parametrebi
swavlebis am sferoebs Cven parametrebs vuwodebT. parametri teqnikuri sityvaa da mecnierebaSi niSnavs ucvlels (mudmivs), romlis mniSvneloba gamoyenebis pirobebis mixedviT
17
Tavi 1
abstraqciebi
miznebis
dazusteba
saswavlo gegmis
Seqmna
swavlis
gamocdileba
miznebi
paternebi
swavlebis
modelebi
sivrce
aqtebi
Sefaseba
disciplina
saklaso
garemo
dro
sicxade
rutina
swavlis
principebi
yuradReba
tempi
molodinebi
pirovnuli
urTierTobis
damyareba
18
Sesavali
miznebis
dazusteba
saswavlo
gegmis ageba
saswavlo
gegmis ganawileba
miznebi
swavlis
gamocdileba
Sefaseba
pirovnuli
urTierTobis
damyareba
saklaso
garemo
motivacia
molodinebi
sizuste
sivrce
swavlis
principebi
swavlebis
modelebi
dro
rutina
swavlebis
strategiebi
menejmenti
yuradReba
tempi
disciplina
19
Tavi 1
vagrZelebT! samuSaos vubrundebiT! meore mxriv, paternis msgavs parametrebs dakvirvebisas saSualo Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. damkvirvebelma garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi Tvali
unda adevnos qcevebs, Tavi mouyaros da garkveuli drois Semdeg gansazRvros paterni. abstraqtuli parametrebis dakvirveba gaazrebuli daskvnebis gamotanis unars moiTxovs ara im
maswavleblisgan, romelic mas axorcielebs, aramed gareSe damkvirveblisgan, romelmac Tavi
unda mouyaros mwir monacemebs da maT safuZvelze daaskvnas, ra mizans isaxavs gakveTili. ostaturi swavlebis gasagebad, aucilebelia codnis am gansxvavebul saxeTa wvdoma da swavlebis
unarTa sxvadasxva rakursis asimilacia.
ostaturi swavlebis parametrebi garda codnis im erTeulTa zomisa (aqtebi, paternebi,
abstraqciebi), romelsac isini moicavs, sxva gziTac, kerZod, funqciebis mixedviTac SeiZleba dajgufdes. menejmentis parametrebi yuradReba, tempi, sivrce, dro, rutina da disciplina swavlebis safuZvelia _ sine qua non (laT. aucilebeli piroba. mTargmn. Sen.). maT gareSe
swavleba ver ganxorcieldeba. isini kargi swavlebisTvis aucilebeli wanamZRvaria. saswavlo
parametrebi sicxade, swavlebis modelebi da swavlis principebi `produqts gvawvdian~;
maTi unar-Cvevebi klasSi interaqtiuri swavlis dros xorcieldeba. motivaciuri parametrebi saklaso oTaxis klimati, pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba da molodinebi moswavleebs
investiciebis mozidvasa da warmatebuli swavlisTvis saWiro Zalisxmevis gamoyenebaSi exmareba. saswavlo gegmis parametrebi swavlebis dagegmvisTvis saWiro unarebs moicavs. isini
swavlebis, motivaciisa da menejmentis safuZvelia da maTze maRla dgas. menejmentis unarCvevebi SesaZlebels xdis swavlebas, saswavlo gegmis agebisa swavlebis dagegmvas, motivaciisa _ xels uwyobs swavlebas, xolo TviT swavlebis unar-Cvevebi gvawvdis `produqts~.
mTlianobaSi, es parametrebi swavlebis monaxazs qmnis: swavleba maTi mTlianobaa.
1.2 sqemaze gamosaxulia swavlebis parametrebis funqciuri organizacia. mkiTxveli samkuTxedis qveS SeniSnavs frazas: ZiriTad warmodgenaTa safuZveli. wignis TavSi molodinebi, vasabuTebT am warmodgenaTagan umniSvnelovaness: yvela moswavles maRal doneze
SeuZlia rTuli saswavlo masalis Seswavla. Semdeg vasabuTebT, rom konkretul pedagogs es
rwmena swavlebis unar-Cvevebis gamdidrebis stimuls aZlevs.
sxva warmodgenebi moicavs pedagogTa urTierTdamokidebulebis rols moswavleTa samsaxurSi, kolegiuri qcevis mniSvnelobas skolis mkacr kulturaSi, repertuarze dafuZnebul
profesiul codnas da mudmivi swavlis aucileblobas. am warmodgenebs wignis bolo TavSi
ganvixilavT.
wignis struqtura
wignis momdevno Tavi exeba menejmentis parametrebs _ mravali CvenganisTvis umniSvnelovanes aspeqts, romlebic dagvafiqrebs, ratom avirCieT pedagogoba kargad swavlebisa da bavSvebze zrunvis gamo. Semdeg gadavdivarT swavlebis, motivaciis, dabolos, saswavlo
gegmis parametrebze, umniSvnelovanes gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis unarebze imis Sesaxeb, ras
emsaxureba ganaTleba, ra unda vaswavloT da rogor gavigoT, iswavles Tu ara. amrigad, wignis kiTxvisas, specifikuridan da abstraqtulidan mivdivarT kompleqsurisken, swavlebis
im nawilebidan, romlebic aqtia, aqtis paternia, im nawilebisken, romlebic swavlebis agebis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebs exeba.
yoveli Tavi gansxvavebul parametrs mimoixilavs. xSirad imis aRweriT viwyebT, ratom
aris parametri mniSvnelovani da rogor ukavSirdeba is swavlebisa da swavlis saerTo suraTs. Semdeg parametris gasagebad saWiro koncefciebsa da kategoriebs ganvsazRvravT da
siRrmiseulad vecnobiT yovel kategorias meTodTa im repertuaris gasacnobad, romelsac
pedagogi iyenebs konkretul situaciaSi. amas, SeZlebisdagvarad, xSirad magaliTebiT war-
20
Sesavali
mogidgenT. Semdeg, rogorc wesi, vikvlevT, ra informacia gvaqvs moswavlis, situaciis, saswavlo gegmis, maswavleblis arCevanis Sesaxeb. yoveli Tavis bolos mocemulia sakontrolo
gverdi parametris sakvanZo koncefciebis siiT da iseTi formatiT, romelic daexmareba maswavlebels sakuTari repertuarisa da gadawyvetilebebis analizSi. dabolos, xSirad warmodgenilia sakontrolo kiTxvari, romlis gamoyeneba mkiTxvels gameorebisa da ganmtkicebisTvis SeuZlia.
savaldebulo ar aris Tavebis Tanamimdevruli wakiTxva, Tumca saerTo angariSiT, sasurvelia. magaliTad, kargi disciplina pedagogisTvis yuradRebasTan, impulsTan, molodinebsa
da pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebasTan dakavSirebuli unarebis safuZvelia. Tu rTuli
klasi gyavT da waikiTxavT Tavs disciplina, aRmoaCenT menejmentis zemoT CamoTvlil oTx
parametrs, romelTa daxmarebiT SeZlebT rTul moswavleebTan muSaobas.
wignis gamoyeneba
Cveni mkiTxvelebi arian rogorc pedagogebi, ise maTTan saswavlo procesSi Cabmuli inspeqtorebi, Semfaseblebi da kadrebis mmarTvelebi. es profesiuli wignia, romelsac, vimedovnebT, profesionali pedagogi sakuTari muSaobis analizisTvis gamoiyenebs. TviT gamocdil pedagogebsac ki SeuZliaT Seamowmon sakuTari unarebi yovel parametrSi arsebul
repertuarTan mimarTebaSi da naxon, ra SeiZleba daematos maT gamocdilebas, efeqtianobas
da gansxvavebuli saWiroebebis Sesatyvisobis maTeul unars, romlis winaSec dRes vdgavarT.
Cveni survilia, swavlebaze saubrisas SevqnaT saerTo ena da koncefciaTa sistema, swavlebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan sakvanZo ideaTa nakrebi, romlis gamoyeneba yvela pedagogs
SeeZleba. Tu erTmaneTis ukeT gagebas SevZlebT, mosalodnelia, rom swavlebis Cveneuli angariSebi da Sefasebebi ufro sasargeblo gaxdes, konferenciebi _ ufro specifikuri da
produqtiuli, xolo kadrebis ganviTarebis programebi _ ufro konkretuli.
aseve SeiZleba velodoT maswavlebelTa Soris izolaciis da martoobis barierebis Semcirebas, pedagogTa Ria, urTierTsasargeblo saubrebs swavlebis Sesaxeb samaswavleblosa
da sxva adgilebSi. zogadi profesiuli codnis bazis safuZvelze problemaTa ganxilvas naklebad eqneba pirovnuli araadekvaturobis (warmodgena, romlis safuZvelia miTi `intuiciuri~ maswavleblis Sesaxeb _ Tu kargi swavleba intuiciuria da Tavs ver varTmevT, e.i.
raRac ise ver aris, rogorc unda iyos) aRiarebis elferi da ufro profesiul problemad
gadaiqceva, romelic codniTa da unarebiT unda gadaiWras.
universitetSi, maswavlebelTa mosamzadebel kursebze, moswavleTa swavlebis procesSi,
xvadasxva seminarebze aseve gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces unarebisa da saerTo
s
teqnikuri Sexedulebebis ganviTarebas. swavlebis teqnikuri gageba ar akninebs humanizmis,
bavSvis ganviTarebisa Tu asakis Sesaferisi Sinaarsis, meTodebisa da masalis Sesaxeb detaluri codnis mniSvnelobas. kargi iqneboda, dawyebiTi klasebis momavalma maswavlebelma
icodes kuizeneris Zelebi (frangi maTematikosi - jorj kuizeneri -1891-1976) da misi gamoyeneba wonis Tanrigis swavlebisas. aseve kargi iqneba, Tu saSualo skolis momaval maswavlebels ecodineba `amherstis~ seriuli gamocema `amerikuli civilizaciis problemebi~ da
misi gamoyeneba. miuxedavad imisa, rom pedagogTa treningi (da kvalifikaciis amaRleba) ukve
uTmobs yuradRebas am sakiTxebs, pedagogikis, rogorc profesiis ganviTarebaSi, droa, TviT
swavlebasac mivxedoT.
21
Tavi 1
literatura
Joyce, B.R., C. Chark and L. Peck. Flexibility in Teaching. New York: Longmans, 1981.
Polanyi M. The Tacit Dimension. Garden City, N.Y. Doubleday and Co., 1966.
22
2
yuradReba
rogor mivaqcioT da SevaCeroT
moswavleTa yuradReba amocanaze?
Sewyveta
gafrTxileba
Cabma
Tanaziaroba
miRweva
yuradReba
uradRebis parametri gulisxmobs maswavleblis unars, gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi CarTuli hyavdes moswavleebi amocanaze muSaobaSi, e.i. CarTos isini saswavlo gegmiT
gaTvaliswinebul gonivrul aqtivobebSi. (amocanis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli droisagan gansxvavebiT, arasamuSao dro moicavs iseT qcevebs, rogoricaa ganwyoba, momzadeba, xumroba, lodini, ocneba, socializacia da mravali sxva, romelTa detalebi jer ar gvainteresebs). saklaso oTaxSi drois aRricxva bevr
mkvlevars uwarmoebia moswavlis mier amocamoswavleTa CarTva davalebis SesrulebaSi
naze daxarjuli drois dasadgenad, raTa Semkurikulumis ganxorcielebis SINE QUA NON-ia.
deg daxarjuli droisa da Sedegebis korelacia
gaerkviaT (mag., Bennett 1978, Rosenshine 1978). gasakviri araa, rom maT myari dadebiTi korelacia
miiRes: rac met dros xarjavs moswavle saswavlo aqtivobebze, miT ufro ecnoba masalas. am
TavSi gamovikvlevT maswavleblis mier yuradRebis parametris farglebSi ganxorcielebul
moqmedebebs, romelTa mizania maqsimalurad gaizardos moswavleTa mier saklaso oTaxSi davalebaze daxarjuli dro.
mravali mosazrebiT, menejmentis parametrebis jgufidan yuradRebis parametri wamyvan
rols asrulebs. Tu moswavleebi uyuradRebod ekidebian swavlebas, gakveTilis sikarge, sxva
TvalsazrisiT, azrs kargavs. did Tu patara jgufSi an individualur saswavlo procesSi
moswavleTa CarTva davalebis SesrulebaSi swored yuradRebas ukavSirdeba, menejmentic
xom swored es aris. yuradReba swavlebis wina piroba, kurikulumis ganxorcielebis sine qua
non-ia.
25
Tavi 2
unda CaerTos. qvemoT mocemulia Sewyvetis moqmedebaTa sxvadasxva saxis nusxa yvelaze radikaluridan yvelaze loialuramde, Sesabamisi magaliTebiT.
1. dasja: kargi, Tu axla amas ver gaakeTeb, SesvenebiT ver isargebleb~.
2. ardaSveba: foster, gadi saklaso oTaxidan.
3. muqara: Sewyvite an gadi saklaso oTaxidan.
4. uxeSi sarkazmi: Tavi isev Sin dagrCa, grand?~1 msubuqi SeniSvna: ar SegiZlia, Sewyvito? meoTxeklaseliviT ratom iqcevi?
5. brZaneba: axlave daubrundi samuSaos. xelebi ukan gqondes, sanam darwmunebuli ar
iqnebi, rom ar apireb vinmes Seexo.
6. specifikuri verbaluri Sewyveta: pedagogi asaxelebs qcevas, romelic unda Sewyviton da moswavles Sesaferis Semcvlel qcevas usaxelebs: jim, Sewyvite kakuni da
Sens nawers daubrundi.
7. zogadi verbaluri Sewyveta: maswavlebeli orazrovnad awyvetinebs qcevas: hari,
morCi.
8. msubuqi sarkazmi: pedagogi mimarTavs moswavles, romelic eCurCuleba megobar gogonas, brendan, moxaruli var, rom axali megobari monaxe.
9. individualuri Sewyveta: specifikuri an zogadi, magram ise rbilad naTqvami, rom
mxolod is moswavle aqcevs yuardRebas, visac exeba.
10. jgufuri zemoqmedeba: fred, verc erTi Cvengani ver wava tanvarjiSze, sanam Sen aq
xar. klaselebi erTvebian: oh, fred, wamodi ra!
11. TanatolTa Sejibri: joni mzadaa, Sen beT?
12. adgilis Secvla: jim, gadadi meoTxe magidasTan, geTayva.
13. me-Setyobineba: klara, mwyins, roca bavSvebs im dros elaparakebi, roca vcdilob,
raRac vaswavlo. ase mgonia, am gakveTilis momzadebisTvis gaweuli mTeli Sroma wyalSi meyreba.
14. moqmedeba yuradRebis gaufantavad: mister gleidi midis kenTan, usityvod iRebs
saSlels, romliTac keni TamaSobs, idebs jibeSi, ganagrZobs magidebs Soris siaruls
da diskusias.
15. arCevanis SeTavazeba: mister gleidi xedavs, rom keni saSleliT TamaSobs da wynarad
eubneba: ken, SegiZlia gadado an momce.
16. waqezeba: jil, Caebmebi muSaobaSi? kargiT, dasxediT da usmineT yuradRebiT.
17. SeniSvna: ras unda akeTebde axla Seli?
18. pirferoba: Sen metad keTilsindisieri xar saimisod, rom ase gaflango dro. daubrundi samuSaos, Cemo kargo!
19. signali: zari irekeba, xeli iweva, fortepianos akordi da a.S.; saubris Seuwyvetlad
pedagogi xels maRla swevs, raTa JestiT aRniSnos, `SeCerdi~ im moswavles, romelic
saubris Sewyvetinebas cdilobs, xolo saxis gamometyvelebiT an moZraobiT aniSnebs
moicade erTi wuTiT da SenTan viqnebi.
20. pauza da mzera: pedagogi xangrZlivad uyurebs bavSvs.
21. saxelis CarTva: maswavlebeli saubarSi rTavs (magram ar mimarTavs) moswavlis saxels yuradRebis mipyrobis mizniT: axla ki, momdevno amocanas jesi romelTan Se1. miuxedavad Cveni rwmenisa, rom nebismieri moqmedeba konkretuli moswavlisa Tu situaciisaTvis SeiZleba Sesatyvisi iyos,
sarkazmze es ar vrceldeba. vTvliT, rom sarkazmi, sul cota, urTierTobis patara (xolo zogjer, arcTu patara) mkvlelia.
sarkazmsa da iumors Soris zRvris dasadebad lakmusis rolSi Semdeg kiTxvas viyenebT: nawyeni darCa Tu ara? Tu pasuxi
dadebiTia, saqme sarkazmTan gvaqvs, xolo uaryofiTis SemTxvevaSi _ iumorTan.
26
yuradReba
Widebasac vapirebT, zogierTi msgavsi elementi aqvs jesi magram ufro martivia.
22. daxmarebis SeTavazeba: Carli, rogor dagexmaro?~ `Carli, gWirdeba daxmareba?~
23. Sexeba: pedagogi moswavles mxarze exeba, rasac SesaZloa axldes (an ara) maswavleblis aqtivobis Sewyveta da moswavlisaTvis TvalebSi Caxedva.
24. siaxlove: yuradRebagafantul (an yuradRebis gafantvis kandidat) moswavlesTan
axlos dgoma.
gafrTxileba
gamafrTxilebeli moqmedebebi xSirad gamiznulia moswavleTa jgufisTvis da ara individebisTvis. mas yuradRebis SenarCunebis efeqti aqvs da minimumamde amcirebs yuradRebis
gafantvas. es moqmedeba pirdapir Setyobinebas ar Seicavs; is jgufis yuradRebisa da sifxizlis SenarCunebas emsaxureba. Sewyvetis moqmedebaTa msgavsad gafrTxilebis moqmedebebic
siZlieris xarisxiT gansxvavdeba. gafrTxilebis aqtebi aqac yvelaze radikaluridan yvelaze
loialuramde aris dalagebuli Sesabamisi magaliTebiT:
1. SiSi: pedagogi amCnevs, rom klass audiokasetis mosmenisas yuradReba efanteba. is
uecrad gamorTavs magnitofons da kiTxulobs: ratom varaudobT, rom jefersoni
swored amas ganicdida hamiltonis mimarT?
2. moswavlis saxelis gamoyeneba Sesaswavl magaliTSi: prezidenti jon lini dakavebulia, rogorc eWvmitanili da braldebuli. vin gaxdeba prezidenti? Cven vfiqrobT,
rom linis dros cxovreba Zneli iyo! axla vice-prezidenti qristian beikeri xdeba
prezidenti. droa, bargi CavalagoT da gadavideT kanadaSi.
3. pasuxis nawilobriv gameoreba: pedagogi pasuxis dasamTavreblad SekiTxvas sxva moswavles umeorebs.
4. winaswari gafrTxileba: sworia, holi, axla Semdegi scade. devid, Seamowme holi
da naxe, sworad gaigo Tu ara. axla es Semdegi scade, holi. devidi dagexmareba,
Tu gagiWirdeba (orive moqmedeba winaswar afrTxilebs devids, rom SeiZleba mas
mouwios pasuxis gacema. amgvarad SeiZleba erTi kiTxvis dasmiT ori moswavlis yuradRebis mipyroba.
5. unisoni: jein, 6X6 aris? sworia. axla ki yvelam erTad 8X8 aris!
6. uyurebs erTs, esaubreba meores: pedagogi uyurebs erT moswavles, magram esaubreba
sxva students (grZeldeba Zalian mcire drois ganmavlobaSi).
7. arasruli winadadebebi: `amrigad, rogorc yvelam viciT, winadadebis bolos vsvamT
. . .. pedagogma gaSlili xelebi, aweuli warbebi an xelis Jesti gamoiyenos moswavleTa pasuxis wasaxaliseblad.
8. Tanabari SesaZlebloba: pedagogi rwmundeba, rom yvela gamoZaxebuli Semowmebulia,
xolo moswavleebma gamocdilebiT ician, rom SeiZleba nebismier dros isev gamoiZaxon.
9. arCevanis SemTxveviToba: pedagogi moswavleebs maTi adgilis mixedviT iZaxebs, raTa
maT ver gaTvalon gamoZaxebis Tanamimdevroba.2 cirkulacia: pedagogi wriulad moZraobs saklaso oTaxSi.
2 gamokiTxvis SemTxveviTi Tanmimdevroba uaryofiT korelaciaSia dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis skolebis SedegebTan, magram ara maRali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis skolebis SedegebTan (BB
B rophy & Evertson, 1978). maTi azriT, aseTi
gamokiTxva garkveul mRelvarebas ukavSirdeba, rac SeusabamisobaSia dabali socialur-ekonomikuri statusis moswavleebTan, romlebsac SesaZloa, saswavlo garemoSi meti stabiluroba da daxmareba da naklebi gaurkvevloba sWirdebaT.
27
Tavi 2
10. lodinis dro: pedagogi akeTebs pauzas da Tu moswavle kiTxvas swrafad ver upasuxebs, mcire dayovnebis uflebas aZlevs. es moiTxovs nebisyofas, raTa moiTmino
uxerxuli xuTwamiani pauza, romlis ganmavlobaSic moswavlem SeiZleba SeZlos pasuxis Camoyalibeba ise, rom replikiT an daxmarebiT ar SevawyvetinoT. pauzis dros
danarCeni moswavleebi iZulebuli arian dafiqrdnen kiTxvaze, imis molodiniT, rom
SeiZleba maT mouwioT pasuxis gacema.
11. mxedvelobiTi kontaqti: pedagogi moswavleebTan mxedvelobiT kontaqts amyarebs.
12. yuradRebis vizualuri da smeniTi gafantvisgan Tavisufleba. maswavlebeli saklaso
oTaxs ise awyobs, rom moswavleTa patara jgufebi piriT kuTxisken arian ganlagebuli an moSorebuli oTaxis ZiriTadi vizualuri arisgan, anda acalkevebs erTmaneTisagan saswavlo, samuSao da xmaurian areebs. meore alternativaa, roca pedagogi
mimarTavs klass: daxuWeT Tvalebi da momismineT.
Cabma
yuradRebis mipyrobis nabijTa mesame kategorias Cabmas vuwodebT, radgan misi mizania,
nebayoflobiT Caaba calkeuli moswavle an mTeli klasi kurikulumiT gaTvaliswinebul aqtovobebSi. CarTvis moqmedebebi emsaxureba moswavlis moxibvlas da aRtacebas saswavlo aqtivobiT da am gziT mis dainteresebas. is moswavlis yuradRebas aqtivobis mimzidvel mxares
miapyrobs. Cabmis aqtebia:
1. xmis Secvla: pedagogi cvlis saubris tons, daZabulobas, simaRles an intonacias,
raTa xazi gausvas ZiriTads da gamoiwvios interesi.
2. Jesti: pedagogi iyenebs xelis an sxeulis moZraobebs, raTa xazi gausvas ZiriTads an
gaaZlieros interesi.
3. cnobismoyvareobis aRZvra: axla mainteresebs, ram gamoiwvia es?
4. molodini: moicadeT, vidre naxavT ra aris yuTSi!
5. gamowveva: es ki yovel Tqvengans gaabriyvebs.
6. moswavlis damxmared warmodgena: jim, SegiZlia es werilebi ise daiWiro, rom klasma
dainaxos~? (jims yuradReba efanteboda).
7. sayrdenebi: pedagogi iyenebs SinaarsTan dakavSirebul fizikur obieqtebs.
8. personificireba: axla biWebo da gogonebo, modiT vnaxoT, Tu SevZlebT kibis motyuebas da zeviT ise avalT, rom man ver gaigos. Tu mister N-i karSi swored axla
gamoCndeba, ra xmebi SeiZleba davaxvedroT, rom Tavi Sin igrZnos?
9. moswavlis fantaziebTan dakavSireba: milioni dolari rom gqondes, ramdeni asdolariani kupiura geqneba?
Tanaziaroba
zogjer moswavlis uyuradRebobis mizezi skolisa da pedagogis ostatobis miRmaa. mas
zogierTi gareSe movlena Trgunavs (an axalisebs). magaliTad:
yy diliT, avtobusSi mgzavrobisas, saukeTeso megobarma uari uTxra mis gverdiTdamjdariyo.
yy mSoblebi cota xnis winaT daSordnen erTmaneTs.
yy SuadRisTvis daniSnulia Cempionatis TamaSi, romelSic is monawileobs.
28
yuradReba
aseT dros ubralod xmamaRla gamoxatviT, rom gesmiT, ra xdeba moswavlis Tavs, SeZlebT
misi yuradRebis `dapyrobas~. Zalze Znelia (da iSviaTi), marTla gaugo vinmes da, ubralod,
gaiziaro misi grZnobebi, Tumca, am gziT marTlac SeiZleba yuradRebis gaZliereba. magaliTad: vici, rom amaRam hokeis TamaSis gamo aRgznebuli xar, gansakuTrebiT imitom, rom masSi
Cveni sami kunTmagari biWi monawileobs. magram, gTxov, mag Sexvedraze fiqri cota xniT gadado, dRevandeli gameoreba Zalze mniSvnelovania~.
Svidi wlis jenifers kiTxvis dros yuradReba efanteba. man mzera ramdenjerme miapyro im
adgils, sadac klasSi Semosvlamde iyo (is ucxouri Tojinebis gamofenas awyobda). pedagogi
umal xvdeba, ra aRelvebs jenifers _ sadilis Semdeg, romelic kiTxvaSi mecadineobas mohyveba, veRar SeZlebs Tojinebis mowesrigebas (Svidi wlis bavSvs es Zalze Soreul perspeqtivad eCveneba). amrigad, pedagogi Tanaziarobis moqmedebas axorcielebs: jenifer, vici,
SenTvis raoden mniSvnelovania yvela Tojinis lamazad morTva. gpirdebi, rom sadilamde SeZleb saqmis dasrulebas, oRond, axla, CvenTan erTad unda waikiTxo, radgan amas Semdeg aRar
mivubrundebiT. gpirdebi, rom moaswreb. Tojinebis mowesrigeba, mozrdilis azriT, iqneb
umniSvneloa, magram aseTma, TiTqosda trivialurma saqmianobam SeiZleba mTlianad moicvas
bavSvi da dablokos misi CarTva, Tu pedagogi ugulisyurobas gamoiCens.
pedagogi amCnevs, rom meri Sewuxebulia da Tanaziarobis aqts mimarTavs: meri, geSinia,
rom mosasmen centrSi rigs gamotoveb? meri Tavs uqnevs. nu Cqarob da kargad gaakeTe savarjiSo. rogorc ki daamTavreb, rigSi Sens adgils daikaveb maSinac ki, Tu registraciis
furcelze xelmoweras gamovtovebT.
zogjer pedagogi mxolod ekiTxeba: brenda, ra mogdis? CvenTan ar xar. Semdgomma mondomebulma da aqtiurma mosmenam SesaZloa es dablokva an moxsnas an vera. asea Tu ise, maswavleblis mier moswavlis grZnobebis gacnobierebam, SesaZloa, gantvirTos da aqtivobaSi
Cabma gauadvilos.
miRweva
miRwevis aqtebi Cabmis aqtebs hgavs imiT, rom isinic dadebiTia da gulisxmobs saswavlo
procesisadmi moswavlis yuradRebis miqcevas da ara iZulebas. miuxedavad amisa, miRwevis
aqti Cabmis aqtisgan gansxvavdeba, radgan pirveli moswavlis yuradRebas pedagogze mimarTavs, xolo meore aqtivobaze. miRwevis aqtebi pedagogis pirovnul Tvisebebs emyareba, romelic miRwevis mediatorad gvevlineba. pedagogis mier ganxorcielebuli miRwevis aqtebi
moicavs:
1. gamxneveba: mimdinare samuSaos Sesrulebisas, pedagogi moswavles, Cveulebriv, xmis
intonaciiTa da saxis gamometyvelebiT amxnevebs.
2. enTuziazmi: bob, eg marTlac saintereso Temaa naSromisTvis!
3. Seqeba: oh, ra mSvenieri namuSevaria, anji.
4. iumori (sarkazmis gareSe): pedagogi xumrobs pozitiuri, mxardamWeri maneriT, rac
moswavleTaTvisac saxalisoa.
5. inscenireba: pedagogi Tavad warmoadgens gakveTilTan dakavSirebul masalas, anda
moswavlisgan moiTxovs inscenirebas. alternatiuli versia: pedagogi erTveba rolSi da Tundac erT winadadebas warmoTqvams im gmiris eniT, romelTanac Tavs aigivebs:
kargi, axla momRimar orpirTa kabinetSi mivdivar (pedagogma pirveli kabinetis sxdomaze mimavali axlad arCeuli prezidenti a. linkolni gaiTamaSa, romlis misamarTiT yvela moxele fiqrobs, rom masze ukeTesi prezidenti iqneboda da mis Tavidan
mocilebaze ocnebobs).
29
Tavi 2
30
yuradReba
Sewyveta
ti
rite
avto
dasja
ardaSveba
muqara
uxeSi sarkazmi
msubuqi SeniSvna
brZaneba
specifikuri verbaluri Sewyveta
zogadi verbaluri Sewyveta
msubuqi sarkazmi
individualuri Sewyveta
jgufuri zemoqmedeba
TanatolTa Sejibri
adgilis Secvla
me-Setyobineba
moqmedeba yuradRebis gaufantavad
arCevanis SeTavazeba
waqezeba
SeniSvna
pirferoba
signali
pauza da mzera
saxelis CarTva
daxmarebis SeTavazeba
Sexeba
siaxlove
loba
idve
mimz
SiSi
moswavlis saxelis gamoyeneba
pasuxis nawilobriv gameoreba
winaswari gafrTxileba
unisoni
uyurebs erTs, esaubreba meores arasruli
CarTva
winadadebebi
Tanabari SesaZleblobebi
arCevanis SemTxveviToba
cirkulacia
lodinis dro
mxedvelobiTi kontaqti
yuradRebis mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gafantvis Tavisufleba
xmis Secvla
Jesti
cnobismoyvareobis aRZvra
molodini
gamowveva
moswavlis damxmared warmodgena
sayrdenebi
personificireba
moswavlis fantaziebTan dakavSireba
Tanaziaroba
gamxneveba
enTuziazmi
Seqeba
iumori
inscenireba
dainterseba
Tanaziaroba
miRweva
31
Tavi 2
am ukanasknel moqmedebas maSin iyenebs, roca darili fanqars akakunebs: maS ase, iq marTlac iyo mefeebis oTxi piramida. daril, SegiZlia Semdeg kadrze gadaweva, rom me piramidis
win ganlagebuli sagnebis Cveneba SevZlo.
meore moswavle marSa, gansxvavebulia. miuxedavad imisa, xSirad is mecadineobaSi ar erTveba, `Cabmis~ moqmedebebi, rogorc Cans, Zlier stimuls aZlevs. es TiTqos Cabmisa da miRwevis aqtebs saTavisod `Targmnis~ _ TiTqos me veubnebi, rom masTan megobroba an masTan
TamaSi msurs. mas interaqtivoba itacebs da Cemze zedmetad koncentrirebuli xdeba, ase
xsnis mis saqciels maswavlebeli. vidre pedagogi sxvadasxva gzebsa da SesaZleblobebs eZebs,
raTa daakmayofilos marSas maswavlebelTan siaxlovis es moTxovnileba , is saSualo rangis
Sewyvetis moqmedebebs iyenebs marSas yuradRebis mosapoveblad, rasac warmateba moaqvs.
sxvadasxva moswavle sxvadasxva saWiroeba sxvadasxva moqmedeba: gamocdili maswavlebeli gaazrebulad usadagebs sakuTar moqmedebas moswavleebs.
zogi gamocdili pedagogi moswavleTa mimarT moqmedebebis diferencirebas intuiciiT
axdens. isini cnobili arian, rogorc saklaso oTaxis efeqturi menejerebi. SesaZloa, verc
maT da verc maTi saqmianobis Semfaseblebma ver agvixsnan warmatebis mizezi. ubralod, ician,
rom maT aTianSi moartyes. SesaZloa, qvecnobieri gamWriaxobis wyalobiT usadageben yuradRebis gansxvavebul aqtebs konkretul moswavleebs.
alRos miuxedavad, nebismieri CvenganisTvis sasargeblo iqneba moswavleTa uyuradRebobis paternebis gaazreba da sapasuxo moqmedebaTa nimuSebis morgeba. SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rom Cveni repertuaris nawils ugulebelvyofT, radgan Zalian gagvaRiziana luizam,
SesaZloa, TviT repertuars sWirdeba gamdidreba, an iqneb, ukeT SevarCevdiT moqmedebas, Tu
uyuradRebobis mizezis moZebnas SevecdebodiT. kolegasTan moswavleze (an klasze) saubari
yuradRebis parametrebis qcevaTa rigis gaTvaliswinebiT, Zalze sasargeblo saqmianobaa.
32
yuradReba_savarjiSo
`yuradReba - savarjiSo
qvemoT mocemuli sakiTxebi saSualebas gaZlevT, gaimeoroT da gaixsenoT moswavleTa yuradRebis gamowvevis, SenarCunebisa da xelaxali gamowvevisTvis arsebuli
alternativebi.
33
lodinis dro
xmis Secvla
unisoni
cirkulacia
2. gansakuTrebulad mZime saswavlo dRis boloa. moswavleebma kargad imuSaves da daiRalnen. yuradRebis moqmedebis kargi arCevani iqneba:
SiSi
gamowveva
Tanaziaroba
waxaliseba
winaswari gafrTxileba
inscenireba
muqara
mxedvelobiTi kontaqti
4. gakveTilze Tqvens fanjrebTan sxva klasis moswavleebi TamaSoben. yuradRebis moqmedebaTa Soris kargi arCevani iqneba:
brZaneba
arasruli winadadebebi
Sexseneba
yuradRebis gafantvisgan dacva
5. moswavleebi mcire jgufebSi davalebis Sesrulebisas saubrobdnen. Tqven sxva davalebis dawyebamde mTeli jgufis yuradRebis mobilizacia gsurT. yuradRebis moqmedebis kargi arCevani iqneba:
34
xmis Secvla
signali
yuradReba
literatura
Bennett, N. `Recent Research on Teaching: A Dream, a Belief, and a Model. Journal of Education 160, no
3 (Aujust 1978).
Brophy, J.E. and C.M. Evertson, Learning From Teaching. Boston: Allyn& Bacon 1978.
Church, John and Joe Hasenstab. Teaching with T.E.A.C.H. Emerson, N.J.: Performance Learning Systems,
1985.
Martin, D.L. Your Praise Can Smother Learning. Learning (February 1977); 4351.
Mckenzie, R. and A.M. Schadler. Effects of Three Practice Modes on Attention, Test Anxiety, &
Achievement in a Classroom Association Learning Task. Paper presented at the American Educational Regional Association, , Boston, Mass., 1980.
Redl, F., and D. Wineman. Controls from Within. Glancoe III: Free Press, 1952.
Rosenshine B.V. Academic Engaged Time, Content Covered, and Direct Instruction. Joural of Education
160, no 3 (August 1978).
Rowe, M.B. Wait Time and Rewards as Instructional Variables: Their Influence on Language, Logic
and Fate Control. Paper presented at the National Association for Research on Science Teaching,
Chicago, III., April 1972.
Tanner, L. Classroom Discipline. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978.
35
3
tempi
rogor SevinarCunoT movlenaTa
Tanabari, swrafi ganviTareba?
uzrunvelyofa
gadafarva
Semavseblebi
Careva
gakveTilis moqniloba
Setyobineba
qvedayofa
molodini
tempi
empis cneba saklaso oTaxSi movlenaTa Tanabar, uwyvet nakads gulisxmobs (Kounin
1970). swavleba uamrav maxes Seicavs tempisTvis, romlis Semcirebisas moswavleTa
koncentracia irRveva. maT yuradReba efantebaT da veRar axerxeben saswavlo aqtivobaSi Cabmas. dros uqmad atareben, elodebian momzadebas, dawyebas, organizebas. Tu tempi
klebulobs, moswavleebs bezrdebaT, saqmes eZeben, dro ocnebaSi gahyavT an destruqciulad
iqcevian. meore mxriv, Tu tempi SenarCunebulia, moswavleebi Tanabrad da swrafad gadadian
erTi moqmedebidan meoreze. moswavleTa da aRWurvilobis moZraoba Seferxebis, konfliqtis,
kamaTis an xelis kvris da mujlugunis gareSe xdeba. amgvar gakveTilze dakvirvebisas iseTi
gancda gveufleba, rom `saqme midis~. am TavSi ganvixilavT maswavleblis qcevas, romelic
gamiznulia tempis SesanarCuneblad da movlenaTa samarTavad.
zogadad, tempis cnebasTan mravali parametria dakavSirebuli. mag., yuradReba, radgan
misi saSualebiT xdeba moswavleTa interesis aRZvra da swavlaze fokusireba; rutina aumjobesebs rogorc procedurebis, ise garemos organizebulobas da aCqarebs ganviTarebas;
samuSaos mimarT molodinebi, radgan maswavleblis sijiute da sizuste moswavleebs samuSaos avtomaturad Sesrulebisa da erTi saqmianobidan meoreze gadasvlisas individualuri
warmatebis miRwevis saSualebas aZlevs.
tempis cnebas swavlebis sxva parametrebic moicavs. mag., pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba, romelic sZlevs moswavleTa winaaRmdegobas da destruqcias da yvelaferi maswavleblis Canafiqris mixedviT mimdinareobs; sivrce, radgan misi efeqtiani organizeba moswavleebs saWiro sagnebis moZebnasa da swavlebis procesSi Cabmas uadvilebs da yuradRebis
gafantvas amcirebs; aseTive parametria droc, radgan Sesabamisi ganrigi moswavleebis energiisa da yuradRebis SenarCunebas uzrunvelyofs da arakeTilgonivruli moTxovnebisagan
gvicavs.
metic, SegiZliaT Tvali gadaavloT miznebis, Sefasebisa da swavlis gamocdilebis kurikulumis parametrebs tempTan dakavSirebul aspeqtebTan mimarTebaSi: Seusabamo masala (Zalze rTuli an zedmetad martivi), masalis arasaTanado miwodeba, rasac Sedegad SeiZleba
moswavleTa Tavgabezreba da imedgacrueba mohyves da dairRves saklaso mecadineobis tempi.
ufro farTo mniSvnelobiT, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT, rom Seusabamo kurikulumsa Tu swavlebas tempis darRveva SeuZlia. tempis ase farTod gamoyeneba niSnavs mTeli swavlebis erTi
qolgis qveS moqcevas. marTlac, swavlebis nebismier parametrs, qcevis ra pirvelad mizansac
unda iTvaliswinebdes, meoreuli gavlena aqvs tempze. darwmunebuli varT, rom saWiroa swavlebis im aspeqtebze fokusireba, romlebic, pirvel yovlisa, klasSi tempis SenarCunebas ukavSirdeba. Cven tempis gansazRvrebis rva ZiriTadi qveparametriT, anu maswavleblis qcevis
saxeebiT SemovifarglebiT, romlis ZiriTadi mizani movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobaa da, romelic
Seusabamo ganxorcielebisa Tu ugulebelyofis SemTxvevaSi, arRvevs movlenaTa Tanamimdevrobas.
39
Tavi 3
tempis kategoriebi
tempis rva kategoria ekleqtur jgufs warmoadgens, romlis punqtebic, iseve rogorc
menejmentis sxva parametrebi, swavlis procesSi moswavlis Cabmisa da misi yuradRebis SenarCunebis saSualebas iZleva. menejmentis sxva parametrebSi, qcevisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic
sxvadasxva misiasTan SeiZleba davakavSiroT, es rva kategoria arc erT sxva parametrs ar
esadageba da imTaviTve orientirebulia tempze. maTi saxelwodebebia: uzrunvelyofa, gadafarva, Semavseblebi, SeWra, gakveTilis moqniloba, Setyobineba, qvedayofa da molodinebi.
uzrunvelyofa
uzrunvelyofa niSnavs sivrcisa da masalebis momzadebas saqmianobisTvis. adekvaturi
uzrunvelyofis pirobebSi ver naxavT, rom maswavlebelma jer moswavleebs mouyaros Tavi,
xolo Semdeg ramdenime wuTiT datovos isini karadidan gakveTilisaTvis saWiro masalis gadmosaRebad. verc imis momswre gaxdebiT, rom moswavleebs aqtivobisaTvis saWiro masalebis
maragi amoewuroT da maswavlebels damatebiTi masalebi sTxovon. maswavlebelma gakveTilis dawyebamde unda Seamowmos saWiro masalis raodenoba, Tavi mouyaros mas da moamzados
sivrce; aseve unda moimaragos swavlebisaTvis is aucilebeli nivTebi, romlebic, savaraudod, dRis ganmavlobaSi dasWirdebaT moswavleebs.
uzrunvelyofa, kargi menejmentis msgavsad, TvalSi sacemi maSin xdeba, rodesac TiTqmis
ar arsebobs. aris kargi uzrunvelyofis bevri niSani. mag.: gakveTilisaTvis gankuTvnili audiovizualuri masala, winaswar momzadebuli cxrilebi an sademonstracio aRWurviloba;
maswavlebeli informacias dafaze amzadebs da saWiro dros gamoaCens; aseve mzadaa dasarigebeli savarjiSoebi (handouts). TviT oTaxSi savarjiSoebi, sxvadasxva kompleqti, TamaSebi, audiocentri, wignebi, samarTavi pulti da xmis misacemi baraTebi, moswavleebisaTvis TvalsaCinod aris dawyobili; optikuri wamkiTxavi kompiuteris gverdiT devs; iqve bloknotia,
romelSic mocemulia is sami kodi, romlis mixedviTac moswavleebma samuSao unda Seasrulon. garemos ostatur uzrunvelyofaze maswavlebels cota dro exarjeba, Sedegad ki,
maqsimalurad izrdeba moswavleebze daxarjul dro, da, Sesabamisad, Sedegic.
gadafarva
es termini kouninisagan (Kounin, 1970) visesxeT da miseuli gansazRvreba ganvavrceT: gadafarva aris ori paraleluri movlenis marTvis unari ise, rom orives erTdroulad mivaqcioT
yuradReba. `marTva~, am SemTxvevaSi, maswavleblis saqmianobis or aspeqts moicavs. pirvelia,
erTdrouli kavSiri yvelaferTan, rac ramdenime jgufSi, adgilas an aqtivobisas xdeba (maswavlebeli SeiZleba CarTuli iyos erT an or saqmianobaSi an klasSi siarulisas Tvalyurs
adevnebdes ramdenime maTgans); kavSiri niSnavs, rom maswavlebelma icis aqtivobis buneba, moswavleTa Sesabamisi qceva da maTi saqmianobis xarisxi. meore aris sirTuleebis gadalaxvaSi
moswavleebisTvis daxmarebis gaweva. sirTuleebi Semdegi mizeziT SeiZleba warmoiqmnas: moswavleebma ver gaig`yvelganmyofoba~ aucilebeli pirobaa.
es miTiTebebi, ar ician, ra gaakeTon Semdeg, ar SeswevT
interpersonaluri uTanxmoebebis mogvarebis unari (mag., masalebis gaziareba, jgufis winsvlisaTvis saWiro moqmedebebi), awydebian Seusabamod rTul masalas, efantebaT yuradReba
an daamTavres erTi savarjiSo da meoreze gadasasvlelad daxmareba sWirdebaT.
`yvelganmyofobaSi~ (withitness) igulisxmeba, rom maswavlebels `kefazec ki aqvs Tvalebi~,
40
tempi
xedavs mTel saklaso oTaxs da moswavleebs auwyebs, rom icis, Tu ra xdeba oTaxSi. yvelgan
yofna gadafarvis wina pirobaa (Kounin, 1970) da aucilebelia cudi yofaqcevis umal SesamCnevad da reagirebis mosaxdenad. amas garda, yvelgan yofna ramdenime erTroulad mimdinare
saswavlo procesis safuZvelia, radgan maswavlebels yvela movlenis mimdinareobasTan kontaqtis saSualebas aZlevs.
maswavleblebi yvelgan yofnis meoxebiT inarCuneben temps, rodesac saqmianobaSi arsebul
an potenciur dabrkolebas amCneven. qvemoT moyvanilia tempis SenarCunebis ramdenime magaliTi, roca maswavleblis moqmedeba moswavleebs dabrkolebis gadalaxvaSi an mis Tavidan
acilebaSi exmareba.
moswavles, romelic amTavrebs xelovnebis proeqtze muSaobas, maswavlebeli
ekiTxeba: `jim, sad unda dado namuSevari gasaSrobad?~ `sadurglo magidis qveS~,
pasuxobs jimi. `mSvenieria! Semdeg SegiZlia diliT dawyebuli wignis kiTxva ganagrZo~, ambobs maswavlebeli. maswavlebelma xazi gausva, romAsaqmianoba dasrulda da moswavle axal saqmes unda Seudges.
maswavlebeli SeniSnavs, rom moswavlem Tavi ver gaarTva laboratoriul eqsperiments da eubneba: `mark, Tu gagiWirda, jeins sTxove daxmareba~.
maswavlebeli xedavs, rom bavSvs saRebavi uTavdeba, is JestiT aniSnebs, momiaxlovdio da axsenebs, rom samuSaos dasrulebisas, qila saRebaviT Seavsos.
maswavlebeli xedavs, rom jgufi gadasaxadTan dakavSirebiT senatoris poziciaze kamaTobs da mimarTavs: `rogor SeZlebT informaciis dazustebas?~ es moswavleTa konstruqciul qcevaSi CarTvis gzaa.
gadafarvis mizania, rom maswavleblis yvela moqmedebiT SenarCundes jgufisa Tu
calkeuli individebis tempi maSin, rodesac maswavlebeli jgufs punqtuacias aswavlis,
amecadinebs kiTxvaSi, amowmebs moxsenebas laboratoriuli muSaobis Sesaxeb an sxva saqmianobas eweva. maswavlebeli marTavs qcevas ise, rom ar adunebs yuradRebas, ar awyvetinebs
da arc erTi wamiT ar Sordeba pirvelad mizans. es gadafarvis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis
saSualebaa, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maswavlebeli aqtiurad monawileobs konkretul
saswavlo procesSi.
Semavseblebi
dRis ganmavlobaSi isec xdeba xolme, rom maswavlebeli mcire xniT (10-15 wuTi) yovndeba
moswavleTa jgufTan, rodesac araferi ar igegmeba. zogjer es mouxerxebel adgilebSi xdeba,
sadac xeli ar miuwvdebaT standartul saklaso resursebze xelmiuwvdom: mag., skolis Semdeg, bolo avtobusis molodinSi; holSi, kabinetidan (xatvis, musikis) meore cvlis gamosvlis molodinSi; klasSi, sadac bavSvebma es-es aris daasrules samuSao da sakmarisi dro aRar
rCeba imisTvis, rom sxva samuSao misce sadilis dawyebamde. ras akeTebs maswavlebeli aseT
situaciaSi tempis darRvevis Tavidan asacileblad?
zogierTi SeiZleba Semogvedvaos kidec, ra unda gaakeTos maswavlebelmao. maTi azriT,
moswavleebi ubralod unda isxdnen da elodnen, maT mocda unda icodnen, radgan aseT SemTxvevebs Tavidan ver aicileb. maswavlebeli ar aris valdebuli moswavleebi mudmivad gaarTos.
asea, vupasuxebdiT Cven. . . saqmis bolomde miyvana namdvilad sasurvelia, Tumca yovelTvis
rodi amarTlebs. imis molodini, rom rTuli klasebis moswavleebi moTminebiT isxdebian da
moicdian, arakeTilgonivrulia da mas Sedegad destruqcia mohyveba xolme. amis Tavidan
41
Tavi 3
asacileblad da ramdenime wuTis ganmavlobaSi klasis Tavmosayrelad, maswavlebelma, Semavsebeli unda gamoiyenos. ai, ramdenime magaliTi:
saaTis araswori Cvenebis gamo maswavlebeli pirvelklaselebTan erTad 5 wuTiT
adre midis fizkulturis darbazSi. saklaso oTaxSi dabrunebas azri ar aqvs.
is sTxovs bavSvebs, kedelTanAaxlos dasxdnen da ise SemWidrovdnen, rom yvelam
gaigonos da dainaxos, ras ityvis da gaakeTebs maswavlebeli. `sanam velodebiT,
sxva klasi rodis daamTavrebs gakveTils, aswieT xeli, Tu sityva `Tevzis~ riTmas moifiqrebT~. (is iZaxebs sam bavSvs, romlebic sxvadasxva sityvebs asaxeleben). `yoCaR! . . .axla moifiqreT sityva, romelic `naTuras~ eriTmeba (is kidev or
moswavles ekiTxeba).
meore magaliTi:
gasaocaria, magram 1-ma da me-4 magidebma 10 wuTiT adre daamTavres geologiuri
eqsperimenti, Seinaxes xelsawyoebi da nawerebi. maswavlebelma icis, rom danarCen moswavleebs maswavlebelTan SekiTxvebi eqnebaT. 1-li da me-4 magidebis moswavleTa drois flangvisa da celqobis Tavidan asacileblad, is swrafad wers
dafaze rva axal sityvas da Tavisufali magidebis moswavleebs 45 wamian ockiTxvian TamaSs awyebinebs da darCenil moswavleebs ubrundeba.
zogjer, Semavseblebi, zemoT mocemuli magaliTebis msgavsad, uSualod kurikulumis
Sesabamisi rodia. magaliTad, dawyebiTi klasebis maswavlebels SeuZlia bavSvebTan erTad
`gafuWebuli telefoni~ iTamaSos. mexuTeklaselebs maswavlebelma SeiZleba uTxras: `majis
saaTze dauxedavad scadeT gamoicnoT da xelis aweviT maniSnoT erTnaxevari wuTis gasvla~
(TamaSi `drois Semavsebeli~ kargia avtobusSi xmauris ramdenime wuTiT Sesawyvetad). ufrosi klasebis maswavlebelma, SeiZleba klasTan mimdinare problemebze an saskolo gundebze
saubari daiwyos. es sulac ar aris drois flangva, Tumca, saWiroa, erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT Semavseblebi, anu iseTebi, romlebsac `carieli~ dro gahyavT da romlebsac damatebiTi informacia SeaqvT mimdinare kurikulumSi.
Careva
maswavleblis dRe, SesaZloa, swavlebis momentebze aqcentirebul CarevaTa serias
hgavdes. aseTi Careva mravalgvaria: moswavleebi, romelTac davalebis gasworeba surT,
daxmareba, mimarTulebis micema an kamaTis gan
msjeli sWirdebaT; zrdasruli stumrebi, kurimaswavleblis dRe, SesaZloa, swavlebis
erebi, sajaro misamarTebis gamocxadeba. yoveli
momentebze aqcentirebul CarevaTa
Careva tempis Senelebis potenciuri matarebeserias hgavdes.
lia, magram maswavlebeli ise unda Caerios, rom
minimalurad Seamciros maTi gavlena swavlis
procesSi moswavlis CarTulobaze. arsebobs maswavleblis saqmianobis oTxi ZiriTadi done,
romelic CarevasTan gamklavebis unars aRwers:
1. Carevas tempis darRvevis saSualebas aZlevs.
2. Carevas unificirebulad umklavdeba: mag., maswavlebeli arasdros ar aZlevs sxva
klasis moswavleebs SekiTxvis dasmis uflebas (anu ar urigdeba aranair Carevas); Camrevebs daxmarebisTvis TanatolebTan gzavnis: acdevinebs Camrevebs, sanam ar dadgeba maTi daxmarebis Sesaferisi dro.
3. Carevas sxvadasxvagvarad umklavdeba; maswavlebeli sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saSualebas iyenebs.
42
tempi
gakveTilis moqniloba
rogor iqceva maswavlebeli, rodesac gakveTilebi an dagegmili savarjiSoebi jerovnad
ver xorcieldeba? rogor akontrolebs igi temps? unda ganvasxvaoT maswavleblis saqmianobis oTxi done:
1. yvela SemTxvevaSi agrZelebs gakveTils.
2. anebebs Tavs gakveTils da sxva rameze erTveba.
3. mizans inarCunebs da cdilobs sxvagvarad aswavlos: cvlis gakveTilis formats.
4. axal formats jgufis saWiroebebs usadagebs da/an mas individebis Taviseburebebs
argebs
gTavazobT bolo punqtis magaliTs. moswavleTa jgufi fizikuri varjiSis Semdeg energiiT aris damuxtuli. maT uWirT abreviaturebis damoukideblad gaSifvra. maswavlebeli
grZnobs amas, dafaze bades xatavs, romelSic abreviaturebs aTavsebs da bavSvebs `koncentraciis modificirebul variants aTamaSebs, raSic isini aqtiurad erTvebian. maswavlebelma gakveTils moswavleebis imwuTieri saWiroebebis gaTvaliswinebiT axali formati moargo. tempi imiT SenarCunda, rom moswavleebs energiis produqtiulad daxarjvis saSualeba
miecaT.
Setyobineba
tempi SeiZleba dairRves, Tu moswavleebi tranziciisTvis ar arian momzadebulebi (Arlin
1979): Tu maT swrafad awyvetineben erT saqmianobas garkveuli damakmayofilebeli daskvnis miuRwevlad da meores awyebineben. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac moswavleebi aqtiurad
arian Cabmuli saqmianobaSi, rogorc es xSirad SemoqmedebiTi wvis dros xdeba xolme. isini
gvewinaaRmdegebian, radgan saqmianobiT gatacebulebs gaCerebas vaiZulebT, iseve, rogorc
Rrmad mZinare ewinaaRmdegeba uxeSad gaRviZebas.
maswavleblebi grZnoben da arbileben am gadasvlas imiT, rom moswavleebs, momzadebis
mizniT, winaswar atyobineben momavali tranziciis Sesaxeb. winaswari Setyobinebis SemTxveva-
43
Tavi 3
Sic ki, zogierT moswavles uWirs Tavisi aqtiurobis iZulebiT Sewyveta. `kidev erTi raRac~...
`damamTavrebineT am gverdis xatva~... (skola ar aris erTaderTi adgili, sadac SeiZleba
amgvari situacia Segvxvdes). maswavlebelma, SeiZleba, ubralod miiyvanos moswavleebi am
wertilamde: me 5 wuTis win gagafrTxileT, rom mzad yofiliyaviT. axla ki droa~; an SeuZlia ama Tu im bavSvis winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad sxvadasxva xerxi gamoiyenos. konkretul
saqmianobaze saWiro drois amowurvis Semdeg maswavlebelTa oTxgvar moqmedebas gamovyofT:
1. sxva gza ar aris: `laissez-faire~ (nebas rTavs moswavles TviTon moagvaros saqme) an aradamajereblad arwmunebs bavSvebs.
2. erTi gza: yovelTvis zemoqmedebs bavSvebze.
3. sxvadasxva viTarebaSi sxvadasxva xarisxis enTuziazmiT zemoqmedebs.
4. sxvadasxva moswavleze, misi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansxvavebulad zemoqmedebs. mag., maswavlebeli eubneba jenis: `sanam samamde daviTvli, wigni Seinaxe da
karisken wadi~. maswavlebelma icis, rom jeni cdis mis Tanamimdevrulobas dominanturi Zalis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. noes ki, maswavlebelma SeiZleba ramdenime zedmeti wuTi dauTmos da mSvidad daexmaros nivTebis dalagebaSi, radgan kmayofilia
misi dilandeli muSaobiT da surs dadebiTi ganwyoba SeunarCunos.
qvedayofa
moswavleTa jgufebi erTi saqmianobidan meoreze an saqmianobis farglebSi sxvadasxva
fazaze gadasvlis dros saklaso oTaxSi siarulisas (mwkrivSi dgebian, iReben paltoebs,
midian biblioTekaSi, iReben mikroskopebs, arigeben furclebs) xSirad ferxdebian. amgvari
`sacobi~ ukmayofilebas, uares SemTxvevaSi ki, drois uqmad gacdenas iwvevs. qvedayofa (anu
fragmentacia, rogorc kunini uwodebs) niSnavs Seferxebis am drois winaswar ganWvretas da
misi Tavidan acilebis mizniT moqmedebas klasis mcire jgufebad (individebad, wyvilebad,
magidebad, gundebad, im bavSvebad, visac sportuli fexsacmeli acvia) dayofas. amasobaSi,
moZravi rigis gareT mdgomi bavSvebi dakavebulebi arian davalebis dasrulebiT, masalis
SenaxviT, an tranziciis sxva aspeqtebiT (magaliTad, SemavseblebiT).
zogierTi maswavlebeli qvedayofas saswavlo programis mimdinare sakiTxebis ganmtkicebisTvis iyenebs. mag., avtobusis gaCerebaze mdgom moswavleebs gamravlebis tabulaSi an
sityvebis marTlweraSi avarjiSebs. swori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi wasvlis nebas aZlevs. . . `ai,
Seni bileTi~, ambobs am dros maswavlebeli.
am saxis qvedayofa gansakuTrebiT dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebTan aris warmatebuli.
ufrosklaselebs, romelTac TavianTi ZalebiT SeuZliaT Tavi gaarTvan areul situacias,
ubralod TavianT nebaze miuSveben xolme. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba warmatebulad miviCnioT
maswavleblis qceva, rodesac igi moswavleebisgan moiTxovs, sxvebsac gadaawodon masala an
yvela moswavlisTvis xelmisawvdom adgilas Seinaxon; saqmianobaTa iseT Tanamimdevrobasa
da/an temps irCevs, rom moswavleTaAmcire jgufebs bunebrivad sxvadasxva dros dasWirdeT
masala. maswavlebeli iTvaliswinebs da Tavs aridebs saqmianobaTa gegmis Tanamimdevruli
bunebiT warmoqmnil `sacobebs~.
molodini
ganvixiloT aseTi SemTxveva: maswavlebeli winaswar atyobinebs klass, rom qveda sarTulze sasule sakravebis kvintetis koncertze Casasvlelad moemzadon. `mejavreba koncertebi~,
ambobs JorJeta. erTi wuTis Semdeg zogi bavSvi nivTebs alagebs. ori wuTis Semdeg ramden-
44
tempi
45
Tavi 3
iqceva, rom icis, Tixaze muSaoba yvelaze popularuli da yvelasTvis sasurveli saqmianobaa. is moelis, rom Tu TixiT saqmianobas ar moagvarebs da bavSvebi guls ar ijereben, sxva
saqmianobaze gadarTvas ver moaxerxeben. amgvarad, Tanamimdevroba, romliTac is gegmavs aqtivobis punqtebs, asaxavs miseul molodins, ra SeiZleba moxdes, Tu jer Tixas `ar mixedavs~.
ganzogadebulad, molodini gonebis Tvisebaa, romelic am TavSi aRwerili yvela situaciisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli (Careva, Semavseblebi, Setyobineba, gakveTilis moqniloba,
gadafarva, uzrunvelyofa da qvedayofa). am Tvisebis mqone maswavlebeli zemoxsenebuli
Svidi situaciis garda mas bevr sxva faqiz situaciaSi iyenebs. ase rom, amgvari situaciebis
aRwerisaTvis maTi momcveli zogadi kategoria gvWirdeba.
tempis mimoxilva
rogorc vnaxeT, tempis parametri dakavSirebulia maswavleblis im qcevebTan, romelTa
Tavdapirveli mizani gakveTilis mimdinareobis SenarCunebaa. am rva qveparametris farglebSi maswavlebeli mTel rig saqmianobebs axorcielebs, romelTa mizania klasSi tempis
SenarCuneba. rac ufro ostaturad arCevs maswavlebeli tempis miseuli repertuaridan
moswavleTa saWiroebebis, Taviseburebebisa da situaciis Sesatyvis saqmianobas, miT ufro
umtkivneulo da warmatebulia erTi saqmianobidan meoreze gadasvla da miT ufro ukeT aris
SenarCunebuli tempi.
46
tempi - Sejameba
gaixseneT klasi, romelsac bolo dros aswavlidiT an akvirdebodiT. 1, 2, 3,
6, 7 da 8 punqtebi SemoxazeT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu: qceva saWiro dros ganxorcielda (diax); ar ganxorcielda, Tumca saWiro iyo (ara); ar miesadaga (a/m).
me-4 da me-5 punqtebSi SemoxazeT dakvirvebadi qceva.
a/m
ara
2. g
adafarva: Tvalyurs adevnebs ramdenime saqmianobas
da moswavleebs dabrkolebaTa gadalaxvaSi exmareba.
diax
a/m
ara
3. S
emavseblebi: konstruqciulad
iyenebs lodinis xanmokle periodebs.
diax
a/m
ara
a/m
ara
4. Careva:
tempis darRveva
usadagebs reaqcias
tempi - Sejameba
a/m
5. gakveTilis moqniloba:
aiZulebs gaagrZelon
cvlis formats
6. S
etyobineba: winaswar atyobinebs erTi
saqmianobidan meoreze gadasvlis Sesaxeb.
diax
7. q
vedayofa: moZrav jgufs ufro mcire jgufebad yofs.
diax
a/m
ara
8. m
olodini: moelis da gverds uvlis tempis winaRobebs.
diax
a/m
ara
47
tempi - savarjiSo
1. Tqveni sityvebiT SeajameT tempis parametri.
a. uzrunvelyofa
b. gadafarva
g. Semavseblebi
g. fizikuri `sacobebi~
d. Careva
e. gakveTilis moqniloba
e. `saimoni ambobs. . .~
v. Setyobineba
dini
z. qvedayofa
z. molodini
3. aRwereT magaliTebi:
uzrunvelyofis:
Semavseblebis:
SeWrasTan gamklavebis:
tempi - savarjiSo
arigeben furclebs:
5. r
a agvacilebs Tavidan tempis dakargvas, rodesac ramdenime mcire jgufi muSaobs saklaso oTaxis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi?
6. d
aasruleT maswavleblis savaraudo komentari gadafarvis qvemoT mocemul
situaciebSi.
49
50
tempi
literatura:
Arlin,M. Teacer Transitions Can Disrupt Time Flow in Classrooms. American Educational Research
Journal (Winter 1979): 42-56.
Doyle, W. Making Managerial Decisions in Classrooms. In Classroom Management, 78th Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, Daniel L. Duke (ed.) Chicago: Universuty of Chicago Press, 1979,
75-115.
Kounin, J. Discipline and Classroom Management. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970.
Pierson, C., and J. Mansuggi, Creating & Using Learning Games. Palo Alto, Calif.: Learning Handbooks,
1975.
51
4
sivrce
rogor gamoviyenoT
zedmiwevniT efeqtianad
saklaso oTaxis sivrce da aveji?
sivrcis morgeba swavlisaTvis
sakuTreba da privatuloba
sivrcis gamoyenebis rekomendaciebi
sivrce
55
Tavi 4
56
sivrce
bisTvis iyenebdnen (Winne and Marx 1982, p.496). sivrcis amgvari dizaini moswavleebs ufro
meti privatulobiT uzrunvelyofs da individualuri muSaobis dros vizualuri stimuli
yuradRebas ar ufantavs. erToblivi muSaobisas, isini TavianT magidebs abruneben da, ai, ukve
wreSi arian... igive SeiZleba iTqvas mTliani jgufis instruqtirebazec. maT SeuZliaT SuaSi
moTavsebul magidebTan imuSaon mcire jgufebad, maswavlebelTan erTad an kooperaciul
jgufebad.
sivrcis Sefaseba saSualebas gvaZlevs, ganvsazRvroT misi racionaluri gamoyeneba. gaazrebulad davalageT Tu ara sagnebi im saxis instruqtirebisTvis, romlisTvisac moswavleebs
vamzadebT? Tu Cveni pasuxi dadebiTia, Semdegi kiTxva iqneba: vcvliT Tu ara dizains swavlebis stilis cvlilebis Sesabamisad? amgvarad, maswavleblis mier saklaso oTaxis gamoyeneba SeiZleba erT-erTi qvemoT moyvanili debulebis mixedviT klasificirdes:
yy sivrceze ar zemoqmedebs: mas ucvlelad iRebs (meurvis, wina periodis maswavleblebis mier damkvidrebuli tradiciisamebr);
yy sivrces tradiciuli dizainis mixedviT awyobs da Tanamimdevrulad da tradiciulad
yovelgvari variaciis gareSe iyenebs.
yy sivrces periodulad sacdelad cvlis, yovelgvari racionaluri safuZvlis gareSe,
mxolod mravalferovnebisTvis.
yy inarCunebs sivrcis mudmivobas, Tumca saswavlo procesis Sesabamisad.
yy sivrces sxvadasxva dros dinamikurad, gansxvavebuli saswavlo miznebisaTvis iyenebs
programis miznebis Sesabamisad.
sakuTreba da privatuloba
luisi (Lewis 1979) saklaso oTaxSi an skolaSi moswavlisTvis gankuTvnili sivrcis sakiTxze
saubrobs. is Semdeg sias gvTavazobs:
magida
karada
specialuri adgili
skami
57
Tavi 4
tri xdeba xolme moswavleTa sakomunikacio qselisTvis. zogierT
saSualo skolashi is SeiZleba moswavleTa jdufis sakuTreba gaxdes an SesaZloa skolis administracian daketos.
saTamaSo moedani
holi
saklaso
oTaxi aris yvela SesaZlo gancdis farToasparezi. zogierTi saklaso oTaxis an misi romelime nawilis mimarT bavSvebs xSirad sakuTrebis grZnoba uCndebaT xolme. sxva oTaxebSi ki, SesaZloa, mxolod dafis mimarT hqondeT sakuTrebis gancda.
skolis Senoba
sakuTari adgili aris ara Calis kalaTa an safosto yuTi, aramed samuSao adgili, romelic
mudmivad moswavlisaa. bevr maTgans sivrceSi `sakuTari adgilis~ povnis mZafri moTxovnileba aqvs. erT-erTi praqtikosi ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi yovelkvira uwevda konsultaciebs
skolas msgavsi `sakuTari~ sivrcis gareSe da Tavs mudmivad arakomfortulad grZnobda.
umcros Tu ufrosklaselebi klasSi yovelTvis erTi da imave adgilis dakavebas cdiloben. es maTi `adgili xdeba. kolejis studentebi da zrdasruli adamianebic aseve iqcevian.
sivrcis ganawilebis dagegmvisas, maswavlebelma aucileblad unda gauwios angariSi sivrcis mimarT moswavlis moTxovnilebas _ misTvis konkretuli sivrcis adekvaturad SerCevas.
yoveli individis survilebi da privatulobis moTxovnileba gansxvavebulia.
privatuli sivrce zRudavs mxedvelobis gafantvasa da xmaurs. amgvari adgilia wingTsacavis kabina an yvelaze metad privatuli, individualuri praqtikisTvis gamoyenebuli
oTaxi. bevri moswavle mxolod moigebs, Tu
masalis adgilmdebareobam SeiZleba saswavlo
amgvari adgili eqneba. gamocdili maswavlebeli
xvdeba, vin arian aseTi moswavleebi da sivrces
miznebis ganxorcielebas Seuwyos xeli.
maTi saWiroebis mixedviT anawilebs. saklaso
oTaxis da skolis sxva damxmare saTavsoebis (biblioTekas, mediacentrebs) Tvalierebisas,
maswavlebeli sakuTar Tavs ekiTxeba: eqnebaT Tu ara Sesaferisi privatuli adgili aseT moswavleebs?
58
sivrce
59
sivrce - Sejameba
aRniSneT is debuleba, romelic Tqvens saklaso oTaxSi sivrcis gamoyenebis
aspeqtebs asaxavs. a/m aRniSnavs `ar miesadageba~.
1. qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan romeli aRwers saklaso oTaxis organizacias:
tradiciuli
eqsperimentulad varirebadi
erTgvarovani, magram swavlebis procesisTvis xelSemwyobi
dinamikuri, swavlebis process misadagebuli
2. s
akuTrebis gancda da privatuloba Tu aris
uzrunvelyofili?
a/m
ara
diax
a/m
ara
diax
a/m
ara
diax
a/m
ara
diax
a/m
ara
diax
a/m
ara
diax
diagonaluri Tejirebi
a/m
ara
diax
sagamofeno adgili
a/m
ara
diax
ara
diax
a/m
ara
diax
Tavisufali gasasvlelebi
a/m
ara
diax
a/m
ara
diax
sivrce - Sejameba
61
sivrce - savarjiSo
1. saSualo skolaSi maTematikas aswavliT da miznad isaxavT, rom moswavleebma warmatebiT SeZlon erTniSna da orniSna gantolebebis amoxsna. 50 wuTian
gakveTilze maT unda Seamowmon saSinao davaleba, moisminon axali masalis axsna da daiwyon varjiSi axali masalis Sesatyvisi saSinao davalebis Sesasruleblad. am dros Tqven saklaso oTaxSi moZraobT da daxmarebas uwevT maT, visac
sWirdeba.
2. meoreklaselebs aswavliT. gyavT 24 moswavle. gsurT, rom diliT 3 saaTis ganmavlobaSi Tqvenma moswavleebma: (a) erTad daiwyon dRe; (b) oTxkacian jgufebad
mimoixilon masala da ivarjiSon; (g) imuSaon axal davalebaze megobrebTad erTad; (d) mTelma jgufma miiRos instruqcia; (e) davalebis Sesrulebis Semdeg
varjiSisaTvis saswavlo centrebs miakiTxon.
sivrce - savarjiSo
63
1 dRe
2 dRe
3 dRe
4 dRe
5 dRe
5. meoTxeklaselebs aswavliT. wels 28 moswavle gyavT, Tumca oTaxSi komfortulad mxolod 26 eteva. gasul wels kooperaciuli swavlebis meTodi danergeT
da welsac gsurT gagrZeleba, risTvisac moswavleTa 2, 3 da 4-kacian kooperaciuli jgufebad dayofa aris saWiro. xSirad gsurT moswavleTa codnis Semowmeba. oTaxSi xuTi kompiuteri gaqvT da, Cveulebriv, oTx saswavlo centrs awyobT
xolme individualuri praqtikisTvis. mTeli jgufis instruqtireba gsurT, rasac mcire jgufebSi varjiSi mohyveba. Tqven merxebs Soris ivliT da daexmarebiT.
daxazeT oTaxis mowyobis ramdenime varianti Tqvens moTxovnebze mosargebad. Tu
fiqrobT, rom oTaxis konfiguracia yvela miznis Sesatyvisi ver iqneba, axseniT
mizezi.
64
sivrce
literatura:
Abramson,P. Schools for Early Childhood. New York: Educational Facilities Laboratory, 1970.
Gross,R., and J. Murphy, Educational Change
Educational Facilities Laboratory, 1968.
and
Architectural
Consequences.
New
York:
Kohn, J., The Early Learning Center. New York: Educational Facilities Laboratory, 1970.
Kritchevsky, S., E. Prescott, and I. Walling. Physical Space.Washington, D.C.: NAEYC, 1969.
Lewis, B. V. Time and Space in Schools. In Children in Time and Space, K.Yamamato (ed.), New
York: Teachers College Press, 1977, 128-169.
Marshall, K. Opening Your Class with Learning Stations. Palo Alto, Calif.: Learning Handbooks,
1976.
School Review. Learning Environments Whole Issue 82, no.4 (August 1974).
Winne, P. H., and R. W. Marx, Students and Teachers View of Thinking Process For Classroom
Learning. Elementary School Journal ( May 1982): 496.
Zefferblatt,S.M., Architecture and Human Behavior: Toward Increased Understanding of a
Functional Relationship. Educational Technology, (August 1972): 54-57.
65
5
dro
rogor davgegmoT movlenebi da
vareguliro cxrili, rom
moswavleebs swavlisTvis
yvelaze nayofieri dro
SevurCioT?
ganawileba
dro swavlisaTvis
dro instruqtirebisaTvis
pirveli da bolo wuTebi
tempi da ritmi
dro
ro sicocxlis valutaa da maswavleblebi dReSi daaxloebiT eqvsi saaTis ganmavlobaSi marTaven TavianTi moswavleebis sicocxlis banks _ es Zalze mniSvnelovani
Tanamdebobaa. isini banks `Tavisufali arCevanis drosac ki xelmZRvaneloben, sadac SesaZlo variantebi maswavleblis mier aris SeTavazebuli da nebadarTuli.
imas, TUu rodis ras akeTeben moswavleebi, ra TanamimdevrobiT da ra drois ganmavlobaSi,
ZiriTadad maswavlebeli akontrolebs; uaxlesi kvlevebidan viciT, rom drois kargad gakontrolebas didi gavlena aqvs moswavleTa swavlaze. aq igulisxmeba is droc,
dro sicocxlis valutaa da maswavleblebi TavianTi
romelsac moswavleebi saklaso oTaxis
moswavleebis sicocxlis banks marTaven.
gareT sxva iseT adgilebSi atareben,
rogoricaa kafeteria. skolis mier SeTavazebul yovel garemoSi moswavleebis mier gatarebuli droisa da misi xarisxis gakontroleba fakultetis wevrebis movaleobaa. es Tavi Seexeba imas, Tu SeZlebisdagvarad rogor
unda vmarToT gaazrebulad is, rom moswavleebma dro gamoiyenon kargad swavlis mizniT.
TavSi codnis am sferos mzardi baza gamoyenebulia, imisaTvis, rom Cveni moswavleebisTvis
drois ukeTesi menejerebi gavxdeT.
moswavleTa drois marTvis sakiTxebi Tavmoyrilia ganawilebis, efeqtianobisa da tempis
irgvliv.
ganawileba
moswavleebis mier drois gamoyenebis Taobaze kvlevis zedapirulma ganxilvam SeiZleba
adamians aTqmevinos: `aba, kidev ra aris axali?~ aSkaraa, rom Tu moswavleebi met dros dauTmoben maTematikas da nakleb dros gaatareben fuWad, maTematikas ukeTesad iswavlian! magram
yoveli CvenganisaTvis raRac axali da gasaocari aRmoCndeba xolme, Tu zust monacemebs vnaxavT imis Sesaxeb, Tu sinamdvileSi rogor atareben moswavleebi sagakveTilo dros. 1970-ian
wlebSi davalebebze daxarjuli drois kvlevam mogvca 5.1 sqemaze warmodgenili ufro daxvewili da damajerebeli koncefciebis seria.
`skolaSi gatarebuli drois~ wriT dawyebuli sqemis yoveli wre moicavs da aerTianebs
Sida wreebs.
gankuTvnil dros.
69
Tavi 5
(maRali
warmatebis dro)
(muSaobis dro)
(saswavlo sagnebisTvis
gamoyofili dro)
moswavleTa CarTulobis dro aris is wuTebi, rodesac moswavleebi namdvilad muSaoben an eswrebian swavlebas da ar ocneboben, flangaven dros an wesrigdebian.
akademiuri swavlis dro aris is dro, rodesac moswavleebi zrunaven warmatebis maRali maCveneblisTvis. warmatebis maRali maCvenebeli gansxvavdeba moswavleTa CarTulobis droisagan da CarTulobis drois qvejgufia.
skolaSi gatarebuli droidan nawili sagnebis swavlebas eTmoba.Kkvlevam skolebis Sedarebisas, skolaSi gatarebul droebs Soris mcire gansxvaveba aRmoaCina, samagierod Zalian
didi gansxvavebaa swavlisTvis ganawilebuli drois TvalsazrisiT rogorc skolebs, aseve
klasebs Soris. magaliTad, kaldvelisa da sxvaTa (Caldwell da sxvebi 1982) citirebisas, diSo
(Dishaw) wers:
uSualod mexuTe klasis maTematikisaTvis gamoyofili dro 18-dan 80 wuTamde
meryeobda; mexuTe klasSi kiTxvisaTvis gamoyofili dro _ 51-dan 195 wuTamde.
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Tavi 5
maCvenebeli maRali unda iyos (Stallings 1980). saSualo skolis maswavlebelTa kvleviT dasturdeba, rom CarTulobis saSualo maCvenebeli 73 procentia. moswavleebTan (gansakuTrebiT
dabali moswrebis moswavleebTan) interaqciis ufro dabali maCveneblis mqone maswavlebelTa klasebi miRwevis mniSvnelovnad mcire zrdiT (an aranairi zrdiT) gamoirCeoda. es asea
maSinac ki, Tu moswavleebi drois umetes nawils davalebis Sesrulebas axmaren. sTolingsi
(1980) xsnis, rom:
moswavleebi asruleben davalebas, magram maswavlebeli ar aswavlis. im kla
sebSi, sadac ar iyo zrda, moswavleebi drois 28%-s weriTi davalebebis Se
srulebisTvis iyenebdnen, 22%-s _ Cumad kiTxvisTvis, xolo maswavlebeli menejmentis sakiTxebs drois 27%-ze mets axmarda.
dabolos, moswavleebs warmatebis maRali maCvenebeli CarTulobis drois mxolod
nawilSi aqvT. am dros literaturaSi `akademiuri swavlis dro~ (ratom ar SeiZleba `didi
warmatebis dro~ vuwodoT?) da rogorc aqamde, misi xangrZlivoba, klasebis mixedviT varirebs _ magaliTad, ZiriTadi unarebis wvrTnaze saSualod dabali moswrebis klasebSi dReSi
16, xolo saSualod maRali moswrebis klasSi dReSi 111 wuTamde. sxvaTa Soris, saSualod
maRali da dabali moswavleTa SesaZleblobis doneze ar miuTiTebs. is ukavSirdeba maswavleblis mier moswavleebisaTvis akademiuri
swavlebisTvis gamoyofili drois daaxloebiT
swavlisTvis meti drois `gamonaxvis~ unars.
saSualoze maRali donis maswavleblebi `sa25 procenti, uciloblad menejmentis amocanebsa
Sualo klasebisaTvis orjer da kidev ufro
da moswavleTa yuradRebis mobilizacias xmardeba.
met dros akademiur swavlaze, xolo dabali
moswrebis klasebisaTvis eqvsjer da kidev ufro met dros~ uzrunvelyofen (Caldwell da sxvebi, 1982). es gamaognebeli cifrebi gvaiZulebs yuradRebiT davakvirdeT, rogor iyeneben
moswavleebi saskolo dros, radgan maRali warmatebis dro da miRweva mWidro korelaciaSia
da monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom maswavleblebs, romlebic TavianTi drois gamoyenebas swavloben, mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi SeaqvT moswavleTa ukeT swavlaSi (Stallings 1980).
Cven xuT mexuTe klasSi moswavleTa drois gamoyenebas vikvlevdiT engelisagan (Engel
1977) adaptirebuli teqnikiT. is klass xuTwuTiani intervalebiT akvirdeboda da yovel moswavleze Canawers akeTebda. CanawerSi aRniSnuli iyo, ras akeTebda moswavle da amasTanave
yuradRebisa da CarTulobis ra maCvenebli hqonda. am monacemebiT yoveli moswavlisaTvis
feradi Zeluri grafiki gakeTda, sadac ferebi aRniSnavda dRis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva saswavlo aqtivobebze daxarjul dros. ferad Zelze Savi jvari uyuradRebobisa da CaurTvelobis xarisxs aRniSnavda. yvela Zelis gaerTianebam erT grafikze, maswavlebels arsebiTi
monacemebi misca rogorc calkeul moswavleze, ise mTeli klasis modelze. erT-erTi maswavlebeli drois did nawils uTmobda klasis menejments _ furclebis darigebas, dagegmvas,
gakveTilidan gakveTilze gadasvlisTvis mzadebas, meores moswavleTa CarTulobis dabali
done hqonda mcire jgufebSi _ wynari, mokrZalebuli, magram mudmivi da muSaobisTvis xelis
SemSleli _ usagno saubrebis gamo hqonda. mesamem aRmoaCina, rom misi moswavleebi sakmaod
xSirad iyvnen CarTuli individualur davalebebsa da proeqtebSi da dRis ganmavlobaSi mxolod 5 wuTiT iRebdnen maswavleblis pirdapir instruqciebs. yvela maswavlebelma monacemTa naxvis Semdeg garkveuli cvlilebebi Seitana efeqtianobis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT. es cvlilebebi moicavda tempisadmi met yuradRebas, sivrcis axleburad mowyobas, instruqtirebis
drois axleburad dagegmvas da moswavleTa qcevisadmi maTi molodinebis garkvevas.A imis Tqma
gvsurs, rom maswavleblebma manamde ver SeZles realobis danaxva, vidre calkeuli moswavleebisa da mTeli klasis Sesaxeb obieqturi monacemebis pirispir ar aRmoCndnen. monacemebis
saSualebiT maT efeqtianobis amaRlebas miaRwies. akademiuri swavlis dro da interaqtiur
instruqtirebaze moswavleTa mier daxarjuli dro SeiZleba yvelasTvis naTeli iyos, magram
sakuTari klasis Sesaxeb konkretuli monacemebi axali prioritetebis aRmoCenis saSualebas
mogvcems.
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swavlis dro
benjamin blumis (Benjamin Bloom) naSromma `ostaturi swavla~ Cveni codnis baza drois Sesaxeb kidev erTi mniSvnelovani koncefciiT _ swavlis droiT _ gaamdidra. am koncefciis
mixedviT, moswavleebs SeuZliaT iswavlon nebismieri ram, Tu maT codnisa da unar-Cvevebis
Sesabamisi wina piroba da swavlisTvis adekvaturi dro aqvT. swavlisTvis adekvaturi dro
rodi niSnavs maTTvis masalis micemas da lodins, sanam aiTviseben; es niSnavs axali masalis
analizs, zust mimdinare Sefasebas da konkretuli Temebis ganmeorebiT swavlebas im moswavleebisTvis, visac sWirdeba da ara mxolod maTTvis.
`ostaturi swavlis~ mixedviT, dro moswavleebTan erTad pasuxs maswavlebelsac sTxovs.
cudi swavlisTvis mxolod moswavleebs ver davadanaSaulebT. Cven unda SevamowmoT sakuTari mizandasaxuloba da davrwmundeT, rom moswavleebs axali masalis Sesatyvis `porciebs~
vTavazobT; magaliTad, ar unda avuxsnaT saxelmZRvanelos meore Tavi, Tu pirveli Tavi jer
ar amouwuravT.
`ostaturi swavla~ instruqciis individualizebis formaa, magram individualizeba aq
ufro mets niSnavs, vidre sakuTar temps, vidre programuli masalis gavlas. es niSnavs porciebad dayofili instruqciis naTel da gasageb Tanamimdevrobas da am porciebis miwodebis
gzebis arCevans. pirvel yovlisa ki niSnavs moswavleTa codnis monitorings da ostatobis
kriteriumis miRwevamde ardanebebas.
dabolos, es niSnavs xelaxali swavlebis dagegmvasa1 da imavdroulad Temis gavrcobisaken mimarTul aqtivobebs im moswavleebisaTvis, romlebic pirvel jerze `Caswvdnen~. amgvari
`ormagi wre menejmentisa da dagegmvis sirTuleebs asaxavs, romelic mZime Sromaa ramdenime movlenis erTdoeulad marTvas miuCveveli maswavleblisaTvis. es swavlebis parametrTa
urTierTdamokidebulebis kargi magaliTicaa. swavlis drois mokle mimoxilvam migvabruna tempis, sivrcis, miznebis, saswavlo gamocdilebisa da saklaso oTaxis klimatis parametrebTan.
instruqtirebis dro
mecnierTAa sakvlevi kidev erTi sferoa is, Tu ra raodenobis interaqtiur instruqtirebas iReben moswavleebi, rac gulisxmobs maswavlebelTan erTad masalaze muSaobisas aqtiurad gatarebul dros da ara damoukideblad muSaobas, weriT davalebebs
an Cumad kiTxvas. interaqtiur instruqtirebasTan dakavSirebiT kvlevam gviCvena, rom
1 xelaxali swavlebis sistemisa da misi (rogorc faseuli movlenisa da ara romelime moswavlis siClungis dadasturebis)
saWiroebis Sesaxeb detaluri msjeloba ix. me-13 TavSi.)
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misi meti `raodenoba~ ukeTesi Sedegis wina pirobaa (Stallings & Kaskowitz 1974). saqme martivadaa: aRmoCena, rom rodesac maswavleblebi (da ara moswavlis sagakveTilo drois
didi nawilis momcveli samuSao rveulebi da sxva damoukidebeli davalebebi) aswavlian,
savaraudod, moswavleebi swavloben, arc ise gasakviria, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT maswavleblis ukukavSiris, Sedegebis codnis, xelmZRvanelobis xarisxisa da zemoT ganxiluli
swavlis sxva principebis mniSvnelobas. am aRmoCenam zogierTi miiyvana iqamde, rom mxari dauWira (Rosenshine 1981) mTeli klasis pirdapiri instruqtirebis modelis, rogorc swavlebis
yvelaze efeqtian formas, rac namdvilad gaugebaria. gamokvlevis mixedviT interaqtiuri
instruqtirebis wili mniSvnelovania, magram `pirdapiri instruqtirebis modeli misi miRwevis mxolod erTi gzaa da mxolod unarebis swavlebisTvis gamodgeba. me-10 TavSi ganxiluli swavlebis yvela modeli uzrunvelyofs interaqtiuri swavlebis dros. TanatolTa
swavlebas SeuZlia uzrunvelyos interaqtiuri swavlebis dro. mniSvnelovani interaqtiuri
instruqtirebis atributebi, Cveni azriT, moicavs gasageb axsnas, myisier ukukavSirs, Sedegebis codnas da Sesatyvis xelmZRvanelobas.
amas garda, garkveuli saxis swavlisTvis pirdapiri instruqtirebis modeli erTaderTi
an saukeTeso gza ar gaxlavT, magaliTad, moswavleebisTvis adgilmdebareobis swavlebisas
(ix. me-10 TavSi `sakanonmdeblo modeli~), mecnieruli meTodis swavlebisas (ix. me-10 TavSi
rodesac maswavleblebi aswavlian, savarau
`aRmoCenis modeli~). amrigad, mkiTxvelebs
dod, moswavleebi swavloben.
vurCevT, rom perspeqtivaSi hqondeT pirdapiri swavlebis Tanamedrove popularoba.
pirdapiri swavleba efeqtiania unar-Cvevebis swavlebisas da is interaqtiuri instruqtirebis
drois did nawils moicavs. Tumca unar-Cvevebis garda sxva zRva masalac arsebobs da uamravi
sxva modelic, romelic interaqtiur swavlebas uzrunvelyofs.
axla ki vkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs, swavlebis gamoyenebuli modelis miuxedavad sakmarisi
uSualo kontaqti gvaqvs Tu ara moswavleebTan. aq didi riskis qveSaa individualizebuli
programebi. maTi cudad organizebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebma, aqtiurobisa da CarTulobis miuxedavad, SeiZleba dReSi mxolod ramdenime wuTiT moaxerxon maswavlebelTan urTierToba, rac ar aris sakmarisi. aseT SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelma moswavleebs meti jgufuri
samuSao unda Seasrulebinos an ise marTos individualuri muSaoba, rom moswavleebi meti
ukukavSiriTa da xelmZRvanelobiT uzrunvelyos.
maswavlebelTan gatarebuli ramdeni droa sakmarisi? rozenSaini (1981) askvnis: `amJamad,
saklaso cxovrebis udavo faqtia, rom moswavleebs damoukideblad muSaobisTvis TavianTi
drois 60-dan 75%-mde sWirdebaT. SeiZleba Tu ara am procentuli maCveneblis Semcireba, an
swavlebis ise organizeba, rom moswavleebi damoukideblad muSaobisas ufro CarTuli iyvnen,
momavali kvlevis sakvanZo sakiTxebia~. amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Tu moswavle akademiuri drois 25-40% pirdapir aris CarTuli maswavlebelTan, kargi maCvenebelia. eWvgareSea, rom mravali klasis maCveneblebi Zalian Sors dgas am cifrebisagan.
Cven isic unda gvaxsovdes, rom interaqtiurma instruqtirebam SeiZleba moicvas an ar
moicvas kargi pirdapiri swavlebis atributebi. lainhardtma da sxvebma (1981) sanimuSo
klasebSi aRmoaCines, rom kiTxvaSi maswavleblis instruqciis 16 wuTidan 14 `zogad instruqciaze~ (prezentacia da miTiTebebis micema) modioda. danarCeni 2 wuTidan moswavleebi 1 wuTs
maswavleblis TandaswrebiT davalebis Sesrulebaze xarjavdnen, xolo 1 wuTs kiTxvis swori
elementebis modelirebis axsnaze. amrigad, pirdapiri swavlebis drosac ki, SesaZlebelia,
rom moswavleebma miiRon mcire pirdapiri ukukavSiri da axsna-ganmarteba.
ra udevs safuZvlad sxvadasxva klasSi CarTulobis drois, didi warmatebebis droisa da
interaqtiuri swavlebis drois gansxvavebebs? ras akeTeben saSualoze maRali donis maswavleblebi iseTs, rasac ar akeTeben sxvebi?
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unari menejmentis parametris (yuradReba, tempi, sivrce,) didi nawilia. kouninis (evertsonamde da brofamde) kvlevebi moswavlis miRwevas maswavleblis am unarebs ukavSirebs.
isini cdiloben gazardon moswavlis CarTulobis dro, xolo menejmentsa da disciplinaze
naklebi dro daxarjon. amrigad, uSualod swavlisTvis daTmobili drois gazrdiT testebSi
ukeTes Sedegebs unda velodoT. Tumca, sainteresoa imis aRniSvnac, rom kargi menejerobis
miuxedavad, `auTvisebeli drois arseboba, rogorc Cans, gardauvalia. saSualod kiTxvisa da
maTematikisaTvis gamoyofili droidan moswavleebi saaTSi daaxloebiT 16 wuTi CarTulebi
ar arian; samma maRali donis maswavlebelma es raodenoba 12 wuTamde Seamcira. saSualo da
maRali donis maswavlebelTa klasebSi moswavleebi rvidan cxra wuTamde gakveTilebsa Soris
Sualedebsa da lodinSi xarjavdnen. ase rom, gansxvaveba akademiuri CarTulobis yvelaze
maRali maCveneblis (meti wuTis) mqone da da saSualo maswavleblebs Soris saaTSi daaxloebiT oTxi auTvisebeli wuTi iyo. didwilad Aam gansxvavebis mizezi iyo is, rom maRali donis
maswavleblebi davalebis gareSe gatarebul dros saaTSi daaxloebiT oTx wuTamde amcirebdnen~ (Rosenshine 1981). magram maRali donis maswavleblebi TviT sagansac met dros uTmobdnen. amrigad, menejmentis unarebis garda akademiurad CarTuli drois sxvadasxvaobis
mizezebis sias SegviZlia erTi mizezic davumatoT: drois ganawilebis prioritetebi mkafiod
unda iyos gamokveTili da maT frTxilad movekidoT.
didi warmatebis droSi gansxvavebebis mizezebs SeiZleba mivakvlioT davalebaTa SesatyvisobaSi, maswavleblis diagnostikur gamWriaxobaSi, damoukidebeli davalebis micemamde
instruqciisa da miTiTebebis adekvaturobaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, amis mizezia maswavleblis Semdegi unarebi: axsnis sicxade,
saswavlo gamocdilebis struqturireba da
is, rac gakveTilis pirvel da bolo wuTebSi
miznebis morgeba individebisa da jgufebixdeba, moswavles yvelaze ukeT amaxsovrdeba.
saTvis. Tumca am mizezebis dadgena didad ver
dagvexmareba, Tu dros parametrad ganvixilavT da gvainteresebs, konkretulad ra unarebia saWiro misi warmatebiT marTvisTvis. aqamde vambobdiT, rom drois kargi menejmenti sxva parametrebis kargad marTvas ukavSirdeba.
metwilad es asecaa. Tu moswavleebi davalebas asruleben, produqtiulebi da warmatebulebi
arian, es drois kargad marTvaze metia; es warmatebuli swavlebaa. farTo masStabiT moswavlis drois kargad gamoyeneba kargad swavlebis kriteriumia, igi Sedegia yvelafrisa, rasac
kargi ganaTleba gulisxmobs. Tumca, arsebobs ramdenime unari, romelic, udavod, TviT
drois efeqtiani menejmentis nawilia. modiT, drois parametris is aspeqtebi ganvixiloT,
romlebic mas maswavleblis unarTa sferoSi TavisTavads xdis.
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tempis kargi unaris mqone maswavlebels yvelaze ukeT SeuZlia pirveli wuTebis upiratesobiT sargebloba. is maswavlebeli, romelic moswavleebTan erTad regularulad ajamebs
gakveTils, ufro bolo wuTebis upiratesobas gamoiyenebs. Tumca Sejameba bolo wuTebis
kargad gamoyenebis erTaderTi gza ar aris. swori gamoyenebis sxva magaliTebia: davalebis
yuradRebiT micema, moswavleTa dayeneba saintereso dilemis winaSe (`dasasruli daboloebis gareSe~), moswavleTa individualuri CarTva sakamaTo sakiTxebSi da sxv. mTavaria, rom
pirveli da bolo wuTebi ki ar gavflangoT aramed gamoviyenoT, saintereso da mizanmimarTuli gavxadoT.
tempi da ritmi
`morgeba~ mniSvnelovani sakiTxia yovel parametrTan mimarTebaSi. Cven wamovayeneT mosazreba, romlis mixedviT parametri Seicavs repertuars da maswavleblis ostatoba gamoisaxeba imiT, rom SeuZlia sxvadasxva variantebi moargos individebs, jgufsa da kurikulus. es
tempsa da dagegmvasac exeba. erTi da igive tempi yvela klasSi ver gamogvadgeba. karolin
evertsonma (Carolyn Evertson 1982) aRmoaCina, rom maswavleblis mier SerCeuli aqtivobebis
tempi, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda da Zlieri da susti jgufebis Sesatyvisi iyo. dabali
moswrebis moswavleebs monawileobaSi CarTvisa da misi mitovebis aSkara tendencia aqvT, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac samuSaos Sesrulebisas, sxedan. zogi maTgani saerTod uars ambobs monawileobaze. evertsoni aRwers da komentars akeTebs maRali donis maswavleblis or
klasze, raTa aCvenos sxvadasxva tempis moqmedeba sust moswavleebze.* viwyebT `b~ maswavlebliT:
(maswavlebelma es-esaa dafaze dawera davaleba, romelic magidebTan msxdomma moswavleebma unda Searsulon). `me wigni ar maqvs!~ ambobs meri. `Sexede im
Taroebs~, upasuxebs maswavlebeli da uCvenebs. `isini Cveni araa~, uarobs meri.
`zogierTi Cvenia~, amSvidebs maswavlebeli. meri wigns iRebs. Ciko xels iwevs da
ambobs: `me daxmareba mWirdeba~. daaxloebiT xuTi moswavle maSinve iwyebs davalebis Sesrulebas. (gakveTils 12 moswavle eswreba). danarCenebi saubroben,
iweven xels an midian maswavleblis magidasTan. maswavlebeli rendis uxmobs:
`modi, rendi~. mas leric mihyveba. `leri, daanebe Tavi~, sTxovs maswavlebeli.
leri maswavleblis magidasTan dgeba. Ciko isev iwevs xels. `Ciko, ra gWirdeba?~
ekiTxeba maswavlebeli. `daxmareba~, upasuxebs Ciko. `kargi, erT wuTs moicade~,
sTxovs maswavlebeli.Lleri maswavleblis magidasTan jdeba da saubrisas uyurebs. Ciko yviris: `masw., damexmarebiT?~ `diax, Ciko, magram aq modi~, sTxovs
maswavlebeli. `auh, metismetad Sors xarT~. maswavlebeli yuradRebas ar aqcevs
da isic maswavleblis magidasTan midis. (am droisTvis maswavleblis magidasTan
xuTi moswavlea.)
situaciis aRwera sakmaod arsebiTad gviCvenebs im sirTules, romelic SeiZleba susti
klasis moswavleebs hqondeT aqtivobis dawyebasa da masSi warmatebiT monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT. erT momentSi maswavleblis magidasTan xuTi moswavle iyo da maTi umravlesoba
daxmarebas elodeboda. (am merxebTan Sesasrulebeli aqtivobis ganmavlobaSi maswavlebeli,
saboloo angariSSi, Tavis magidasTan cxra moswavles daexmara). amdeni moswavlis erTmaneTTan aseTi siaxlove xSirad problemebisa da usaqcielobis mizezi xdeboda, razec maswavlebeli iZulebuli iyo, epasuxa.
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Evertson, C. `Differences in Instractional Activities in Higher- and Lower Achieving Junior High English
and Math Classes.` Elementary School Journal 82/4 (1982): 329-350. 1982 University of Chicago Press. yvela ufleba daculia.
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dro
es dialogi davalebaze cud orientaciasac asaxavs, rac, rogorc wesi, susti klasisTvis
aris damaxasiaTebeli. Cikos saqcieli tipobrivia bevri neli moswavlisTvis. is seriozulad
ar ekideboda akademiur aqtivobas, ar hqonda saswavlo amocanaze muSaobis dawyebis survili
da monawileobis interesi. davalebaze erTi moswavlis cudi orientacia SeiZleba sxvebis
usaqcielobis mizezi gaxdes, raSic Tavad davrwmundebiT:
maSin, roca maswavlebeli merisTan muSaobas cdilobs, meri Cikosgan iRebs magaliTs da maswavlebels aRizianebs. is xels stacebs furclebis asakinZs. `oh, oh,
modi aq, meri, xmamaRla ambobs maswavlebeli. mogvianebiT meri Tavis furcels
maswavlebels gamostacebs, WmuWnis da eubneba: `Tqven Cems furcelze dawereT.
Tqven ar unda daweroT Cems furcelze~ da jdeba. am dros bili lerisTan TamaSsa da saubars agrZelebs. `bili, modi aq!~ mkacrad ambobs maswavlebeli. `swored
amas ambobs maswi da es misTvisacaa~, xmamaRla ambobs leri. Semdeg bili Tavis
merxs ayiravebs, leri ki mReris: `waiyvane, waiyvane, waiyvane Seni merxi naviviT~.
rodesac maswavlebeli amden moswavles cal-calke aqcevs yuradRebas, is ver SeZlebs klasis efeqtian monitorings, xolo moswavleebs kidev ufro uWirT maswavleblis yuradRebis
mipyroba.
`qalbatono, me usasrulod ver davicdi~, yviris xelaweuli Ciko. `erTi wuTiT~,
pasuxobs maswavlebeli. `qalbatono!~ yviris marki xmamaRla. maswavlebeli yuradRebas ar aqcevs mas da meris daxmarebas agrZelebs. Semdeg is midis pemTan,
romelsac didi xania xeli aweuli aqvs. `me daxmareba mWirdeba~, yviris am dros
erTi gogona wina merxidan. mas xeli aweuli aqvs, magram mainc yviris. maswavlebeli Sexedavs mas da eubneba: `kargi, erT wuTSi mand viqnebi~.
unda aRiniSnos, rom moswavleebidan ori ubralod ki ar yviris, maT xelebic aweuli aqvT.
maT ician, rom ubralod xelis aweva iseTi efeqturi signali ar aris, rogorc yvirili. maswavlebeli am garemoebaSi Tanamimdevrulad ar iTxovda (arsebiTad, saerTod ar iTxovda),
rom daecvaT wesi da ar eyviraT.
`romeli saaTia?~ yviris Ciko. bili pasuxobs. maswavlebeli arc erTs ar aqcevs
yuradRebas. bili da Ciko iseT epiTetebs cvlian, rogoricaa `yeyeCi~. maswavlebeli, romelic wina merxTan mjdom gogonas exmareba, yuradRebas ar aqcevs
maT. Semdeg biWebs Sexedavs da ekiTxeba: `Ciko, kidev gWirdeba raimes gakeTeba?~
`ara~, upasuxebs Ciko. `maSin, wynarad iyavi~, ambobs maswavlebeli.
ZiriTadi konfliqti sust klasebSi maswavleblis or moTxovnas Soris arsebobda: moswavleebis daxmarebasa da Seusabamo, Semawuxebeli qcevis kontrols Soris. am magaliTSi
maswavlebels ar undoda Seewyvita informaciis miwodeba win mjdomi gogonebisTvis, Tumca,
sabolood, mainc iZulebuli gaxda ase moqceuliyo, roca davalebaSi CaurTvel moswavleTa
usaqcielobis safrTxe Seiqmna.
`v~ maswavleblis susti klasis SedarebiT maRali miRweva ki, ufro zedmiwevniTi ganxilvisken gvibiZgebs. man mniSvnelovnad meti dro dauTmo samuSaos Sesworebasa da ganxilvas
(13.7 wuTi) da masalis prezentacias _ leqcias an damoukidebeli samuSaos gacnobas (14.4
wuTi). mniSvnelovnad ufro naklebi dro bolo damoukidebel aqtivobas (22.5 wuTi), vidre es
zogadad damaxasiaTebeli iyo susti klasebisTvis. garda amisa, gansxvavebulad iyo struqturirebuli leqcia an damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesavali faza, intervalebSi ki xSirad gamoyenebuli iyo ori an meti Zalian xanmokle, Zalian fokusirebuli damoukidebeli aqtivoba.
am klasSi leqcia an saboloo jdomiTi aqtivobis gacnoba Cveulebisamebr Semdegi modeliT
mimdinareobda:
77
Tavi 5
`v~ maswavlebeli midis dafasTan, sadac weria 25 cifri da iwyebs pirvelis damrgvalebas. es samuSao moswavleebs furcelze unda gaakeTebinos. `minda, pirveli xuTi Tqven gaakeToT~, ambobs is. cifrebi mocemulia xuT svetad. `roca
daasrulebT, pastebi daawyveT~, agrZelebs is. moswavleebi cifrebs weren, maswavlebeli ki klasSi dadis. daaxloebiT 6 wuTis Semdeg klass aCerebs da devids pasuxebs ekiTxeba. devidi warbebs Wmuxnis da ambobs, rom ar gaukeTebia. `vis
SeuZlia daxmareba?~ _ kiTxulobs maswavlebeli. `me~, ambobs roberti. maswavlebeli Semdeg svetebze gadadis, xolo bolos `a~ svetze, romelic uaxloes
aseulamde unda damrgvaldes. bolo svetze muSaobisas kermiti yviris: `saSinao
davalebac gveqneba?~ `erT wuTSi mogcemT davalebas~, eubneba maswavlebeli.
`Tu am yvelafers gavakeTebT, davalebis mosacemad dro aRar dagvrCeba~, ambobs
kermiti. `yvelafris gakeTebas ar vapirebT~, upasuxebs maswavlebeli. Semdeg dafasTan midis, moswavleebs mimarTavs da meore svetis mimoxilvas iwyebs. is jeks
pirvelis damrgvalebaSi daxmarebas sTxovs, romelmac TQva, rom Sedegi ver miiRo. `me, ubralod, daxmareba gTxove~, eubneba maswavlebeli. jeki davalebis
Sesrulebas cdilobs. maswavlebeli exmareba. (gakveTilis bolomde darCenilia
daaxloebiT 10 wuTi, maswavlebeli damoukidebel davalebas aZlevs.)
Semdegi epizodi leqciis an diskusiis kidev erTi magaliTia, romelSic CarTulia mokle
damoukidebeli samuSaoebi.
[maswavlebeli] ambobs, rom aTwiladebis Sekrebaze isaubreben. arsebiTad, mTeli ricxvebis Sekrebisagan didad ar gansxvavdeba. maswavlebeli pirvel amocanas jons axsnevinebs. `miTxari, ra davwero~, eubneba mas. joni umatebs sams
da ors da ambobs, rom xuTia. Semdeg umatebs eqvss da cxras da ambobs, rom TxuTmetia; wers xuTs da imaxsovrebs erTs. `sad vwerT am erTians? aq?~ ekiTxeba
maswavlebeli. `ara, erTiani dawereT rvis maRla~, karnaxobs joni. Semdeg rvas
umatebs da iRebs cxras. maswavlebels eubneba, rom aTwiladi cxrasa da xuTs Soris daweros. `Zalian kargi!~ ambobs maswavlebeli dasrulebisas. Semdeg iwyebs
aTwiladebis gasameorebeli kiTxvebis dasmas. is svams kiTxvebs da axsenebs moswavleebs: `aswieT xeli da miTxariT, romel adgilzea aTwiladi~. meore magaliTis gasakeTeblad dafasTan greisis iZaxebs, romelic uars ambobs da amitom
maswavlebeli eduards mimarTavs. eduardi amocanas xsnis da kiTxulobs, `miTxariT, ra aris mcdari~. `ho, modi vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba mivxvdeT?~ eubneba
maswavlebeli. moswavleebi yvirian, rom SemowmebisTvis gayofa SeuZliaT. 9:28
saaTze maswavlebeli dafaze mesame magaliTs wers. klass avalebs, rom davaleba
TavianT furclebze Seasrulon, unda gaagrZelon da mesame nomeric gaakeTon
da darwmundnen, sworad gaakeTeben Tu ara. maswavlebeli klasSi siaruls iwyebs
da amowmebs, sworad xsnian Tu ara moswavleebi amocanas. oTaxSi Cumi saubaria,
maswavlebeli isev dadis. 9:41 saaTze maswavlebeli ambobs: `modiT, vnaxoT~. (is
dafaze xsnis amocanas, Semdeg kidev erT amocanas aZlevs damoukidebeli samuSaosTvis, isev dadis da amowmebs).
`v~ maswavlebeli sust klasebSi damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesrulebas Tavs arTmevs leqciaSi xanmokle segmentebad damoukidebel samuSaoTa (an am samuSaos gacnobis) CarTviT,
gakveTilis mimdinareobis SenarCunebisTvis pasuxismgeblobas ki drois mokle periodebSi moswavleebTan erTad inawilebs. gakveTilis am formatis upiratesobebi Zalze aSkaraa:
pirvel yovlisa, xangrZliv aqtivobasTan SedarebiT xanmokle damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesrulebisas, moswavleebi metad iqnebian orientirebuli davalebaze. leqciaSi CarTuli damoukidebeli samuSaoebi saleqcio gakveTilis mTlianobis SenarCunebis saSualebas iZleva,
rac Tavis mxriv, damoukidebel samuSaos Seuwyobs xels. meore: leqciaSi CarTuli es xan-
78
dro
mokle damoukidebeli aqtivobebi maswavlebels saSualebas aZlevs ufro swrafad uzrunvelyos informaciis miReba, vidre xangrZlivi damoukidebeli aqtivobebis dros. mas SeuZlia
moaxdinos leqciis ganmavlobaSi axsna-ganmartebebis saWiroebisamebr modificireba ise,
rom ar Sewyvitos xangrZlivi damoukidebeli aqtivoba, rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme sust
klasebSi.
amrigad, `v~ maswavleblis susti klasi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba `b~ maswavleblis susti
klasisagan. `b~ maswavlebels bevrad ufro xangrZlivi damoukidebeli samuSaoebi da ufro
xanmokle Semowmebisa da saleqcio aqtivobebi hqonda, ramac SesaZloa gaurTula saqmianoba,
radgan damoukidebeli samuSaos Sesruleba xSirad problema xdeba sust klasSi. `v~ maswavlebelma minimumamde Seamcira es problema Tavis sust klasSi imiT, rom Seamcira damoukidebeli samuSaos xangrZlivoba, ramac xeli Seuwyo misi moswavleebis ufro maRal orientacias
davalebaze. Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom grZeli, xangrZlivi damoukidebeli samuSaoebi araefeqtiania, arTulebs menejmentis problemebs da minimumamde amcirebs sust klasebSi davalebaze orientacias.
bevr maswavlebels rogorc Zlieri, ise susti klasebi hyavs. SeuZliaT Tu ara maT zemoT
xsenebuli `v~ maswavlebeliviT Secvalon situacia da gansxvavebuli tempiT uxelmZRvanelon
sxvadasxva klass? swored amas vgulisxmobT am nawilis saTaurad gamotanil `tempsa da ritmSi~. SegviZlia vnaxoT, rogor axerxebs maswavlebeli drois struqturirebas calkeuli individebisTvis, rogorc es `v~ maswavlebelma gaakeTa mTeli klasisTvis. aseTi cvalebadobis
mizezebi udavod scildeba globalur sityvas `SesaZlebloba~. evertsonis kvlevaSi `SesaZlebloba~ gamosaSveb gamocdebze warmatebas niSnavda. gansxvaveba Zlier da sust klasebs
Soris gvqonda. sisustisa da siZlieris mravali mizezi arsebobs garda memkvidreobiT SesaZleblobisa, rac niWierebas gulisxmobs. Zalian unarianma, magram impulsurma an gonebagafantulma moswavleebma SeiZleba ukeT iswavlon, roca maTi tempi kargad fokusirebuli xanmokle aqtivobebiT regulirdeba. gamocdili maswavlebeli amgvari garemos Seqmnas cdilobs
maTTvis, visac es sWirdeba, klasis danarCeni nawili ki am dros gansxvavebuli tempiT muSaobs.
Cven unda SegveZlos ganvsazRvroT, rogor marTavs maswavlebeli temps da qvemoT
CamoTvlilidan romel models Seesabameba:
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy
79
diax
ara
diax
ara
diax
ara
diax
ara
ara
ara
ara
diax
dro - Sejameba
dro - Sejameba
diax
ara
diax
ara
diax
ara
diax
ara
diax
ara
81
4. interaqtiuli instruqtireba
82
dro - savarjiSo
SeamowmeT, rogor gaigeT skolaSi drois menejmentTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli kvleva. dawereT `W~ - WeSmariti, xolo `m~ mcdari debulebebis win.
dro - savarjiSo
83
2. periodis bolos maswavlebeli 5 wuTs andomebs saSinao davalebis micemas, namuSevrebis Segrovebas da imas, rom moswavleebma gaasworon TavianTi skamebi.
6. bunebismetyvelebis 50-wuTian gakveTilze maswavlebeli aCvenebs 30-wuTian videofilms vulkanebze. moswavleebi upasuxeben kiTxvebs mTlian jgufur ganxilvaSi 15 wuTis ganmavlobaSi videofilmis Semdeg, bolo 5 wuTs ki xarjaven dafidan
saSinao davalebis gadmoweraze.
7. baRis maswavlebeli gakveTilis drois 10 wuTs xarjavs imaSi, rom Tavis moswavleebs exmareba qurTukebis SekvraSi, qudebis daxurvaSi da SesvenebisTvis fexsacmelebis CacmaSi.
8. meSvide klasis cocxal mecnierebaTa salaboratorio samuSaosaTvis mosamzadeblad moswavleebi midian oTaxis wina nawilSi, raTa eqsperimentisaTvis saWiro
84
9. inglisuris gakveTilze maswavlebeli yovel moswavles 5 wuTis ganmavlobaSi esaubreba, klasis danarCeni nawili ki damoukidebel samuSaos asrulebs. am process
ori gakveTili sWirdeba.
14. maswavlebeli xSirad iwyebs gakveTils imiT, rom or-or moswavles adarebinebs saSinao davalebis pasuxebs. is moswavleebi, romlebic ar eswrebodnen, an ar aqvT
motanili saSinao davaleba, usaqmod arian. Tu momuSave wyvilSi maT mesame wevrad
Casvams,savaraudod, zogierTi maTgani xels SeuSlis.
15. susti moswavleebis am jgufs maswavlebeli dRis bolos xvdeba. isini daRlilebi
Canan da maswavleblis mier dagegmil miTiTebebsa da saleqcio formatze ar reagireben.
16. gundis gakveTilis pirveli wuTebi, roca moswavleebi alageben da awyoben TavianT instrumentebs, ikargeba. maswavleblis SeniSvnis pasuxad moswavleebi esaubrebian erTmaneTs an erTobian instrumentebiT.
85
lebsac sxva klasebisTvis masalebis wasaRebad gzavnian. garda amisa, mas yoveldRiurad, xSirad sxvadasxva klasSi, xuTi gakveTili aqvs. yoveli gakveTilis win
is dros kargavs, roca masalebsa da gakveTilis gegmaze cdilobs. rogor SeiZleba
moswavleTa CarTulobis drois maqsimumamde gazrda?
86
dro
literatura:
Anderson, L. W. Student Involvement in Learning and School Achievement. California Journal of Educational
Research 26 (March 1975): 53-62.
Bloom, B. S. Time and Learning. American Psychologist 29 (September 1974): 682-688.
Caldwell, J. H., W. G. Huitt, and A. O. Graeber, Time Spent in Learning. The Elementary School Journal 82/5
(1982): 371-480.
Dishaw, M. Descriptions of Allocated Time to Content Areas for the A-B Period. Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study Technical Note Series, Technical Note IV-2a. San Francisco: Far West Laboratory for Educational Research and Development, 1977.
Engel, B. S. Informal Evaluation. Grand Forks, N.D.: University of North Dakota Press, 1977.
Evertson, C. Differences in Instructional Activities in High and Low Achieving Junior High School Classes.
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston, Mass.,
April 1980.
Evertson, C. Differences in Instructional Activities in Higher- and Lower-Achieving Junior High English and
Math Classes. Elementary School Journal 82/4 (1982): 329-350.
Fisher, C. W. et al. Teaching Behaviors, Academic Learning Time and Student Achievement: Final Report on
Phase IH-B, Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study. San Francisco: Far West Regional Laboratory, 1978.
Hillerich, R. L. Thats Teaching Spelling??? Educational Leadership (May 1982): 615-517.
Karweit, N., and R. E. Slavin, Measurement and Modelings Choices in Studies of Time and Learning. Educational Research Journal 18/2 (Summer 1981): 157-172.
Leinhardt, G., N. Zigmond, and W. M. Corley. Reading Instruction and Its Effects. American Educational
Research Journal 18/3 (Fall 1981): 343-361.
Powell, M., and M. Dishaw, A Realistic Picture of Reading Instructional Time. Reading Research Quarterly
(1981).
Rim, E., and A. Coller. Ln Search of Nonlinear Process-Product Functions in Existing Schooling Effects Data: A
Reanalysis of the First-Grade Reading and Mathematics Data from the Stallings and Kaskowitz Follow
Through Study. Philadelphia: Research for Better Schools, Inc., 1982.
Rosenshine, B. V. How Time is Spent in Elementary Classrooms. Journal of Classroom Interaction 17/1 (Winter 1981): 16-25.
Stallings, J. A. Allocated Academic Learning Time Revisited, or Beyond Time on Task. Educational Researcher
9/11 (December 1980).
Stallings, J. A., and D. H. Kaskowitz. FollowThrough Classroom Observation j Evaluation, 1972-1973. Menlo
Park, Calif.n: Stanford Research Institute, 1974.
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6
rutina
romeli proceduruli rutinaa
mniSvnelovani, rogor miviRoT misgan
maqsimaluri sargebeli?
gasagebi komunikacia da standartebi
rogor SevusabamoT rutina miznebs
rutina
Tavi 6
aspeqtebs:
molodinis parametris Sesaxeb gamoyenebuli msjeloba rutinis ZiriTadi standartebis marTebulobisa da maTi individebisa Tu jgufebis Sesatyvisobis Sesamowmebladac
gamogvadgeba. amitom, molodinis standartebis msgavsad, rutinis standartebi SeiZleba qvemoT moyvanili skalis mixedviT ganvixiloT (detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Tavi `molodini~):
maRali, magram keTilgonivruli: standartebi Zalze maRalia, magram moswavleebs ZaluZT maTi miRweva.
akademiuri samuSaos msgavsad, maswavleblisa da moswavlisTvis mniSvnelovania, rom rutinis standartebi Seesabamebodes yoveli individisa da jgufis saWiroebebs. (ix. me-11 Tavi
standartebis morgebis sxvadasxva doneebis Sesaxeb msjelobisaTvis.)
am sakiTxebis amowurvis Semdeg, ukve mzad varT axal Temaze gadasasvlelad. kerZod, ra
aris TviT rutina? ratom aris is aseTi da rogor SeiZleba misgan maqsimaluri sargeblis
miReba?
92
rutina
93
Tavi 6
me pirvel moswavles viZaxeb wasakiTxad, is, Tavis mxriv, momdevno mkiTxvels iZaxebs. am gziT erTveba moswavleTa ufro didi procentuli raodenoba da wamoiWreba samarTlianobisa (biWebma mxolod biWebi ar unda gamoiZaxon) da kiTxvis
diferencialuri unarebis gaazrebis sakiTxebi.
Cveni azriT, maswavleblebs SeZlebisdagvarad gaazrebuli da gansazRvruli unda hqondeT TavianTi `SeniRbuli~ saswavlo gegma, raSic maT swored es parametri daexmarebaT. survilis SemTxvevaSi, maswavleblebi SeZleben, rom maTeuli rutina mravali miznis samsaxurSi
Caayenon.
94
rutina - Sejameba
_ pirdapiri
_ specifikuri
_ ganmeorebiTi
_ dadebiTi molodiniT
_ modelirebuli
_ daJinebuli
_ Tanamimdevruli
2. SemoxazeT erTi Sesabamisi. standartebi, romlebsac rutina moicavs aris:
arc erTi
ramdenime Tanamimdevruli
dabali
metismetad maRali
saSualo
STamagonebel-bundovani
rutina - Sejameba
1. g
adaxedeT rutinis komunikaciis Tqvens mier gamoyenebul aspeqtebs. SegiZliaT
Tu ara iseTi SemTxvevis gaxseneba, romelic gaamyarebs Tqvens naTqvams an qmedebas.
araviTari rutina
ramdenime daugegmavi rutina
stabiluri rutina
stabiluri da maRalefeqtiani rutina
cvalebadi rutina, alternativebi
jgufis Sesatyvisi rutina
individebis Sesatyvisi rutina
95
rutina - savarjiSo
tempi
akademiuri
pirovnuli an socialuri swavleba (SemoklebiT ps)
arCevanis gasaadvileblad hkiTxeT sakuTar Tavs rutinis arsisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. Tqveni azriT, am sami kategoriidan es mizani romels ufro
Seesabameba. SeiZleba zogierTi or kategoriasac Seesabamebodes. saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, gadaxedeT teqstSi gamoyenebul magaliTebs. pasuxebi mocemulia
am nawilis boloSi.
1. `damatebiTi qula damatebiT namuSevarze: Tu moswavle adre daamTavrebs
maTematikis an kiTxvis davalebas, maqvs damatebiTi `saxaliso~ davalebebi, romelic Cvens mier naswavli koncefciis ganmtkicebas an ganvrcobas emsaxureba.
davalebebis nakrebs im moswavles vaZlev, romelmac pirvelma daasrula. Semdeg sxva moswavleebs veubnebi, rom damatebiTi davalebebis miReba am pirveli
moswavlisgan SeuZliaT, rac garkveul damatebiT pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs
pirvel moswavles da maTavisuflebs sxva jgufisTvis damatebiTi davalebebis
micemisgan~.
rutina - savarjiSo
2. `roca sadme mivdivarT, win mimaval moswavles vTxov karis daWeras, romelic
yvelas gaatarebs da rigis bolos dgeba. amiT gamovricxav pirvelobisTvis
`brZolas~, radgan vinc pirveli iyo, bolo aRmoCndeba. xSirad arc meoreobisTvis `ibrZvian~, radgan, Cveulebriv, ramdenime karebSi gavdivarT xolme~.
3. `yoveli Tvis dasawyisSi moswavleebs axal fanqars vaZlevT. gamonaklisis
garda, maT axali Semdeg Tvemde aRar eZlevaT (unda iTxovon an saxlidan moitanon). amiT Tavidan vicilebT fanqrebis daudevrad dayras~.
4. `moTxrobaTa saqaRaldeebi Seicavs moswavleTa namuSevrebis meoreul monaxazebs. yvela moswavles aqvs saSualeba gadaikiTxos Zveli naweri, SeamCnios
winsvla da ubralod siamovneba miiRos sakuTari namuSevriT. aseve sasargebloa es saqaRaldeebi konferenciebisTvis~.
5. `CemTan, rogorc specialistTan, mosul yovel moswavles aqvs saqaRalde,
romelSic inaxavs dasrulebul an dasamTavrebel namuSevrebs. es saqaRaldeebi
inaxeba rZis plastikur yuTSi TiToeuli jgufisaTvis muxis etiketis gamyofe-
97
biT. gakveTilis win moswavleebi iReben masalebs yuTidan. saqaRaldeebTan erTad SeiZleba SevinaxoT sia, romelSic miTiTebulia wakiTxuli wignebi, gamoyenebuli masalebi, gakveTilebis cxrili da sxva saWiro informacia~.
6. `yovel paraskevs diliT, vjdebi moswavlesTan, romelsac winaswar virCev [savaraudod, yovel kvira sxvadasxvasTan]. Cven erTad vakeTebT [klasis] yovelkvireuli gazeTis samuSao variantis monaxazs. me vTavazob statiis monaxazs,
xolo moswavle gamarTavs teqsts. Semdeg gadawers mas originalze. es moswavlisaTvis weraSi dadebiT gamocdilebas uzrunvelyofs. aris patara teqnikuri
riski da ukukavSiri xels uwyobs weris sxva saxeebs~.
7. `es aseve uzrunvelyofs xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi periodul individualur muSaobas yovel moswavlesTan. akademiuri/saxaliso aqtivoba ki iZleva
moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris urTierTobis damyarebis saSualebas, rac
mniSvnelovania kargad swavlebisTvis. is saklaso oTaxSi mcire sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis SesaZleblobasac gvaZlevs; statiebi SeiZleba Seexebodes uSualod klass, mis wevrebs, maT mierve Seqmnil nivTebs, wina kviras gadamxdar ambebs. Aamrigad, gazeTi klasis garkveul istorias qmnis da SeiZleba wlis ganmavlobaSi iqmnebodes. Yyvela mouTmenlad elodeba mis gamosvlas _ is xom maT
Sesaxebaa!
8. `kidev erTi xerxi, romelic moswavleebs maTematikaSi dafaze muSaobisas exmareba. maTematikis dauxazav furclebze muSaobisas, muSaobis dawyebamde,
vuxsni qaRaldis dakecvas. ase iqmneba ujrebi amocanebisTvis, rac furclis
organizebaSi exmareba. es aris aseve gakveTili kvadratSi ayvanaSi~.
9. `zogierTi maswavlebeli amtkicebs, rom maTematikaSi muSaoba mxolod did
ujrebian qaRaldze SeiZleba, romelic moswavleebs svetebis organizebasa da
sworad ganlagebaSi exmareba. Semdeg isini amcireben ujrebis zomas da TandaTanobiT amcireben ujrebiani qaRaldis gamoyenebas. isini moiTxoven, rom
moswavleebma swor xazze da organizebulad imuSaon.
10. `dafaze grZelvadiani davalebebis gakvra Sesabamisi vadebiT, rac moswavleebisgan Tavisufal dros am davalebebze muSaobas moiTxovs, maT davalebis Sesrulebisas sakuTari drois organizebaze pasuxismgeblobas aswavlis. davalebaTa nusxis xSirad gadamowmeba maT mocemul droSi `Catevas~ aswavlis~.
11. `es rutina miznad isaxavs, rom moswavleebmaEE E E BMAE BMAE iswavlon E TavianTi drois ma
rTva _ proeqtebis dagegmva Semadgenel nawilebad da davalebebis dayofa
drois periodebis mixedviT, raTa maT SeZlon micemul droSi Cateva. SesaZloa
bavSvebma Tavidan ver SeZlon drois marTva da amitom procedurebma unda uzrunvelyos swavleba an Sesatyvisi strategiebi. strategiis pirveli nawili
aris vadiani davalebis micema, rac moswavles warmatebis miRwevis saSualebas
aZlevs da aseve aswavlis Rirseul damarcxebas. maswavlebelma SeiZleba dasvas
kiTxvebi: `rogor/ra iswavleT am gamocdilebiT? SeZlebT Tu ara da rogor moagvarebT momavalSi msgavs problemas?~ individebisTvis am kiTxvebis dasasmelad unda momzaddes pirobebi. zogierTi maswavlebeli drodadro amowmebs,
ra warmatebebs miaRwies moswavleebma grZelvadiani davalebis SesrulebaSi.
maT SeiZleba Semoinaxon garkveuli Tavisufali dro an gakveTilis dro, yovel moswavlesTan Sesaxvedrad da winsvlaze sasaubrod. es mokle Semowmebebi,
rogorc iTqva, emsaxureba informaciis miRebas mimdinare muSaobis Sesaxeb da
zogierTi zarmaci moswavlis motivirebas muSaobis dasawyebad. amave dros es
SeiZleba iyos kerZo swavlebis, axsnis an direqtivebis xelaxali micemis Ses-
98
aZlebloba. drois marTvisa da organizebis swavlebisas Cndeba kiTxva: Tqveneuli procedurebis ra aspeqti exmareba moswavleebs swavlaSi, garda imisa,
rom maT akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas ubralod grZelvadian davalebebis SesrulebisTvis?]
12. `kviraSi samjer klass aqvs Cumad kiTxvis dro. isini survilisamebr kiTxuloben wignebs, statiebs da sxva masalebs. periodis bolos im dRes wakiTxuli masalis saTauri da TariRi SeaqvT nusxaSi, romelic maT saqaRaldeSi inaxeba. me
bavSvebs vawarmoebineb am Canawers da vagroveb furclebs, daaxloebiT, TveSi
erTxel. es mexmareba maT arCevanze dakvirvebaSi. Tavad bavSvebs ki, vfiqrob,
wakiTxulis raodenobis gacnobierebaSi exmareba. zogierTisTvis es namdvili
stimulia!~
13. `nusxaSi `dRevandeli samuSaoebi~ CamoTvlilia yoveldRiuri samuSaoebi [didi
plakati, moswavleebis saxelebi da gvarebi, samuSaos saxeebi Tavfurcelze.
moswavleebs SeuZliaT naxon TavianTi saxelisa da gvaris gaswavriv maTTvis
gankuTvnili davalebebi]. es cxrili yoveldRiuri davalebebis individualizaciis saSualebaa. moswavleebs yoveldRiurad Sesasrulebeli saqmianobisTvis pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs. isini aRniSnaven davalebebs maTi dasrulebis
Semdeg, rac maT TviTkontrolis unars uviTarebs~.
14. `xSirad Zalze efeqtiania ramdenime moswavlisTvis klasSi individualuri
muSaoba, cxrilis Sedgena. moswavles es cxrili mudam Tan aqvs da aRniSnavs
imas, rac Sesruldeba. maswavlebelTan molaparakebis Semdeg moswavles aseve
Seaqvs is aqtivobebi, romelTa keTebac gansakuTrebiT uyvars. cxrili SeiZleba moicavdes erTi dRidan erT kviramde periods.
15. `roca moswavleebs gakveTilze gamovarCev xolme raime gansakuTrebulis gasakeTeblad, magaliTad, ritmul instrumentze dasakravad, xSirad vcvli arCevanis rutinas. monawileTa gansazRvrisTvis: (1) rigidan nomrebis mixedviT
viZaxeb; (2) viwyeb klasis siis Tavidan an bolodan; (3) romlebmac ukve daukres,
vTxov miscen instrumenti `wynar~ moswavles, romelsac jer ar daukravs.
16. `yovelkvireuli dasufTaveba. paraskevs, SuadRisas, moswavleebs saklaso
oTaxis garkveuli nawilis dasufTavebas an mowesrigebas vavaleb. monacvleobiT vaZlev samuSaos, zogjer SeiZleba arc davavalo da am SemTxvevaSi isini
TavianT merxebs an rveulebs asworeben. Sedegad sufTa, dalagebul saklaso
oTaxs da TanamSromlobas viRebT~.
17. `mieciT moswavleebs axali sityvebis swavlis sami variantidan erT-erTis arCevani: baraTebi, sityvis dawera samjer Tavisi mniSvnelobiT an `gadasaxedi
furclis~ Seqmna Tavisi mniSvnelobiT sityvis saswavlad da warmosaTqmelad.
es exmareba moswavleebs, iswavlon damaxsovrebis alternatiuli gzebi da imedia, aRmoaCenen maTTvis ufro efeqtians.
18. `xSirad vamzadeb TvalsaCinoebebs drois organizebisTvis, roca moswavleebi
modian da emzadebian gakveTilisTvis. slaidi SeiZleba Seicavdes testebs unarebis gasaxseneblad, miTiTebebs aqtivobisTvis, romelSic SeiZleba CarTuli
iyos specialuri furclis momzadeba (e.i. mindvrebi, danomrva, a.S.) momavali
samuSaosaTvis, sityvebis sia, romelic unda gadaiweron rveulebSi, an miTiTebebi specifikuri jgufuri samuSaosTvis. slaidis zeda marjvena kuTxeSi vuTiTeb dros, roca zednadebi gamoirTveba. Mmoswavleebma ician, rom maTgan
moveli slaidze miTiTebuli samuSaos dasrulebas am droisTvis.
99
19. aRmovaCine, rom es teqnika xels uwyobs gakveTilze droulad mosvlas, uzrunvelyofs moswavleTa yuradRebis koncentracias, xolo me saSualebas maZlevs
mivxedo rutinul sakiTxebs ise, rom moswavleebi ar gaerTon saubarSi an sxva
saqmianobiT da daviwyo gakveTili~.
20. `Cems magidaze maqvs dekoratiuli Tunuqis kolofi warweriT `SeniSvnebi saxlidan~. bavSvebma kolofSi unda Cadon saxlidan wamoRebuli SeniSvnebi. es saSualebas maZlevs, ar Sevwyvito saqmianoba yovel jerze, roca bavSvi SeniSvnis
furcliT modis, xolo bavSvebs saSualeba aqvT damoukideblad Cadon SeniSvna
yuTSi, Tu me dakavebuli var.
21. `zogierTi maswavlebeli klasSic iyenebs msgavs saSualebas maSin, roca moswavleebisTvis Znelia maswavleblis yuradRebis mipyroba an roca piradi Setyobineba aqvT, romlis dawera ufro eadvilebaT, vidre Tqma. am SemTxvevaSic
maswavlebels unda axsovdes, rom periodulad Caixedos SeniSvnebis kolofSi.
aseTi praqtikis regularulad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebs ar eqnebaT dabrkoleba maswavlebelTan urTierTobisas.
22. `xelovnebis oTxTvalas yovelTvis feradi fanqrebis, pastebisa da markerebis
naxevari raodenoba `moaqvs~. aqtivobis mizani ganawileba da ormxrivi pasuxismgeblobaa.~
23. `Cven sagangebod `viwvevT~ deficits, rom moswavleebs masTan gamklaveba vaswavloT. aseTi deficiti maswavleblisganac moiTxovs kargi Suamavlobis unars. aq upriania aqtiuri mosmena _ glaseriseuli midgoma `ris gakeTebas apireb amasTan dakavSirebiT~ (ix. Tavi `disciplina~.
24. `roca erTi an ori moswavle samuSaos dasrulebis stadiaSia (es aris marTvadi, proeqtze orientirebuli klasi), xdeba axali gakveTilis gacnoba [yvelasaTvis; savaraudod maswavlebeli iTxovs yvelas yuradRebas da acnobs axal
proeqts]. axali masalebi magidazea ise, rom moswavleebs SeuZliaT axali proeqtis dawyeba damoukideblad, roca Zvelis dasrulebis Semdeg. dasrulebuli produqtebi ideba karadaSi. Semdeg im bavSvebs, romelTac daasrules,
dasrulebuli proeqtis momdevno logikur nabijs vuCveneb (gamdidreba).
vTavazob arCevans, daiwyon axali proeqti an erTi nabijiT win waiwion axlaxans dasrulebul proeqtSi. aTidan cxra SemTxvevaSi isini sakmaod motivirebulebi arian, rom gaagrZelon Zveli proeqti~.
25. `proeqtze an laboratoriul samuSaoze orientirebul kursebze procedura
klass aerTianebs, maSinac ki, roca moswavleebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavebuli
tempiT muSaoben da maswavlebels saSualeba aqvs damatebiTi masala SesTavazos
maT, visac sWirdeba da amcirebs gakveTilidan gakveTilze gardamavali periodisTvis damaxasiaTebel areulobas.
26. `samuSao furclebs klasSi ori konkretuli moswavle arigebs. amiT Tavidan
vicilebT darigebisTvis drois dakargvas~. [SesaZloa es ori adamiani wreSi
maswavleblis sapirispiro mxares ijdes erTmaneTis gverdiT da furclebis
gadacema erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT daiwyon.
27. `davalebebi isea dagegmili, rom moswavleebs erTmaneTis daxmarebis saSualebac aqvT da imavdroulad individualuri pasuxic moeTxovebaT. es xels uwyobs moswavleebs, iswavlon erTmaneTisagan da kanoniers xdis axdens klasSi
Tanatolebis saubars, xdis ra mas samuSaosTan aris dakavSirebuli~.
28. `erToblivi swavlis sakiTxi, davalebaTa da samuSao garemos produqtiulad
100
101
102
kiTxvaris pasuxebi
1: tempi da akademiuri
2: tempi
3: ps
4: akademiuri swavleba
5: tempi
6: ps da akademiuri swavleba
7: akademiuri swavleba
8: ps
9: akademiuri swavleba
10: ps
11: tempi
12: ps
13: akademiuri swavleba
14: tempi
15: tempi
16: ps
17: tempi
18: tempi
19: ps
20: tempi
21: tempi
22: akademiuri swavleba da ps
23: ps da tempi
24: akademiuri swavleba
25: tempi
26: akademiuri swavleba da ps
27: tempi
28: ps da tempi
103
Tavi 6
literatura:
Randolph, N., and W. Howe. Self-Enhancing Education. Palo Alto, Calif.: Stanford Press, 1966.
Taylor, J. Organizing the Open Classroom A Teachers Guide to the Integrated Day. New York: Schocken
Books, 1972.
gansakuTrebuli SeniSvna
Cven vafasebT im maswavlebelTa wvlils, romelTac gamoiCines keTili neba da
gagviziares mosazreba zogierTi maTeuli rutinis Sesaxeb: nedain biSopi, stiv boberi, pegi baulbai, jef levini, en lindsei, barbara lifStadti, beti miurei, devid
negrini, loren robinsi, seli springeri, jin Stameli, bil teiti, alan tikocki da
jo volSi.
104
7
disciplina
rogor mivudgeT Zalze jiut
moswavleebs?
mizezebi
molodinebi da Sedegebi
moswavleTaTvis kontrolisa da
pasuismgeblobis dakisreba
disciplinis eqvsi modeli
Sesabamisoba
reaqcia araswor saqcielze
disciplina
I nawiliM
Sesavali da mimoxilva
,,ra unda gavakeToT imisaTvis, rom moswavleebma imuSaon, dro ar flangon da xeli ar
SegviSalon?~ es disciplinis parametris yvelaze mniSvnelovani sakiTxia da bevr maswavlebeli did energias xarjavs mis gadasaWrelad; zogi sulac Tavs anebebs swavlebas, roca aRmoaCens, rom Tavs ver arTmevs disciplinis sakiTxebs. udavoa, rom kargi disciplina kargi
ganaTlebis wina pirobaa; mTeli Cveni codna unda gamoviyenoT, rom udisciplinobis gamo
maswavleblisa da moswavlis energiis fuW xarjvas bolo movuRoT. codnac gvaqvs da unaric
Segvwevs, rom es sakiTxi movagvaroT da im sakiTxze gadavideT, romelic ufro metad ainteresebs maswavlebelTa umravlesobas: ,,rogor CamovayaliboT moswavleebSi TviTdisciplina da
pasuxismgebloba?~
am TavSi orive sakiTxs ganvixilavT, Tumca pirveliT daviwyebT. Tu moswavleebi uyuradRebod arian da xels gviSlian, amis mizezi qvemoT CamoTvlilTagan erTi an ramdenime
SeiZleba iyos:
1. cudi zogadi menejmenti (yuradReba, tempi, sivrce, dro, rutina, pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba);
2. Seusabamo samuSao _ metismetad Zneli, metismetad advili an moswavleTa swavlis
stilisaTvis Seusabamo (miznebi, swavlis gamocdileba);
3. mosawyeni swavleba (swavlis gamocdileba);
4. damabneveli swavleba (sicxade);
5. bundovani molodinebi da Sedegebi (molodini);
6. moswavlis mier umweobis SegrZneba;
7. fizikuri mizezebi;
8. mosalodneli qcevis Sesrulebis arcodna;
9. RirebulebaTa konfliqti;
10. moswavleTa Tanamdevi mZime emociuri tvirTi (mag., sxva adamiani arwmunebs, rom ver
miaRwevs warmatebas).
sqema 7.1 warmogvidgens am mizezebsa da zogierT indikators. modiT, swrafad gadavxedoT
10 mizezs, xolo ramdenime ufro mniSvnelovani detalurad ganvixiloT.
107
Tavi 7
pirveli oTxi mizezi dakavSirebulia sxva iseT parametrebTan, romelTagan zogierTi ukve
ganvixileT. klasis menejmentis ZiriTadi parametrebis (yuradReba, tempi, sivrce, dro, rutina, pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba) ugulebelyofas Sedegad disciplinis problemebi
mohyveba. es is parametrebia, romelTac pirvel rigSi unda mivaqcioT yuradReba klasSi disciplinis problemebis gaCenisas, radgan usaqmod darCenili bavSvebi yovelTvis pouloben
energiisa da SemoqmedebiTobis gamovlenis formebs da advili SesaZlebelia, es formebi miuRebeli aRmoCndes. (xangrZlivi mowyenilobis dros celqoba, albaT, gonebrivi sijansaRisa
da fizikuri sicocxlisunarianobis niSania normalur bavSvebSi). amrigad, sivrcis, drois,
tempisa da pirovnuli urTierTobis Camoyalibebis kompetenturi marTva kargi saqcielis
wina pirobas qmnis. da piriqiT, maTi umarTaoba gonebagafantulobis, fragmentaciis, usaqmurobisa da guliswyromis pirobaa.
am parametrebis kargad marTvis SemTxvevaSic ki, darwmunebuli unda viyoT, rom samuSao bavSvebis Sesatyvisia (miznebi). metismetad Zneli an metismetad advili samuSao imedgacruebis an mowyenilobis _ xelSemSleli qcevis wina pirobas safrTxes qmnis.
saklaso garemo SeiZleba calkeuli moswavlisaTvis Seusabamo iyos da misma mcire cvlilebam SeiZleba Seamciros an aRmofxvras maTi problemebi. yvelaze aSkara cvladi klasSi
struqturis xarisxia (Colarruso 1972). kargad struqturirebuli garemo moswavleebs nakleb
arCevans utovebs imis Taobaze, ra aqtivoba Seasrulon, rodis, visTan da romel oTaxSi. cudad struqturirebul garemoSi (romelic, yvelafris miuxedavad, SeiZleba kargad dagegmili da organizebuli iyos) moswavleTa meti moZraoba da meti moqnilobaa im TvalsazrisiT,
vin ras akeTebs da rodis. farTo arCevanis gamo moswavleebi ufro metad ageben pasuxs pirad
ganrigze. amis msgavsad, moswavleebs smeniTi da mxedvelobiTi stimulaciis xarisxis kontrolic SeuZliaT. ,,maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnaSi~ tomas gordons (Thomas Gordon
1974) garemos modificirebis sxva gzebic aqvs warmodgenili (kategoriebSi `gamdidreba~, `gaRaribeba~, `SezRudva~, `gazrda~, `gadawyoba~, `gaadvileba~ da `sistematizacia~). moswavleTa
qcevis gaumjobesebis gzebis Ziebisas, unda gadavxedoT Cvens mier maTTvis Seqmnili garemos Sesabamisobasac. saWiroa, davfiqrdeT, xom ar uwyobs (SeSlis nacvlad) es garemo xels
problemebs. garemos Secvlis mizani misi imgvarad mowyobaa, rom gaviTvaliswinoT bavSvebis
sisusteebi da xeli SevuSaloT usaqcielobas.
dabolos, zogierT klasSi gakveTilis erTi da imave formatis an aqtivobaTa struqturebis (zedmeti swavleba, zedmeti davalebebi) yoveldRiuri gamoyenebac SeiZleba gaxdes
mowyenilobisa da arasasurveli qcevis mizezi. sirTuleebi kargi zogadi menejmentisa da
misaRebi sirTulis swavlebis SemTxvevaSic ki SeiZleba iyos.
108
Seusabamo
samuSao (miznebi)
gonebagafantuli
damunjebuli,
gulgatexili
an mowyenili
ganawyeneba
eSmakuri
SekiTxvebi,
SeniSvnebi,
uyuradReboba, Secbuneba, yvirili
mowyenili
igiveoba
dabneuli
carieli
gamoxedva,
dumili,
uamravi
SekiTxva
damabneveli
swavleba
(sicxade)
damarcxebuli,
warumatebeli
daZabuloba
an sibraze
ganmartoebuli
gabrazebuli an
usamarTlobis
gancda
gulgatexili
mudmivad xelis
SemSleli
moswavle
gaugebroba,
konfliqtebi
maswavlebelsa da
moswavles Soris
avtoritarizmi
xSiri dasja
araTanamimdevruloba
mZime emociuri
tvirTi
(mag., dabali
TviTSefaseba)
fizikuri
mizezebi
RirebulebaTa
konfliqti
moswavlis
mier umweobis
gancda
mosalodneli
saqcielis
Sesrulebis
arcodna
bundovani
molodinebi
da Sedegebi
SesamCnevi
Sedegi
mousvenari
xelis SeSla,
celqoba,
adekvaturi
daxmarebis
ararseboba
drois
flangva
mosawyeni
aqtivobebi
mizezi
fuWad
gatarebuli dro,
dayovneba
cudad
Camoyalibebuli
pirovnuli
urTierToba
droisa da
sivrcis cudi
menejmenti
cudi tempi
disciplina
moswavlis
gancda
109
Tavi 7
ufro seriozuli da ufro xSiri mizezia bundovani molodinebi da Sedegebi; maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris SeiZleba mkafiod ar iyos gansazRvruli urTierTgagebis rTuli
qseli. TiTqmis yvela maswavlebels, romelsac disciplinis problemebi aqvs (da ara ubralod
erTi jiuti moswavle hyavs) daxmareba sWirdeba. meore nawilSi detalurad ganvixilavT am
qselis Camoyalibebis ZiriTad gzebs.
skolebi, rogorc institutebi armias, cixesa da saavadmyofos hgavs, radgan iq moswavleebi mudam umweod grZnoben Tavs. xSirad skola ewinaaRmdegeba ZiriTad adamianur moTxovnilebas, akontrolos sakuTari bed-iRbali, radgan umniSvnelo (zogjer ki araviTar) adgils
utovebs iniciativas, gadawyvetilebis miRebasa da liderobas. pasiurebisaTvis am uflebis
warTmeva diskomforts ar iwvevs, Tumca bavSvebis umravlesobaSi ukan daxevis survils aCens.
Tu Zalauflebas `ostaturad~ gamoviyenebT, aseTi moswavleebis gakontrolebasac SevZlebT, magram imavdroulad skolasac SevaZulebT da swavlasac. es ki Tavisufali skolis
umaRlesi mizani ar gaxlavT; swavla xSirad rTuli saqmea, is sxvebis mier micemuli davalebebis Sesrulebas moiTxovs, rac, bunebrivia, yovelTvis saxaliso ar aris. maswavlebskolebi, rogorc institutebi armias, cixesa
els maRali akademiuri standartebis erTi
da saavadmyofos hgavs, radgan iq moswavleebi
iotis daTmobis gareSec SeuZlia klasis ise
mudam umweod grZnoben Tavs.
struqturireba, rom moswavleebma mimdinare movlenebis garkveuli Tanamflobeloba
da Tanakontroli igrZnon. Tu moswavleebSi umweobis SegrZnebas yuradRebiT ganvixilavT,
vnaxavT, rom mis dasaZlevad gadadgmuli yoveli nabiji qcevis menejmentis sakiTxebsac
gvigvarebs, radgan bavSvebis energias swori gziT warvmarTavT. am Tavis III nawilSi warmogidgenT, rogor SeuZlia maswavlebels amis gakeTeba.
zogjer, erTi SexedviT uyuradRebo moswavleebs ubralod smenis problemebi aqvT
xolme. isini miTiTebebs imitom ki ar asruleben, rom ocneboben, an maswavleblis gabrazeba
surT, aramed, ubralod SecdomiT igeben sakvanZo sityvebs. iseTi `uyuradRebo~ moswavleebic viciT, romelTac smenis defeqtis diagnozi dawyebiT skolaSi swavlidan 2,5 wlis Semdeg
dausves da maTi qcevis modifikaciasa da sxva mniSvnelovan strategiebze didi dro da energia daixarja. amrigad, ubralod darwmunebulebi unda viyoT, rom bavSvebis usaqcielobasa
da sijiutes fizikuri mizezebi ar udevs safuZvlad. es mizezebia: mxedveloba, organuli
hiperaqtivoba, farisebri jirkvlis problemebi da sxv.
bavSvebs skolaSi manerebTan erTad sxvagan naswavli kognituri unar-Cvevebic moaqvT.
sirbilis gareSe mwkrivSi CadgomasTan, miTiTebebis mosmenasTan, xazis gaswvriv faqizad
werasTan an nivTebis mowesrigebasa da alagebasTan dakavSirebiT Cveni molodinebi SeiZleba
ubralod imitom ar marTldeba, rom bavSvebma ar ician, rogor gaakeTon es yvelaferi! faqtia, rom zogierTma skolamdelma konkretul situaciaSi ar icis, ratom unda iaros da ar
unda irbinos (sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maT ar ician winaswar rogor gansazRvron Sedegebi,
akontrolon impulsebi an dagegmon fizikuri moZraobebi). isic faqtia, rom zogierTma mozardma ubralod ar icis, rogor daaxarisxos nivTebi, raTa daaCqaros alageba, kidev ufro
naklebad icis am dros droisa da moZraobebis dagegmva. aseT SemTxvevebSi qcevis nabij-nabij
swavleba xelis SemSleli saqcielis aRmofxvris saSualebaa. fuWia moswavleTa motivirebis
mcdeloba, gaakeTon iseTi ram, risi instrumentebic ara aqvT. Cveni vfiqrobT, rom maswavlebels SeiZleba ubralod gamorCes es detalebi. mas SeiZleba arasodes mouvides TavSi azrad,
rom TandaTan gamkacrebuli muqarisa da dasjis saTave, ubralod, ucodinarobaa. maswavleblebs vurCevT, rom kargad Seiswavlon moswavleebi. xSirad maswavleblebi iseT unarebs
varaudoben, romlebic ar aris moswavleTa qcevis repertuarSi. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa sasurveli qcevis `Setana~ moswavleTa repertuarSi. amrigad, qcevis problemebis mqone klasTan an individTan urTierTobisas, pirvel yovlisa, pasuxi unda gaeces kiTxvas: `ician Tu ara
110
disciplina
111
Tavi 7
II nawili
molodinebisa da Sedegebis sistema
wesebi da maTi Sesabamisi qcevis Sedegebi sakmarisad mkafio da konkretulia Tu ara CemTvis da Cemi moswavleebisaTvis?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis wina piroba is aris, rom moswavleebs naTeli da araorazrovani
warmodgena hqondeT imaze, Tu rogor saqciels moelian maTgan. am informaciis gadasacemad
uamravi gza arsebobs: pirdapir Tqma, cxrilis gakeTeba, moulodnelad problemis wamoWra
an klasis Sexvedris dros wesebze SeTanxmeba. xandaxan molodini sistemis saxiT oficialur
wesebad da saboloo formiT ar aris Camoyalibebuli, magram mas maswavleblis reaqciis
mixedviT Tanamimdevrulad ecnobian moswavleebi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTaTvis
molodinis arsi naTeli da konkretuli unda iyos, raTa Tavidan aviciloT gaugebroba (an
kamaTi). SesaZloa, gancxadeba `Cumi kiTxvis droa~ ar kmarodes da klass siCumis ganmarteba
dasWirdes. siCume sruli siCumea, Tu CurCuli an wynari saubari? SeuZliaT moswavleebs am
gansxvavebaTa danaxva da qcevis kontroli? Tu `siCume~ sinamdvileSi `wynars~ niSnavs, maSin,
albaT, mas `siCume~ ar unda vuwodoT da, piriqiT. ras niSnavs gakveTilze droulad misvla?
ara umetes ori wuTiT dagvianebas, zaris dros oTaxSi yofnas, ubralod adgilze yofnas Tu
adgilze gakveTilisTvis mzadyofnas? sad aris gavlebuli es sazRvrebi ufro naklebmniSvnelovania, vidre maTi mkafiod Camoyalibeba. ar unda arsebobdes eWvi imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rodis dairRva wesi.
mendleri da kurvini (Mendler & Curwin 1983) aRweren wesebis dadgenaSi moswavleTa CarTvis
(e.w. `socialur kontraqtis~) mravalmxriv strategias, rac wesis raobasTan dakavSirebiT
nebismier eWvs ebrZvis. maswavleblis mier savaldebulod misaRebi wesebis Camoyalibebis Semdeg, moswavleebi mcire jgufebad muSaoben qcevis am wesebis Sedegebis ganxilvaze. (magaliTad, `wesi: maswavlebelma unda gamoiZaxos moswavle saxeliT. wesis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi: a)
maswavlebels axseneben wess, b) maswavlebeli ixdis bodiSs~. `wesi: maswavlebelma individualurad unda gaasworos moswavleTa namuSevrebi. wesis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi: maswavlebeli
moswavleebs waukiTxavs or Tavs im wignidan, romelsac amJamad kiTxulobs~). mendleri da
kurvini ganmartaven:
yvela wessa da mis Sedegs ganixilavs klasi, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos maTi raobis swori gageba. rolebis Sesruleba xSirad sasargeblo strategiaa wesisa da Sedegis zusti mniSvnelobis sailustraciod. magaliTad, zogierT moswavles surs, rom
maswavlebelma ar iyviros. maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania, isaubros ufro da
ufro xmamaRla, sanam miiRweva SeTanxmeba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra aris yvirili
(Mendler and Curwin 1983, gv. 73).
Semdeg mimdinareobs gadawyvetilebis miRebis saguldagulo procesi, romlis drosac maswavlebeli da moswavleebi wyveten, SeTavazebuli wesebidan da Sedegebidan romeli
Seva kontraqtSi. (detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. mendleri da kurvini, gv. 73-74) dabolos,
moswavleebi abareben gamocdas kontraqtis codnaSi. klasSi privilegiis mopoveba testirebaSi 100 quliT xdeba! socialuri kontraqtis es axleburi procedura ramdenime mizans emsaxureba: pirveli, moswavleTa mier wesebis SemuSaveba sasargebloa maTi Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiT; meore, kontraqtis codnis Sesamowmebeli testi da misi Sedegebis kavSiri klasSi
privilegiis mopovebasTan, xazs usvams kontraqtisa da wesebis mniSvnelobas.
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riTac Tavidan icilebs arasasurvel qcevas. magaliTad, `axla kabinetSi mivdivarT. Tqveni
azriT, ra gvelodeba iq? ra unda gavakeToT? ra unda gaviTvaliswinoT Cvens qcevaSi?~ an:
`kargiT, axla mzad varT sportul darbazSi wasasvlelad. raze vfiqrobT, roca darbazSi
varT? ratom?~
Tu moswavleebi Tavis marTlebiT an sxva TavSesaqcevi moZraobebiT SegvekamaTebian, kanteri gvirCevs `gafuWebuli patefonis~ teqnikas:
maswavlebeli: `siu, minda, rom xeli aswio da daicado, sanam gamogiZaxeben~. (survilis
debuleba)
siu:
`ase arc erTi moswavle ar akeTebs~.
maswavlebeli: `amas mniSvneloba ar aqvs. minda, rom Sen xeli aswio~. (gafuWebuli patefoni)
siu:
`Tqven me arasodes miZaxebT~.
maswavlebeli: `amas mniSvneloba ar aqvs. me minda, rom Sen xeli aswio~. (gafuWebuli patefoni)
siu:
`kargiT, avwev~.
am dialogSi maswavlebeli ubralod imeorebda (gafuWebuli patefoni) imas, rasac bavSvisgan moiTxovda da sius pasuxebis gamo gzidan ar gadauxvevia. maswavlebelma SeinarCuna
bavSvTan urTierTobis kontroli.
gafuWebuli patefonis gamoyenebis dros, pirvel yovlisa, saWiroa gansazRvroT, ra
gsurT moswavlisgan (`minda, sium aswios xeli~. es xdeba Tqveni survilisa da Tqveni urTierTobis arsis gamoxatva. SegiZliaT Tqveni survilis debulebas win waumZRvaroT: `amas
mniSvneloba ar aqvs, magram me minda, rom Sen aswio xeli~, an `mesmis, magram minda, rom Sen aswio xeli~.) mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra manipulaciur pasuxs warmoadgens moswavle, Tu Tqven
survilis debulebiT upasuxebT _ `mniSvneloba ara aqvs, minda, rom Sen~, an `mesmis, magram
minda, rom Sen~ _ riTac Tqveni debuleba ufro efeqturi gaxdeba (Canter, gv. 79-80).*
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Canter, L. (with M. Canter). Assertive Discipline. Santa Monica, Calif.: Canter and Associates, 1977).
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Tavi 7
1 sainteresoa imis gadaxedva, rogor gamoiyeneba `gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba~ logikuri Sedegebis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT.
zogjer gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba SeiZleba marTlac iyos logikuri, roca moswavles ar Seusrulebia samuSao. magram
aseve SesaZlebelia gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba iyos sasjeli da `ukuSedegiani~, roca, vTqvaT, merxze daweris an maswavlebelTan Selaparakebis Sedegad gamoiyeneba.)
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disciplina
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Tavi 7
meore dRes marTlweris davalebis Sesrulebisas, roca erT-erTma moswavlem karls
samuSaos gadaweraze uari uTxra, karli gabrazda. is Tanaklasels cemiT daemuqra.
maswavlebelma karli isev saxlSi gagzavna, sadac darCenili dRe Tavis oTaxSi
gaatara. momdevno ori dRe karli kargad iqceoda. mesame dRes Tavisufali arCevanis dros maswavlebelma SeamCnia, rom is gabrazebuli aginebda da uyviroda gogonas, romelmac saTamaSo asawyobi naxati ar aTxova, radgan TviTon TamaSobda. maswavlebelma isev mSvidad acnoba karls misive usaqcielobis Sesaxeb da isic, rom cudi
saqcieliT man saxlSi wasvla airCia. karli pirvelad daRonda, daiwyo tirili imis
gamo, rom ar undoda saxlSi wasvla. maswavlebelma isev mSvidad uTxra, rom `Tavad
gaakeTa arCevani~ da saxlSi unda wasuliyo.
rogorc ityvian, mesame da samarTalio _ maswavleblis Seupovrobam, moswavle daarwmuna, rom mis cud saqciels ar moiTmendnen. amgvarad, karlma airCia sakuTari Tavis
kontroli da sxva moswavleebTan kargad moqceva.
am TavSi es, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovania. Sedegebis gatareba, roca saqcieli grZeldeba,
mizandasaxulobasa da simtkices moiTxovs. am simtkicis gareSe moswavleebi ar daijereben,
rom maswavlebeli seriozulad ekideba sakuTar molodins. kanteris azriT, wlis dasawyisSi
SemuSavebuli gegmebis Sesrulebas (im varaudiT, rom gyavT moswavle, romelsac aseTi mkacri
gegma sWirdeba) yuradRebiT daakvirdeba mTeli klasi da darwmundeba, rom rasac ambobT, imas
akeTebT. saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi araTanamimdevruloba da SemuSavebuli gegmis ugulebelyofa disciplinis problemebis xSiri mizezia.
bavSvebma SeiZleba ar idardon, Tu gakveTilebis Semdeg erTxel datovebT, xandaxan skolaSi ar miuSvebT an iSviaTad kuTxeSi daayenebT. magram cotaa iseTi moswavle, romelic ar inaRvlebs Tu ecodineba, rom, cudi saqcielis arCevis SemTxvevaSi,
gakveTilebis Semdeg darCena yoveldRe (Tundac mTeli kviris ganmavlobaSi) mouwevs; romelic ar inaRvlebs, Tu ecodineba, rom cudad moqcevis SemTxvevaSi skolaSi
ar miuSveben, Tundac es skolaSi ardaSvebis sam dRes niSnavdes; romelic ar inaRvlebs, Tu ecodineba, rom cudi saqcielis gamo kuTxeSi daayeneben yovel jerze, Tundac dReSi xuTjer.
amrigad, Tu TqvenTvis es namdvilad mniSvnelovania, bavSvebisTvisac namdvilad
mniSvnelovani iqneba. Tu mzad xarT gamoiyenoT nebismieri saWiro da Sesaferisi saSualeba bavSvebze gavlenis mosaxdenad da araswori saqcielis aRmosafxvrelad, isini igrZnoben Tqvens mizandasaxulobas da izruneben im Sedegebis Tavidan acilebisTvis, romelTa winaSec mudam aRmoCndebian, Tu arasworad moqcevas airCeven (Canter
1977, gv. 109-110).
Cven SegviZlia mivaRwioT TiTqmis nebismier saqciels, romlis miRwevac namdvilad gvsurs, Tu mizandasaxulebi viqnebiT, radgan Cven Zalaufleba gvaqvs.
niSnavs Tu ara es imas, rom Tu gamudmebiT vaxorcielebT Sedegebs, saqcieli ueWvelad
Seicvleba? pirveli, SesaZlebelia Sedegi Tanamimdevrulad da gamudmebiT ganvaxorcieloT
da aranairi Sedegi ar gvqondes. es maSin xdeba, roca Sedegs sakmarisi gavlena ar aqvs an rogorRac jildod iqceva bavSvisTvis. igive SeiZleba moxdes, Tu saqcieli gamowveulia fizikuri mizeziT, ucodinrobiT an RirebulebaTa konfliqtiT. meore, kanteriseul scenarSi
Sedegis ganxorcieleba bevradaa dakavSirebuli mis warmatebasTan. maswavlebelma moswavle
ar daadanaSaula, ar gaakritika an ar daamcira; is mSvidad (magram swrafad) mivida masTan,
miuTiTa saqcielze (`Sen xeli hkari sols~) da ganaxorciela Sedegi (`Sen airCie saxlSi wasvla~). man aRniSna, rom saxlSi wasvla iyo bavSvis arCevani am SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan man winaswar
icoda, rom solisaTvis xelis kvras es Sedegi mohyveboda. amrigad, maswavleblis reaqcia
brazi ki ar aris, aramed faqtebze damyarebuli simSvide. aseTi reagireba ufro advilia,
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disciplina
roca zustad ici, ris gakeTebas apireb. amis codna (da ara bavSvis mier umweobis SegrZneba,
romelic Tqvens kontrols scildeba) maswavlebels TavdajerebulobasTan erTad simSvides
aniWebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, saRi gansjis saSualebas aZlevs. ase rom, SedegebTan dakavSirebiT
simtkicec SeiZleba warumatebeli iyos, Tu Sedegi sworad ar xorcieldeba.
kanteris scenarSi aRwerili konkretuli teqnika SeiZleba Zalian efeqturi iyos _ moswavlis sistematuri `CamoSoreba~ gansakuTrebiT xelis SemSleli da jiuti saqcielis
aRmosafxvrelad. seimur sarasoni (Seymour Sarason) aRwers `CamoSorebis~ kidev erT Zlier
teqnikas, romelic warmatebulia mSoblebisa da kontraqtebis gareSe. is emyareba meore
maswavlebelTan TanamSromlobas, romlis oTaxSic igzavneba bavSvi `CamoSorebis~ mizniT.
maspinZel maswavlebels aqvs specialuri adgili, sadac moswavle arasaxaliso samuSaos asrulebs. detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. sarasoni (1971), gv. 136-139.
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logikuri Sedegi. (mendleri da kurvini (1983) saubroben skolaze, sadac tardeba klasgareSe
gakveTili kafeteriaSi moqcevaze, varjiSisa da gamocdis CaTvliT im bavSvebisTvis, romlebic lanCze cudad iqceodnen. gamocdis warmatebiT Casabareblad moswavleebma 100 procenti
unda moagrovon.)
molodinTa erTgvari nakrebi, romelic miuReblad maRalia an asaks (an sxva mxriv) ar
Seesabameba.
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disciplina
dadro `moveli~ kidec mas; Tumca cud saqciels ar viReb da aqtiurad vmuSaob mis
Sesacvlelad.
sakuTari saqmianobis analizisa da klasSi saqcielis kontrolis mcdelobisas, sasargeblo iqneba am oTxi debulebis gadaxedva. mesame da meoTxe mkveTrad gansxvavdeba pirveli
orisgan; isini maswavleblis gansxvavebul saqcielSi vlindeba da mkveTri gavlena aqvs zogad
disciplinaze.
gansxvaveba imaSia, maswavleblis azriT ras gaakeTebs moswavle (maT SeiZleba `cvalebadi
molodinebi~ hqondeT) da ra unda maswavlebels, rom moswavlem gaakeTos an miaRwios (maT
SeiZleba gansxvavebuli `standartebi~ hqondeT).
yovel wels sul mcire erT an or saukeTeso maswavlebelTan vmuSaobT, niWier da mzrunvel adamianebTan, romelTa efeqtianoba mcirdeba molodinebis mimarT maTi araTanamimdevrulobis gamo. isini ar arian darwmunebuli imaSi, ramdenad gonivrulia bavSvebis mimarT
maTi molodini ufro pasuxismgebluri da yuradRebiani saqcielisken gakveTilze. isini xedaven ukontrolo, ojaxuri da sxva problemebis mqone moswavleTa upasuxismgeblo, `giJur~
saqciels da grZnoben, rom daTmobebze unda wavidnen. amgvarad, isini arasaTanadod afaseben bavSvebis SesaZleblobebs da maTi saqcielis miznebs. vin Tqva, rom pirvelklaselebs ar
SeuZliaT wreSi wynarad jdoma da erTmaneTis mosmena 15 wuTian Sekrebaze? vin Tqva, rom
mecxreklaselebs ar SeuZliaT iswavlon TviTorganizebul samuSao jgufebSi muSaoba proeqtis dasagegmad da gansaxorcieleblad?
magaliTebma dagvarwmuna, rom sakmarisi Zalisxmevis, simtkicis, mizandasaxulobisa da
rwmenis (rom es Tqveni moswavleebisaTvis swori saqcielia, romlis miRwevac maT SeuZliaT
da gsurT aswavloT is unar-Cvevebi, rac SeiZleba im konkretul doneze samuSaod dasWirdeT) pirobebSi sasurveli saqcielis miRweva SesaZlebelia. (ra Tqma unda, Tqveni `survili~
SeiZleba aragonivruli iyos da asaks ar Seesabamebodes. am SemTxvevaSi imas miiRebT, rasac
imsaxurebT!) es mosazreba WeSmaritia zogierT rTul moswavlesTan mimarTebaSic _ miuxedavad maTze daxarjuli gacilebiT meti energiisa, Cvens saqmianobas SeiZleba garkveuli koreqtireba sWirdebodes, rasac mniSvnelovnad meti dro unda movaxmaroT. saWiroze naklebi
samsaxuri samsaxuri ar aris.
Tu naTeli warmodgena gaqvT imaze, ra gsurT da ras moeliT moswavleebisagan, Tu es
molodini maTTvisac naTelia, Tu molodini ar gamarTlebs Sesabamisi Sedegebi gaqvT `ratom~ kiTxvaze ganmartebebiT da SeZlebisdagvarad, bevri sikeTe da racionaluroba, Tqven
sasurvel Sedegs miaRwevT; es auxdeneli ocneba ar gaxlavT. magram, pirvel yovlisa, amis
gakeTeba unda gadawyvitoT.
III nawili
TviTdisciplinisa da pasuxismgeblobis Camoyalibeba
vuyalibebT Tu ara bavSvebs klasis cxovrebaSi kontrolis, gavlenis, pasuxismgeblobisa da Zalauflebis namdvil da kanonier gancdas?
am Tavis SesavalSi vamtkicebdiT, rom maswavlebels SeuZlia klasis imgvarad struqturireba, rom moswavleebma momxdarze garkveuli Tanaziaroba da kontroli igrZnon da amis
safuZvelze Semcirdes disciplinis problemebi. Tumca, unda gvaxsovdes, rom es ver Secvlis mkafio molodinsa da Sedegebs. isini upirvelesia. Cven vicnobT damwyeb maswavlebels,
romelsac gonebaSi arasdros ar dauxarisxebia molodinebi da Sedegebi, magram swavlis indi-
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Tavi 7
sworad vayalibebT Tu ara saklaso sazogadoebas (erTmaneTis Sesaxeb codna, erTmaneTis dafaseba da erTmaneTTan TanamSromloba)?
uiliam glaseris saklaso Sexvedrebi (Glasser 1969), jin stenfordis aqtivobaTa wre `efeqtiani klasebis Camoyalibeba~ (Stanford 1977), urTierTobis Camoyalibebis aqtivobebi (Wilt &
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disciplina
Watson 1978), kooperaciuli swavla (Dishon & OLeary 1984) specifikuri (magram ara martivi)
strategiebia klasSi iseTi kavSirisa da harmoniis dasamyareblad, romelic Tavidan agvacilebs disciplinis problemebs.
disciplinaze zrunvis gareSec, oTxive naSromi TavisTavad Rirebulia, magram roca urTierTobebi klasis wevrebs Soris daZabulia an ganxeTqilebisken midis (an orive), am strategiebs SeuZliaT daZabulobis Semcireba da erTmaneTTan brZolisaTvis gamiznuli energiis
produqtiulad gamoyeneba.
strategiebis aRweramde, mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom strategiis gacnoba (iseve,
rogorc `swavlebis modelis~ SemTxvevaSi) sakmarisi rodia misi warmatebiT ganxorcielebisaTvis. es arc yuradRebis aqtebia da arc sicxadis, romelTa gagebac da mosinjvac advilia.
isini ufro rTuli modelebia da maTi warmatebisaTvis, mniSvnelovania maT miRma arsebuli
rwmenisa da suliskveTebis gacnobiereba. amrigad, adamianma unda (1) daxarjos dro strategiebis swavlaze; (2) surdes maTze muSaobis gagrZeleba sawyisi mcdelobebis fonze; da (3)
albaT, rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, ar imuSaos damoukideblad (martom). gWirdebaT kolega,
romelic TqvensaviT gamoscdis am strategiebs, raTa masTan gadaamowmoT, ukukavSiri gqondeT da erTad gadaWraT problemebi. aseve fasdaudebeli iqneba mwvrTneli an strategiis
mcodne adgilobrivi kadri. orive erTad kidev ufro ukeTesi.
bolo 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi saklaso Sexvedrebis praqtika sakuTar klasebTanac gamoviyeneT da rogorc kadrebis marTvis specialistebi, sxvebsac vexmarebodiT, rom saklaso Sexvedrebi saklaso cxovrebis damaxasiaTebeli niSani gamxdariyo. TiTqmis ar Segvxvedria sxva
ufro sasargeblo praqtika klasSi erTobis zogadi gancdis Camoyalibebis TvalsazrisiT da
iseT problemebTan sabrZolvelad, rogoricaa ciliswameba, bulingi da `kutokebi~.
wignSi `skola marcxis gareSe~ uiliam glaseri detalurad aRwers `saklaso Sexvedrebis~
Catarebas. is wers: `ar Semxvedria bavSvi, romelsac ar SeuZlia fiqri da garkveul doneze
skolis marTvaSi monawileobis miReba, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gavagebinebT, rom vafasebT mis
wvlils~ (gv 97). es Sexeduleba umTavresia maswavleblisTvis, romelsac surs, rom klasis
Sexvedrebi Sedegiani iyos, radgan gansjis gareSe moswavleTa wvlilis aRiareba, saklaso
Sexvedrebis gaZRolis ZiriTadi unaria. Sexvedrebis saSualebiT moswavleebi swavloben rogorc monawileobas, aRiarebasa da dafasebas, ise raRac realuris nawilad yofnas. klasis
krebebs regularulad (sul mcire yovelkvireulad da umjobesia kviraSi ramdenjerme) atareben wreSi mWidrod msxdomi moswavleebi da maswavlebeli. maswavlebeli gansjis gareSe
moswavleebTan erTad ganixilavs maTTvis mniSvnelovan da aqtualur sakiTxebs. SexvedraTa
sami saxeoba arsebobs: Tavisufali (droSi SeuzRudavi) Sexvedrebi, Sexvedrebi socialuri
problemebis gadaWris mizniT da saganmanaTleblo-diagnostikuri Sexvedrebi.
Tavisufal Sexvedraze gansaxilveli Tema maswavlebels an moswavles Semoaqvs. maswavleblis erT-erTi rolia sakiTxis garSemo moswavleTaTvis saintereso sakiTxebze yuradRebis
gasamaxvilebeli SekiTxvebis Camoyalibeba. erT-erTi Sexvedris dros, roca moswavleebma
disneilendze saubris survili gamoTqves, maswavlebelma ikiTxa: `isurvebdiT disneilendSi wasvlas?~ TiTqmis yvela moswavlem dadebiTad upasuxa. `warmoidgineT, rom viRacam disneilendis ori bileTi momca da miTxra, rom isini Cemi ori moswavlisTvis mimeca. vis unda
mivce bileTebi?~ Ria Temebis fokusirebul diskusiebad gadaqcevis garda, maswavleblebi
iyeneben aqtiuri mosmenisa da Sejamebis unar-Cvevebs.
Tavisufali Sexvedrebi moswavleebs Tanaziarobis gancdas uyalibebs da safuZvels uyris
saswavlo saqmianobaSi mniSvnelovan investiciebsa da ufro rTul sferos _ socialuri
problemebis gadaWras. glaseris wignis me-10, me-11 da me-12 Tavebi kargi saxelmZRvaneloa
am Sexvedrebis Sesaswavlad da Casatareblad, ase rom, aq sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. Tumca, gvsurs SemogTavazoT socialuri problemebis gadaWris mizniT Catarebuli erT-erTi
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Sekrebis detaluri aRwera, rom naTeli warmodgena SegiqmnaT, Tu rogor SeiZleba klasis
Sekrebis gamoyeneba xelis SemSleli qcevis mqone bavSvis `gadmosabireblad~.
meore Sexvedris Tema maiki iyo. fizikurad Warbwoniani biWi arc ise sufTad icvamda,
Tma Tvalebs ufaravda, xma ki Zalian maRali da arasasiamovno hqonda. mis yvela maisurs nakbenis, dagrexvisa da daReWvis gamo naxvretebi hqonda. misi yureba namdvilad
ar iyo sasiamovno! maikma ganacxada, rom ar uyvarda klasi, radganac klaselebs ar
uyvardaT is. kiTxvaze, misi azriT, ratom ar uyvardaT, Tqva, amis mizezi Cemi simsuqneao. bavSvebi kategoriulad ar daeTanxmnen da Tqves, rom simsuqne arafer SuaSi iyo. maiks mizezis gageba surda. mas SesaZlebloba misces, azri im bavSvebisTvis
ekiTxa, romlebic auxsnidnen, ra iyo masSi usiamovno. erTis azriT, amis mizezi misi
sasacilo qudebi iyo, pilotis Cafxutis msgavsi, romelic wina dRes exura. (sxvaTa
Soris, maiks es qudi aRar dauxuravs.) meoris azriT, is CafarTxunebul tanisamoss
icvamda. martinis azriT, maiki iseT raRacebs ambobda, rac adamianebs guls stkenda.
magaliTad, roca martini evropidan dabrunda da klaselebs saCuqrebad Camotanili
ramdenime Zvirfasi nivTi aCvena, maikma ganacxada, rom es nivTebi sulac ar aris parizidan Camotanili da martinma adgilobriv maRaziaSi iyida. martins es naTqvami ewyina. devidma Tqva, rom roca is klaselebs nivTebs unawilebda, maikma msgavsi Seuracxmyofeli SeniSvnebi wamoroSa. (sxvaTa Soris, maiki am `senisagan~ jer kidev ar
gankurnebula.) jonma, romelic bevrad ufro introspeqtuli da gamWriaxi gaxda,
Tqva, rom amis mizezi maikis sasacilo saxe da adamianebTan saubrisas Werisken mimarTuli zizRiani mzera iyo. swored aseTi saxe hqonda maiks jonis azris mosmenisas,
ris gamoc jonma daamata: `xedav, maik, axlac swored ase akeTeb da verc ki xvdebi~.
maiks hkiTxes, misi azriT, vinme Tu cdilobda kargad mohqceoda. maikma upasuxa, rom
ase mxolod alisa iqceoda, romelic mas moswonda. yvelam CaixiTxiTa. alisam Tqva,
rom mas ar enaRvleboda, Tu vinme dascinebda, mas moswonda maiki da ar rcxvenoda
masTan megobroba. mas moswonda maikTan yofna. jgufma isaubra sul mcire erTi megobris yolis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. sxvebma aRmoaCines, rom sinamdvileSi aravin
cdilobda maikisTvis xeli Seewyo, rom misi megobari gamxdariyo. momavali kviridan
yoveli maTgani Seecdeboda raime iseTi gaekeTebina, rom maikTan megobrobis survili gamoexata. maT marTlac daiwyes am survilis gamomJRavneba, Tumca maleve
daiviwyes da isev TavianTi gulgriloba aCvenes. miuxedavad amisa, maikis mimarT uxamsobas aRar iCendnen, rac ukve cvlileba iyo. alisa agrZelebda maikTan megobrobas,
xolo bavSvebma Sewyvites misi dacinva amasTan dakavSirebiT. harietma, romelic erTerTi maTgani iyo, vinc alisas dascinoda, bodiSi mouxada klasis Sexvedraze. man
gaixsena, rom erTxel mas iseT bavSvTan megobrobis gamo dascines, romelsac sxva
megobrebi ar hyavda da mas gambedaoba dasWirda, rom megobroba gaegrZelebina. man
aRiara, rom miuxedavad maSindeli wyenisa, daiviwya da Tavadac cudad moeqca alisas.
Tqva, rom swuxda da namdvilad SeeZlo gageba, Tu ras grZnobda alisa. am semestrSi
maiki Zalian Seicvala. man swavlasa da garegnobaze zrunva daiwyo, ufro wynarad
saubrobs, metad akontrolebs sakuTar Tavs, ufro samarTlianad TamaSobs ezoSi,
sxvebs ukeT ewyoba da ufro meti megobari hyavs (Glasser 1968, gv. 152-153)*
122
disciplina
123
Tavi 7
IV nawili
disciplinis eqvsi modeli
am nawilSi mocemulia disciplinis eqvsi modelis funqcionireba da eqvsi strategiis
mokle aRwera.
124
disciplina
logikuri Sedegebi (xelSemSleli qcevis) maswavleblis afeqtis dabal donesa da SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas emyareba, raTa moswavleebma ara mxolod sasjeli, aramed TavinT qcevasTan logikurad dakavSirebuli Sedegebic gaacnobieron. maswavlebeli aanalizebs moswavlis
motivacias, romelsac misive dasaxmareblad _ TviTSecnobisTvis iyenebs. moswavleebi socialuri wesrigis realobas Sesabamisi logikuri SedegebiT swavloben da ara moralis Sesaxeb leqciebiT. demokratiul azrovnebaze mZlavri orientaciis gziT klasi Tavdauzogavad
cdilobs Caswvdes socialuri SeTanxmebis arss.
realobiT Terapiis saSualebiT moswavleebi sakuTar qcevas acnobiereben da aRiareben.
maswavlebeli ar gansjis, Tumca mudam CarTulia da moswavleebs afasebinebs, ra gaakeTes
sakuTari ZiriTadi saWiroebebisTvis. moswavleebi alternativebsa da sakuTari moqmedebis
kursze valdebulebis aRebas swavloben. acnobiereben sakuTar qcevasa da am qcevis sxvebTan
urTierTobaze gavlenas. es strategia maswavleblis CarTulobas, Tanamimdevrul daxmarebasa da simtkices efuZneba. es aris pasuxismgeblobisa da sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZnebis ganviTarebis strategia im adamianis daxmarebiT, romelsac konkretuli moswavlisadmi rwmena
ar daukargavs.
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnaSi maswavleblebi da moswavleebi arkveven, sinamdvileSi vis aqvs problema, iyeneben Sesabamis unar-Cvevebs da ormxrivi problemis SemTxvevaSi
problemis udanakargod gadaWrisTvis Tanamimdevrul moqmedebaTa gzas iyeneben. es gulisxmobs rogorc maswavleblis, ise moswavlis interesebis gaTvaliswinebas. moswavlis realuri
moTxovnebis, zogjer ki realuri problemis gasarkvevad saWiroa `aqtiuri mosmenisa~ da `meSetyobinebis~ gagzavnis kargi unar-Cveva, raTa moswavleebs sakuTari moTxovnebi gavagebinoT. aseve aucilebelia urTierTobis unar-Cvevebi, ris safuZvelzec problemis gadaWris
procesis kvalobaze ormxrivi pativiscema izrdeba.
am strategiaTa ganxorcieleba arc ise rTulia, magram TiToeuls kargad Seswavla da
varjiSi sWirdeba, radgan maswavleblis mier gadadgmuli nabijebis mixedviT isini mkveTrad
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan. es qmedebebi da unar-Cvevebi, albaT, mkiTxvelTa umravlesobis
repertuarSi arsebobs da odesRac gamogiyenebiaT kidec. dro maTi Tanamimdevrobisa da gamoyenebis Seswavlas sWirdeba; da gverwmuneT, Citi brdRvnad Rirs.
aravin ifiqros, rom am Tavis darCenili nawilis ubralod wakiTxviT adamiani konkretuli
strategiis ganxorcielebas SeZlebs. am gafrTxilebis mizania, Tavidan aviciloT strategiis ucodinarobiT gamowveuli marcxi da aravis vaTqmevinoT: `oh, es CemTvis ar gamodgeba!~ strategia nebismieri adamianisTvis Sedegiania, Tu viciT misi gamoyeneba da Sesatyvis
dros viyenebT. rogor da rodis unda gamoviyenoT strategia, ai, amis codna gvWirdeba. Sesabamisobis ara mxolod am Tavis, aramed TviT swavlebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da rTuli
sakiTxia. am eqvsi strategiis Sesabamisobaze arsebuli informaciis ganxilvamde, saWirod
vTvliT, TiToeulis ufro detalur ganxilvas, raTa mkiTxvels Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb ufro
meti konteqsti SevTavazoT. amrigad, yovel strategiaze eqvs qveTavs SemogTavazebT, Semdeg
ki saboloo da umniSvnelovanes V nawilze _ Sesabamisobaze gadavalT im moswavleTa mokle
daxasiaTebiT, romelTaTvisac Sesaferisia mocemuli strategia.
Semdegi eqvsi qveTavis mizania zemoxsenebuli eqvsi strategiis ufro naTeli da sruli
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Tavi 7
gansazRvrebebi
Semdegi gansazRvrebebi aRebulia kdam-Si arsebuli terminebis mixedviT da SesaZloa ar
emTxveodes qcevis modifikaciis Sesaxeb sxva literaturaSi (ix. gansakuTrebiT modelireba)
imave terminTa gansazRvrebebs.
1. ganmtkiceba: nebismieri ram, rac mocemuli qcevis sixSires zrdis.
2. sasjeli: nebismieri ram, rac mocemuli qcevis sixSires amcirebs.
3. reJimi: ganmtkicebis kavSiri gamoxatul qcevasTan droSi. uwyveti ganmtkiceba aris
yovel jerze sasurveli qcevis ganmtkiceba. wyvetili ganmtkiceba aris daugegmavad
sasurveli saqcielis ganmtkiceba.
4. Caqroba: qcevis aRmofxvra, rogorc wesi, ganmtkicebis aRmofxvris gziT, xandaxan
sasjelTan SewyvilebiT (uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba, usiamovno Sedegebi).
5. pasuxis safasuri: jarimebi, Cveulebisamebr Jetonebis (simboluri jildoebis) an
sxva saxis jildoebis CamorTmeviT gamoixateba.
6. baza: mocemuli qcevis sixSiris Sesaxeb Canaweri droSi SerCeviTi ganmtkicebis da/an
Caqrobis procedurebis dawyebamde.
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disciplina
7. Semobruneba: qcevis aRdgena mis sabaziso doneze, an masTan axlos, roca wydeba SerCeviTi ganmtkicebis reJimi.
8. Camoyalibeba: qcevis TandaTanobiTi cvlileba, romelic miiRweva sasurvel qcevasTan Tanamimdevruli miaxloebis ganmtkicebiT.
9. miniSneba: saWiro qaragmebi an miniSnebebi, raTa subieqtma SeZlos sasurveli reaqcia
Sesabamisi stimulis pirobebSi.
10. samizne qceva: sasurveli qceva, romelic qcevis modifikaciis principebis gamoyenebiT miiRweva.
11. pirobiToba: moswavlis reaqcia an qceva, romelic saWiroa ganmtkicebis Seqmnis an
mopovebisTvis; samuSao, romelsac anazRaureben.
12. waSla: erTi ganmamtkiceblis TandaTanobiTi aRmofxvra da misi Canacvleba sxva ganmamtkicebliT, rogorc saqcielis SemanarCunebliT.
13. modelireba: sxvaTa qcevis imitacia, romelic qmnis ganmtkicebas am sxvebisaTvis.
mravali termini qcevis modifikaciidan aq ubralod imitom ar aris gansazRvruli, rom
isini kdam-is leqsikonSi ar Sedis (mag: operantuli ganpirobeba, stimulis ganzogadeba, moyirWeba).
varaudebi
1. yvela qceva naswavlia.
2. maswavlebels ar SeuZlia saklaso oTaxs miRma moswavlis problemebis gamklaveba
(mag.: saxlis garemoSi).
3. Tu uweso saqcieli arsebobs da grZeldeba, maswavlebelia pasuxismgebeli.
Rirebulebebi
qmediToba da efeqtianoba
miznebi
1. ukanono qcevis sixSire Semcirdeba da mas Caenacvleba kanonieri qceva.
2. miiRweva yoveli moswavlisTvis SesaZlebeli maqsimaluri akademiuri progresi.
principebi
jildoebis sistematuri analizi da ganmtkicebis Teoriis sistematuri gamoyeneba moswavleTa qcevaSi, uzrunvelyofs swavlaSi maqsimaluri progresisTvis aucilebel garemos.
yvela qcevas, miuRebelsac ki, Tavisi sazRauri aqvs. Tu maswavlebels SeuZlia sazRauris
gansazRvra, arasasurveli qceva aRmoifxvreba. Tu maswavlebeli jildos akontrolebs da
sasurveli (kanonieri) saqcielisaTvis imetebs, swored kanonieri saqcieli gamyardeba.
araswori saqcielis Semcireba gzas uxsnis efeqtian swavlas. saswavlo amocanebSi ganmtkicebis amave principebis gamoyenebiT SevZlebT calkeul moswavleTa efeqtian motivacias.
nabijebi
1. miuTiTeT samizne qcevaze qcevaze, romelic gsurT, rom ganxorcieldes.
2. aRniSneT gadaxra samizne qcevidan.
3. sistematurad gaakeTeT sabazo normidan gadaxrebis Sefaseba drois garkveul periodebSi (xSirad kvirebSi).
4. gaaanalizeT, ra aris ganmtkiceba gadaxrisaTvis, ra jildos iRebs bavSvi.
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Tavi 7
mxardaWeris sistema
1. arCeul kategoriebSi unda arsebobdes Sesatyvisi ganmamtkiceblebi (e.i. aqtivobis,
materialur, sakveb an socialur kategoriebSi).
2. ganmamtkiceblis `moqmedebisTanave~ xelmisawvdomi unda iyos dro da personali dakvirvebis Casatareblad, monacemebis Casawerad da bazebis Sesaqmnelad.
128
disciplina
socialuri sistema
1. maswavlebeli aris ganmamtkiceblis ganmsazRvravi, avtori, `mmarTveli~ da `Camqrobi~.
2. Zalaufleba: is erTmniSvnelovnad maswavleblis xelSia.
3. normebi: dgindeba maswavleblis mier, ecnobeba moswavleebs; mtkicdeba normebisadmi Sesatyvisoba.
efeqtebi
1. qcevis medifikaciis kdam-iseuli interpretaciis pirdapiri efeqti unda iyos
moswavleebis mier im samizne qcevis miRweva, romelsac maswavlebeli SearCevs.
mcirdeba klasis masStabiT qcevis normidan gadaxra; maqsimaluri xdeba swavlis
dro. swavla efeqturad da nayofierad mimdinareobs.
2. pasiuri moswavlisaTvis, romelic SemuSavebul ganmamtkicebelze SemuSavebuli
gziT reagirebas aris miCveuli, unda gakeTdes SefarviTi efeqtebi. gare orientacia, rogor wesi, ,,jildos mentalitets aviTarebs, Tumca, ,,kdam-i cdilobs am
tendenciis CaxSobas socialuri da Tandayolili ganmamtkiceblis CaqrobiT.
sxvebma qcevis sistematuri menejmentis garemoSi cxovrebis SemoqmedebiTobasa da iniciativaze gavlenis sakiTxi wamoWres.
TviTanalizi
disciplina, rogorc TviTkontroli
TviTanalizis models ramdenime forma aqvs, romlebic am nawilSi iqneba warmodgenili.
eqimebi, maswavleblebi da mSoblebi am strategiebs warmatebiT iyeneben yvela asakis bavSvebTan da kontrolis problemebis mqone mozrdilTa problemebis mosagvareblad. Sinagani
metyvelebis gziT TviTstimulirebuli relaqsaciis wvrTnisa da TviTkontrolis mniSvnelobis gagebiT SeiZleba bolos da bolos gavacnobieroT, rom sakuTar TavTan mosaubre
adamianebi sulac ar arian giJebi!
varaudebi
1. moswavleebma SeiZleba ver gaacnobieron sakuTari qcevis tipi, simwvave an sixSire.
2. moswavleebma SeiZleba ver gaacnobieron, an arasworad gaacnobieron sakuTari
grZnobebi, Sinagani mdgomareoba.
Rirebulebebi
es modeli afasebs moswavleTa fsiqikur janmrTelobas. mniSvnelovania, rom moswavleebi
swavloben TavianT grZnobebsa da qmedebebs maTTan gamklavebis mizniT; amgvarad isini TviTcodnis simptomebis _ impulsurobis, afeTqebis, ganmartoebisa da sxva eqscentruli qcevis
_ winaswar gansazRvrasa da gakontrolebas swavloben.
miznebi
am modelis mizania moswavleebs aswavlos sakuTari signalebis wakiTxva da Tavis garTmevis strategiebis CarTva maSin, roca signalebi mianiSneben, rom isini sadacaa `afeTqdebian~
an gamoiyeneben maTTvis damaxasiaTebel sxva romelime disfunqciur models.
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Tavi 7
principebi
Sinagani me-sgan izolirebul moswavleebs daxmareba sWirdebaT imis gacnobierebaSi, Tu
ras warmoadgens sinamdvileSi maTi qmedebebi. impulsurma mozardma SeiZleba verc gaiazros, rom fexze wamoxta, magididan wigni gadmoagdo, karisken gaqcevisas or bavSvs daejaxa
da molbertis gadaadgilebisas naxats daabija. gaucnobiereblad man mxolod is icis, rom
`wasvlis droa~. ufrosklaselma SeiZleba ver gaacnobieros, rom ufro da ufro ucruvdeba
imedi, roca ar iwveven instruqciul jgufSi, rom TiTebs nerviulad aTamaSebs da muStebs
ZarRvebis dabervamde kumSavs. orive moswavles sWirdeba am situaciaTa cnoba da sakuTari
fiqrebisa da grZnobebis Sinagani miniSnebebis wakiTxva. moqmedebis dawyebamde maT unda
icodnen, rom es feTqebadi situaciebia da rom maT Tavs raRac xdeba. es modeli pirdapir
mianiSnebs moswavleebs, romelia maTTvis gamomwvevi situaciebi, xolo Semdeg situaciis
ganviTarebis kvaldakval aswavlis sakuTari reaqciebis gacnobierebas. am reaqciebis, rogorc problemis miniSnebebis wakiTxvis Seswavlis Semdeg maT unda icodnen, rogor moiqcnen.
TviTanalizis strategiebi maT mraval teqnikas sTavazobs, romlebic SeuZliaT iswavlon,
ivarjiSon da Semdeg gamoiyenon stresis dros dasamSvideblad, TviTkontrolisa da skolaSi
efeqtiani funqcionirebis gasagrZeleblad. es strategiebia: (1) qcevis ubralod daTvla an
mis mixedviT grafikis ageba; (2) relaqsacia; (3) TviTwvrTna Sinagani metyvelebiT (kognituri
qcevis modifikacia).
nabijebi
ubralod daTvla
ana-maria klasSi yovelTvis yviris da sxvebs awyvetinebs. es misi impulsurobaa da maswavlebeli gadawyvets gamoiyenos ubralo daTvla, raTa xazi gausvas am qcevas da miapyros
ana-marias yuradReba. erT dRes gakveTilebis Semdeg maswavlebeli ambobs: `ana-maria, ici,
rom xels ar iwev da Zalian bevrs yviri? es xelsac miSlis da usamarTlobaa im moswavleebis
mimarT, visac saubari surs~. `vwuxvar! gavCerdebi, gpirdebiT!~ (aseTi dialogi adrec gamarTula). `namdvilad Tanaxma xar amaze vimuSaoT? minda, dagexmaro. rogor fiqrob, ramdenjer wamoiyvireb xolme?~ `ar vici SeiZleba, xuTjer?~ (wamoyvirebis raodenoba 25-mdea.)
`kargi, xval vnaxoT. majaze webovan Tasmas gavikeTeb da yovel wamoyvirebas masze aRvniSnav,
SeniSvnis an gakveTilis Sewyvetis gareSe, magram Sen dainaxav da mixvdebi ras niSnavs. kargi?~
`kargiT!~.
es teqnika SeiZleba Zalze efeqtiani iyos Cveulebrivi an impulsuri gamaRizianebeli
qcevis Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT, roca yuradRebis miqcevisa da impulsurobis garda ufro
seriozuli aspeqtebi ar aris `CaTreuli~. imis danaxva, rom maswavlebeli lentze niSans
akeTebs, moswavles mizans wamoZaxilis Semcirebas _ axsenebs. `ui~, ambobs ana-maria, roca
kidev erTi niSnis dasmas xedavs. sakmaod male is wamoZaxebamde niSnis winaswar ganWvretas
swavlobs da wamoZaxilis Sekavebas iwyebs. Semdeg maswavlebelsa da ana-marias SeuZliaT
Seajamon wamoZaxilebi da meore dRes miznad am jamis Semcireba daisaxon. erTi kvira SeiZleba savsebiT sakmarisi iyos TviTSekavebis swavlisTvis, rac ana-marias wamoZaxebis gasakontroleblad sWirdeba.
am teqnikiTa da specifikuri Tvlisa da saqcielis Sesaxeb Canawerebis warmoebis sxva
formebiT moswavleebi ukeT igeben sakuTar qmedebas da maswavleblisa da moswavlis miznad
aqceven arasasurveli qcevis Semcirebas. daTvla moswavleebisTvis aris informacia maTi
winsvlis Sesaxeb; is unda iyos swrafi, sruli da xSiri (Van Houton). teqnikis warmatebisTvis moswavleebi mis mosinjvaze Tanaxma unda iyvnen. xandaxan mawavlebeli qcevis daTvliT
130
disciplina
moswavleebs monacemTa winaSe ayenebs. araswori qcevis `raodenobis~ gamo gakvirvebis Soki
SeiZleba maTi motivirebis safuZveli gaxdes. maswavlebels SeuZlia am teqnikis gamoyeneba
rogorc mTeli klasis masStabiT, ise individualurad. mizania klasis mier wamoZaxilebisa
da sxva araswori qcevis saerTo raodenobis Semcireba.
relaqsacia
bruno-goldenma (Bruno-Golden 1976) da koepenma (Koeppen 1974) maswavleblebisTvis (da ara
marto maTTvis) Seqmnes savarjiSoTa nakrebi moswavleTa kunTebis mzardi relaqsaciisTvis.
masSi Sedis moswavleTa mier komfortuli mdgomareobis miReba da sistematuri TanamimdevrobiT kunTebis sxvadasxva jgufis monacvleobiT daWimva da moduneba. es nebismieri maswavleblisTvis kargi teqnikaa. vis ar unatria raRac momentSi raime mowyobiloba hiperaqtiuri
klasis dasawynareblad?
Tumca, zogierTi moswavlisTvis dasvenebis codna SeiZleba stresis daZlevis strategia iyos. maswavlebels SeuZlia individualurad an mcire jgufebs aswavlos es teqnika da
TandaTanobiT Seamciros wvrTna, roca moswavle TviTinstruqtaJs SeZlebs maswavleblis
minimaluri xelmZRvanelobiT. SeiZleba im donis miRwevac, roca maswavlebeli mxolod mianiSnebs dawyebas da moswavle damoukideblad Seasrulebs varjiSs: `robi, Senc da mec vamCnevT,
rom am dReebSi Tavs Zlivs akontroleb, xom marTalia? ici, iseTi raRac minda gaswavlo, rac
dagexmareba. Tanaxma xar?~
wvrTnasTan erTad maswavlebelma da moswavlem rTuli situaciebi unda ganixilon, scadon
im garemos da pirobebis winaswar gansazRvra da ganWvreta, romlebic moswavlis afeTqebis
mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes. maT aseve sWirdebaT moswavlis Sinagan gancdebsa da im aSkara simptomebze saubari, romelTa SemCnevac orives SeuZlia, roca moswavlis daZabuloba izrdeba.
maswavlebels im moswavleebTan erTad, romlebic ar icnoben sakuTar `me~-s da Zalze uWirT
Sinagan grZnobebze saubari, SeiZleba ukeT gamouvides mizanze, movlenis SesamCnev Tvisebebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba: `es Cveulebrivi ambavia mcire jgufebSi. Tqven muStebs kravT da
TiTebi giTeTrdebaT~. saboloo mizania, rom kontrolis dakargvamde moswavleebma sakuTari
signalebis wakiTxva da Tavis garTmevis meqnizmis amuSaveba SeZlon. am gzaze maT SeiZleba
maswavleblis daxmareba dasWirdeT miniSnebaTa amosacnobad. SeiZleba moswavleebma koduri
sityva Seqmnan an maswavlebeli Caerios da mianiSnos volfgangiseuli (Wolfgang 1977) erT-erTi
saSualebiT imisda mixedviT, ramdenad Semawuxebeli xdeba qceva da rogor akontrolebs moswavle sakuTar Tavs:
siaxlove yureba;
`vxedav, rogor TandaTan kargav kontrols~.
`kontroli gekargeba. dagexmarebi~.
fizikuri Careva moswavlis qmedebis sityviT gamoxatva moswavlis Sekaveba: `saSualebas ar mogcem, rame itkino an sxvebs atkino~. (umcrosklaselebisTvis).
131
Tavi 7
*ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Meichenbaum, D. Cognitive Behavior Modification. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.)
132
disciplina
problemis gansazRvra
yuradRebis fokusireba
imaze, Tu ra unda gavakeTo
TviTSefaseba, monitoringi
TviTganmtkiceba
`vaSa! gamomivida!~
rogor unda vaswavloT moswavles amis gakeTeba? TandaTanobiT. Tavdapirvelad maswavlebeli Tavad asrulebs moZraobebs, ayurebinebs moswavles da xmamaRla axdens zemoT moyvanili dialogis verbalizacias. Semdeg moswavles moZraobebis gameorebas sTxovs da Tan kvlav
dialogis xmamaRla verbalizacias axdens. Tanamimdevroba Semdegi eqvsi fazis mixedviT mimdinareobs:
maswavlebeli
moswavle
1. xmamaRali TviTinstruqtaJi,
asrulebs moZraobebs
uyurebs
2. xmamaRali TviTinstruqtaJi
asrulebs moZraobebs
3. CurCulebs instruqciebs
CurCulebs TviTinstruqtaJs,
asrulebs moZraobebs
5. uyurebs
6. uyurebs
am strategiis sxvadasxva saxeliT (mag: `stresze acra~) cnobili saxesxvaobebi, ufrosklaselebTan da mozrdilebTanac gamoiyeneba, Tumca principebi igive rCeba. moswavleebs aswavlian maTTvis stresuli situaciis amocnobas, raTa maT erT-erTi strategiiT (relaqsaciiT, TviTinstruqtirebiT) Tavis garTmeva SeZlon. maT stresis maTeuli signalebis
amocnobasac aswavlian, raTa moumzadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, SeZlon ufskrulis piras yofnis
gansazRvra da spontanurad gamoiyenon erT-erTi strategia.
socialuri sistema
am modelSi maswavlebeli damxmarea. saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba Tavis
garTmevis strategiebis gamoyenebis Taobaze moswavlis xelSia, miuxedavad imisa, rom maswavlebeli ndobiT aRWurvili Tanamzraxvelia da misi saqmea moswavlisaTvis kontrolis dakargvis miniSnebis gagzavna.
133
Tavi 7
mxardaWeris sistema
sagakveTilo drois garda maswavleblebs sWirdebaT dro da moswavleebTan urTierTobis
kerZo garemos Seqmnis SesaZlebloba. saWiroa, maswavlebelma winaswar gansazRvros zogierTi rTuli situacia da masze moswavlesTan erTad imuSaos.
efeqtebi
am modelis warmatebuli ganxorcieleba amcirebs afeTqebebsa da xelis SemSlel konfliqtebs impulsuri da umarTavi moswavleebisTvis. aseve uyalibebs maT Tavdajerebulobasa da miRwevis SegrZnebas. Sedegad ki, maTTvis sxva moswavleebTan ufro nayofieri urTierTobis kari iReba, romlebic maT, albaT, ar CaTvlian `giJebad~, ar gabrazdebian da ar
umtroben.
monaTesave models `problemis interpersonaluri kognituri gadawyveta~ ewodeba. es
modeli mozardebs aswavlis azrovnebas _ `alternativa-Sedegebi~. is, ZiriTadad, gamiznulia
umcrosklaselebisTvis da maT problemis gadaWris iseT strategiebs aswavlis, romlebiTac
Cxubis, kinklaobis da konfliqtebis Zalismieri mogvarebis Canacvleba SeuZliaT. Surisa da
spivakis (1978) naSromidan es nawyveti amis dadasturebaa. maswavlebeli avalebs bavSvebs maTi
moqmedebebisa da am moqmedebaTa Sedegebis ganxilvas, Semdeg ki maTi moTxovnebis Sesatyvis
alternatiul moqmedebebs asrulebinebs.
maswavlebeli:
bavSvi:
braienic muSaobda.
diax.
maswavlebeli: braienis mimarT samarTliani iqneba, rom Tavad akrifos, xolo Sens
mimarT, rom ar akrifo?
bavSvi
ara.
maswavlebeli: Sens mimarT samarTliani iqneba, rom Sen akrifo da ara braienma?
bavSvi:
ara.
braieni ar mexmareba.
maswavlebeli: SegiZlia raime moifiqro, rom braieni mogexmaros amocanebis akrefaSi? (cdilobs bavSvs problemis gadaWris gza moafiqrebinos).
134
disciplina
bavSvi:
is ar damexmareboda.
maswavlebeli: es SeiZleba moxdes. kidev ra SeiZleba gaakeTo misi uaris SemTxvevaSi?
bavSvi:
davartyam.
maswavlebeli:
bavSvi:
viCxubebT.
maswavlebeli: me SemiZlia vuTxra, magram ras izam maSin, roca me aq ar viqnebi?
(maswavlebeli isev cdilobs bavSvi problemis gadaWris gzaze
daafiqros.)
bavSvi:
maswavlebeli:
es kargi azria?
bavSvi:
diax.
maswavlebeli:
ratom?
bavSvi:
maswavlebeli: SeiZleba. naxe, ra SeiZleba gaakeTo, rom dagexmaros. (Suri da spivaki 1978, gv. 146-147)*
135
Tavi 7
6. sTxoveT bavSvs ifiqros imaze, ra SeiZleba moxdes Semdeg. `Tu Sen ase moiqcevi, ra
SeiZleba gaakeTos an Tqvas Senma dam?~ `Tu Sen isev Seawuxeb, ra SeiZleba moxdes?~
7. ecadeT, moswavlem Seafasos sakuTari idea Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT. `dartyma kargi
azria Tu ara?~ `vaWroba kargi azria Tu ara?~
8. waaxaliseT moswavle, dafiqrdes problemis mogvarebis gansxvavebul gzaze. `SegiZlia moifiqro gansxvavebuli gza, rom man dagiTmos, roca Seni jeri iqneba (ufleba
mogces maTTan iTamaSo)?~ `Tu axla TamaSi ar ginda, SegiZlia moifiqro, risi gakeTeba gagaxalisebda?~ (Shure & Spivack 1978, gv. 157, 229-230)
bavSvebis pasuxebi gviCvenebs, rom isini sakuTari da ara ufrosis mier SeTavazebuli an
moTxovnili ideis mixedviT ufro imoqmedeben. miuxedavad imisa, rom bavSvebs xandaxan marTlac sWirdebaT ufrosis rCeva, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom roca bavSvi problemis gadaWris
sasurvel gzas ipovnis, is misi azrovnebisa da moqmedebebis bunebrivi kavSiris safuZvelze
spontanuri motivaciiT moqmedebaze gadadis. Tu misi idea warumatebelia, is fiqrs agrZelebs da impulsur da imedgacruebul moqmedebamde SeiZleba mogvarebis sxva gzac mosinjos.
is problemis gadaWrisaken mimarTul azrovnebas swavlobs.
pirovnuli gavlena
pirovnuli pativiscemis gziT damyarebuli disciplina
pirovnuli gavlenis modelSi, maswavlebeli mWidro urTierTobas amyarebs moswavleebTan da mas gonivruli saqcielisaTvis moswavleTa motivaciis mizniT iyenebs. is cdilobs
gazardos sakuTari pirovnuli mniSvneloba moswavleebisTvis da maT pativiscemas, dafasebasa da siaxloves qcevis Sesacvlelad iyenebs. maswavlebeli siyvarulsa da Tavdadebas amJRavnebs; moswavleebi grZnoben, rom maTi urTierToba sayvarel maswavlebelTan ormxrivia.
SesaZloa, mravali mkiTxvelisTvis es nacnobi WeSmaritebaa, magram am modelis yuradRebiT
wakiTxva mraval siaxles gagacnobT.
varaudebi
moswavleebi ufro motivirebuli arian, rom kargad moiqcnen da imuSaon, Tu maT maswavlebeli uyvarT da afaseben.
Rirebulebebi
am modelSi mniSvnelovania moswavlis warmodgena sakuTar Tavze da klasSi wesrigi. maTTvis mniSvnelovan mozrdilTan urTierToba moswavleebs Tavdajerebulobas uviTarebs.
modelSi asaxulia valdebuleba klasSi wesrigisa da xelis SeSlis dros mtkice nabijebis
gadadgmisTvis.
miznebi
modelis upirvelesi mizania maswavlebelsa da rezistentul moswavleebs Soris urTierTobis damyareba, raTa am ukanasknelebze gaizardos maswavleblis piradi gavlena. meore
mizania qcevisadmi mkafio molodinis Camoyalibeba da araswori saqcielisTvis swrafi da
Tanamimdevruli Sedegebi.
principebi
maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierToba sabanko angariSs hgavs: misi wyalobiT moswav-
136
disciplina
nabijebi
1. pozitiuri, megobruli, individualuri interaqciis momentebis ZiebiTa da xelsayreli SemTxvevis gamoyenebiT daamyareT megobruli urTierToba calkeul moswavleebTan, romlis mizani siaxlove da Ria komunikaciaa.
a) gakveTilebamde ramdenime wuTiT;
b) ramdenime wuTiT gakveTilebis Semdeg;
g) xandaxan moswavlesTan erTad sadilobiT;
d) skolis Semodgomi proeqtebiT.
2. gamoiyeneT ,,aqtiuri mosmena da pirovnuli urTierTobis Camoyalibebis parametrSi
detalurad axsnili sxva qceva.
3. gauziareT moswavleebs saintereso informacia Tqvens Sesaxeb: mogzauroba, gamocdileba, gansakuTrebiT, nebismieri miRweva an codna (rogoricaa instrumentze dakvra an raime xeloba), rac maT Tqvenze ara gazviadebul, aramed realur warmodgenas
Seuqmnis. rogorc wesi, moyolis nacvlad ukeTesia TviT am unarebis Cveneba.
4. ecadeT, moswavleebs usafrTxo da struqturirebuli urTierTobebi hqondeT. magaliTad, aswavleT umcrosklasels raime TamaSi da Semdeg waaxaliseT, rom saswavlo dRis pirveli aTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi (rogorc wesi, yvelaze rTuli periodi)
es TamaSi or sxva moswavles aswavlos. ufrosklaselebs daarigebineT masalebi an
sTxoveT jgufur proeqtSi gankuTvnili funqciis Sesruleba.
5. rezistentul moswavleebs individualuri interaqciis dros, zustad auxseniT
Tqveni molodini (ix. molodinis parametri). Sexedulebisamebr, SeqmeniT qcevis kon-
137
Tavi 7
mxardaWeris sistema
am modelis mixedviT urTierTobis Camosayalibeblad maswavlebels moswavleebTan sakmaod axlo da xSiri kontaqti sWirdeba. maswavlebeli unda iyos Tanamimdevruli SedegebTan
da Semdgom urTierTobasTan mimarTebaSi. modularuli reJimiT limitirebis SemTxvevaSi
skolam unda gaiTvaliswinos klasis ufro Caketili garemo, an sul mcire maswavlebelTa
ufro iSviaTi cvla am moswavlisTvis. maswavlebels winaswar unda hqondes gansazRvruli
SedegTa nakrebi moswavlisTvis (da albaT Sedegebic, Tu pirovnuli gavlenis es strategia
Sewyvilebulia qcevis kontraqtTan). amisaTvis SeiZleba saWiro iyos sxva maswavleblebTan
da skolis administratorTan TanamSromloba da SeTanxmeba (Semdeg nawilSi ixileT seimur
sarasonis Sedegebis forma). imis Tqma gvsurs, rom sruli mzadyofna gqondeT. icodeT, ris
gakeTebas apirebT, roca moswavlis saqcieli dasaSveb zRvars scildeba da metismetad xelis SemSleli xdeba swavlebis gasagrZeleblad. rogorc wesi, es gaZevebis garkveuli formaa
damSvidebis oTaxSi an sxva adgilas, magram unda icodeT, sad.
socialuri sistema
maswavlebeli avtoritetia, romelic qcevis normebs awesebs. zogadad, moswavleebi SeiZleba CarTuli iyvnen wesebis SeqmnaSi. magram maSinac ki, roca demokratia klasis cxovrebis
nawili da qcevis normebis gansazRvris saSualebaa, pirovnuli gavlenis mizani ar aris, iyos
demokratiuli modeli. Tu moswavles es modeli sWirdeba, demokratia mis `avadmyofobas~
ver gankurnavs.
efeqtebi
pirdapiri:
138
disciplina
aRmzrdelobiTi:
139
Tavi 7
1. gacnoba
a) gaacaniT mTel klass izolirebis arsi Tavisi mizezebiTa da SedegebiT.
b) gaxsovdeT im wesebis Sesruleba, romlebic moswavleebs swavliT siamovnebis mi
Rebis saSualebas aZlevs.
2. ganxorcieleba
a) mieciT erTi individualuri gafrTxileba qcevis dakonkretebiT.
b) sajarod axseniT bavSvis izolirebis mizezi.
g) bavSvi nebayoflobiT an, Tu aucilebelia, ZaliT gaaZeveT, an daurekeT mSobels.
d) izolirebuli gyavdeT saaTnaxevris ganmavlobaSi.
e) bavSvi ar monawileobs maspinZeli klasis aqtivobebSi.
v) situacia klasTan ganixileT. yuradReba miaqcieT Semdeg sakiTxebs:
_ izolirebuli bavSvis SesaZlo alternatiul qcevas.
_ wesis mizezebs.
_ wesebis SesrulebaSi daxmarebis gzebs.
gansazRvrebebi
1. bunebrivi Sedegi: bavSvis qcevis aversiuli Sedegi, romelic TavisTavad, bunebrivad,
adamianis Zalisxmevis gareSe Cndeba (mag.: skamze qanaobis Sedegad bolos da bolos
bavSvi ecema).
2. logikuri Sedegi: bavSvis qceviT Seqmnili aversiuli Sedegi, romelic logikurad
ukavSirdeba am qcevas.
varaudebi
1. Tanasworoba erTaderTi bazisia, romelic disciplinis problemebis gadaWras SegvaZlebinebs.
2. mikuTvnebuloba adamianis fundamenturi saWiroebaa da Tavi rom Rirebulad igrZnos, jgufSi da jgufTan erTad funqcionirebisTvis iswrafvis.
3. yvela saqcieli miznobrivia. damoukidebeli xelmZRvanelobis mizania bavSvis qcevis
motivireba.
140
disciplina
miznebi
gamoiyeneT es Rirebulebebi bavSvebTan urTierTobisas, raTa:
1. bolo moeRos `aSkara oms~, romelsac dreikursi kanondamrRvevebsa da sazogadoebas, ajanyebul axalgazrdebs, mSoblebsa da maswavleblebs Soris xedavs.
2. gamoyenebul iqnes adleris pirveli socialuri kanoni Tanasworobis kanoni,
socialuri cxovrebis logika, romelic `yvela adamianis Tanasworad aRiarebas
moiTxovs~ (Dreikurs & Grey 1968, gv. 8).
3. uzrunvelyofili iyos is gzebi, romliTac moswavle Tavisufal garemoSi Sesatyvis
funqcionirebas SeZlebs (`Sesatyvisi~ am SemTxvevaSi `pasuxismgeblurs~ niSnavs da
ara `nebadarTuls~).
4. aRmoifxvras disciplinis avtokratiuli meTodebi.
5. aRmoifxvras saSualo amerikeli bavSvis autaneli saqcieli, romelic `eCxubeba Tavis da-Zmebs, uars ambobs nivTebis alagebaze, saSinao davalebis Sesrulebaze da saojaxo saqmeebSi daxmarebaze~ (Dreikurs & Grey 1968, gv. 10).
6. xeli Seewyos bavSvebsa da mozrdilebs Soris urTierTpativiscemaze agebul urTierTobebs.
principebi
mizans SeiZleba mivaRwioT, Tu moswavleTa saqcielis mizezebs CavwvdebiT da uars vityviT urTierTobis avtokratiul meTodebze. Cveni reaqcia maT qcevaze TvalnaTliv unda
aCvenebdes socialuri wesrigis realobas maTive qmedebebze pasuxismgeblobis (da logikuri
Sedegebis) dakisrebis saSualebiT. roca maswavlebeli/mSobeli araswor saqcielze reaqcias socialuri realobis am sistemis mixedviT amJRavnebs, moswavleebi aRar brazdebian,
ar janydebian arc iTrgunebian, radgan mozrdilTa reaqcia pirovnuli avtoritetidan aRar
momdinareobs.
metic, roca calkeuli moswavlisTvis umarTebulo saqcielis mizezebi naTelia, SegviZlia misi (moswavlis) moTxovnebis Sesatyvis moqmedebaTa pozitiur biliks gavyveT. amrigad,
demokratiul Teoriasa da moqmedebis pozitiur programebze agebuli axleburi reaqcia
araswor saqcielze, romelic regularulad araswori qcevis mqone bavSvis moTxovnebs Seesabameba, dreikursis Sexedulebis ori mxarea.
klasSi adgilis povnisTvis saWiro qcevis Sesaxeb koncefciebs moswavleebi swavlis
yvela araswori qceva imis Sedegia, rom
gziT aviTareben. maTi azriT, aseTi koncefdaTrgunuli moswavles mcdari varaudi aqvs
ciebi SeiZleba iyos TanamSromloba an yursakuTari adgilis povnisa da statusis mopo
adRebis centrSi yofna. nebismieri araswori
vebis Taobaze.
saqcielis miRma SeiZleba imwuTieri miznebi
aRmovaCinoT. yvela araswori qceva imis Sedegia, rom daTrgunul moswavles mcdari varaudi aqvs sakuTari adgilis povnisa da statusis
mopovebis Taobaze. (ix. glaseris Sexeduleba deviantur qcevaze, rogorc cud arCevanze).
logikuri Sedegebi moswavleze STabeWdilebas axdens realobis moTxovnebiT da ara
ufrosis ZalauflebiT. erTmaneTTan, rogorc TanasworebTan, urTierTobis princips Sedegad ormxriv pativiscemaze agebuli urTierToba mohyveba. moswavleebi Cveni Tanasworebi
xdebian ara ZalauflebiT an sxeulis sididiT, aramed gadawyvetilebis damoukideblad
miRebis uflebiTa da SesaZleblobiT. maSin, roca dasja pirovnuli avtoritetis Zalauflebis maCvenebelia, logikuri Sedegebi, rogorc socialuri wesrigis realobis asaxva, obieqtur (upirovno) doneze moqmedebs. dasjis qveteqstia: `Sen cudi xar~, logikuri Sedegebis
ki _ `Seni saqcieli am Sedegs moitans~. ar xdeba `Seni~, rogorc pirovnebis, gankiTxva.
141
Tavi 7
sintaqsi
1. detalurad daakvirdiT moswavlis saqciels.
2. frTxilad gamoxateT sakuTari reaqcia moswavlis qcevaze.
3. uzrunvelyaviT moswavle `makoreqtirebeli ukukavSiriT~. moswavles aCerebT, SeniSvnas aZlevT da akvirdebiT mis reaqcias. Tu is Cerdeba, qcevis mizani SeiZleba
ubralod yuradRebis mipyrobis mcdeloba iyos. Tu araswori qceva izrdeba, misi mizani SeiZleba SurisZieba iyos.
4. konfliqtidan garkveuli periodis (damSvidebis) Semdeg, am oTxi kiTxvidan erTis an
ramdenimes TanamimdevrobiT dasmiT moswavlis winaSe oTxi mizani dasaxeT.
`iqneb Cemi yuradRebis mipyroba gsurs?~ (yuradRebis mipyroba).
a) `iqneb ginda maCveno, rom SegiZlia gaakeTo is, risi gakeTebac ginda da veravin
SegaCerebs?~ (Zalaufleba).
b) ,,iqneb ginda, rom me da klaselebs guli gvatkino, rom bari-barSi viyoT?~ (SurisZieba).
g) `iqneb martooba gsurs?~ (araadekvaturoba).
5. yuradReba miaqcieT amocnobis refleqss, anu am oTxi SekiTxvidan romels eTanxmeba
moswavle verbalurad an sxeulis eniT.
6. moswavlis miznis mixedviT gamoiyeneT Sesabamisi makoreqtirebeli procedurebi 7.2
sqemis Sesabamisad.
gaaanalizeT mizezi
`Semobruneba~
arCevani
makoreqtirebeli ukukavSiri
logikuri Sedegi
demokratiuli jgufis
zewola
pozitiuri negatiuri
myisieri
siurprizi
dreikursi ar aRwers logikuri Sedegis qvekategoriebs, magram isini miRebulia miseuli magaliTebis ganxilvis
Sedegad.
logikuri Sedegis gamoyenebisas SearCieT Sesabamisi tipi. 7.2 sqemaze naCvenebia logikuri
Sedegis ramdenime tipi, romelTaganac unda gakeTdes arCevani.
logikuri Sedegis arCevanis tipis mixedviT moswavles SeuZlia Tavi aaridos logikur
Sedegs, Tu sakuTari qcevis Secvlas airCevs. pozitiuri arCevani Tomas gordonis `prob-
142
disciplina
lemis qonas~ hgavs (ix. Semdegi qveTavi `maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna~). Tu moswavles
gaWianurebuli Cacmisa da sauzmis gamo skolaSi agviandeba, Tqven mas ubralod sakuTari
problemis mogvarebis saSualebas aZlevT. Tqven SegiZliaT moswavles miseul arCevanze
miuTiToT, magram mieciT Sedegis marTvaze pozitiuri kontrolis saSualeba. mozrdili am
SemTxvevaSi umoqmedoa.
negatiur arCevanSi maswavlebeli/mSobeli aRniSnavs, arasaTanado qcevis SemTxvevaSi
ra logikuri Sedegi daugrovdeba moswavles. davalebuli samuSaos Seusruleblobas is mohyveba, rom mis dasamTavreblad darCena mouwevs. davalebis mogvianebiT Sesrulebis valdebuleba misi droulad Seusruleblobis logikuri Sedegia. ai, rogor xdeba es: skolis Semdeg
darCena dasjad ar miiCneva, es ubralod im adamianebs exeba, vinc ar asrulebs Tavis samuSaos. maswavlebelic rCeba Tavisi samuSaos dasasruleblad. es `socialuri realobaa~. aseTi
logikuri Sedegi aq uaryofiT arCevanad miiCneva, radgan moswavlis winaSea arCevani: `Tu
X-s gaakeTeb maSin Y moxdeba~. Y ki bavSvisTvis aversiuli Sedegia.
logikuri Sedegis forma sakuTari recepti moswavlisTvis misive qcevis `dabrunebas~
niSnavs. awyvetinebT mas, vinc gawyvetinebT; gausaZlisad uwesrigo garemos uqmniT daudevar
moswavles. faqtobrivad, cdilobT moswavles sarkeSi daanaxvoT sakuTari qceva. am teqnikis
gamoyenebisas aucilebelia zomieri iumori da racionaluri sazRvrebi da ara SurisZieba.
araviTari arCevanis logikuri Sedegebis dros araswor saqciels maSinve mohyveba
Sedegi. dreikursis TqmiT, es qcevasa da Sedegs Soris im logikuri kavSiriT gansxvavdeba,
romelic maswavlebelma moswavlis gonebaSi mainc unda daamyaros. (TiTqos, dreikursisTvis
gansxvaveba sasjelsa da araviTari arCevanis logikur Sedegebs Soris sinamdvileSi arc
ise didia, magram es erTgvari fandia _ davarwmunoT moswavle logikuri kavSiris arsebobaSi, miuxedavad imisa, sinamdvileSi arsebobs Tu ara igi da, amgvarad, ufrosi realurad arc
axorcielebs dasjas.) araviTari arCevanis logikuri Sedegebi SeiZleba iyos ubralod
myisieri (mag., ori moCxubari bavSvis gayvana beisbolis TamaSidan dasasveneblad) an siur
prizi, romelic Seicavs siaxlisa da originalurobis garkveul elements (mag., maswavlebels
hyavs qvebis msrolelebi saTamaSo moedanze, romlebic erT adgilze agroveben napovn qvebs.
Semdeg ki am qvebs moednis gareT miwaze ayrevinebs, saTamaSo moednis usafrTxoebis mizniT).
zogjer maswavleblis reaqciis mizani moswavlis Sercxvenaa. magaliTad, erT dilas meSvideklasels, romelic gamudmebiT gamaRizianeblad akakunebs fanqars, fanqris nacvlad maswavlebeli pastels aZlevs da eubneba: `raki fanqris sworad gamoyeneba ar SegiZlia, amiT wera
mogiwevs~.
moyirWeba dreikursisaTvis igivea, rac qcevis modifikacia CvenTvis. SeasrulebineT
moswavles araswori qceva manam, sanam ar mobezrdeba. nerwyviT damrgvalebuli qaRaldis
burTulebis msrolels mTeli dila asrolineT isini yuTSi; moxetiale mTeli dRe atareT
oTaxSi.
dreikursis bolo naSromSi vkiTxulobT, rom logikuri Sedegebi yvelaze sasargebloa
pirveli miznis _ yuradRebis mipyrobis _ dros. Zalauflebis an SurisZiebis SemTxvevaSi,
logikurma Sedegebma SeiZleba ukuSedegi moitanos da amitom ar unda gamoviyenoT. bunebrivi
Sedegebis gamoyeneba nebismier dros upriania, garda meoTxe miznis araadekvaturobis SegrZnebis dros.
143
Tavi 7
pozitiuri programa:
brZolaze uaris Tqmisas gaigeT konfliqtis mizezi. roca Tqveni diagnoziT mizezi `Zalauflebis Cvenebisa da damtkicebis moTxovnilebaa~, eZebeT xelsayreli SemTxvevebi, rom
bavSvma miRweuliT iamayos. ecadeT Zalauflebis gamoxatvis es moTxovnileba dadebiTad
warmarToT. Tu mizezi yuradRebis moTxovnilebaa, eZebeT xelsayreli SemTxvevebi bavSvis
miRwevaTa Sesaqebad da ugulebelyaviT yuradRebis miqcevis mizniT ganxorcielebuli devianturi qceva. Tu araswori qcevis mizezi savaraudo unarSezRudulobaa, gaamxneveT bavSvi;
daexmareT warmatebis miRwevaSi; daakisreT pasuxismgebloba, frTxilad SerCeuli, magram sajarod SesamCnevi. Tu mizezi SurisZiebaa, maSin grZeli gzisTvis gamZleobas mouxmeT. agrZnobineT moswavles, rom giyvarT. dreikursi saubrobs jgufur ganxilvaze da am konteqstSi
miRebaze.
popularul da arapopularul, gaxsnil da
Caketil moswavleebze monacemebis Sesagroveblad gamoiyeneT sociogramebi, gveubneba is.
gamoiyeneT es monacemebi klasSi adgilebis ganawilebisa da dajgufebebis dros, raTa izolirebulebma socializaciis axali unar-Cvevebi
SeiZinon, xolo vinc erTmaneTs eTavseba, erTad dasvaT.
kviraSi erTxel regularulad CaatareT problemebis saklaso ganxilva. waaxaliseT moswavleebi, iswavlon mosmena, erTmaneTis gageba da daxmareba.
pozitiur programas aqvs oTxi ZiriTadi sayrdeni, romelTagan TiToeuli dreikursis mier aRwerili araswori qcevis oTxi mizezidan erT-erTs Seesabameba. magram araswor
saqcielze pirdapiri reaqciisgan gansxvavebiT pozitiuri programa maswavleblis reaqciis zogadi principebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic tradiciuli wesiT unda gamoviyenoT da ara
specifikuri qmedebebis dros. araswori saqcielis mizezebis Sesaxeb saubrisas dreikursi
kidev erT gzas aRniSnavs _ oTxi mizezis miCnevas moswavlis miznebad. am SemTxvevaSi pozitiuri programa araswori qcevis gverdis avliT eZebs moswavlis miznebTan Sesatyvisobis gzebs.
waxaliseba am pozitiur programaSi oTxi mizezidan sam SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba. dreikursis mTeli wigni am sakiTxs eZRvneba.
mxardaWeris sistema
amtkiceben, rom dreikursis modeli yvelaze warmatebulia dawyebiTi klasebis bavSvebTan. mogvianebiT mozardobis asakTan erTad am oTx ZiriTad mizezs ufro rTuli da Sorsmimavali motivebi emateba.
144
disciplina
logikuri Sedegis ganxorcielebisTvis maswavlebelma unda gamoiCinos simtkice da zogierT SemTxvevaSi, axleburi da originaluri azrovnebis unari (logikuri Sedegis siurpri
zis tipi). logikuri Sedegis tipebis _ araviTari arCevani, myisieri _ gasatareblad,
maswavlebels is Tavdajerebuloba da swrafi reaqcia sWirdeba, romelic wlebis da gamocdilebis safuZvelze dagrovil reaqciaTa farTo repertuars moaqvs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, axalbeda maswavlebelma unda SeZlos swrafi fiqri, im situaciaSi reaqciis principebis
gamoyeneba da araswori saqcielisaTvis logikuri Sedegis SemuSaveba.
maswavlebelma unda `gamorTos~ Tavisi ego, SeinarCunos miukerZoebloba, rac mas bavSvebTan ZalauflebisTvis konfliqtis (kidev erTi sirTule, gansakuTrebiT axalbeda maswavleblisTvis, romelic Zalauneburad, garkveul doneze, did dros uTmobs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gamomJRavnebas) Tavidan acilebis saSualebas aZlevs. maswavleblis mier
egosadmi es miukerZoebloba moswavles uflebas miscems, sakuTari problema arCevanis
pozitiur kategoriaSi marTos. metic, cudi yofaqcevis moswavlis darwmuneba, rom is gviyvars, arasayvareli bavSvis siyvaruls niSnavs, rac yvelaze Tavdajerebul, Tbil da Tanaziar
maswavlebels SeuZlia.
dreikursis meTodi araswori qcevis daZlevisas, moswavleebTan mtkice, mSvid, usayveduro saubars, araswor saqcielze jgufis Sexedulebis gamoxatvasa da struqturirebis teqnikas moiTxovs.
SeiZleba movifiqroT konkretuli SedegebisaTvis saWiro sivrce da dro. (iqneba Tu ara
vinme gakveTilebis Semdeg, rom meTvalyureoba gauwios samuSaos dasrulebas? qaRaldis
burTulebis yuTSi srola metismetad xelSemSleli da xmauriani xom ar iqneba sxva moswavleebisTvis?)
socialuri sistema
maswavleblis, rogorc avtokratis roli, am modelis samizanea. CamosviT maswavlebli
Zalauflebis kvarcxlbekidan, ambobs dreikursi; ar daikavoT wesebis Semqmnelisa da gamtareblis pozicia. da mainc, maswavlebeli mis sistemaSi wesebis gamtarebelia; ubralod, wesebi ganixileba ara rogorc maswavleblidan, aramed saganTa bunebidan, socialuri realobidan gamomdinare. swored maswavlebeli igonebs araswori saqcielisaTvis logikur Sedegs
da swored is uzrunvelyofs logikuri Sedegis gamoyenebas. Tu Sedegi damoukidebelia, is
`bunebrivi~ Sedegia. logikuri Sedegebis gansaxorcieleblad saWiroa adamianis Careva.
wesebis Seqmna ufro demokratiulia. moswavleebi CarTuli arian konstituciur procesSi.
magram, roca yvelaferi naTqvami da gakeTebulia, logikuri Sedegebis sistemaSi maswavlebels aqvs Zalaufleba da Riad iyenebs mas. Zalauflebis aseTi gamoyeneba SeniRbuli da
Sesustebulia; sxva SemTxvevaSi warmoqmnili aRSfoTeba Semcirebulia imiT, rom maswavlebeli Tavs aridebs ZalauflebisTvis aSkara brZolas, miukerZoebeli damokidebulebiT niRbavs
Sedegs da logikiT ukavSirebs mas (Sedegs umarTebulo qcevas). saqme is rodia, rom Zalaufleba SecdomaSi Seyvanis mizniT gamoiyeneba, mcdaria TviT fiqri, rom sistema gvaridebs
Zalauflebis gamoyenebas. logikuri Sedegebi maswavleblebsa da bavSvebs Zalauflebisadmi
damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. is cdilobs, rom Zalaufleba socialur realobas daukavSiros da ara pirovnul konfrontacias; magram is ar amcirebs an ar aRmofxvris
mis gamoyenebas.
dreikursis bolo naSromSi (perl kaselTan TanaavtorobiT, `disciplina ucremlebod~,
1974) damatebiTi SeniSvnaa logikuri Sedegebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac zemoxsenebul daskvnebs srulyofs. am wignSi logikuri Sedegebis gamoyeneba daSvebulia mxolod
pirveli miznis yuradRebis mipyrobisTvis, maSin roca wina naSromebSi aseTi SezRudva ar
145
Tavi 7
iyo. maswavlebeli ar iyenebs logikur Sedegebs, roca moswavlis mizania Zalaufleba, SurisZieba an araadekvaturobis gamoxatva. vfiqrobT, rom es dreikursis adrindeli Sexedulebebis cvlilebaa. erTi SexedviT, es axali pozicia dreikursis models Zalauflebaze naklebad, xolo waxalisebasa da sociometriuli monacemebis gamoyenebaze metad damokidebuls
xdis. am axal wignSi aris Tavi, romelic skolis situaciaSi konkurenciis arasaxarbielo
Sedegebs exeba, rac dreikursisaTvis axali Temaa. aseve calke Tavi eZRvneba demokratiuli
saklaso diskusiebis Catarebas, rac avtorisTvis Zveli Temaa. uiliam glaseris ramdenime
citata gvafiqrebinebs, rom am aqcentis safuZveli SeiZleba veZeboT glaseris wignSi `skola
marcxis gareSe~ (1968), sadac konkurenciis Temaze iseTive argumentebia, romelsac dreikursi iyenebs da sadac klasis Sekreba ufro detaluradaa ganxiluli.
efeqtebi
pirdapiri:
aRmzrdelobiTi:
axla, modiT, gadavxedoT saklaso oTaxis disciplinis models, sadac Tavidan aris acilebuli maswavleblis mier sanqciebis gatareba. daviwyebT adamianiT, romelmac, rogorc Cans,
dreikursze misi cxovrebis bolos moaxdina gavlena. es gaxlavT uiliam glaseri.
gansazRvrebebi
glaseri Tavis ZiriTad gansazRvrebebs `realobiT TerapiaSi~ (1965) ayalibebs. zogierTi
gansxvavebulad aris warmodgenili wignSi `skola marcxis gareSe~ (1968), magram mniSvnelobebi igive rCeba. rT `realobiT Terapiis~ abreviaturaa, xolo smg wignisa `skola marcxis
gareSe~.
1. pativiscema: sakuTari Tavis pativiscema, sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba. (smg)
2. sakuTari Tavis Rirseba: sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis mimarT Rirsebis grZnoba; gancda, rom adamiani aris Rirebuli pirovneba. (rT da smg)
3. naTesaoba: sxva adamianebTan kavSiri an mzrunveli CarTuloba. (rT)
4. CarTuloba: urTierToba pirovnebasTan an pirovnebebTan, viszec zrunavT da vinc
Tqvenze zrunaven. (rT da smg)
146
disciplina
varaudebi
1. yvela adamianis ZiriTadi adamianuri moTxovnilebebia:
a) dakavSirebuloba (CarTuloba)
b) pativiscema (sakuTari Tavis Rirseba)
2. yvela adamiani pasuxismgebelia sakuTar qmedebebze.
3. yvela adamians aqvs gonivrulad moqmedebis unari, miuxedavad codnisa, warsuli gamocdilebisa an amJamindeli garemosi.
4. qcevis Secvla gamoiwvevs damokidebulebis Secvlas.
5. skolis pirveli xuTi weli gadamWrelia pasuxismgeblobis ganviTarebisa da
warmatebis miRwevis unaris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.
Rirebulebebi
1. erTmaneTze zrunva, siyvaruli.
2. sakuTari problemebis gadaWris mcdelobis gambedaoba.
3. swavlaSi azrovneba gazepirebis winaaRmdeg.
4. relevanturoba im sakiTxebisa, romelTa winaSec dganan bavSvebi cxovrebaSi da romlebic Setanilia saswavlo programis SinaarsSi.
miznebi
1. individebis mier piradi warmatebis miRweva (rac gansazRvrulia rogorc ori ZiriTadi moTxovnilebis _ CarTulobisa da sakuTari Tavis Rirsebis _ dakmayofileba).
2. socialuri klimatis miRweva, romelic gamoxatavs urTierTpativiscemas, zrunvasa
da problemis racionalur, patiosan, kooperaciul gadawyvetas.
3. skolebSi siyvarulis gamoxatvis struqturireba; misTvis formis Seqmna da misi
147
Tavi 7
principebi
warmateba, rogorc zemoT ganvsazRvreT, modis realisturobis (rogorc ukve ganvsazRvreT), pasuxismgeblobisa (rogorc ukve ganisazRvra) da samarTlianobis (rac niSnavs aRiarebuli moraluri standartebis mixedviT moqmedebas) gancdiT.
es SeiZleba ase CamovayaliboT: CarTulobisa da sakuTari Tavis Rirsebis grZnobis
ZiriTadi moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba dakmayofildes sakuTari qmedebebis grZelvadiani Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sxvaTa moTxovnilebebis Tanmxvedri moqmedebiT, da zneobrivi standartebis mixedviT moqmedebiT.
am saxis warmatebis misaRwevad, aTvlis wertilad CarTuloba gvWirdeba; cxovrebaSi
`vinme mniSvnelovani~ gvWirdeba, viszec vizrunebT da vinc siyvaruls dagvibrunebs. aseT
pirobebSi SegviZlia uari vTqvaT siamovnebis principze agebul moqmedebaze, anu myisier
kmayofilebaze. Tumca, mxolod CarTuloba sakmarisi rodia. kidev raRac gvWirdeba sakuTari Tavis Rirsebis grZnobis gasaZliereblad. sakuTari mniSvnelobis gancda mxolod maSin
gveufleba, roca qcevis damakmayofilebel standarts vinarCunebT.
damakmayofilebeli qcevis SesanarCuneblad TviTSefaseba unda ganviviTaroT; Cveni qceva
unda ganvixiloT da ganvsajoT, pasuxismgebluria Tu ara (Seesabameba Tu ara Cvens orive
moTxovnilebas) da arTmevs Tu ara sxvebs maTi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis SesaZleblobas.
devianturi qceva ararealisturi da upasuxismgebloa. is gviCvenebs, rom bavSvma araswori
arCevani gaakeTa sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis gzis Taobaze. mas ar SeuZlia
ukeTesi arCevanis gakeTeba, Tu CarTuli ar iqneba maTTan, visac es SeuZlia.
disciplina, anu is, rasac is adamianebi gvaZleven, visac vuyvarvarT, ararealistur da
upasuxismgeblo saqcielze migviTiTebs da gvexmareba gavxdeT realistebi da pasuxismgeblianebi.
nabijebi
1. `daumegobrdiT~, eubneba glaseri maswavlebels. `gaxdiT CarTulni~, eubneba Terapevts. `daamyareT urTierToba siyvarulis ormxrivi rwmeniTa da gamoxatviT~, eubneba is orives
2. cudad moqcevisas moswavles hkiTxeT: `ras akeTeb?~ es aris qcevis realobis danaxva, identificireba da verbalizacia. zogierTi moswavlisaTvis es realuri nabijia,
roca qcevas ver acnobierebs da verc damoukideblad svams kiTxvas am qcevis Sesaxeb.
3. hkiTxeT: `es gexmareba?~ SeafaseT. gansajeT saqcieli. am kiTxvaSi SeniRbulia azri,
rom saqcieli ar exmareba bavSvs ori ZiriTadi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebaSi. magram maswavlebeli aSkarad ar saubrobs am ori moTxovnilebis Sesaxeb. is ubralod
kiTxviT cdilobs saqcielis Sefasebas: `es gexmareba?~
eore da mesame kiTxvebiT SeiZleba ar mivmarToT moswavleebs, Tu CarTuloba ar arsebobs
m
da maT ar ician, rom araviTari sasjeli ar iqneba.
4. ar dasajoT.
5. SeadgineT gegma. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavles, Seadginos gegma qcevis Tavidan
asacileblad, an qcevis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi masTan gasamklaveblad. kargia,
TuUmaswavlebeli SesTavazebs rCevas (ix. Tomas gordonis sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba).
148
disciplina
149
Tavi 7
mxardaWeris sistema
1. heterogenuli, sakuTar klasze agebuli gakveTilebi. klasma, rogorc socialurma
erTeulma, dRis umetesi nawili erTad unda gaataros, raTa ganviTardes erTmaneTTan da maswavleblebTan CarTulobis SegrZneba.
2. araviTari `ABCDF~ tipis Sefaseba. (araviTari `warumateblis~ iarliyi).
3. saswavlo programa orientirebuli unda iyos `azrovnebaze~, raTa...
4. saswavlo programa moswavleTa cxovrebiseuli sakiTxebis relevanturi unda iyos.
5. warmateba kiTxvaSi. glaseri am miRwevas imdenad Tvlis skolasTan dakavSirebuli
socialuri molodinis nawilad da, faqtobrivad, imdenad saWirod miiCnevs skolaSi
warmatebis SegrZnebebis miRwevisTvis, rom mas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces saswavlo programis Seqmnisas. amisaTvis is klasis dayofasac ki gvTavazobs
kiTxvis gakveTilze.
6. albaT, umniSvnelovanesia, maswavlebeli iyos is adamiani, romelsac endomeba TviTSewirva da TviTinvestireba Tavis moswavleebTan `CarTulobis~ misaRwevad.
socialuri sistema
1. aradamsjeli.
2. moswavleebi monawileoben wesebis SeqmnaSi.
3. rwmena da mcdeloba. maswavleblis mudmivi survili, rom Tavidan daiwyos im moswavlesTan erTad, romelmac ver Seasrula piroba, gamoxatavs rwmenasa da ndobas
moswavlisadmi, rom is warmatebas miaRwevs. (aseve gamoxatavs maswavleblis CarTulobis siRrmes.)
4. maswavleblis roli aris pasuxismgeblobis modeli.
5. maswavlebels aqvs keTilganwyobili despotis rolic, ara damsjelis, aramed wesebis
gamtareblisa da damcvelis da bavSvebisTvis dadebuli pirobis Sesrulebis meTvalyurisa.
6. gonivruli wesebi. moswavleebis monawileoba konstituciur procesSi mimarTulia wesebis gonivrulobaze. Tumca glaseri acnobierebs da iwonebs im faqts, rom
ufrosebi asruleben im principebis ZiriTadi wyaros rols, saidanac modis wesebi.
es aris praqtikuli realoba. glaseris debuleba, rom wesebi `unda iyos gonivruli~,
maswavleblebisa da administratorebis misamarTiT aris naTqvami, radgan maT unda
hqondeT mTavari saTqmeli. (glaseri samerhileli ar aris. [samerhili (Summerhill) er
Toblivi swavlebis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili pedocentristuli skola qveyanaSi,
romelic sufolkis sagrafoSi mdebareobs. mTargmn. Sen.]
7. moswavleebi pasuxs ageben sakuTar qcevaze da yovelTvis Tavisufali arian qcevis
arCevanSi. maTi pasuxismgebloba vrceldeba ara mxolod TviT maTze, an maswavlebelze, aramed, yvela sxva moswavlezec.
efeqtebi
pirdapiri:
150
disciplina
aRmzrdelobiTi:
Semdegi modeli, Tomas gordonis `maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna~ (mew) misive wignis `mSobelTa efeqtianobis wvrTnis~ principebzea agebuli da gamoiyeneba skolebisaTvis
rogorc kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli kursi mTeli qveynis masStabiT.
gansazRvrebebi
1. aqtiuri mosmena: mosaubris SeniSvnaSi emociuri Sinaarsis (daSifruli Setyobinebis)
daWera da mosaubrisadmi emociuri gamoxmaureba.
2. `me~-Setyobineba: sxvisi qcevis miukerZoebeli aRwera, am qcevis xelSesaxebi gavlenis danaxva da qceviT gamowveuli emociebis gadmocema. nebismieri TanamimdevrobiT
dalagebuli am sami elementisagan Sedgeba `me~-Setyobineba.
3. qmedebis Secvla: `me~-Setyobinebis gagzavnis Semdeg aqtiur mosmenaze gadasvla.
varaudebi
4. roca adamians viRebT, mas cvlilebisa da zrdis saSualebas vaZlevT. Tu adamiani
grZnobs, rom is `kargia~ rogorc pirovneba, miRebulia iseTad, rogoric aris, is
mgrZnobiare xdeba sakuTari qcevis cvlilebis mimarT. garda cvlilebis xelSewyobisa miReba misTvis sine qua non-ia. rodesac adamiani grZnobs miuReblobas cvlilebis
agentisagan, is winaaRmdegobas uwevs cvlilebas. aq aSkaraa, rom gordoni maslousa
da rojerss eyrdnoba.
5. gordonis sistemas mxedvelobaSi fsiqikurad SedarebiT jansaRi bavSvebi hyavs; is
emociurad agznebuli bavSvebisaTvis ar aris Seqmnili.
6. maswavlebelica da moswavlec afasebs maT Soris arsebul urTierTobas. sistema
mxolod maSin gamoiyeneba, roca maswavlebels `sjera urTierTobis~, afasebs da
nerviulobs masze. (gasakviri araa, rom gordoni da glaseri amJamad erTad atareben
treiningebs.) adamiani ar iqneba motivirebuli, gaiaros aqtiuri mosmenisa da sxva
nabijebi sintaqsSi, Tu mas ar anaRvlebs meore mxare.
7. moswavleebs SeuZliaT ikisron pasuxismgebloba da gadaWran sakuTari problemebi.
151
Tavi 7
Rirebulebebi
gordoni komunikaciaSi gulwrfelobasa da pirdapirobas afasebs. pirdapirobas sakuTari
da sxvebis moTxovnilebebis aRiarebasa da pativiscemaSi; miukerZoebel komunikacias, rogorc adamianis miRebis gamoxatvas; mniSvnelovani urTierTobebis pativiscemas, roca adamianebi erTmaneTze zrunvisas, erTmaneTis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas cdiloben. da
bolos, is afasebs qcevas, romelic xels uwyobs sxvebis pirovnul zrdas. es Rirebulebebi
pirdapiraa gadatanili gordoniseul miznebSi.
miznebi
1. moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris iseTi urTierToba CamoayalibeT, romlis Sedegad swavleba ufro efeqtiani gaxdeba.
2. akisrebineT moswavleebs pasuxismgebloba TavianTi saqcielisTvis.
3. gazardeT uproblemoDare (ix. qvemoT principebi) da amgvarad gazardeT dro swavleba-swavlisTvis.
principebi
maswavleblisaTvis moswavlis nebismieri saqcieli an misaRebia an miuRebeli. qvemoT
mocemuli `marTkuTxedi~ gviCvenebs qcevis am samyaros. yvelaferi gadamkveTi xazis zemoT
misaRebia, xolo xazis qvemoT _ miuRebeli. xazis mdebareoba (da Sesabamisad areTa zoma)
icvleba pirovnebasTan erTad da pirovnebis SigniT drois, ganwyobis, pirobebis da garemos
mixedviT. klaselTan gadaCurCuleba maswavleblisaTvis SeiZleba erT dRes misaRebi iyos,
xolo meore dRes miuRebeli, rac damokidebulia mis cxovrebaSi sxvadasxva faqtorebze (mag.:
skolis direqtorma es-esaa usayvedura).
misaRebi
miuRebeli
moswavlis qcevis samyaros danaxvis kidev erTi gzaa `problemis mesakuTris~ gansazRvra.
moswavlis qceva an maswavlebels uqmnis problemas, an moswavles (xandaxan orives), an aravis
(mag., maTematikur amocanebze muSaoba, an fanqris gaTla misaRebi formiT). am uproblemo
ares swavleba-swavlis are ewodeba.
152
disciplina
moswavles aqvs
problem
swavlebaswavlis are
maswavlebels
aqvs problema
Nnabijebi
1. gansazRvreT, arsebobs Tu ara problema.
2. gansazRvreT, visia problema. amis Tqma ufro advilia, vidre gakeTeba. maswavlebels
mxolod maSin aqvs problema, Tu mas xelSesaxebi gavlena aqvs masze. Cven (mozrdilebs, mSoblebs, maswavleblebs) xSirad iseTi problema `gvaqvs~ da masze pasuxismgeblobasac vkisrulobT, romelic realurad Cveni ar aris. magaliTad, marji diliT
zozinobs da sauzmis dawyebas agvianebs. dedas, romelic mudam nerviulobs, rom
droze miiyvanos skolaSi, arafris Tavi aRar aqvs im droisTvis, roca marji skolis
avtobusSi adis. visia es problema? dedam is Tavisad aqcia. magram sinamdvileSi vis
aqvs problema? marjis. deda yovelTvis marjis nacvlad agvarebs problemas. Tu marjis saSualebas miscems, Tavisi problema Tavadve hqondes, maSin gogonas Sedegebis
mogvareba mouwevs (fexiT wasvla skolaSi, dagvianeba, dacda, sanam mama wava samsaxurSi da gaiyolebs da isev dagvianeba). Tu virCevT, rom vikisroT pasuxismgebloba im
problemaze, romelic sinamdvileSi Cveni araa, aman SeiZleba garkveuli xelSesaxebi
Sedegebi mogvitanos (mag., deda aSkarad nervebmoSlilia). magram Tu problemas mis
namdvil mflobels davutovebT, Sedegebsac mxolod mflobeli iwvnevs.
3. Tu meore klasis maswavlebeli yovel saRamos saRebavis Ria qilebs saxuravebs
afarebs da moswavleTa upasuxismgeblobis gamo burtyunebs, visi problemaa saRebavis qilebi? Tu maswavlebeli saSualebas miscems bavSvebs, sakuTar Tavs Tavad
mixedon, saRebavis qilebi TavRia datovon da meore dRes qilaSi Camxmari saRebaviT
`daxaton~, visi iqneba problema?
Tu bavSvebi produqtiulad, magram xmauriT muSaoben im saklaso oTaxSi, romelic
direqtoris kabinetis gverdiT mdebareobs da maswavlebels eSinia, rom skolis di-
153
Tavi 7
reqtors mcdari warmodgena Seeqmneba masze da cud Sefasebas miscems, visi problemaa es?
aqtiuri mosmena. aqtiuri mosmena, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Sinaarsis emociuri
mosmenaa daSifruli Setyobinebis gasagebad da am emociis dabruneba mosaubrisaTvis. (magaliTad, gogonas mier mamisaTvis dasmuli kiTxvis _ `mama, yvelaze metad ras afaseb gogonaSi?~ _ namdvili Sinaarsi aqtiuri mosmeniT mamam ase unda
`gadaTargmnos~ `ainteresebs, ra unda gaakeTos, rom biWebs moewonos.~) aqtiuri
mosmena problemis saTavemde misvlas cdilobs, romelic SeiZleba emociaTa ramdenime wyebis qveS imalebodes da Tavdapirvelad misi mxolod zeda nawili Candes.
aqtiuri mosmenisas mosaubris SeniSvnebidan faqtebs, mniSvnelobasa da emociur
Sinaarss vigebT. Cven miCveuli varT faqtebisa da mniSvnelobis mosmenas, magram ar
varT miCveuli maT miRma mniSvnelovani emociuri Sinaarsis wvdomas. Tu Cven sqemaze problemis areSi varT, swored es daSifruli emocia SeiZleba iyos problemis
mizezi, romelic daukmayofilebel moTxovnilebas asaxavs. Tu moswavliseul problemas vagvarebT, `aqtiuri mosmeniT~ SeiZleba mas sakuTari problemis mogvarebisaken gzis gakvlevaSi davexmaroT.
3a. maswavlebels ekuTvnis problema. gamoiyeneba `me~-Setyobinebebi. magaliTad:
vTqvaT, moswavleTa xmauri maswavleblisTvis Zalze Zneli asatania da ar Seesatyviseba swavlisTvis xelsayreli xmauris miseul warmodgenas, Tumca moswavleebs
xmauri xels ar uSlis. maswavlebeli gzavnis zemoT aRwerili elementebis matarebel `me~-Setyobinebas (miukerZoebeli, qcevis aRmweri, masze gavlenisa da aRZruli
emociebis aRmweri). `xmauri am oTaxSi Tavs matkiebs!~ (aRwera_efeqti.) `simSvide da
siwynare menatreba.~ (gancda.)
4. qmedebis Secvla. `me~-Setyobinebam SeiZleba Tavadve moagvaros problema. Tu moswavleebi pativs scemen maswavlebels da kargi urTierToba aqvT masTan, SeiZleba
sakuTari qcevis Secvlis motivaciac hqondeT. magram Tu maT daukmayofilebeli
moTxovnileba aqvT, maSin Cvens winaSe moTxovnilebaTa konfliqti Cndeba. am SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis gansazRvris mizniT, maswavlebeli `me~-Setyobinebis gagzavnis Semdeg aqtiur mosmenaze unda gadaerTos. garkveuli drois Semdeg, man SeiZleba Tavidan Camoayalibos `me~-Setyobineba. Tu problema aqvs rogorc
maswavlebels, ise moswavleebs, SeiZleba saWiro iyos III meTodis gamoyeneba.
5. III meTodi. I meTodi maswavleblis Zalauflebaa: maswavlebeli imarjvebs, moswavleebi marcxdebian. II meTodi bavSvebis Zalauflebaa: moswavleebi imarjveben, maswavlebeli marcxdeba. III meTodi yaimiT mogvarebaa, romelic Semdegi nabijebisgan Sedgeba:
a) gansazRvreT problema moTxovnilebebis TvalsazrisiT.
b) moswavleebi da maswavlebeli erTad fiqroben problemis gadaWris gzebze.
g) isini erTad afaseben gadaWris gzebs.
d) isini erTad irCeven erT misaReb gadawyvetilebas.
e) isini gansazRvraven, rogor da rodis ganaxorcielon miRebuli gadawyvetileba.
v) isini mogvianebiT niSnaven Sexvedris TariRs gadaWris gzis xelaxla Sesafaseblad.
III meTodi mxolod maSin gamoiyeneba, Tu is winaswar aris axsnili moswavleebisTvis.
6. garemos modificireba. aq maswavlebeli iCens garemos gamdidrebis, gaRaribebis,
SezRudvis, gadidebis, xelaxla mowyobis, gamartivebis, sistematizebis an dagegmvis
iniciativas, magram ara moswavleTa xarjze (ise, rom isini ar iyvnen damarcxebuli).
154
disciplina
socialuri sistema
moswavleebica da maswavlebelic moTxovnilebebis mqone individebi arian, romelTac pativi unda vceT da davakmayofiloT. visic unda iyos problema, iCens iniciativas, rom `me~Setyobineba gagzavnos im pirovnebasTan an pirovnebebTan, romelTa qcevas xelSesaxebi gavlena aqvs. Tu moswavleebi sakmarisad daxelovnebuli ar arian `me~-Setyobinebis gagzavnaSi,
maswavlebeli gulisyuriT cdilobs maTi moTxovnilebebis gagebas da amisTvis aqtiur mosmenas iyenebs. moTxovnilebaTa konfliqti III meTodis modificirebuli molaparakebis teqnikiT
gvardeba an maswavlebeli iCens garemos ise modificirebis iniciativas, rom qceva sqemaze
asaxul uproblemo areSi gadavides. gadawyvetilebebze molaparakeba mxolod moTxovnilebaTa konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobs. uproblemo areSi moqmedebisas, maswavlebels
araferi uSlis xels iniciativis gamoCenasa da swavlebis sxva modelebze agebuli instruqciuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.
xelSewyoba niSnavs, rom gancalkevebulobiT adamiani sxvebs problemis gadaWris sakuTari gzis povnaSi exmareba; xels uwyobs maT winsvlas.
bebis aRiarebas da ara damalvas, maT gacxadebas, maTi dakmayofilebis Riad mcdelobas
da imavdroulad sxvebis daxmarebasac.
mxardaWeris sistema
1. aqtiuri mosmena msmenelisgan moiTxovs:
a) moswavlis SesaZleblobebis rwmenas, rom is gadaWris sakuTar problemas.
b) sxvisi emociebis gulwrfel miRebas.
g) emociaTa warmavlobis gagebas. (frazis _ `mZulxar!~ _ mTqmels SeiZleba marTla
sZuls im wuTas, magram, albaT, xuTi wuTis Semdeg ukve aRar.)
d) moswavlis daxmarebis namdvil survils.
e) gancalkevebulobas _ unars, fsiqologiurad gamoacalkevo sakuTari Tavi sxvisi
problemisgan, gaigivebisgan da sxvis nacvlad pasuxismgeblobis kisrebisgan, magram
imavdroulad daexmaro.
3 r
K Cevis micema, brZaneba, TanagrZnoba, damuqreba, moralis wakiTxva, leqciis wakiTxva, gankiTxva, dacinva, gaanalizeba, dakiTxva, CixSi mimwyvdeva da Seqeba.)
155
Tavi 7
efqtebi
pirdapiri:
aRmzrdelobiTi:
156
sistemis pirdapiri efeqtebi, gordonis mixedviT, aris is, rom ,,maswavleblebs uyvarT bavSvebi da bavSvebs uyvarT maswavleblebi
anu, ukeTesi urTierTobebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, komunikaciis gaumjobesebuli unar-Cvevebis Sedegia. amgvarad, `marTkuTxedSi~ (ix.
principebi) uproblemo are farTovdeba da meti dro rCeba swavleba-swavlisTvis. swavleba ufro efeqtiani xdeba.
sainteresoa, rom am humanisturi midgomis Sedegi dakavSirebulia
ufro efeqtian swavlebasTan, magram gordons `efeqtianobis~ gansakuTrebuli gageba aqvs.
Tu gavixsenebT, rom is iSveliebs maslousa da rojerss da
yuradRebiT wavikiTxavT mis komentarebs aqtiuri mosmenisa da
sxva meTodebis upiratesobaze, aSkara gaxdeba, rom gordonisaTvis `efeqtianoba~ pirovnuli zrdis xelSewyobas niSnavs; swored
es xdis adamians `efeqtians~. mew-is komunikaciis axali unarCvevebi maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobas aumjobesebs,
rac naTlad vlindeba swavlis garemos saxecvlilebaSi, romelic
aRsavsea siTboTi, pasuxismgeblobiT, urTierTpativiscemiTa da
mimReblobiT. swavlis axali garemo xels uwyobs pirovnul zrdas
da imavdroulad akademiur swavlas.
disciplina
sxva aRmzrdelobiTi efeqtebia moswavleTa mier aqtiuri mosmenis, `me~Setyobinebisa da III meTodis teqnikis modelireba.
mimRebi garemo
pirovnuli zrda
da
akademiuri winsvla
V nawili
Sesabamisoba
dreikursis erT-erTi debuleba yovelTvis mniSvnelovnad gveCveneboda: `yvela qceva
miznobrivia~. Tu misi oTxi `mizani~ (yuradReba, Zalaufleba, umweoba, SurisZieba) mTlianad
ar moicavs araswori qcevis miRma arsebul motivebs, erTi ram arsebiTia adamianebi yovlTvis garkveuli mizniT moqmedeben. maT SeiZleba gacnobierebuli ar hqondeT mizani, magram
is yovelTvis arsebobs. SegviZlia vaRiaroT, rom moswavlis araswori saqcielis yvela zemoxsenebuli paternis miRma aris moTxovnilebebi, gancdili fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi,
romelTa dakmayofilebasac moswavle konkretuli qceviT cdilobs. amis aRiarebiT sentimentaluri, metismetad `gamgebi~ an damTmobi rodi gavxdebiT; ubralod, `mivxvdebiT, sinamdvileSi ris miRebas cdilobs moswavle konkretuli qceviT da gavigebT, rogori reaqcia unda
gvqondes~. moswavle SeiZleba cdilobdes daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas, kerZod:
usafrTxoeba
minimaluri
siyvaruli
CarTuloba
aRiareba
TviTaqtualizacia
gaxsovdeT, rom araswor qcevaTa umravlesobis kvals SeiZleba daukmayofilebel fsiqologiur moTxovnilebamde ar mivyavdeT. SeiZleba bavSvebi wamoZaxiliT, baraTebis gadawodebiT
157
Tavi 7
an sxva araswori qceviT, ubralod scdidnen maswavlebels. isini cdiloben gaigon, ramdens
apatieben (mouTmenen). Tumca, axla TiTo-orola metismetad rezistentul moswavleze vsaubrobT, romlebic gamudmebiT arasworad iqcevian miuxedavad molodinisa da menejmentis sxva
parametrebis saSualebiT swori mopyrobisa.
zemoT CamoTvlili fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi, yvelaze fundamenturidan dawyebuli, TanamimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli. Cven vaviTarebT hipoTezas (ix. striqonebis gaswvriv
Canawerebi), rom moswavlis qcevis mamoZravebel fsiqologiur moTxovnilebebsa da reaqciis
yvelaze swor strategiebs Soris kavSiri arsebobs:
fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi,
romlebic SeiZleba amoZravebs rezi
stentul moswavleebs
reaqciis strategiebi
TviTaqtualizacia
aRiareba
realobiT Terapia
kontroli
logikuri Sedegebi
CarTuloba
pirovnuli zegavlena
siyvaruli
TviTSecnobis wvrTna
usafrTxoeba/ndoba
qcevis modifikacia
es eqvsi strategia aRmavali wesiT aris dalagebuli _ yvelaze dablidan yvelaze maRlisaken, dawyebuli im strategiiT, romelic moswavlisgan nakleb simwifesa da kompetencias
moiTxovs da damTavrebuli imiT, romelic yvelaze mets moiTxovs. mimdevrobis qveda nawilSi
`myofi~ daukmayofilebeli moTxovnilebebis mqone moswavleebi emociurad naklebmomwifebulni Canan da am rigis qveda nawilSi arsebuli strategiebi (qcevis modifikacia, TviTSecnobis
wvrTna) sWirdebaT. maT, visac iseTi moTxovnilebebi amoZravebT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kontroli, ufro momwifebuli strategiebi (logikuri Sedegebi, realobiT Terapia) miesadagebaT.
drois xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi konkretul moswavlesTan mimdevrobis qveda
nawilidan zeda nawilSi asvla unda vcadoT _ unda daviwyoT moswavlis mimdinare moTxovnilebebis Sesatyvisi strategiebiT da davexmaroT pirovnul zrdasa da ufro rTul strategiebze
gadasvlaSi. am gziT moswavleebi gazrdili TviTdisciplinisken migvyavs maSinac ki, Tu maTTvis TviT am disciplinis `gakeTeba~ (qcevis modifikacia) gviwevs. maTi fsiqikuri sijansaRisa da emociuri momwifebulobis zrda ubralod paralelurad ki ar mimdinareobs, aramed
xeli ewyoba, rom Cveni unariT droTa ganmavlobaSi movaxdinoT strategiebis koreqtireba.
geTanxmebiT, rom seriozuli moTxovnaa maswavleblisaTvis, daiswavlos da praqtikaSi sworad
gamoiyenos disciplinis eqvsi sxvadasxva strategia. kolejSi amas ar aswavlian. Tumca qcevis gasagebad am sqemis gamoyenebasa da reaqciebis morgebas eqspertoba ar sWirdeba. faqtia,
rom klasSi moswavleebi gvyavs da saidanRac unda daviwyoT. sxvadasxva strategiis gacnobasa
da mosinjvas dro da varjiSi sWirdeba da ukeT mimdinareobs, sul mcire, ori maswavleblis
erTdrouli muSaobisas. magram maTi swavla savsebiT SesaZlebelia da did samsaxurs gauwevs
im moswavleebs, visac cxovrebaSi skolisa da maswavleblis garda sxva stabiluri dasayrdeni
ar egulebaT. magram, modiT, ukan davbrundeT. rogor miviReT fsiqologiur moTxovnilebaTa
zemoxsenebuli CamonaTvali?
158
disciplina
TviTaqtualizacia
pativiscema,
aRiareba
sazogadoebis
wevroba
daculoba
da usafrTxoeba
fiziologiuri
bevrma avtorma, rogoricaa maslou (Maslow 1962), Tavis naSromSi Seitana garkveulwilad
universaluri, yvela adamianisTvis saerTo fsiqologiur moTxovnilebaTa cneba. zogierTi
avtori maT ierarqiulad alagebs:
`ierarqiulad~ maslousaTvis niSnavs, rom dabali moTxovnilebebis (mag.: fiziologiuri)
dakmayofileba yvelaze arsebiTia. magaliTad, Tu gSia, sazogadoebis aRiarebaze didad ar
dardob. fiziologiuri da usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis Semdeg sazogadoebis wevrobis moTxovnileba iwevs wina planze. adamiani am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas
cdilobs, rac safuZvlad edeba mis mraval qcevas. Tumca, imave adamians pativiscemisa da aRiarebis moTxovnilebebi SeiZleba ar amoZravebdes; yovel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoebis wevrobis
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebamde, is ar iqneboda qcevis miRma arsebuli dominanturi Zala.
maslou da sxvebi ar miiCneven am moTxovnilebebs evoluciur nabijebad, romlebsac erTxel gadalaxvis Semdeg xelaxla damuSaveba aRar sWirdeba. arsebuli garemoebebis Sesabamisad, adamiani kibeze adis da Cadis: samsaxuris dakargvisas kibeze ori-sami safexuriT qvemoT
CamovdivarT da moqmedebas daculobisa da usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare viwyebT. igive ram SeiZleba moxdes moswavlis mSoblebis gayris SemTxvevaSic.
7.3 sqemaze warmodgenilia avtorTa mier aRwerili ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri moTxov
nilebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli avtori moTxovnilebaTa aRniSvnisaTvis gansxvavebul
terminebs iyenebs da moTxovnilebaTa sxvadasxva raodenobas gamoyofs, arsebiTi damTxvevaa,
rom isini yvelgan rva ZiriTad moTxovnilebamde daiyvaneba.
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom CamonaTvalSi Setanilia eriqsonis rva fsiqologiuri stadiac,
an fsiqologiuri krizisi. eriqsoni evolucionistia, is ar ganixilavs am krizisebs rogorc
stadiebs, romlebic unda gadailaxos skalaze momdevno safexurebis gasavlelad. rogorc
wesi, erTxel gadalaxuli krizisebi ar meordeba, Tumca, adamiani (da bavSvi) SeiZleba gadaulaxavi krizisis gamo skalis dabal doneze Seferxdes, rac xels SeuSlis maT winsvlas jansaRi
emociuri ganviTarebis Semdgomi stadiebisken. aq marTebulia eriqsonis nebismieri kavSiri
erTi stadiis warmatebul marTvasa da fsiqologiur moTxovnilebas Soris. rogorc Cans,
paralelebi arsebobs, rasac eriqsoni xedavs magaliTad, krizisis dros `iniciativa an danaSaulis grZnoba~ da rasac Sutci kontrolis ZiriTadi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebad
miiCnevs.
es avtorebi ramdenime mkafio Setyobinebas gvigzavnian: (1) adamianebs garkveuli saerTo
fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebi aqvT; (2) moTxovnilebebi dakavSirebulia standartulad
(SeiZleba ierarqiulad); (3) moTxovnilebebi amoZravebs qcevas. roca ZiriTadi moTxovnileba
ar kmayofildeba, is im dakvirvebadi qcevis motivirebas axdens da misi axsnis saSualebas
gvaZlevs.
159
160
yuradReba
siyvaruli
sazogadoebis
wevroba
daculoba/
usafrTxoeba/ndoba
(umweoba)/
kompetenturoba
Zalaufleba
dreikursi
pativiscema,
aRiareba
TviTaqtualizacia
maslou
CarTuloba
kontroli
Sutci
dakavSirebuloba
pativiscema
glaseri
ndoba da undobloba
avtonomia da sircxvili
gulmodgineba da
arasrulfasovneba
iniciativa an danaSaulis
grZnoba
TviTaqtualizacia
erTianoba an
sasowarkveTileba;
generatiuloba an
unayofoba;
siaxlove an izolacia;
identoba an identobis
miuRwevloba
daculoba/
usafrTxoeba/ndoba
TviTkontroli
siyvaruli
CarTuloba
kontroli
TviTSefaseba
aRiareba
Sejameba
eriqsoni
Tavi 7
disciplina
161
Tavi 7
rom Tanamoazre maswavlebelTa gundis gareSe, romlebic erTad gegmavdnen moswavlis daxmarebas, araferi moxdeboda.
TviTSecnobis strategiebi Sesaferisia myife emociuri mdgomareobis moswavleebisTvisac. am moswavleebma SeiZleba icodnen gansxvaveba produqtiul da araproduqtiul qcevas
Soris, magram ar SeeZloT sakuTari Tavis kontroli. maTi temperamenti xSirad kontrols ar
eqvemdebareba; maT ar sjeraT sakuTari Tavis da uWirT damegobreba. isini SeiZleba ganmartovdnen, bevri dro gaataron xatvaSi, kiTxvaSi an romelime obieqtur aqtivobaSi. Tu mecnierebis an xelovnebisaken midrekileba aqvT, SeiZleba Seqmnan zRapruli proeqtebi da faqtobrivad, mxolod am proeqtebiT daamyaron zedapiruli urTierToba sxvebTan. maT sZulT
sakuTar grZnobebze saubari, faqtobrivad, arc SeuZliaT, eSiniaT da daZalebis SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba uari Tqvan. maT mier sakuTar Tavze saubari ukavSirdeba movlenebsa, nivTebs, da
ara adamianebs an SegrZnebebs. mcire asakis bavSvebisTvis am mdgomareobaSi zedgamoWrilia
volfgangisa (Wolfgang 1977) da ledermanis (Lederman 1969) strategiebi, mozardebisTvis ki
maixenbaumis (Meichenbaum) TviTinstruqciuli strategiebi ufro Sesatyvisia, Tumca, maTi
zogierTi forma dawyebiT klaselebsac gamoadgebaT (mag.: `kus teqnika~).
moswavleebi, romlebic ergebian pirovnuli gavlenis models, CvenSi xSirad siyvarulisa
da siZulvilis grZnobebs warmoSoben. maT aqvT mosawoni, momxiblavi, sayvareli Tvisebebic
ki. erT wuTSi giCndebaT survili, gulSi CaikraT isini, meore wuTSi ki _ kedels mianarcxoT.
individualuri urTierTobis dros isini araCveulebrivebi arian; jgufSi ki SeuZliaT CxubisTavebi, wamqezeblebi, poziorebi iyvnen. gasakviria, magram isini xSirad wynarebi arian
did jgufebSi, sadac aris meti TviTmmarTveloba, magram gamousworeblebi patara jgufebSi,
sadac socialuri daZabuloba TviTdamkvidrebis gamo Zalze didia. diliT klasSi Semosvlisas, maT SeiZleba iaron oTaxSi, Seamowmon moswavleTa saqmianoba, gadavidnen nivTidan nivTze da ver ipovon adgili. maT namdvilad aqvT im siyvarulisa da CarTulobis moTxovnileba,
romelic akliaT cxovrebaSi. dilaobiT, aseTi `seirnobis~ dros, isini sakuTar adgils eZeben, surT gaigon, sad SeuZliaT CarTva da kargad arc ki ician, rogor daamyaron urTierToba. reputaciisa da sxva moswavleebTan urTierTobebis gamo, uWirT arastruqturirebul
situaciebSi adgilis povna. maT enatrebaT megobrebi, sxva moswavleebTan da maswavlebelTan
siaxlove, magram maTi qceva antagonizms iwvevs. pirovnuli gavlenis modelis struqtura,
moTxovnebi, siTbo da urTierTobis Camoyalibeba maT cxovrebis rTuli periodis gadalaxvaSi exmareba.
ufro mcire asakis bavSvebTan maswavlebelma SeiZleba qcevis modifikacia gamoiyenos maT
mier sakuTari yvelaze xelis SemSleli qcevis ukeT Sesacnobad da gasakontroleblad.
xandaxan iseT moswavleebs vxvdebiT, romlebic `aras~ amboben, gvewinaaRmdegebian da Riad
gviwveven TavianTi qceviT. es moswavleebi SeiZleba logikuri Sedegebis modelis kandidatebi iyvnen. isini uars amboben samuSaos Sesrulebaze an mas mxolod survilis SemTxvevaSi asruleben. isini eZeben Zalauflebis konfliqtebs ufrosebTan, faqtobrivad, iwveven maT. ra
Tqma unda, iseTi moswavleebic gvxvdebian, romlebic xSirad, Tumca ara ganzrax, erTvebian
kamaTSi TanatolebTan da maswavleblebTan; im moswavleebis mier ufrosebis gamowvevisa
da maTTan kamaTis dawyeba, romlebzec vsaubrobT, rogorc wesi, `Cemeburad keTebas~ ukavSirdeba. aseTi moswavleebi SeiZleba sxvebTan TamaSis dros xSirad tiranebi, CxubisTavebi
iyvnen, daundoblad hkran xeli sxva moswavleebs da maswavlebelsac. maT qcevas kontrolis
fsiqologiuri moTxovnileba amoZravebs. rogorc dreikursi ityoda, maTi azriT, samyaroSi
adgilis damkvidrebis erTaderTi gza Zalauflebis Cveneba, sxvebis gakontrolebaa. swored
ase unda moiqcnen, rom pativsacemi da Rirseuli adamianebi gaxdnen sxvis TvalSi. es mcdari
rwmena, maTi qceva unda Seicvalos, unda Seicvalos nebismieri gziT, garda droebiTisa.
162
disciplina
dreikursis meTodi Tavs aridebs Zalauflebis konfliqtebs da cdilobs socialuri wesrigis realoba logikuri Sedegebis gamoyenebiT aswavlos. es Sedegebi aris ara maswavleblis
mier Tavsmoxveuli Zalaufleba, aramed samyaros realoba. ase rom, moswavleebi ver gabrazdebian maswavlebelze, ver daubrundebian TavianT Zvel araproduqtiul `Zalauflebis TamaSs~. isini qcevis ganxilvas maTTvis Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT iwyeben _ gana imitom, rom
ufrosebi `ar maZleven uflebas~, aramed qceva araTavsebadia socialur wesrigTan. maT warmodgena uyalibdebaT socialuri kontraqtis Sesaxeb. maT iseT mdgomareobaSi vayenebT, rom
dainaxon, raoden saWiroa sakuTari qceva sazogadoebis, klasis funqcionirebisTvis. TviT
jgufi ki klasis Sekrebebze am mesijis gasaZliereblad gamoiyeneba, rasac glaseris realobiT Terapiamde da klasis Sekrebis modelamde mivyavarT, sadac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania
da daxvewili jgufis rolis gamoyeneba.
realobiT Terapiis kandidatebi upasuxismgeblo moswavleebi arian, romelTac yovelTvis aviwydebaT wignebi, agviandebaT, ar asruleben samuSaos, acdenen daniSnul Sexvedrebsa
da ar asruleben valdebulebebs, adanaSauleben sxvebs da ver acnobiereben, an ar aRiareben
konfliqtSi TavianT rols. es moswavleebi SeiZleba Zalze xelis SemSlelad iqceodnen _
gadmoyaron sxvebis wignebi, daartyan derefanSi moswavleebs, gadaayiraon skamebi. Tumca,
yuradRebis maZieblis msgavsad, maT es qmedebebi winaswar dagegmili an ganzraxuli ara aqvT.
rogorc Cans, isini ubralod aseT mdgomareobaSi vardebian. isini emociur mawanwalebs hgvanan, romlebic advilad ebmebian cud saqmeebsa da kampaniaSi. kiTxvaze, ratom daejaxnen moswavles, savaraudod, `ar vici~-s pasuxoben da mxrebs iCeCaven. sasjelisa da SeniSvnis Semdeg,
isini ar kamaToben, ar Tmoben da ar icvlebian.
realobiT TerapiaSi moswavleebs agebineben maTi saqcielis Sedegebs sxva adamianebTan maTi
urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT. es ufro pirovnuli Tvlasazrisia, vidre dreikursis modeli,
sadac swavlebis mizania: `es qceva araqmediTia samyaroSi~. glaseris swavlebis arsia: `is araqmediTia CemTvis, ra gavakeTo amasTan dakavSirebiT?~ es kiTxva simwifis skalis zeda nawilis
eqvs models Seesatyviseba, radganac saqcielis danaxvis, Sefasebisa da Secvlis pasuxismgebloba akisria moswavles, Tumca, maswavleblis CarTva aucilebelia, raTa xeli Seuwyos moswavleTa yovel safexurze gadasvlas. glasers, romelic didad ar amaxvilebs yuradRebas
araswori saqcielis mizezebze, uyvars `aq da axla~ mogvareba. misi azriT, Seusabamo qcevis
mqone mraval adamians, SeuZlia gadawyvitos, rom ar moiqces Seusabamod. maT aqvT saamiso
Sinagani kontroli, maT SeuZliaT gaiaron realobiT Terapiis safexurebi da gadawyviton,
rom Rirs amis gakeTeba, oRond maT gverdSi unda hyavdeT iseTi CarTuli adamiani, romelic
maTTan erTad gaivlis am gzas da xels ar Caiqnevs maTze. amrigad, glaseri SeiZleba ixrebodes
realobiT Terapiis misadagebisaken im moswavleebisaTvis, romlebic skalis sakmaod dabal
dones Seesatyvisebian.
klasis Sekrebebi `CarTulobis~ gancdas uRrmavebs maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs. es Sexvedrebi moswavleebs im adgiliT uzrunvelyofs, sadac erTmaneTTan gulaxdilad saubars SeZleben. rezistentuli moswavleebi igeben sxvebis azrs maT Sesaxeb, sxvebs ki problemis gadamWrel
garemoSi am azris gaziarebis saSualeba eZlevaT.
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnis (mew) kargi kandidati is aRSfoTebuli moswavlea,
romelic skolaSi gatarebul dros patimrobis vadasaviT ixdis, xan meamboxea, xan brZeni, magram, rogorc wesi, qmediTi. mis mier Sesrulebuli samuSao SeiZleba iyos damakmayofilebeli
an cudi. es moswavleebi, albaT, grZnoben, rom maswavlebeli maT TiTqmis arasodes usmens, maswavlebeli ki, albaT, Tvlis, rom moswavleebs ar esmiT da pativs ar scemen zogadad skolas. maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris cudi komunikaciaa da orive xvdeba, rom maTi moTxovnilebebi
ar Tanxvdeba. miuxedavad iSviaTi Ria konfliqtisa, orive ukmayofiloa klasSi urTierTobiT.
163
Tavi 7
rogorc wesi, aseT moswavles mzardi mtruli ganwyoba aqvs da mzad aris es ganwyoba
yvela maswavleblis mimarT gamoamJRavnos, Tu isini sxvagvarad ar daamtkiceben sakuTar
SesaZleblobebs. sxva moswavleebTan urTierTobebi xSirad damakmayofilebelia. moswavle
ufrosebTan iwyebs im mosazrebis ganzogadebas, rom `maTi (ufrosebis) mTeli saqmianoba
brZanebebis gacemaa, imis Tqma, ra gavakeTo. isini arasodes ismenen~. amitom moswavle wyvets
Setyobinebebis gagzavnas sakuTari ukmayofilebis Sesaxeb.
mew-i SeiZleba problemis mqone moswavlisTvis iyos gamiznuli, roca gamocdili maswavlebeli aqtiuri mosmeniT mas problemis gadaWris sakuTari gzis povnaSi exmareba.
mew-i sxva modelis msgavsad konkretul fsiqologiur moTxovnilebebs rodi pasuxobs.
is yvelaze maRali donis modelia, radgan moswavlisagan Tanaziarobas an, sul mcire, maswavleblis `me~-Setyobinebis gagebas da imis survils moiTxovs, rom problema `yaimiT~ an
(`gamarjvebuli-gamarjvebuli~) molaparakebiT mogvardes. TviT III meTodiT problemis mogvareba moiTxovs orive mxaris mier mosmenisa da SetyobinebaTa gagzavnis unar-Cvevebs, rac
gansakuTrebiT problemur moswavleebs uWirT. gordoni Tvlis, rom mew-i ar aris Seqmnili
problemuri moswavleebisTvis. Tumca, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom aqtiuri mosmena da `me~Setyobinebebi TavisTavad arsebiTi unar-Cvevebia maSinac ki, roca mew-is mTlian models ar
viyenebT. aqtiuri mosmena Zalian sasargebloa, TiTqmis aucilebeli, TviTanalizis modelSi,
xolo `me~-Setyobinebebi mSvenivrad avsebs pirovnuli gavlenis models. aqtiuri mosmena ki,
ra Tqma unda, ZiriTadi unar-Cvevaa moswavlis aRSfoTebis ganmuxtvisaTvis.
amrigad, am eqvsi strategiidan TiToeuli moswavlis konkretul tips Seesatyviseba. Cven
eqvsives tipobrivi daxasiaTeba SemogTavazeT, rogorc zogadi instruqcia maTi morgebisTvis da SevexeT fsiqologiur moTxovnilebebs. strategiis arCevisas maswavlebelma TviT
moswavlis qceviT unda daiwyos. unda Caiweros ra qceva, rodis, visTan erTad, ramdenjer da
sad moxda. Tumca, mxolod qcevisa da garemoebebis aRricxva ar kmara. mniSvnelovania, rogor
ganxorcielda qceva (rogor aRwers damkvirvebeli), radgan es motivis gagebis saSualebas
gvaZlevs: Carlim gavlisas SemTxveviT gadmoyara wignebi Tu ara (realobiT Terapiis kandidati)? merxebs Soris gavlisas, Tavxeduri mzeriT gamiznulad gadmoyara wignebi Tu ara (logikuri Sedegebis kandidati)? am saqcieliT mTeli dilis dagubebuli sibraze xom ar gamoxata
(mew-is kandidati)? iqneb impulsurad daejaxa Tavisi magidisken gaqceuli (TviTanalizis
kandidati)? kidev ra qceviT davaxasiaTebdiT Carlis? Carlis daxasiaTebisas SeiZleba davadginoT misi amJamindeli `me~ da ufro naTlad davinaxoT savaraudo strategia, romelic
mas warmatebiT funqcionirebasa da emociur zrdaSi daexmareba.
sainteresoa, rogor icvleba maswavleblis roli sxvadasxva modelSi (ix. sqema 7.4). mew-Si
maswavlebeli moswavlis Tanasworad miiCneva: orives TavianTi moTxovnilebebi da uflebebi
aqvT da orive monawileobs problemis yaimiT mogvarebis gzebis ZiebaSi, romelSic orives
Sexeduleba iqneba gaTvaliswinebuli. realobiT TerapiaSi maswavlebeli Terapevtis funqcias asrulebs; miuxedavad imisa, rom CarTulia da exmareba moswavles, isini Tanasworni aRar
arian: maswavlebeli damxmarea, romelsac regularulad da pirdapir Camohyavs moswavle
dedamiwaze da mas faqtebis winaSe ayenebs. logikur SedegebSi kidev ufro meti gaucxoebaa,
maswavlebeli sazogadoebas warmoadgens. maswavlebeli, romelic pirovnul gavlenas iyenebs,
moswavleebisTvis avtoriteti xdeba. TviTanalizis wvrTnaSi maswavlebeli mwvrTnelad da
sistemebis Semqmnelad gvevlineba. misi roli didad ar gansxvavdeba qcevis modifikaciaSi
rolisagan, sadac is sistemaTa Semqmnelis garda manqanis operatoricaa.
CamonaTvalis qveda nawilSi moswavlis roli mcirdeba, xolo maswavleblis xelmZRvan-
164
disciplina
eloba, pasuxismgebloba, kontroli da statusi izrdeba. CamonaTvalis zeda nawilSi ki maswavleblis mniSvneloba mcirdeba, xolo moswavlisa _ izrdeba, rogorc srulad funqcionirebadi, socialurad gaTviTcnobierebuli pirovnebisa, romelsac cxovrebasTan warmatebiT
gamklaveba SeuZlia. sxvadasxva modelSi maswavleblisa da moswavlis rolebis gagebiT, Cven
modelTa urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb codnis gaRrmaveba da ganviTarebaSi maTi mniSvnelobis
xazgasma SegviZlia. es Tvalsazrisi ubralod gveubneba: xeli mohkideT moswavleebs iq, sadac
arian da daexmareT maT pirovnul zrdaSi.
qcevis maxasiaTeblebi
modeli
maswavleblis roli
aRSfoTeba
mew-i
Tanaswori adamiani
upasuxismgebloba
realobiT Terapia
Terapevti
daumorCilebloba da yuradRebis
Zieba
logikuri Sedegebi
sazogadoebis warmomadgeneli
martooba da yuradRebis
Zieba
pirovnuli
gavlena
mniSvnelovani sxva
impulsuroba
TviTanalizi
mwvrTneli da Tanamzraxveli
ucodinroba an kontrolis
nakleboba
qcevis modifikacia
sistemis operatori
kontroli mcirdeba.
isrebi 7.4 sqemaze zogierT saerTo tendencias aRniSnavs, romlis SemCneva SesaZlebelia,
roca moswavle sul ufro da ufro rTul strategiebs pasuxobs. qcevis modifikacias SeuZleba moswavles im kontrolis mopovebaSi daexmaros (sakmarisad daamSvidos), rom TviTanalizis wvrTnaze gadavides, an im maswavleblis Sesatyvisi gaxdes, romelic pirovnul gavlenas iyenebs. pirovnuli gavlena da logikuri Sedegebi SeiZleba erTgvari tramplini iyos
realobiT Terapiisa da saklaso SekrebebisaTvis. aucilebeli an swori ar gaxlavT eqvsive
strategiis gavla nebismier erT moswavlesTan. konkretuli moswavlisTvis pirovnuli gavlenis Semdeg yvelaze bunebrivi nabiji SeiZleba realobiT Terapia iyos. konkretul dros
moswavles SeiZleba ar sWirdebodes maswavlebeli moqmedi, rogorc misi cnobieri me da
pirdapir sakuTari qcevis Sefasebaze gadasvla SeZlos.
165
166
(haimesi)
(voleni da voleni)
(gordoni)
bavSvebisTvis TavianTi
Setyobinebebis aSkarad
danaxvis,
sxvaTa Setyobinebebis
yuradRebiT mosmenisa da
problemis gadaWris gzebze
molaparakebis swavleba.
aqtiuri mosmena
`me~-Setyobinebebi
qmedebis gadarTva
III meTodi
problemis gadaWra
(mew-i)
SemoqmedebiTi da relevanturi
logikuri Sedegebi
araviTari `brZola~
socialuri wesrigis realoba da
ara dasja
(dreikursi)
pirovnul urTierTobis
Camoyalibeba
mniSvnelovani sxvis naTeli
molodini
pirdapiri
konkretuli
ganmeorebiTi
pozitiuri molodini `amis
gakeTeba SegiZlia~
daJineba
Tanamimdevruli reaqciebi
yuradRebis gamaxvileba
maswavleblis Zlieri gavlena
pirovnuli gavlena
maswavlebelTa dawyvileba
sazRvrebi
gafrTxilebebi
gaTavisufleba
klasis darwmuneba
(sarasoni)
Sedegebi
(glaseri)
ras akeTeb?
es gexmareba?
(ras apireb amasTan
dakavSirebiT?)
CarTuloba
iumori, araviTari Tavis
gamarTleba, simtkice;
sakuTari Tavis rogorc
Rirseulis da sxvebTan
dakavSirebulis danaxva
pasuxismgeblobis aReba
(realobiT Terapia)
qcevis modifikacia
samizne qcevis gansazRvra
bavSvisaTvis Tqma/miznis dasaxva
ganmamtkiceblis Semcireba.
daTvla
miaxloebis ganmtkiceba
progresis aRniSvna bavSvTan
(bakholti da sxvebi)
(maixenbaumi)
(volfgangi)
dakvirveba
`vxedav, Tavs veRar
akontroleb~.
`Tavs veRar akontroleb. me
dagexmarebi~.
Careva/sakuTari qmedebis
aRwera
Sekaveba
bavSvebisTvis sakuTari
signalebis wakiTxvis,
maTi qmedebebisa da grZnobebis
gacnobierebis swavleba
TviTanalizi
(qcevis kognituri modifikacia)
(Suri da spivaki)
qcevis alternativebze
Sedegebze, impulsis
kontrolze fiqris
swavleba
Tavi 7
disciplina
VI nawili
reaqcia akrZalul qcevaze
qcevaze reaqciisTvis saWiroa am qcevis danaxva (an gagoneba, an `misi grZnoba~) an nebismieri sxva gziT misi aRqma. kaunini (Kaunin) gvTavazobs termins `yvelganmyofoba~ (withitness)
gansakuTrebiT daxelovnebuli maswavleblebis misamarTiT: isini TiTqos imasac xedaven,
rac maT zurgs ukan xdeba (TiTqos Tvalebi kefazec aqvT) da ara marto ician, rodis iqcevian moswavleebi arasworad, aramed garkveul nabijebsac dgamen imisTvis, rom moswavleebma
Seityon, rom maT ician. `qalbaton dulisTan araferi gagiva!~
qcevis aRqmis Semdeg Cndeba kiTxva: rogori reaqcia aqvs maswavlebels? Cven reaqciaTa
oTx dones gamovyofT:
reaq-
ciis modelebi.
calkeul moswavleTaTvis Sesatyvis mravalferovan modelebs Soris ganirCeva situaciisa da jgufisTvis Sesatyvisi modelebic.
Cven vicnobT maswavlebels, romelic klasSi disciplinis erT ZiriTad models iyenebs:
pirdapiri Sewyveta da logikuri Sedegebi. Tumca, saTamaSo moedanze bavSvebis Cxubisas
(roca pirdapir safrTxes ar uqmnian mas an misi klasis molodins), is sxva models iyenebs. es
glaseris modelia. sxva viTarebaSi, roca ar xdeba cxadi molodinis aSkara dapirispireba, is
im meTodebs gamoiyenebs, romlebic mis Zalauflebas ar emyareba (mag.: kafeteriaSi bavSvebis
kamaTis dros da sxv.).
amrigad, Tu Cveni yuradRebis centri mxolod saklaso oTaxia, maSin es maswavlebeli mxolod erT meTods iyenebs. mTeli skolis garemos TvalsazrisiT is mravalferovan modelebs
iyenebs. Tu yuradRebas mxolod saTamaSo moedanze gavamaxvilebT, SeiZleba davinaxoT Zalauflebis `moZraoba~ garkveul akrZalul saqcielze reaqciisas (mag.: zozini karebSi gasasvlelad mwkrivSi Cadgomis dros), xolo CxubSi Carevisas glaseris modeli. ase rom, Cvens
winaSea `akrZaluli qcevis~ qveklasebad dayofa: (a) qceva, romelic SeiZleba avxsnaT, rogorc
maswavleblis Semowmeba _ bavSvebi cdiloben gaigon, `gauvaT~ Tu ara; da (b) qceva, romelic
maswavlebelis Semowmebaze ar aris mimarTuli (Cxubi, araswori qceva sasadiloSi, sxva maswavleblis klasSi).
sakmaod variaciulia maswavlebeli, Tu nebismier garemoSi moqmedebis mxolod erTi gza
aqvs, magram gansxvavebulad moqmedebs konkretul garemoSi, magram ar hgavs im maswavleblis
moqmedebas, romelic orive garemoSi axdens mravalferovnebis demonstrirebas. amrigad,
`akrZalul qcevaze reaqcia~ ase SegviZlia SevajamoT:
araviTari yvelganmyofoba.
yvelganmyofoba da pasuxis erTi modeli.
sul mcire erTi modeli mainc or sxvadasxva garemoSi an erTze meti modeli yovel
garemoSi.
167
Tavi 7
168
21 kiTxva
1. samuSao metismetad Znelia Tu metismetad advili?
2. karg pirovnul urTierTobas vamyareb Tu ara moswavleebTan?
4. kargad vmarTav Tu ara drosa da sivrces?
5. yuradRebis Sesatyvis nabijebs mivmarTav Tu ara da rogori tempiT?
6. abnevs Tu ara Cemi instruqcia zogierT moswavles?
7. vcvli Tu ara instruqciis formatsa da masalebs, rom moswavleebs ar mobezrdeT?
8. wesebi da Sedegebi naTeli da konkretulia Tu ara CemTvis da Cemi moswavlee
bisTvis?
9. Cems mier molodinis Setyobineba aris Tu ara:
pirdapiri
konkretuli
ganmeorebiTi
pozitiuri molodinis maCvenebeli (rogorc `Sen SegiZlia~, aseve `Sen gaakeTeb~)
disciplina-Sejameba
Tanamimdevruli da mtkice
swrafi
uemocio
moswavlis arCevanis maCvenebeli
13. sakmaris drosa da Zalisxmevas vaxmar Tu ara saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi yovelive
zemoxsenebuls?
14. sakmarisad maRali molodini maqvs Tu ara qcevis mimarT, miuxedavad moswavlis mo
nacemebisa?
15. uarvyof Tu ara Tavis gamarTlebas?
16. vuyalibeb Tu ara moswavleebs klasis cxovrebaSi kontrolis, gavlenis, pasuxismgeblobis, Zalauflebis realur da legitimur gancdas?
17. gonivrul qcevas efeqtianad vaRiareb da vajildoeb Tu ara?
18. cxadad vayalibeb Tu ara klasSi erTobas (erTmaneTis Sesaxeb codna, erTmaneTis
dafaseba, erTmaneTTan TanamSromloba?)
19. aqvs Tu ara qcevas fizikuri mizezebi (smenis/mxedvelobis dakargva,
ganuli hiperaqtiuroba)?
or-
20. qcevis miRma dgas Tu ara maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris (an moswavleebs
Soris) RirebulebaTa an kulturaTa konfliqti?
169
Tavi 7
21. ician Tu ara moswavleebma, rogor gaakeTon is, rasac maTgan moveli?
170
savarjiSo
jimi
jimi TiTqos sicocxlis zRvarzea. is araprognozirebadia. xan kraviviT iqceva
da lamazi Taflisferi TvalebiT giyurebs. Caxuteba uyvars, siTbosa da siyvaruls
pasuxobs. samuSaos garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi asrulebs, zogjer sakmao gatacebiTac. ufro xSirad cotas (an arafers) akeTebs da oTaxSi dadis.
sxva bavSvebs nivTebs stacebs, xels hkravs da yviris, CxubisTavia. klasis Sekrebebze an instruqciul jgufebSi SeiZleba gamyivani xmiT iyviros; erTad simReris
dros is pirveli gadadis yvirilze da uazro kivilze. pasiuri uZraobis, gabrazebis,
warumateblobisa da daumorCilebeli sigiJis (nivTebis srola, arev-dareva) iSviaTi
periodebi Rrma Sinagan mowyenilobaze metyvelebs.
jimi eqvsi wlisaa da mxolod deda hyavs, romelic naSuadRevs, saxlSi dabrunebisas, yovelTvis rodia Sin. jimim winaswar ar icis, daxvdeba Tu ara deda saxlSi. jimis
gasaRebi aqvs da Tavis xuTi wlis dasTan erTad saxlSi fexiT midis. mosiyvarule,
magram arastabiluri da problemuri deda hyavs.
did Tu mcire jgufebSi, klasis Sekrebaze Tu instruqciis dros, jimi xSirad
sakuTar Tavs veRar akontrolebs yviris, kivis, axlo mdgom bavSvebs xels hkravs
an Cqmets. xSirad icinis da es Tavmowonebis erTgvar formas hgavs. is swrafad reagirebs maswavleblis SeniSvnaze. SeniSvnis dros misi gamometyveleba araswori
saqcielis aRiarebas gamoxatavs, magram Semdeg isev Tavidan iwyebs. mas xSirad ayeneben oTaxis kuTxeSi an derefanSi.
disciplina- savarjiSo
yoveli moswavlis daxasiaTebisTvis disciplinis eqvsi modelidan romeli iqneboda Sesatyvisi? dawereT modeli daxasiaTebis gverdiT mindorze.
171
keni
keni mecxreklaselia, Tumca, ufro pataras hgavs. mas mudam problemebi axvevia Tavs,
klasSi iSviaTadaa. wina kviras megobarTan xumrobiT Widaobisas, skolis direqtoris
kabinetis fanjris qveS gazafxulis yvavilebis kvali gaafuWa.
calke, maswavleblebi mas `velur virs~ eZaxian. is, TiTqos, mocemuli wuTiT cxovrobs da fesvebi arc saxlSi aqvs da arc skolaSi. sxvebs misi CarTva nebismieri saxis
mavneblobaSi SeuZliaT (da xSirad asec xdeba xolme) _ qurdobaSi, vandalizmSi (axali
sportuli darbazis kedlebze saRebaviT uxamsobebis dawera); Tavad iSviaTad mouva
TavSi msgavsi mavnebloba.
rogorc Cans, keni Sinagani marTvis sistemiT ar moqmedebs _ `umarTavi raketaa~; ar
aqvs aranairi mizani, araferi, risTvisac ibrZvis, araferi, risi miRebac skolidan surs.
Tavze xelaRebuli xumara mSiSara kacad iqceva da aSkarad ukan ixevs Tu daiWeren da
namoqmedaris winaSe daayeneben. direqtoris moadgilis SeniSvnaze bevrs ar laparakobs,
mxrebs iCeCavs, Zalian daTrgunulad da martosulad gamoiyureba. is iRebs sasjels,
Tumca amas araviTari Sedegi ar moaqvs. is gpirdebaT, magram arafrad agdebs dapirebas.
fredi
fredi TiTqos sakuTar sxeuls ver akontrolebs, tlanqi da uxeSia, kidurebi usulosaviT aqvs Camokiduli. TiTqos, nebismier wuTs SeiZleba daejaxos raimes da verc
mixvdes.
11 wlis kvalobaze maRalia da maRali xma aqvs.
sasadiloSi, rogorc wesi, bolo Sedis. qanaobiT dadis, aqeT-iqiT yurebisas Tavs
TiTqmis 360 gradusiT atrialebs. laparakobs Zalian xmamaRla, veluriviT. Tavis magidasTan miWyletilma SeiZleba uxeSad mimarTos gverdze mjdoms: `ei, Se dorbliano, gamatare!~ ramdenime wuTis Semdeg SeiZleba giJiviT gaicinos, moitacos saWmeli an isrolos
da metismetad energiuli, ukontrolo qceva gamoavlinos. sasadilo iseve, rogorc sxva
xalxmravali adgilebi, masze zestimulirebas axdens.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, fredi hiperaqtiuri ar aris. faqtobrivad, klasSi is
yvelaze xSirad aris Tavidan bolomde samuSaoSi CarTuli _ es misi sakuTari samuSaoa
da ara maswavleblis mier davalebuli. mas uyvars fantastikuri manqanebis xatva, nebismieri mecnieruli informaciis kiTxva da nebismier xelsayrel momentSi saklaso aqtivobaSi monawileobas wyvets da mTlianad gadaerTveba xolme.
jgufuri instruqciisa da mcire jgufSi muSaobisas yviris, aTasgvar xriks mimarTavs
yuradRebis centrSi yofnisTvis da xSirad suleliviT iqceva. Tu gancalkevdeba, malulad xatavs an swavlobs imas, rac ainteresebs.
is SeiZleba Zalian gabrazdes sxva moswavleebze da tkivilic ki miayenos muStis
172
dartymiT an xelis kvriT. is kargavs moTminebas, feTqebadia da ver akontrolebs sakuTar Tavs.
mas ar surs Tavis grZnobebze saubari, sakuTar TavTan CaRrmaveba. is nivTebze saubrobs.
man bevri icis zogierTi mecnieruli da teqnikuri Temis Sesaxeb da uyvars ufrosebisTvis am codnis gamJRavneba. pataraobisas is dinozavrebis erT-erTi fanatikosi da
ganswavluli eqsperti iyo. zogadad misi goneba kargad iTvisebs faqtebsa da zogad
informacias, magram koncentraciis nakleboba, rogorc Cans, xels uSlis im kavSirebis
damyarebasa da koncefciebis ganviTarebaSi, rasac aseTi ganviTarebuli metyvelebis
mqone biWisagan SeiZleba movelodeT.
unar-Cvevebze agebuli iseTi samuSaos Sesrulebisas, rogoricaa imis gansazRvra,
iqneba Tu ara sityva leqsikonis mocemul gverdze an qveSmiweriT gayofisTvis algoriTmis swavla, mas moTmineba Ralatobs da SeiZleba furclebi daxios, Tu pasuxs pirvelive
mcdelobisas ver iRebs. kiTxvebs ar svams da ganmeorebiT axsnis dasrulebamde SeSinebuli cdilobs ukve naswavlis gamoyenebas. masalis gagebis SemTxvevaSi fredis SeuZlia
codnis kompetenturad ganzogadeba axal situaciebze. Tumca, samuSaos Sesrulebisas
Cqarobs da uSvebs bevr Secdomas.
arc erTi namdvili megobari ar hyavs, magram erTveba sxva bavSvebTan iseT aqtivobebSi, rogoricaa gareT cixe-simagris aSeneba. organizebul TamaSebSi TiTqmis ar erTveba.
TamaSma mas TviTgamoxatvis saSualeba unda misces iTamaSos sakuTari roli, yuradReba
mimarTos, vTqvaT, cixe-simagreze. am dros misi saubari cixe-simagres an mxatvrul fantazias Seexeba, rasac bavSvebi cixe-simagris aSenebisas aviTareben xolme: `ei, Sexede am
magar sasrialos [romelic man es-esaa gaakeTa]. isini am kedelze gadmofrenas SeZleben~. saubrisas is iSviaTad uyurebs sxva bavSvs.
173
Tavi 7
literatura:
Adler, A. The Problem Child. New York: G. B. Putnam & Sons, 1963.
Aronson, E. The Jigsaw Classroom. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1978.
Buckholt, D. R., D. E. Berritor, H. Sloane, G. M. Della-Piana, K. S. Rogers, and I. F. Coor. CLAIMClassroom
and Instructional Management Program. New York: Walker Publishing Co., 1975.
Canter, L. (withM. Canter). Assertive Discipline. Santa Monica, Calif.: Canter and Associates, 1977.
Colarusso, C. Diagnostic Educational Grouping: Strategies for Teaching. Bucks County (Pennsylvania) Public
Schools, 1972.
Dishon, D., and P. W. O'Leary. A Guidebook for Cooperative Learning. Holmes Beach, Fla.: Learning Publications, Inc., 1984.
Dreikurs, R. Psychology in the Classroom. New York: Harper and Row, 1957.
Dreikurs, R., and P. Cassel. Discipline Without Tears. New York: Hawthorne Books, 1974.
Dreikurs, R., and L. A. Grey. A New Approach to Classroom Discipline: Logical Consequences. New York: Harper
and Row, 1968.
Erikson, E. H. Childhood and Society. 2d ed. New York: W. W. Norton, 1963.
Ginott, Dr. H. Between Parent and Child. New York: Macmillan, 1965.
Glasser, W. Reality Therapy. New York: Harper and Row, 1965.
-------. Schools Without Failure. New York: Harper and Row, 1969.
Gordon, T. Parent Effectiveness Training. New York: Peter Wyden, 1970.
-------. Teacher Effectiveness Training. New York: Peter Wyden, 1974.
Hersey, P., and H. Blanchard. The Family Game. Reading, Mass.: Addision-Wesley, 1978.
House, E. R., and S. D. Lapan. Survival in the Classroom. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978.
Hymes, L. Jr. Behavior and Misbehavior. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1955.
Johnson, D. W., and R. T.Johnson. Learning Together and Alone. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1975, 1987.
Jones, F. H. Positive Classroom Discipline. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987.
Joyce, Bruce, and Marsha Weil. Models of Teaching. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1972.
Lederman, J. Anger in the Rocking Chair. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969.
Martin, G., andj. Pear. Behavior Modification. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978.
Maslow, A. Toward a Psychology of Being. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand, 1962.
Meichenbaum, D. Cognitive Behavior Modification. New York: Plenum Press, 1977.
Mendler, A. N., and R. L. Curwin. TakingCharge in the Classroom. Reston, Va.: Reston Publishing Co., 1983.
Pierson, C. Resolving Classroom Conflict. Palo Alto, Calif.: Learning Handbooks, 1974.
Rogers, D. M. Classroom Discipline: An Idea Handbook for Elementary School Teachers. New York: Center for
Applied Research in Education, 1972.
174
disciplina
Sarason, S. The Culture of Schools and the Problem of Change. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1971.
Sharam, S. "Cooperation Learning in Small Groups." Review of Educational Research 50 (Summer 1980): 241-272.
Schutz, W. J. Expanding Human Awareness. New York: Grove Press, 1967.
Shure, Myrna. I Can Problem Solve. (ICPS): An Interpersonal Cognitive Problem-Solving Program. Champaign,
111." Research Press, 1992.
--------. Raising a Thinking Child. (Audiotape). New York: Pocket Books, 1996.
--------. Raising a Thinking Child Workbook. New York: Henry Holt, 1996.
Shure, M. B., and G. Spivack. Problem Solving Techniques in Childrearing. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1978.
Slavin, R. E. "Cooperative Learning." Review of Educational Research 50 (Summer 1980): 315-342.
Stanford, Gene. Developing Effective Classroom Groups. N.Y.: Hart, 1977.
Swap, S. "Disturbing Classroom Behaviors: A Developmental and Ecological View." Exceptional Children (November 1974): 163-172.
Van Houton, R. Learning Through Feedback. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1980.
Wallen, C. J., and L. Wallen. Effective Classroom Management. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1978.
Wilt, J., and B. Watson. Relationship Building Activities. Waco, Texas: Educational Products Division, WORD,
1978.
Wolfgang, C. Helping Aggressive and Passive Pre-Schoolers Through Play. Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1977.
Wolfgang, C, and C. Glickman. Solving Discipline Problems. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1980.
Wood, Samellyn, Roger Bishop, and Davene Cohen. Parenting: Four Patterns of Child Rearing. New York: Hart
Publishing Co., 1978.
175
8
sicxade
rogor unda avxsnaT cxadad?
kognituri empaTia
`didi suraTi~
sicxade
1. kognituri empaTia
SesaZloa am parametris da zogadad kargi swavlebisTvis mniSvnelovania is, rac wlis
saukeTeso maswavlebelma meri klarkma Tqva 1981 wlis interviuSi: `unda icodeT, ra aris
Tqveni moswavleebis TavebSi, saklaso oTaxSi motanili informaciis, grZnobebisa da miznebis CaTvliT~.1 es migvaniSnebs, rom sicxadeSi CarTulia garkveuli kognituri empaTia (iseve
1 Parsons, C. `Grading Teachers for Quality~. The Christian Science Monitor (October 28, 1981): B6.
179
Tavi 8
rogorc emociuri empaTia).2 es maswavlebels saSualebas aZlevs icodes, rodis ver igeben
moswavleebi da Semdeg yuradReba gaamaxvilos masalis im nawilze, romelic ar esmiT.
ori sxvadasxva unar-Cvevaa imis gansazRvra, rodis ver igeben moswavleebi da ra ar esmiT.
`vergagebis~ drois gansazRvra gulisxmobs, rom maswavlebels swavlebis dros aqvs Semowmebis saSualebebi, xolo imis gansazRvra, ra ar esmiT moswavleebs, gulisxmobs, rom maswavlebeli axdes konkretuli `vergagebuli~ punqtis (punqtebis) identificirebas da xelaxla
xsnis. raki sicxadis TvalsazrisiT orive unar-Cveva mniSvnelovania, saWiroa cal-calke ganvixiloT, rogor asruleben maswavleblebi TiToeuls.
gagebis Semowmeba
Cven viyenebT sityvas `Semowmeba~, raTa aRvweroT, rodis cdilobs maswavlebeli imis
gansazRvras, dabneulebi arian Tu ara moswavleebi. Semowmebisas maswavlebeli reagirebs
klasze, cdilobs gaigos moswavleebisgan sasurveli informacia dabneulobis arsebobasTan
dakavSirebiT. rogor avlens maswavlebeli dabneulobas? Cven SegviZlia ganvsazRvroT maTi
saqmianobis (qmedebis) oTxi done, romelTac ase davasaTaurebdiT:
1. agrZelebs
2. kiTxulobs sxeulis enas
3. svams Sesamowmebel SekiTxvebs
4. gansazRvravs dones
moqmedebis es oTxi done urTierTs ar gamoricxavs; maswavlebelma SeiZleba ramdenime
maTgani sxvadasxva dros erTsa da imave gakveTilze gamoiyenos.
pirvel doneze maswavlebelma, SeiZleba, ubralod, upasuxod datovos moswavleTa dabneuloba. is ubralod iviwyebs moswavleTa dabneulobas da agrZelebs axsnas; an ver afasebs
dabneulobis `masStabs~ da ver aZlevs davalebis Sesasruleblad saWiro miTiTebebs. Seumowmebloba da gagrZeleba SeiZleba zogjer gamarTlebuli iyos naswavli masalis swrafi
mimoxilvisas, Tu manamde maswavlebelma amomwuravad Seamowma da axla misi mizania mxolod
mniSvnelovani terminebis an koncefciebis xazgasma. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic ki, raki Semowmebas cota dro sWirdeba, gonivruli iqneboda misi gamoyeneba.
meore doneze maswavlebelma gageba SeiZleba moswavleTa dabneulobis mimaniSnebeli
sxeulis enis wakiTxviT (mag., poziT, saxis gamometyvelebiT) Seamowmos. aseTi miniSnebebis
SemCnevisas, is aCerebs swavlebas. Tumca, vergagebis garegnul niSnebze dayrdnoba arc ise
saimedoa. moswavleebma vergagebis miuxedavad SeiZleba sulac ar gamoamJRavnon es miniSnebebi. magaliTad, swavlebis procesSi moswavleTa azrovnebis kvlevisas, pitersoni da svingi (Peterson & Swing 1982) aRweren, rogor Seiyvanes SecdomaSi moswavleebma damkvirveblebi,
romelTa azriT, isini yuradRebiT usmendnen gakveTils:
melisas pasuxebi stimulirebuli gaxsenebis interviuze mis uyuradRebobas avlenda [Tumca, damkvirveblebma misi saqcielis mixedviT gansajes, rom is yuradRebiT iyo] da Canda, rom drois umetes nawils pasuxis da savaraudo warumateblobis gamo nerviulobaSi atarebda. magaliTad, kiTxvaze, ras fiqrobda pirveli
videokasetis naxvis Semdeg, melisam upasuxa: `...vinaidan is-is iyo nerviulobas
viwyebdi, vfiqrobdi, rom SeiZleboda ar mcodnoda, rogor gamekeTebina raRacee2 moswavleTa grZnobebisa da miznebis codna aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania da mas kvlav ganvixilavT saklaso oTaxis klimatTan da
pirovnuli urTierTobis CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebul TavebSi.
180
sicxade
bi~. meore nawilis naxvis Semdeg man Tqva: `vfiqrobdi, rom kriss ufro uadvildeboda, radgan ufrosklaseli iyo~. mesame nawilis naxvis Semdeg melisam upasuxa:
`iciT, ZiriTadad imaze vfiqrobdi, razec Cven manamde visaubreT _ Tavs visulelebdi~. bolos, meoTxe nawilis naxvis Semdeg man Tqva: `iciT, es SeiZleba uadgiloa, magram yaisnaRiT naqsovebis Sesaxeb Sexvedraze vfiqrobdi, radgan mindoda
moqsova momeswro~ (gv. 485).*
mesame doneze maswavlebelma moswavleTa zogadi gageba SeiZleba ufro pirdapir, perioduli SekiTxvebiT Seamowmos. mas ainteresebs igeben Tu ara moswavleebi instruqcias. es
SeiZleba exebodes Sinaarsis, procedurebis an miTiTebebis zogad gagebas. aq upriani iqneba,
moswavleTa mier gagebis Sesamowmeblad, gaxsenebisa da wvdomis kiTxvaTa gamoyenebis ganxilva.
gaxsenebis mizniT dasmuli kiTxvebi moiTxovs warmodgenili masalidan uSualod faqtebze dafuZnebul pasuxebs. magaliTad, kiTxvaze _ `rogoria samkuTxedis farTobis gamosaTvleli formula?~ _ sapasuxod moswavleebs sWirdebaT uSualod formulis gaxseneba:
fuZisa da simaRlis namravlis naxevari. meore mxriv, wvdomis Semowmebaze mimarTul kiTxvebs
pasuxi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaeces, Tu moswavleebs namdvilad esmiT gakveTilis
koncefciebi an operaciebi. magaliTad, `ras raze gaamravlebdiT am samkuTxedis farTobis
gamosaTvlelad [samkuTxedisa, romelzec miTiTebulia gverdebis zomebi]?~ pasuxi moiTxovs
rogorc formulis gaxsenebas, ise imis codnas, rogor unda gamoyenon formula konkretuli
samkuTxedisTvis.
wvdomis SekiTxvebs moswavleebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gascemen pasuxebs, Tu Sesamowmebeli Sinaarsi esmiT. gTavazobT kidev erT magaliTs: `ratom ver iqneba am gverdze mocemuli
sityva `xarbad?~ _ kiTxulobs maswavlebeli im gverdis Sesaxeb, sadac indeqsi (leqsikonis gverdis zeda nawilSi mindorze miTiTebuli sityva, romelic migvaniSnebs, ra sityviT
mTavrdeba mocemuli gverdi. mTargm. Sen.) aris sityvebi `nadiroba~ da `borcvi~. moswavleebi
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZleben, Tu maT esmiT, rogor zRudavs
indeqsi sityvaTa diapazons leqsikonis konkretul gverdze.
aq ar Semogvaqvs blumis taqsonomia da arc maswavleblis mier dasmuli sxvadasxva donis kiTxvebiT stimulirebuli azrovnebis doneebs ganvixilavT. (Tumca, es TavisTavad mniSvnelovani Temaa da me-15 TavSi SevexebiT.) Semowmebisas, zogjer, vfiqrobT, rom moswavleTa
wvdomas vamowmebT, Tumca, sinamdvileSi, mxolod imas vamowmebT, axsovT Tu ara sakvanZo sityvebi. amis magaliTs am Tavis bolos warmogidgenT.
gagebis Semowmebis meoTxe done medelin hanTeris mier `donis gansazRvrisTvis~ monaTlul kiTxvebs moicavs. donis gansazRvra damaxasiaTebelia swavlebisTvis, Tu maswavlebeli:
181
Tavi 8
donis Semowmeba
signalebi
TviTSefaseba
cerebi maRla
xelebi Tavze Tu...
gadabrunebuli niSani
wiTeli, yviTeli, mwvane
sasignalo baraTebi
signalebis gareSe
Sinaarsis pirdapiri
Semowmeba
erTkiTxviani testi
erTdrouli pasuxi
mravali SekiTxva
pasuxebis grafis
verbaluri Sevseba
mokle weriTi davaleba
grifelis dafebi
donis gansazRvris kiTxvebi gaxsenebisa da wvdomis kiTxvebTan Semdegnairad aris dakavSirebuli: SegviZlia donis gansazRvra _ moswavleTa xSiri da farTo Semowmeba _ gaxsenebis
an wvdomis, an orive doneze. gaxsenebisa da wvdomis kiTxvebis dasma, erTmniSvnelovnad donis
Semowmebas ar niSnavs. isini urTierTgadamfaravia, Tumca, SesaZlebelia, urTierTmomcveli
nakrebi ar iyos (sqema 8.2).
rogor SeiZleba davsvaT gaxsenebisa da wvdomis dasadgeni kiTxva da ganvsazRvroT done?
182
sicxade
gaxseneba
wvdoma
donis
gansazRvra
SeiZleba vikiTxoT: `donis gansazRvra yoveli gakveTilis mudmivi Tavisebureba unda iyos
Tu ara?~ araa aucilebeli. es SeiZleba uadgilo iyos diskusiis dros, sadac yalibdeba kamaTis mimarTuleba an konceptualur cvlilebaTa gakveTilze, roca moswavleebi maTTvis
`mSobliuri~ mosazrebebisgan gansxvavebul Sexedulebebs ecnobian, dakvirvebis safuZvelze
axal Teoriebs qmnian da amowmeben. Tumca am SemTxvevaSic ganmsazRvreli iqneba, surs Tu ara
maswavlebels moswavleTa donis Semowmeba. am dros miRebuli informacia maswavleblisTvis
sasargeblo iqneba, radgan ecodineba, vin gaigo da vin vera da misi gakveTili mgzavrebs sadgurSi ar datovebs.
183
Tavi 8
gamovlenas, win wamowevasa da swori koncefciebiT Secvlas, moswavleebi maT mier naswavl informacias Seusatyviseben. amis Sedegad maT gonebaSi Seqmnili `rukebi~, SesaZloa, logikurad
myari Candes, magram isini mcdaria da seriozul dabrkolebas uqmnis swavlas. es SeiZleba,
moswavleTa goneba ar aris `carieli dafa~. maT
erTi SexedviT, Zalze mkafio swavlebis drogonebaSi arsebul informacias didi gavlena
sac moxdes moswavleTa mcdari koncefciebis
aqvs swavlebaze.
gauTvaliswineblobis gamo. miuxedavad imisa,
rom kvleva sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa
koncefciebis kuTxiT Catarda, safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom imave problemasTan gvaqvs
saqme sxva disciplinebSic. Cven, rogorc maswavleblebma, ubralod, unda vicodeT, rom moswavleTa goneba ar aris `carieli dafa~. maT gonebaSi arsebul informacias didi gavlena
aqvs swavlebaze. Tavis am nawilSi _ `moswavleTa arsebuli codnis gaaqtiureba~ _ ramdenime
meqanizms gavecnobiT, romelTa gamoyeneba maswavlebels moswavleTa mcdari koncefciebis
gansazRvrisTvis SeuZlia.
moswavleTa gavrcelebuli mcdari
koncefciebis winawar ganWvreta
dabneulobis ganWvretis meore formaSi (ix. sqema 8.3), dabneulobisa da araswori aRqmis savaraudo adgilebis ganWvretisTvis, maswavlebeli iyenebs moswavleebisa da masalis
Sinaarsis Sesaxeb codnas, radgan masala rTulia da mosalodnelia misi araswori aRqma. aq
184
sicxade
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara moswavleTa gonebaSi arsebuli mcdari koncefciebi, aramed masalis
sirTule, risTvisac maswavlebeli Zal-Rones ar iSurebs da cdilobs, maqsimalurad naTeli
gaxados masala da Tavidan aicilos bundovaneba an araswori aRqma. magaliTad, fizikaSi Tavisufali vardnis axsnis dros maswavlebeli iTvaliswinebs, rom moswavleTaTvis es termini
SeiZleba asocirdebodes saganTan, romelic dedamiwaze mizidulobis Zalis gamo ecema; Tumca, `Tavisufali vardna~ centraluri sxeulis garSemo orbitaze sxeulis Tavisufal moZraobas niSnavs, magaliTad, mTvaris moZraoba dedamiwis garSemo. termini mianiSnebs `garSemo
vardnaze~ _ kosmosSi sxeulTa wriul moZraobas orbitaze. maswavlebels SeuZlia ganWvritos, savaraudod rodis SeiZleba gauWirdeT moswavleebs gageba da Sesabamisi dro daxarjos
masalis axsnaze.
zogjer maswavlebeli axsnis procesSi sazRvravs mosalodnel gaugebrobas da preverenciul nabijs dgams. moswavle dafasTan sworad xsnis algebrul gantolebas, magram terminebiT ise swrafad manipulirebs, rom SeiZleba sxva moswavleebma `fexi ver auwyon~. dabneulobis Tavidan asacileblad, maswavlebeli awyvetinebs moswavles da klass mimarTavs: `naxeT,
aq ras akeTebs: is erTdroulad or nabijs dgams _ amravlebs da kvadratul fesvs iRebs.
kargi, ganagrZe, Tod~. maswavlebelma moqmedeba sxvebis sasargeblod Seanela da Todis gonebaSi gadadgmuli ori nabiji gaacalkeva, radgan ganWvrita, rom SeiZleba sxvebs ver gaegoT.
dabneulobis ganWvreta xSirad erT-erTi yvelaze uxilavi da rTulia, radgan moswavleebi, faqtobrivad, verc ki aswreben dabnevas: maswavleblebi erTi nabijiT uswreben da Tavidan icileben gaugebrobis safrTxes. swored amave mizeziT, es nabiji axsnis maRali donis
sicxades uzrunvelyofs.
rogor SeiZleba Seamowmos maswavlebelma, gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma masala? maT SeuZliaT moswavleTa gonebaSi `SeRweva~. moswavleTa gonebaSi `SeRwevis~ es unari mTeli am
parametris safuZvelia. sicxadis parametris TvalsazrisiT daxelovnebulma maswavlebelma
icis, ra `xdeba~ moswavleTa TavebSi da amis garkvevis saSualebaTa farTo repertuari aqvs.
maT moswavleTa azrovnebis wvdomis erTgvari kognituri empaTia _ moswavleTa adgilze
sakuTari Tavis warmodgenis unari _ axasiaTebT da is mTlianad marTavs maT saqmianobas.
dabneulobasTan gamklaveba
moswavleTa dabneulobis SemCnevisas maswavleblis valia, dabneulobis mizezebis garkveva da Sesabamisad, xelaxali axsna, rasac `dabneulobasTan gamklavebas~ vuwodebT.
roca moswavleebi gvatyobineben (an maswavlebeli aRmoaCens), rom raRac gaugebaria, maswavlebeli cdilobs xelaxla axsnas an naTeli mohfinos informaciis konkretul nawils. am
SemTxvevaSi swavlebis xuT sxvadasxva dones gamoyofen:
1. araviTari reaqcia;
2. xelaxla xsnis;
3. adgens dabneulobis moments konkretuli kiTxvebiT;
4. daJinebiT adgens, gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma da ubrundeba axsnils;
5. moswavles axsnevinebs maTeul gagebas.
pirvel doneze maswavlebeli ar reagirebs dabneulobaze. meore doneze is, ubralod, xelaxla axsnas iwyebs. es axsna SeiZleba pirvel axsnaze ufro neli da/an ufro detaluri iyos.
Semdeg doneze maswavlebeli moswavleebs konkretul kiTxvebs usvams, raTa zustad daadginos maTTvis gaugebari adgilebi. Semdeg racionalurad tovebs moswavleTaTvis gasageb monakveTebs da gaugebris xelaxal axsnaze gadadis.
185
Tavi 8
186
sicxade
SeZlebisdagvarad meti gaigos konkretul sakiTxze moswavlis Sexedulebis Sesaxeb~ (Duckworth 1981, gv. 14). garda amisa:
bavSvTan saubris kvalobaze, miseuli aRqmis wvdomis mizniT, `am procesSi~ TviT
bavSviseuli aRqma izrdeba. Tanamosaubris mier bavSvis azrovnebis gagebis
mizniT dasmuli kiTxvebi TviT bavSvsac met fiqrs avaldebulebs. ras gulisxmob? rogor gaakeTe es? namdvilad ver vxvdebi; SegiZlia, sxvagvarad amixsna? SegiZlia, magaliTi momiyvano? rogor gamoiangariSe? Tanamosaubres es kiTxvebi
meore adamianis gagebis saSualebas aZlevs. yovel jerze is mosaubris fiqrebSi
erTveba da win adgmevinebs nabijs (Duckworth 1987, gv. 96-97)*
(damatebiTi informaciisTvis imis Taobaze, rogor SeiZleba gavaRrmaoT moswavleTa gageba imiT, rom davafiqroT sakuTar azrovnebaze, ixileT am Tavis Semajamebeli nawili.)
axsnis meqanizmebi
Semowmeba da dabneulobis mogvareba arsebiTia sicxadisTvis, Tumca arsebobs masTan dakavSirebuli sxva saSualebebic, magaliTad, maswavleblis axsnis meqanizmTa repertuari, romelic mas axsnis dros exmareba. es meqanizmebi moicavs: analogiebs, mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis
xazgasmas, azrobriv xatebs, fizikur modelebs, media/teqnologiebs, cxrilebisa an dafis
gamoyenebas, ufro srul an ufro zust axsnas, xmamaRla fiqris modelirebas, ubralo miniSnebebis gamoyenebas, Tanamimdevruli minimaluri miniSnebebisa da grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis gamoyenebas. am terminTa umravlesobis mniSvneloba naTelia, mxolod ramdenimes
sWirdeba axsna.
azrobrivi xati
axsnis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da yvelaze ugulebelyofili meqanizmi azrobrivi
xatebia. azrobrivi xatebi sakuTar TavSi suraTebis Seqmnas niSnavs; maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT, moswavleebs warmatebiT SeuZliaT am suraTebis gamoyeneba:
187
Tavi 8
188
sicxade
189
Tavi 8
warmoadgens, romelic SeiZleba ganzogaddes: mizezi da Sedegi, nawili da mTeli, Sedareba da kontrasti, aRwera, problema da gadaWra.
klarkis gansazRvrebas Tu ganvavrcobT, grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba aris diagrama
sityvebiT, romlis formas gansazRvravs sityvaTa urTierTkavSiri. es forma warmoadgens
konkretuli saxis azrovnebas da SesaZlebelia misi ganzogadeba, raTa gamoyenebul iqnas am
saxis azrovnebiT organizebuli sxva SinaarsisTvis.
grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba mZlavri instrumentia ara mxolod ideebisa da maTi kavSirebis asaxsnelad, aramed moswavleTa mier naswavlis SejamebisTvisac. is moswavleebs exmareba imaSi, rom
agraruli
ekonomika
aSS
1776
monoba
samrewvelo
da
momsaxurebis
ekonomika
kapitalizmi
aSS
1996
demokratia
190
sayovelTao
saarCevno
ufleba
sicxade
cnebis ruka (Archer 1990) da azrovnebis ruka (Hyerle 1990) grafikuli aqtivobebis formebia, sadac masalis warmodgenisTvis damaxasiaTebeli azrovnebis forma (mag.: Sedareba da
kontrasti) miuTiTebs diagramis konkretuli formis gamoyenebaze, magaliTad, matrica an
haierlis `ormagi buSti~. magaliTad, Tu teqstSi Sedarebulia amerikis cxovreba 1776 wels
da dRes, `1776~ erT wreSi CavsvamT, xolo `dRes~ _ meoreSi (ix. sqema 8.4). am or wres Soris
wreebi da maT Soris kavSirebi Seicavs orive periodisTvis saerTo elementebs, magaliTad,
kapitalizmi da mmarTvelobis demokratiuli forma. marcxniv, mxolod `1776~-Tan dakavSirebul wreebSi, im periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebia, romlebic dRes ar gvxvdeba _
ekonomikis agraruli baza da monobis miReba. marjvniv wresTan `dRes~ dakavSirebul wreebSi
dRevandeli sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebia _ samrewvelo da momsaxurebis
ekonomika da sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba. masalis organizebis avtoriseuli forma gvkarnaxobs grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis romeli forma iqneba upriani mis warmosadgenad.
maswavlebels SeuZlia grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyeneba saklaso diskusiis
Casawerad da gasacnobi informaciis organizebisTvis. is moswavleebs cnebis gaazrebasa da
informaciis aTvisebaSi exmareba. Cveni mizania grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobis formaTa
swavleba TviT moswavleebisTvis, raTa, sabolood, maT SeZlon misi damoukideblad gamoyeneba. am miznis miRwevis pirobebSi, maswavlebelma SeiZleba aseTi davaleba misces Tavis moswavleebs: `CaiwereT SeniSvnebi sakiTxav masalasTan dakavSirebiT da SearCieT grafikuli
winmswrebi aqtivobis, Tqveni azriT, yvelaze Sesatyvisi forma~. amiT moswavleebs vTxovT
ara marto aqtiur mkiTxvelebad yofnas, aramed informaciis organizebisTvis gamoyenebuli
azrovnebis formis analizsac (ix. sqema 8.5).
aRwera
aRnawili/mTeliwera
klasifikacia
Tema/qveTema
kiTxvis sferoSi kvlevis tradiciam (magaliTisaTvis ix.: McGee & Richgels 1986; Heimlich &
Pittelman 1986; Armbruster, Anderson & Ostertag 1989) gviCvena, rom grafikuli aqtivobebi xels
uwyoben gagebas, Tu maT kargi swavlebis damatebad viyenebT. moswavleebi igeben, rom mTeli
teqsti dawerilia azrovnebis konkretuli struqturis mixedviT, romelsac aqvs Sesabamisi
191
Tavi 8
maswavlebeli akeTebs prezentacias an uZRveba diskusias da diskusiis mimdinareobas iwers grafikul aqtivobaSi.
2 faza:
3 faza:
4 faza:
maswavlebeli irCevs grafikuli aqtivobis formas, xolo moswavleebi akeTeben yvela Canawers.
5 faza:
metyveleba
kidev erTi sfero, romelsac gasagebi komunikacia moicavs, aris maswavleblis metyveleba.
is unda Seesabamebodes diqciis, warmoTqmis, gadmocemis, gramatikis, sintaqsis da Sesabamisi
sityvebis SerCevis (leqsikoni) minimalur kriteriumebs, raTa moswavleebs esmodeT maswavleblis naTqvami. smitma da lendma (Smith & Land 1981) gaaanalizes efeqtian da araefeqtian
maswavlebelTa metyvelebis modelebi. maTi iseve, rogorc sxvaTa kvlevebi, adastureben im
uaryofiT gavlenas moswavleTa miRwevebze, rac maswavleblis mier metyvelebaSi `bundovani
terminebisa~ da `labirinTebis~ gamoyenebas mosdevs. qvemoT mocemulia ramdenime magaliTi,
romlebzec isini weren.
bundovani terminebi (kursivi):
192
sicxade
terminTa bundovanebiskategoriebi
kategoria
magaliTebi
1. bundovani miTiTeba
2. miaxloeba
3. ` SecdomaSi Seyvana~ da
gasworeba
4. Secdomis aRiareba
5. g
anusazRvreli
kvalifikacia
6. mravalferovneba
7. u
aryofili
gamaZliereblebi
8. SesaZlebloba
9. albaToba
labirinTebi aris araswori metyveleba an Seferxeba, zedmeti, uwesrigo sityvebi. bundovani terminebi mravalgvar formas iRebs (ix. sqema 8.6). hileri da sxvebi (1968) amtkiceben,
rom `bundovanebasTan gvaqvs saqme, roca mosaubre gvawvdis iseT informacias, romelic ar
axsovs, an sinamdvileSi arasodes icoda~ (Smith & Land 1981). msgavsi ram maSinac SeiZleba mox* gadmobeWdilia nebarTviT. `Low-Inference Verbal Behavuiors Related to Teacher Clarity` by L. R. Smith and M. L. Land, published by
the Journal of Classroom Interaction, 1981, 17/1, 37-42.)
193
Tavi 8
des, roca maswavlebels ar surs pasuxi agos informaciis sisworeze da piradi usafrTxoebis mizniT abundovnebs saTqmels, an metismetad mondomebulia, rom moswavleTa ideebis gamziareblad da damxmared Candes da ara informaciis mimwodeblad. yovelive amis Sedegi ki
meryevi maswavlebelia, romelic uamrav bundovan termins iyenebs.
misaRebi metyvelebis miRma arsebobs is, rac arc ise aSkaraa. SegviZlia ganvasxvaoT maswavleblebi, romlebic sxvadasxvagvarad saubroben sxvadasxva moswavlesTan da, SesaZloa,
saubris maneras konkretuli SemTxvevis mixedviTac cvlian. mokled, maT mravalferovani metyveleba aqvT. gansxvaveba SeimCneva gamoyenebul leqsikonSi, aqcentSi, slengis gamoyenebaSi, metyvelebis intonaciaSi, siswrafesa da ritmSi, oficialurobaSi an araoficialurobaSi
(Joos 1967). Cven gvainteresebs, SeuZlia Tu ara maswavlebels moswavleebTan maT enaze saubari
cxadi axsnisa da ganmartebisaTvis Sesatyvisi enobrivi formebiT, konkretuli interaqciis
Sesatyvisi efeqtiani formiT.
im maswavleblis qcevis gaanalizebisas, romelic metyvelebis stils konkretul drosa da
moswavles usadagebs, damkvirvebels `mravalferovnebasTan~ erTad metyvelebis garkveuli
miukerZoeblobac SeuZlia SeamCnios. amas garda, metyvelebis konkretuli manera mocemul
momentSi SerCeulia, morgebulia jgufis an individis raime Taviseburebas.
araorazrovneba
araorazrovneba niSnavs mkafio komunikacias da ar unda gamogvrCes:
miniSnebaTa gansazRvra;
SekiTxvaTa fokusi;
aucilebeli nabijebi mimarTulebis micemisas;
miniSnebebis mniSvneloba;
aqtivobaTa miznebi.
am xuTi kriteriumis mixedviT SegviZlia SevafasoT moqmedebis araorazrovneba. isic
gavixsenoT, rom maswavlebeli yovelTvis rodi aswavlis axsniT. man SeiZleba aswavlos induqciurad, sokrateseuli meTodiT an mravali sxva gziT. magram roca saqme uSualod axsniT
qcevas exeba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu moswavlem ver gaigo, aucileblad unda gavixsenoT araorazrovneba.
miniSnebebis gansazRvra
efeqtiani miniSneba exmareba moswavleebs masalis swavlisTvis saWiro kavSirebis damyarebasa da azrovnebis saWiro formebis gamoyenebaSi. isini ar toveben logikur sicarieleebs.
orazrovani maswavlebeli varaudobs (samwuxarod, xSirad mcdarad), rom moswavleebi SeZleben misi miniSnebebis wakiTxvas an ganzraxvis gamocnobas. aseTi maswavlebeli xSirad damnaSavea TamaSis _ `gamoicani, ras vfiqrob~ an `gamoicani, ratom vakeTebT amas~ _ gamo, romelic swavlebisas araviTar mizans ar emsaxureba da, piriqiT, aSinebs da abnevs moswavleebs.
zusti miniSnebebis saSualebiT maswavlebeli patara xidebs debs moswavleebisTvis, rom maT
dainaxon kavSiri miniSnebebsa da maTi gamoyenebis gzebs Soris. ai, zusti miniSnebis magaliTi:
`Sezneqilis~ gansazRvrebamde, batonma orma ikiTxa: `sad sZinavT daTvebs?~ is
fiqrobda, rom moswavleebi Seqmnidnen gamoqvabulis xats, rac maT daexmareboda gansazRvrebis damaxsovrebaSi. orive moswavlem SeamCnia es ucnauri SekiTxva
da mixvda, rom mas sityvis ganmartebis instrumentis roli unda eTamaSa. Tumca,
verc erTi ver mixvda, rom es instrumenti xati iyo (Winne & Marx 1982, gv. 510).
194
sicxade
am SemTxvevaSi batoni oris idea urigo ar iyo; ubralod misi miniSneba imdenad orazrovani iyo, rom moswavleebma ver SeZles misi gamoyeneba. mas surda, gamoqvabulis gamosaxuleba moswavleebisTvis vizualuri mnemonika (xerxTa erToblioba, romlis mizania gaaadvilos didi moculobis informaciis, faqtebis damaxsovreba, ZiriTadad, asociaciis kanonebs
emyareba. mTargmn. Sen.) yofiliyo: roca gamoqvabulis win vdgavarT, misi sivrce Sezneqili
Cans. swored aseve Cans Sezneqili zedapiric.
SekiTxvaTa fokusi
xandaxan SekiTxvaTa fokusi orazrovania da maswavlebeli moswavleebs `gamoicani ras
vfiqrob~-s `TamaSis~ sxva variants sTavazobs. zemoT moyvanil magaliTSi b-ni oris SekiTxvaze _ `sad cxovroben daTvebi?~ _ ramdenime kargi pasuxi arsebobs, magram swori pasuxebis
simravlidan maswavlebels mxolod erTis mosmena surs. ai, kidev erTi magaliTi: laTinuri
enis maswavlebeli moswavles savarjiSos SekiTxvas akiTxebs. `ra saxis SekiTxvaa es?~ ekiTxeba
maswavlebeli. moswavle ar pasuxobs. arc sxva moswavleebi iCenen iniciativas da Cans, arc maT
ician. sinamdvileSi maswavlebels Semdegi ram ainteresebs: `guSindeli savarjiSos mixedviT
SekiTxvebis eqvsi formidan _ `quid~, `cur~, `quis~, `quem~, `ubi~, an `quo~ es romeli formaa?~
is varaudobs (Tumca mcdarad), rom moswavle xvdeba SekiTxvas. maswavlebeli ver aanalizebs,
rom fraza _ `ra tipis~ _ moswavlisTvis miniSnebis rols ar asrulebs, raTa man guSindeli
savarjiSodan kiTxvebis eqvsi forma gaixsenos da erT-erTi airCios. moswavlisaTvis SesaZlo
pasuxTa samyaro eqvsiT ki ar SemoisazRvreba, ukideganoa da amitomac ibneva.
epizodi grZeldeba: maswavlebeli miuTiTebs moswavles, miubrundes guSindel savarjiSos
da waikiTxos pirveli punqti. moswavle asrulebs. `kargi, waikiTxe Semdegi punqti~, daRlili
xmiT ambobs maswavlebeli. moswavle asrulebs. es meore punqti damabneveli SekiTxvebis magaliTia. moswavle amTavrebs mis wakiTxvas. pauza. `aba?~ Tvalebi ufarTovdeba maswavlebels.
`oh~, ambobs moswavle da maswavleblis kiTxvaze pasuxs gansazRvravs, rogorc `quid~ SekiTxvas.
am dabneulobas Tavidan aicilebda maswavlebeli orazrovani rom ar yofiliyo im gonebrivi operaciis mimarT, romelsac moswavlisagan iTxovda: `jimi, fraziT _ `ra saxis~ _
vgulisxmob kiTxvebis im eqvs formas, romlebic guSin ganvixileT. Seamowme pasuxi im informaciis mixedviT, romelic axlaxans waikiTxe. yvelam gadaamowmeT, naxeT, eTanxmebiT Tu ara~
(moswavleTa aqtiuri monawileobisTvis gadadgmuli nabiji.)
zemoT moyvanili epizodi kargi magaliTia TamaSisa `gamoicani, ras vfiqrob~. amis sapirispirod, araorazrovani maswavlebeli moswavleebs pirdapir aCvenebs, rogor daexmareba maT
swavlis miznis miRwevaSi is, rasac amJamad an momavalSi gaakeTeben.
swavlebis dros araorazrovnebis ZiebiT, Cven naTel nabijebs veZebT, romlebic moswavleebs saSualebas miscems, mixvdnen, ratom ismeba SekiTxvebi da rogor ukavSirdeba mimarTulebebi an magaliTebi saswavlo amocanebs. `is mudam iseT kiTxvebs gvisvams, romlebzec ver
vpasuxobT~ ase afaseben moswavleebi orazrovan maswavlebels. isini ver pasuxoben SekiTxvebs, radgan maswavlebeli ver sazRvravs `ankesis gadagdebis~ adgils. ganvixiloT es epizodi: `rogoria kargi naweri?~ kiTxulobs qalbatoni jounsi da varaudobs, rom dafaze ixilavs
atributebis im specifikur sias, romelic gonebaSi aqvs. magram es `miamituri~ SekiTxvaa,
radgan moswavleebi gascemen yvela savaraudo pasuxs, romelic ar moergeba gakveTilis gegmas. albaT, kargi iqneboda, maswavlebels Seegrovebina es pasuxebi, ganexila da Semdeg Seedarebina im siisTvis, romelic gonebaSi aqvs. `ara, es is araa, rasac veli~, ambobs is pasuxad
da sakuTari siis Sedgenisas (es aris misi gakveTilis mizani) ugulebelyofs bevri moswavlis
karg pasuxs. misi kiTxva `Tqveni azriT, rogoria kargi naweri?~ ki ar gaxlavT, aramed `Cemi
azriT, rogoria kargi naweri?~ anu `waikiTxeT, ras vfiqrob~.
195
Tavi 8
miniSnebebis mniSvneloba
xandaxan maswavleblebi cnobil adamianebs, mosazrebebs, movlenebs, an naSromebs iSvelieben im mizniT, rom kidev ufro cxadi gaxadon swavleba; samagierod moswavleebma SeiZleba
arc ki icodnen maswavleblis mier moxseniebuli wyaroebi da ukeT gagebis nacvlad daibnen.
faqtobrivad, swavlebis efeqtianoba SeiZleba Semcirdes kidec, radgan moswavleebi fiqroben naxseneb adamianze, movlenaze, mosazrebaze, maT mniSvnelobaze da mxedvelobidan rCebaT
is mTavari, risTvisac maswavlebelma isini moiSvelia.
`jeims miCeneris `havais~ wakiTxvisas, SeiZleba Tavi sizifesaviT igrZnoT, rac aSkara
xdeba 25-e TavSi~. es winadadeba arafers ar niSnavs moswavlisTvis, Tu man ar icis, rom sizife iyo boroti berZeni mefe, romelsac wyevlis mixedviT, mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi,
uzarmazari qva hadesis mTaze unda aetana, iqidan dagorebuli qva isev unda aetana da a.S.
Sesabamisad, `Tavi sizifesaviT igrZnoT~ niSnavs konkretuli saqmis dasrulebasTan dakavSirebiT uimedobis gancdas.
araorazrovneba am SemTxvevaSi saidumloTi moculi miniSnebis gaubraloebas ki ar niSnavs, aramed gvaZlevs gasaRebs, rom SeZlebisdagvarad efeqtianad avuxsnaT moswavleebs.
196
sicxade
aqtivobaTa miznebi
gasakviria, magram moswavleebs xSirad warmodgenac ki ara aqvT im aqtivobaTa miznebze,
romelTa Sesrulebasac sTxoven da verc aqtivobasa da instruqcias Soris amyareben kavSirs (Tasker 1981). araorazrovnebis es forma ubralod moiTxovs, avuxsnaT moswavleebs, ratom viTxovT maTgan konkretul aqtivobas. ufro konkretulad ki niSnavs, avuxsnaT, rogor
daexmareba aqtivoba maT swavlaSi an davalebis SesrulebaSi. `am eqsperimentis mizania imis
Cveneba, ramdenad Znelia erTdroulad monacemTa Segrovebac da informaciis Cawerac. swavlis gareSe amas ver gaakeTebT. ase rom, yvela mecnieris msgavsad, vapirebT sakiTxavi masalis
`eqstrapolirebas~ (konkretuli sferosTvis (periodisTvis) damaxasiaTebeli garkveuli
cnebebis (movlenebis) gavrcoba sxva sferoze. mTargmn. Sen.). gaxsovT es termini am TavSi
ganxiluli grafikebidan?~
mizani
pirveli
aqtivoba
meore
aqtivoba
mesame
aqtivoba
kidev erTi magaliTi: `winadadebaTa gaerTianebis Sesaxeb am savarjiSos imitom vasrulebT, rom imave teqnikis gamoyenebiT Tqvens mier Seqmnili saTavgadasavlo moTxrobebi
ufro saintereso gaxadoT~.
8.7 sqemaze asaxuli araorazrovnebis nabijebi xidebis serias agebs miznebsa da indicidualur aqtivobebs da TviT aqtivobebs Soris.
zogjer es nabiji moswavleebs uCvenebs, rogor esadageba mimdinare aqtivoba im gamocdilebaTa modelebs, romlebic hqondaT an momavalSi eqnebaT. `am informaciis ganTavsebas
biblioTekis kompiuterul cnobarSi imitom gTxovT, rom ganiviTaroT siswrafe da sizuste.
momaval TveSi kvleviT moxsenebebze muSaobisas xSirad mogiwevT am monacemTa bazis gamoyeneba da umeteswilad me gverdiT ar geyolebiT, rom dagexmaroT. Tqven unda SegeZloT misi
damoukideblad gamoyeneba sasurveli wignebis sapovnelad~.
aseTi ganmartebebis gareSe bevri moswavle davalebebs meqanikurad asrulebs, minimaluri
yuradRebiTa da ZalisxmeviT; imitom asruleben, rom `samuSaoa~ da valdebulebi arian Seasrulon samuSao. magram samuSaos Sesrulebas Sedegad gageba ar mohyveba. mkiTxvelebma, rom-
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lebsac umuSaviaT swavlis stilze da SeuswavliaT bernis makkartis (Bernice McCarthy 1981) da
entoni gregorkis (Anthony Gregorc 1979) saintereso naSromi, ician, rom `pirveli kvadrantis~
(kvadranti wris meoTxedi. mTargmn. Sen.) moswavleebs gansakuTrebiT sWirdebaT am kavSirebis gageba.3
Cven maswavleblis is nabijebi ganvixileT, romelTa saSualebiTac moswavleebi xedaven,
rogor aris dakavSirebuli mimdinare aqtivobebi an davalebebi maT miznebTan. es marTlac
aris araorazrovnebis, sicxadis erT-erTi forma. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad moswavleebma
miznebi unda icodnen; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, aqtivobas ver daakavSireben. sanam ganvixilavdeT ramdenad kargad da xSirad vacnobT moswavleebs aqtivobaTa miznebs, unda vikiTxoT,
vacnobT Tu ara TviT swavlis miznebs. am sakiTxs daeTmoba Semdegi nawili _ `didi suraTi~.
moswavleTa mimdinare codnis gaaqtiureba axali cnebis an saswavlo programis sakiTxis Sesaxeb;
tegrireba wina samuSaos an wina codnis konteqstSi - `vaCvenoT moswavleebs, rom is,
ris Sesaxebac vesaubrebiT da rac maT ukve ician, erTmaneTs hgavs~ (Friedrich, Galvin, and
Book 1976, gv. 78)
_ gakveTilis farglebSi akeTebs gadasvlebs mosazrebidan mosazrebaze;
_ miuTiTebs aqtivobis, tempis, donis Secvlas;
_ mianiSnebs momaval mosazrebebze.
Sejameba
vfiqrobT, rom am qcevebma SeiZleba arsebiTi roli Seasrulos swavlebis momaval mecnierebaSi, swavlebis Sedegebis amxsnel kanonTa momaval nakrebSi. mimdinare kvleva gviCvenebs
maTsa da swavlaSi warmatebas Soris korelacias; magram Cven jer ver davamtkicebT mizezSedegobriv kavSirs. Tumca, erTi ram danamdvilebiT viciT: am qcevaTa ganxorcielebis
uamravi gza arsebobs, romlis repertuari praqtikosma maswavleblebma SeimuSaves. swored
maT davesesxeT qvemoT mocemuli repertuaris aRwerisas. ase, rom mcdeloba, Tavi movuyaroT Cveni saqmis, swavlebis profesiuli codnis bazas, erTmniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli
maswavleblebisa da mkvlevarebis uwyvet TanamSromlobaze.
3 makkartim swavlis stilis Sesaxeb ramdenime mniSvnelovani Teoretikosis mosazreba gaaerTiana modelSi, romelic moswavleebs oTx ZiriTad jgufad yofs. isini vizualur seqtorul diagramaze oTx kvadrantad arian warmodgenili. erT-erTi, pirveli
kvadrantis moswavleebisaTvis (romlebsac aseve ewodebaT `novatori moswavleebi~) gansakuTrebiT saWiroa swavlis mizezis
codna. saWiroa maswavlebelma am moswavleebs kargad auxsnas pasuxi kiTxvaze `ratom?~)
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leebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba eqspertebis azri swavlis Sesaxeb. sinamdvileSi ase ar aris. moswavleebs sakuTari motivi sWirdebaT... nebismieri swavleba an
treiningi survilis gaCeniT unda daviwyoT. TviT zrdasrulTa swavlebisasac
ki, roca saqme pirovnuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis miznis mqone, Zalze
motivirebul moswavleebTan gvaqvs, maswavlebelma unda auxsnas maT programis
mniSvneloba. maswavlebelma dro unda dauTmos imaze saubars, risi gakeTebis
imedi aqvs da ratom. motivireba imdenad martivi da fundamenturi ram gaxlavT,
rom mxolod unda gagvikvirdes, Tu vinme mas ar iyenebs (McCarthy 1987, gv. 92, 94)*
amrigad, zogierTi moswavlisTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani (xolo yvelasTvis sasargeblo) iqneboda maswavlebliseuli motivis gageba, ratom unda iswavlon vietnamis omisa
da masSi SeerTebuli Statebis monawileobis Sesaxeb: `vietnamis omi CvenTvis mniSvnelovania, radgan am omsa da sxva istoriul omebs mravali saerTo mizezi hqonda. Tu aSS sxva omSi
Caebmeba, mosalodnelia, rom mraval Tqvengans SeiaraRebul ZalebSi samsaxurisTvis da sabrZolvelad gamoiZaxeben. amitom TqvenTvis, rogorc moqalaqeebisTvis, arsebiTia, SeZloT
mimdinare movlenebisa da mTavrobis liderTa gadawyvetilebebis gaanalizeba. rogorc moqalaqeebs, SegiZliaT gaazrebuli arCevani gaakeToT im liderebisTvis xmis micemis dros,
romlebic TqvenTvis sasurvel politikas uWeren mxars. dRevandeli swavla momavalSi imis
gadawyvetaSi dagexmarebaT, risTvis unda vibrZoloT Cven, rogorc qveyanam da erT mSvenier
dRes es ueWvelad Tqveni arCevani iqneba~.
aseve naTlad SeiZleba moswavleebs davusabuToT sxva sakiTxebis swavlis mniSvnelobac:
miTis, rogorc literaturuli Janris swavla; an vulkanuri, danaleqi da metamorfuli warmoSobis mTebis identificireba maTi atributebiT.
swavlis mizezebis yoveldRiuri aRniSvna aucilebeli ar aris. rogorc wesi, gakveTils
moswavleebi, codnisa da unar-Cvevebis TvalsazrisiT, erTi safexuriT maRla ahyavs. albaT,
miznebisa da mizezebis aRniSvna axali Tavebis an Temebis swavlis dawyebamde iqneba upriani.
moswavleebisTvis swavlis mizezebis gacnoba, SesaZloa, sasargeblo varjiSi iyos TviT
maswavleblisTvisac. Tu konkretuli sakiTxis swavlis mizezis axsna ar SegviZlia, iqneb es
sakiTxi arc unda vaswavloT.
cnebis an Temis Sesaxeb moswavleTa arsebuli codnis gaaqtiurebis xerxebi maT ara marto
momavali saqmianobisTvis ganawyobs, aramed `Carli braunis saxifaTo sindromsac~ uSlis
xels:
gaixseneT, rogor iqceva Carli brauni xelSi axali wignis aRebisas. wignis naxvamde, is furclebs iTvlis. 625 gverdi. `me verasodes viswavli amas!~ is kiTxvis
dawyebamdea damarcxebuli, sakuTar Tavs imis gaanalizebis Sanssac ki ar aZlevs,
rom mas ar mouwevs yvelafris swavla. yvelaferi axali rodia, mas ukve garkveu* gamoyenebulia specialuri nebarTviT. The 4MAT System: Teaching To Learning Styles With Right/Left Mode Techniques by Bernice
McCarthy, (c) 1980, 1987 by Excel, Inc. Excel, Inc.-is specialuri werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe dauSvebelia Semodgomi gamoyeneba. mas, visac mTliani naSromis wakiTxva surs gamomcemels unda daukavSirdes: Excel, Inc., 200 West Station Street, Barrington,
III. 60010, 1-800-822-4MAT an 1-708-382-7272
200
sicxade
li codna aqvs. is sakuTar Tavs saSualebas ar aZlevs, gaigos, rom bevri ram, rac
unda iswavlos, ukve icis (McNeill 1984, gv. 34)*
upirveles yovlisa, moswavleebs unda davusvaT kiTxva: `ra iciT X-is Sesaxeb?~ da CaviweroT (an Tavad Caiweron individualurad) pasuxebi. cnebisa Tu Temis Sesaxeb codnis gaRrmavebis kvalobaze maswavlebeli unda daubrundes am Canawerebs da gansazRvros, ra miamates
moswavleebma arsebul codnas. zogjer moswavleebma SeiZleba aRmoaCinon, rom axali masala
`Zvel qurqSia gamowyobili~; zogjer ki uaryofilia maTi Zveli warmodgenebis nawili. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, konkretuli Temis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis gacnobiereba, axali informaciis Casaweri rukis SeqmnaSi miexmareba. swored ase emsaxureba maswavlebeli sagnis/ebis
Sesaxeb `didi suraTis~ Seqmnas.
uTvalavi xerxi SemuSavda arsebuli codnis gasaaqtiureblad. erT-erTi maTgani semantikuri rukis Sedgenaa, rasac maknili (1984) ase aRwers:
pirvel yovlisa, moswavleebs hkiTxeT, ra gaifiqres sityva X-is gagonebisas (X
aris is Tema, romlis Sesaxebac maT unda waikiTxon). sasurvelia, Tavisufali
asociacia. moswavleTa mier SemoTavazebuli asociaciebi dawereT dafaze. ecadeT, asociaciebi kategoriebad dayoT.
magaliTad, sityva `fulze~ pasuxebi SeiZleba Semdeg kategoriebad daiyos:
fulis gamoyeneba, fulis formebi, fulis erTeulebi, fulis Sovnis gzebi da
sxva. daexmareT moswavleebs kategoriebad dajgufebaSi da Semdeg sTxoveT am
dajgufebaTa wakiTxva, raTa meti gaigon X-is Sesaxeb. kargi iqneba, wavaxalisoT
moswavleebi, dasvan SekiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, risi gageba surT X-is Sesaxeb teqstidan. dajgufebis wakiTxvis Semdeg klass yuradReba gadaaqvs kategoriaTa nakrebze da X-Tan dakavSirebul Tavdapirvel (wakiTxvamdel) SekiTxvebze. am dros
moswavleebi wakiTxulis safuZvelze axal mosazrebebs amateben, asworeben da
avseben pirvelad rukas (McNeill 1984, gv. 10).
makniliseuli semantikuri rukis Sedgenis savarjiSos aRwera SerCeuli teqstis wakiTxvamde xdeba. Tumca rukis Sedgena aseve warmatebiT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT eqsperimentis Catarebamde, filmis naxvamde an stumarTan gasaubrebamde. saqme is aris, rom maswavleblebi
amzadeben moswavleebs axali informaciis misaRebad am ukanasknelTa gonebaSi arsebuli
rukebis (an `sqemis~, rogorc mkvlevarebi uwodeben) gamoxmobiT, anu Temis Sesaxeb maTeuli
warmodgenis gaxsenebiT. Sedegad, moswavleebi ufro aqtiuri msmenelebi, mayureblebi da
mkiTxvelebi xdebian.
praqtikosebisa da mkvlevarebis mier SemuSavebuli xerxebi, romelTa gamoyeneba TiTqmis yvela sagnis swavlebisas SeiZleba, e. w. `sityvebis mimofantva~ an `vmv~-ia (inglisuri
sityvebis Know Want to Know Learned (KWL) qarTuli Targmanis vici minda vicode
viswavle (vmv) abreviatura. mTargmn. Sen.). maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli saerTo Sedegia is, rom
moswavleebi kogniturad aqtiurni xdebian axali informaciis mimarT.
`sityvebis mimofantvis~ dros (Hammond 1985) maswavlebeli statiidan, moTxrobidan an
teqstidan 10-dan 20-mde sakvanZo sityvas an termins iRebs da wers (`mimofantavs~) cxrilis
an dafis nebismier adgilas teqstis saTauris qveS. teqstis wakiTxvamde, moswavleebs sTxovs,
imuSaon jgufebad da gonebrivi ieriSis gamoyenebiT Caiweron (an Caiweros jgufis `Camwerma~)
Semdegi miTiTebis pasuxebi: `moifiqreT winadadebebi, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, asaxavs am
sakvanZo sityvebsa da terminebs da teqstis saTaurs Soris kavSirs~. es xerxi uzrunvelyofs
moswavleTa CarTulobas, maRali donis azrovnebas, fokusirebul kiTxvas da ukeT wvdomas.
* gadmobeWdilia nebarTviT. McNeill, J. D. Reading Comprehension: New Directions for Classroom Practice. Glenview, III.: Scott, Foresman and Company, 1984. 1984 Harper Collins College Publishers. yvela ufleba daculia.
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`vmv~-s varianti, romelic Cven mogvwons, did jgufad momuSave moswavleebs TemasTan dakavSirebul stimuls (rogoricaa wignis garekanis gaformeba da saTauri) acnobs da sTxovs,
xmamaRla gauziaron erTmaneTs TavianTi reaqciebi. maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, SeniSvnebi samidan erT-erT svetSi Caweron: vici, vfiqrob, rom vici da minda vicode. cxrilis Seqmnis dros ar xdeba ganxilva an kiTvebze pasuxis gacema. es savarjiSo, `sityvebis mimofantvis~
msgavsad, uzrunvelyofs aqtiur monawileobas, avlens moswavleTa mier cnebebis arsebul
codnas da qmnis pirobebs imisTvis, rom maT Tavad Seadginon kiTxvis grafiki.
kargi iqneba, Tu am cxrilebs teqstis wakiTxvis (Seswavlis) Semdegac mivubrundebiT.
`vici~-s kategoriaSi moxvedrili zogierTi SeniSvna SeiZleba mcdari aRmoCndes; zogierTi
`vfiqrob, rom vici~ _ dadasturdes an ara; magram `minda, rom vicode~-s arc erTi SeniSvna
upasuxod ar unda darCes.
akavSirebs
aCvenebs moswavleTa Zveli da axali codnis msgavsebas
sasargebloa, roca maswavlebeli aCvenebs axali masalis msgavsebas wina samuSaosTan an
moswavleTa arsebul codnasTan, `axdens imis demonstrirebas, rogor hgavs bevri ram, razec
saubrobs, imas, rac moswavleebma ukve ician (Freidrich 1976). gTavazobT ramdenime magaliTs:
[komentarebi mrgval frCxilebSi aris moswavlis reaqciebi.] `roca gamravlebaze pirvelad vmuSaobdiT, viswavleT, rom is dakavSirebuli iyo SekrebasTan
rogor?~ kiTxulobs maswavlebeli (gaimeora Sekreba.) `sworia! anu ras niSnavs?~ (gamravleba hgavs erTi da imave ricxvis mimatebas imdenjer, ramdenzec
mas amravleb.) `kargi, Zalian kargi. gayofis operacia, romelzec dRes vmuSaobdiT, marTlac Zalian hgavs gamravlebas, Tumca, is mokle gziT ki ar amatebs
ricxvebs, aramed?~ (aklebs.) `sworia! yvela xedavs? jimi?~ [SegiZliaT aRniSnoT
`diax~ pasuxi am maswavleblis `Semowmebis unaris~ grafaSi!] `SegiZliaT axsnaT
Tqveni sityvebiT, rogor hgavs gayofa gamravlebas?~ [aRniSneT `diax~ `Sesamowmebeli SekiTxvisTvis~!] (is aris gamravlebis sapirispiro.) `sainteresodaa naTqvami; vfiqrob, gesmiT. marji, Seni azriT, ras gulisxmobs jimi `sapirispiroSi~?
[aRniSneT `diax~ pasuxi `Sesamowmebeli SekiTxvisTvis~!]
ai, kidev erTi magaliTi qimiis Sesavali kursidan.
maswavlebeli: `amrigad, Cven davamtkiceT, rom es sarCilavi naTura ufro
magrad wvavs, vidre pirdapiri propanis sanTura. gaxsovT, ra gavakeTeT Cven am
wlis dasawyisSi, roca natriumqloridi sasinj milSi gavacxeleT?~ (is aalda.)
`rogor avxseniT es movlena?~ (natriumqloridis gacxelebam gamodevna Jangbadi
da Jangbadma ufro swrafad da mxurvaled dawva cxeli nakverCxali.) `sworia! da
sarCilavi naTurac amas hgavs. Cven gvaqvs es ori rezervuari~. [maswavlebeli ganagrZobs saubars da aCvenebs, rogor urevs SemaduRebeli manqana or gazs, acetilensa da Jangbads da rom damatebiTi Jangbadis arseboba Zalian zrdis Sida
wvis temperaturebs].
Zvelisa da axlis integracia informaciebs Soris gonebriv kavSirebs amyarebs ise, rom
Segnebulad inarCunebs mTeli mzardi jaWvis gamosaxulebas mxedvelobis areSi. axali informaciis Seswavlisas, moswavleebi mTlian jaWvs xedaven, romelic axla erTi rgoliT ufro
grZelia. rgolisa da jaWvis analogia SeiZleba ar gamodges sxvagvarad dakavSirebuli farTo
moculobis informaciisTvis, magaliTad, rogoricaa interneti, magram sicxade imave mizans
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sicxade
emsaxureba _ daukavSiros axali codna arsebuli codnis ufro did suraTs (Ausubel 1968;
Gagne 1974).
jenis balgreni (Janis Bulgren) da misi kolegebi kanzasis universitetTan arsebuli `swavlaSi unarSezRudulobis kvleviTi intitutidan~ iyeneben ganmamtkicebel cxrilebs, raTa
vizualuri da zusti gziT aCvenon axal da Zvel koncefciebs Soris msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi. ganmamtkicebeli cxrili aris grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivoba am SemTxvevaSi, specifikuri miznis axali da Zveli (ukve naswavli) informaciebis Sesadareblad da Sesapirispireblad (sqema 8.8). maTi gamoyenebis fazebi grafikuli aqtivobebis gamoyenebis msgavsia.
ganmamtkicebeli cxrili
nacnobi informacia
axali informacia
Qarxana
ujredi
maxasiaTeblebi
msgavsi saerTo
maxasiaTeblebi
maxasiaTeblebi
Menejmenti
akontrolebs aqtivobebs
birTvi
Robe/usafrTxoebis
sistema
aregulirebs Sesvlasa da
gamosvlas
ujredis garsi
Eleqtrosadguri
awarmoebs energias
mitoqondria
amgvar integrirebasa da `moswavleTa arsebuli codnis gaaqtiurebas~ Soris Semdegi gansxvavebaa: `gaaqtiureba~ momlodinea; is ekranze moswavleTa gonebaSi ukve arsebul cnebebs
alagebs; maTi goneba mzadyofnaSia da elis axals Sesadareblad da Sesapirispireblad. maT
gonebaSi arsebuli codna SeiZleba zusti an arazusti, sruli an arasruli iyos. misi win
wamowevis mizania gaaqtiureba da sabazo wertilis moniSvna axali codnis gamosacdelad. maT
SeiZleba sakuTar Tavs hkiTxon: rasac qimiaSi vswavlobT, aris Tu ara is, risi swavlac gvindoda?
mizani _ `Zvelsa da axal codnas Soris msgavsebis Cveneba~, xolo, meore mxriv, `ukan yurebaa~. maswavlebels surs, moswavleebma dainaxon, rom axali masala, sinamdvileSi, arc imdenad
axali an gansxvavebulia (an Zneli), Seesatyviseba imas, rac maT ukve ician, maT gonebaSi ukve
arsebobs axali codnis Sesabamisi struqtura an kontiniumi.
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Tavi 8
`ai amis gakeTebas vapirebT dRes laboratoriuli muSaobis SedegebTan dakavSirebiT. axla modiT, Semdegi Tavi vnaxoT, rom warmodgena Segveqmnas axal masalaze~.
tempis Secvla:
`axla tempis Secvla mogviwevs, ase rom, moemzadeT cota meti aqtiurobisTvis!~
donis Secvla:
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Sesaxeb. amgvari warmodgenis Seqmna miznad imas isaxavs, rom axali termini an idea nacnobi
gaxados moswavlisTvis. `ah, maxsovs, amis Sesaxeb Cven gasul kviras visaubreT~, SeiZleba
gaifiqros moswavlem da daiwyos warmodgenebis morgeba sakuTar kognitur CarCoze. miniSnebam, romelic xSirad daugegmavia, SeiZleba Tavi iCinos, rogorc swavlebis xelsayrelma
SesaZleblobam. magaliTad, meore nawyvetSi moswavleebma SeniSnes, rogor bejiTad muSaobs
laura saxlSi, ramac maswavlebels gaaxsena, rogor miexmara laura mamas Tibvis dros, rasac
mohyva Tibvis Sesaxeb misi komentari.
maswavleblis mier gakveTilis damTavreba momavali samuSaos prognoziT moswavleebisTvis garkveuli saxis miniSnebaa, Tumca Cven am nabijs kognitur gadasvlad miviCnevT. gansxvaveba is aris, rom kognituri gadasvla pirdapir kavSirebs amyarebs ramdenime wuTis win
dasrulebul da ramdenime wuTis Semdeg mosalodnel aqtivobebs Soris, maSinac ki, roca
momdevno `ramdenime wuTi~ mxolod meore dRes dadgeba. miniSneba inteleqtualur `sagzao
niSnebs~ svams iseT adgilebSi, romlebic gzad xvdebaT moswavleebs, magram, SeiZleba, mokle
periodSi ar ganixilon.
Sejameba
maswavlebeli yovelTvis Tavad ar ajamebs; xandaxan am funqciis Sesrulebas moswavles
sTxovs. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, vin asrulebs am funqcias; Tu vinme gakveTilis bolos detalurad mouyris Tavs yvelafers yvelas dasanaxad da gasagonad, maSasadame, gakveTili Sejamda
da am maswavlebels sicxadis am meaTe punqtSic `diax~ pasuxi SeiZleba davuweroT.4
roca moswavleebi Tavad ajameben da yvela maTgani erTdroulad aris CarTuli, damatebiT ori Zlieri faqtoric unda gaviTvaliswinoT. pirvelia `aqtiur monawileobad~ wodebuli swavlis principi (ix. me-9 Tavi), xolo meore is, rom moswavleebi kogniturad aqtiurebi
xdebian masalasTan mimarTebiT; isini axdenen personalurad miRebuli informaciisa da cnebebis reorganizacias, raTa SeZlon sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema. moswavleTaTvis Sejamebis
Txovna TavisTavad imis Txovnas niSnavs, rom sakuTari sityvebiT gadmogvcen naswavli. (es,
aseve, niSnavs maTeuli Sejamebis Semowmebas, sizustisa da sisrulis TvalsazrisiT.) Txovna
`gadmoeciT Tqveni sityvebiT~ arsebiTia, radgan is moswavleebs aiZulebs, Tavad Secvalon,
gadaawyon da moawesrigon informacia. isini axal masalas ubralod maTi gonebis biblioTekis
Taroze debis saSualebas `ar aZleven~. maT unda `aiRon~ axali masalis `ulufebi~ da Tavi
mouyaron; da swored es aqti amtkicebs naswavls.
Sejamebis mravali gza arsebobs ise, rom yvela moswavle CaerTos. erT-erTia `swavlis Jurnalis~ warmoeba (Pradl & Mayher 1985).
rogorc wesi, yoveli mniSvnelovani monakveTis bolo xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi
moswavleebi akeTeben SeniSvnebs da pasuxoben Semdegi saxis SekiTxvebs:
ra viswavle dRes? ra iyo gaugebari?
ra momewona, ra ar momewona, ras mivaRwie dRes?
ra viswavle diskusiidan an gakveTilidan?
ramdenad nayofierad vimuSave klasSi? (sanders 1985)
maswavlebels SeuZlia sityvieri Sejamebac sTxovos Sesatyvis momentebSi wyvilebad momuSave moswavleebs gakveTilis bolos an gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi. meri bad roum (Mary Budd
Rowe) gviCvena, rom damaxsovrebis unari izrdeba, roca yoveli 10-wuTiani instruqciis Semdeg, mcire jgufebSi moswavleebs eZlevaT 2 wuTi Sesajameblad da erTmaneTisaTvis asaxsne4 Tu moswavleebs vTxovT teqstis Sedgenas gakveTilis mTavar sakiTxebze, isini kargad CaerTvebian Sejamebis procesSi.
205
Tavi 8
lad. es `10-2~ wesi moswavleebs iseTive SesaZleblobas aZlevs, rogorsac masalis `sakuTari
sityvebiT~ gaaqtiureba. Tobini (Tobin 1985) aRniSnavs: `[am teqnikis] Sedegebi Seesabameba Cvens
mosazrebas, rom moswavleebs sWirdebaT dro gakveTilis Sinaarsis gadasamuSaveblad iseT
informaciulad datvirTul sagnebSi, rogoricaa mecniereba.
Semajamebeli SekiTxvebi SeiZleba specifikuri iyos da nebismier Sinaarss moergos: `Cvens
msjelobaze dayrdnobiT, CamouTvaleT Tqvens partniors samoqalaqo omis ZiriTadi mizezebi. Semdeg sTxoveT, man CamogiTvaloT mizezebi~. Tu klasi SeTanxmdeba samoqalaqo omis
mizezebis Sesaxeb, saxeze gveqneba informaciis Sejameba. (Tu klasi ver miaRwevs SeTanxmebas,
wyvilebisaTvis aseTi davalebis micema Sejamebaze meti iqneba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu maT
sakuTari Sexedulebebis dasabuTebas vTxovT.) garda amisa, maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebs sTxovos, werilobiT Seajamon saxelmZRvanelos Tavis yoveli mniSvnelovani nawili.
kiTxvis aseT periodul Sewyvetasa da Sejamebas, Sedegad mohyveba monacemTa aqtiuri kognituri gadamuSaveba; moswavleebs uwevT Sinaarsis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocema da dawera _
es ki ukeT swavlas niSnavs! kvlevebma damajereblad gviCvena, rom moswavleebi ukeT wvdebian teqsts (ara mxolod moTxrobis) (mag.: DAngelo 1983), roca Tanamimdevrulad asruleben
amgvar Sejamebas. bevrma mecnierma SemogvTavaza kiTxvis procesSi werilobiTi Sejamebis
swavlebis sasargeblo modelebi (Hahn & Gardner 1985).
am TavSi aRvwereT maswavleblis moswavleebisadmi kognituri empaTiis samgvari qceva:
`gansazRvravs dabneulobasa da mcdar koncefciebs~, `amowmebs~ (imis gasarkvevad, rodis kargaven moswavleebi mniSvnelobis Zafs) da `umklavdeba dabneulobas (arkvevs dabneulobis
moments da umklavdeba). Cven SevZeliT gagverCia am qcevaTa ramdenime Tvisebrivad gansxvavebuli forma. Semdeg ganvixileT, axsnis ramden da romel meqanizmebs iyenebs maswavlebeli,
misi metyvelebis modelebi da araorazrovani qceva. dabolos, aRvwereT maswavleblis xuTi
nabiji, romliTac is moswavleebs `didi suraTis~ gaazrebaSi exmareba: marSrutis dasaxva;
miznebis gacnoba; moswavleTa arsebuli codnis gaaqtiureba; dakavSireba (oTxi saxis). yoveli maTgani sicxadis parametris funqciuri aspeqtia.
Cven es-esaa SevajameT Tavi. swored es gaxlavT `didi suraTis~ bolo nabiji _ Sejameba.
SegiZliaT Tqvenc SeajamoT, ra iswavleT axali am Tavidan?
Semdeg gverdebze ixilavT tests, romelic saSualebas mogcemT damoukideblad an kolegasTan erTad gadaxedoT sicxadis parametrs.
206
sicxade - Sejameba
daakvirdiT Tqveni an kolegis swavlebas da SeafaseT qvemoT CamonaTvalis mixedviT. yoveli qceva an Sesrulebis done SeZlebisdagvarad daadastureT magaliTiT.
kognituri empaTia
1. gansazRvravs dabneulobasa da mcdar koncefciebs
cxrilebi an dafa
analogiebi
media/teqnologiebi
xmamaRla fiqris
modelireba
ufro srulyofilad
Camoyalibeba
fizikuri modelebi
Tanamimdevruli minimaluri
miniSnebebi
mniSvnelovani informaciis
xazgasma
sicxade - Sejameba
2. axsniTi meqanizmebi:
azrobrivi xatebi
martivi miniSnebebi
diagramebi
grafikuli
aqtivobebi
3. metyveleba
miuRebeli
misaRebi
mravalferovani
jgufs morgebuli
individs morgebuli
5. Semowmeba:
ar aqcevs yuradRebas
kiTxulobs sxeulis enas
svams Sesamowmebel SekiTxvebs
gansazRvravs dones
gaxseneba
wvdoma
signaliT
signalis gareSe
`didi suraTi~
7. __ aZlevs marSruts
8. __ acnobebs moswavleebs, ra ecodinebaT an ris gakeTebas SeZleben
swavlis mizani
ratom aris es mniSvnelovani
207
208
sicxade - savarjiSo
sicxade - savarjiSo
waikiTxeT gakveTilis nawyvetebi. mindorze mianiSneT sicxadis mizniT gadadgmuli nabiji, romelic warmodgenilia yovel epizodSi Tu citataSi.
209
maswavlebeli jdeba masTan, rom ramdenime amocana erTad gaakeTon: `me es amocana ase amovxseni; vnaxoT, Senc Tu ase gaakeTe. amocanaSi naTqvamia: `sarecxi
saSualebis 10 savse yuTi iwonis 100 girvanqas. calke sarecxi saSualeba iwonis 90 girvanqas. ramdens iwonis TiToeuli yuTi?~ kargi. es aris sarecxi saSualebis gareSe...ra SeiZleba gamovTvalo aq... mmm... Tu mTlianad iwonis 100
girvanqas da calke sarecxi saSualeba aris 90 girvanqa... mmm... me SemiZlia 100-s
gamovaklo 90 da miviRo yuTebis mTliani wona. kargi, es iqneba 10. axla... ras
gvekiTxeba amocana? TiToeuli yuTis wonas. kargi, Tu 10 aris yuTebis mTliani
wona da aris 10 yuTi... me SemiZlia 10 gavyo 10-ze. miviReb 1-s. ase rom, es aris...
erTi yuTi iwonis erT girvanqas~.
13. maswavlebeli mimarTavs klass: `am gakveTilze bevr amocanaze vimuSaveT da
sxvadasxva gza viswavleT maT amosaxsnelad. modiT, erTad SevadginoT sia
problemis gadaWris yvela im strategiisa, romlebic, Cveni azriT, efeqtiani
iyo~.
14. moswavlem SecdomiT amoxsna maTematikis amocana saSinao davalebis furcelze. maswavlebeli masTan erTad muSaobs: `modi, vnaxoT, sad SegeSala. ramdeni kubi daiTvale?~ (`eqvsi~.) `kargi. ramdeni gverdi aqvs yovel kubs?~ (`eqvsi... oh!~) Sen gverdebis ra raodenoba gewera?~ (`sami~.) `ase rom, aq SegeSala.
daimaxsovre, kubs eqvsi gverdi aqvs, eqvs kubs ki, eqvsjer eqvsi, anu 36 gverdi
eqneba. xedav, sad SegeSala?~
15. maswavlebeli mimarTavs klass: `gaxsovT, roca Cven davadgineT prezidentebis Sefasebis kriteriumebi, yovelma Tqvenganma erTi prezidenti airCia
am kategoriebis mixedviT Sesafaseblad? iciT, dRes msgavsi ramis gakeTebas
vapirebT _ davadgenT kanonmdeblobis Sesafasebel kriteriumebs da maTze
dayrdnobiT Tqven SeafasebT konkretul kanonproeqts~.
16. algebris saSiano davalebaSi moswavle gamravlebis nacvlad gamudmebiT
yofda. gakveTilis dawyebamde maswavlebelma moswavlesTan erTad gadaxeda
samuSaos, Tumca Canda, rom moswavle ukve mixvda Tavis Secdomas. miuxedavad
imisa, rom is gakveTili algebris sxva koncefciaze unda agebuliyo, maswavlebelma orjer gamoiZaxa es moswavle, roca saqme gamravlebas exeboda.
210
sicxade
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gansakuTrebuli SeniSvna
madlobas vuxdiT hal menlis (Hal Manley) konkord-karlislis regionuli umaRlesi saswavleblis TanamSromels da riCard depes (Richard Deppe) karlislis sajaro skolis TanamSromels sicxadis parametrTan dakavSirebuli magaliTebis mopovebaSi gaweuli daxmarebisTvis.
216
9
swavlis principebi
rogor vaxerxebT, rom gakveTilebi ufro
mizanmimarTuli da nayofieri gavxadoT?
swavlis principebi
219
Tavi 9
mogvianebiT, Cven swavlebis sxvadasxva models da mis gamoyenebas SeviswavliT, aseve ganvsazRvravT maT gansxvavebul miznebsa da Teoriul safuZvels. modelebze saubrisas swavlebas iseve ganvixilavT, rogorc dramaturgi scenars. Cven mTliani gakveTilis dizains, Tanamimdevrobas da konkretuli saxis swavlebis mizniT calkeuli maswavleblis mier gadadgmul
nabijebs SeviswavliT. am SemTxvevaSi calkeul principebs ar SevexebiT, Tumca maTi arseboba
da mniSvneloba mudam gvemaxsovreba.
mniSvneloba
rac ufro Sinaarsiani da relevanturia moswavleTaTvis davaleba an informacia, miT
ufro advilad swavloben. maswavleblebi, romlebic am principiT xelmZRvaneloben, swavlebas moswavlis pirad gamocdilebas, cxovrebas ukavSireben da axal Sinaarss moswavlisTrac ufro Sinaarsiani da relevanturia moswav
vis nacnob struqturas aZleven. erT-erTma
leTaTvis davaleba an informacia, miT ufro
maswavlebelma, romelic am princips iyenebs,
advilad swavloben.
Semdegi magaliTi mogviyvana: `mizani qronologiasa da istorias Soris gansxvavebebis
dadgenaa. me ornawilian davalebas vqmni. pirvel dRes moswavleebs aqtivobaTa drois skalis
warmoebas vTxov. meore dRes pirveli dRis istoriis daweras da, SeZlebisdagvarad, mizezSedegobrivi kavSiris Cvenebas~. es davaleba naTlad warmoaCens gansxvavebas qronologiasa
da istorias Soris moswavleTaTvis pirovnuli mniSvnelobis mqone konteqstis maTi erTi
dRis aqtivobaTa saSualebiT.
garemos msgavseba
garemos (qmedebebis, SegrZnebebis, formatebis, rutinebis) msgavseba moswavlis mier `Sesasrulebeli samuSaos nakrebis~ safuZvelia. es imas niSnavs, rom rodesac garemos garkveuli
Tvisebebi, regularulad asocirdeba swavlis konkretul tipTan an periodTan, romlis drosac mosalodnelia yuradRebis an samuSaos konkretuli tipi, moswavleTa azrovneba gakveTilis an aqtivobis konkretuli tipis Sesabamisad `gadaewyoba~.
maswavlebels SeuZlia swavlis garkveuli formebisTvis regularulad gmoiyenos msgavsi formatebi (garemos misces garkveuli sivrcis, droisa da rutinis Tvisebebi), raTa
moswavleebSi Seqmnas molodini konkretuli samuSaos Sesasruleblad. magaliTad, bunebismetyvelebis maswavlebels laboratoriaSi samuSaod xalaTebi aqvs yvela moswavlisTvis.
gakveTilis dawyebamde moswavleebi xalaTebs icvamen. laboratoriuli xalaTi garkveuli
miniSnebaa, rom isini mecnierebad unda `gadaiqcnen~.1
Ggarda amisa, SesaZloa maswavlebelma aqtivobis saSualebiT Seamzados moswavleebi
gakveTilisaTvis. magaliTad, vTqvaT maswavlebeli apirebs gegmis Sedgena aswavlos, rac moswavleebisgan sakuTari mosazrebebis Tematur dajgufebas moiTxovs. maswavlebels SeuZlia
klasi Seamzados TamaSiT, saxelwodebiT `gamoicani Cemi kategoria~. is dafaze terminebis
CamonaTvals Semdegi wesiT wers: `diax~ sityvis qveS dadebiT magaliTebs, xolo `ara~-s qveS
uaryofiTs. moswavleebma unda gamoicnon kategoria, romelsac `diax~-is magaliTebi miekuTvneba (`samxreTi Statebi~).
1 madloba brus olivers (Bruce Oliver) virjiniis fearfeqsis sagrafodan am ideisTvis.
220
swavlis principebi
Ddiax
ara
misisipi
virjinia
jorjia
kentuki
florida
niu iorki
vaiomingi
kalifornia
aiova
arizona
kontaqti
`pirveli STabeWdileba waruSlelia~ _ kontaqtis principis amsaxvelia.MerTmaneTTan axlos myofi movlenebi, obieqtebi, moqmedebebi da emociebi ufro advilad da myarad asocirdeba moswavlis gonebaSi. Znelia pirveli asociaciis daviwyeba, magaliTad, Tu pirvel Sexvedraze mari-anas `mari-lus~ dauZaxeb, aRmoaCen, rom yovel Sexvedraze ase eZaxi. igive xdeba
aTeulebis Sekrebisas jer aTeulebs kreb da Semdeg erTeulebs. Znelia am Cvevis moSla.
moswavleebs ar unda mivceT Secdomebisa da araswori asociaciebis Camoyalibebis saSualeba. Tu isini arasworad akeTeben sqolioebs pirvel jerze, es mcdari formati mogvianebiT
xels SeuSlis swori formatis daswavlas. (oci wlis Semdegac ki, erT-erTi cnobili avtori
isev ibneva sqolioSi mocemuli elementebis Tanamimdevrobis gamo, radgan misi mexsierebidan
bolomde ar waSlila mcdari modeli, romlis gameorebis saSualebac mas saSinao davalebis
Sesrulebis dros misces, yovelgvari Sesworebis gareSe). es principi ZiriTadad sagnebis/
movlenebis wyvilTan asocirebul mexsierebasa da procedurul swavlas ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa axali sityvebis an algoriTmebis daswavla da kiTxvebs, romelic maRali donis azrovnebas moiTxovs. swavlis procesSi, maswavlebelma unda gaiTvaliswinos moswavleTa savaraudo Secdomebi da Tavidan aicilos isini swori pasuxis SeTavazebiTac ki manam, sanam
moswavle SecdomiT upasuxebs (da amgvarad daiswavlis mcdar asociacias, romlis daviwyebac
mogvianebiT mouwevs).Mmaswavlebelma ar unda dauSvas, rom moswavleebma dawyvilebuli kavSiris saswavlo situacia mcdari pasuxiT daimaxsovron; bolo pasuxi swori unda iyos.
maswavlebeli aseve fxizlad unda iyos potenciuri uaryofiTi emociuri asociaciebis
mimarT, romlebic SeiZleba moswavleebs CamouyalibdeT. magaliTad, Tu moswavleebi ardadagebis Semdeg uaryofiTi emociebiT damZimebulni brundebian, maswavleblis mier SeTavazebuli axali Tema maTSi uaryofiT asociaciebs gamoiwvevs, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels SeuSlis
swavlas. aseT dros poeziaze saubaric uadgilo iqneba. kargi iqneba, Tu konkretuli Temis
SeTavazebamde maswavlebeli mokle aqtivobas waumZRvarebs, romelic dadebiT ganwyobas aRZravs moswavleebSi.
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monaTesave damabnevlebi
`monaTesave damabnevlebis~ gacnobamde uzrunvelyaviT swavlis Sesatyvisi Sesavali. maswavleblebi, romlebic am principiT xelmZRvaneloben, frTxiloben, rom ar daabnion an ar
Seasuston naswavli erTeulebi, magaliTad, aso-bgera `Z iseTi axali erTeulis SetaniT,
rogoricaa `x, radgan SesaZloa moswavleebs es ori aso-bgera erTmaneTSi aerioT. am SemTxvevaSi dawyebiTi skolis maswavlebelma unda axsnas aso-bgera `S, Semdeg romelime sxva
aso-bgera/ebi da imavdroulad gaimeoros `Z. roca darwmundeba, rom moswavleebma `Z safuZvlianad daiswavles, axsnis axal aso-bgera `x-s. amrigad, man ar unda mosTxovos moswavleebs umniSvnelo gansxvavebebis moZebna or monaTesave erTeuls Soris, vidre ar axsnis iseT
masalas, sadac ufro mkveTrad iqneba gamijnuli gansxvavebuli erTeulebi. maswavlebels
mxolod maSin SeuZlia mosTxovos moswavles monaTesave erTeulebis gansxvaveba, rodesac
Sinaarsobrivi wyvilis, sul mcire, erTi erTeuli mainc iqneba saTanadod gagebuli (yuradReba miaqcieT, rom saxelmZRvaneloebSi, samwuxarod, xSirad erTdroulad aris mocemuli
monaTesave damabnevlebi. magaliTad, dedamiwis brunva RerZis da mzis garSemo an amindiTa da
eroziiT momxdari cvlilebebi bunebaSi).
analogiurad, wesebis daswavlamde ar unda gavacnoT wesidan gamonaklisebis magaliTebi.
acnobierebs ra am princips, sabazo skolis maswavlebeli wers:
konstitucia nebismier sabazo skolaSi socialur mecnierebaTa saswavlo programis ZiriTadi nawilia. swavleba xSirad moicavs `uflebaTa Sesaxeb bilis~
ganmartebebs, konkretuli situaciebis ganxilviT. magaliTad, Temis `sityvis Tavisufleba~ Seswavlisas ganixileba iseTi situacia, rogoricaa xalxiT
gadaWedil TeatrSi yvirili, `cecxli!~. sanam maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs
realisturad ganasxvaon `sityvis Tavisuflebis~ misaRebi da miuRebeli formebi, is darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom maT ician ZiriTadi koncefciebi, saproceso
kanonis CaTvliT. am SemTxvevaSi isini ufro rTuli situaciis ganxilvasac SeZleben.
gmirebi
magia
bunebrivi fenomenis arsis axsna
es `miTis~ ganmsazRvreli arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebia. zemoCamoTvlilTagan nebismieri erTi
aspeqtis gareSe miTi aRar gveqneba. arsebobs maxasiaTebelTa nusxis Sedgenis mravali saSualeba. magaliTad, SeiZleba moswavleebs ramdenime gansxvavebuli miTis wakiTxva daavaloT
da Semdeg saerTo aspeqtebze imsjeloT. miTis ukeT gagebis mizniT, SegiZliaT SesTavazoT
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swavlis principebi
223
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224
swavlis principebi
sicxade
fiqroben, rom swavlis gamocdilebis sicxade, xalisi, energia, siaxle an mimzidveloba
yuradRebis meqanizmebis saSualebiT axali masalis ufro siRrmiseul aRqmas ganapirobebs.
am principiT vxelmZRvanelobT, Tu swavlebisas moswavleebSi emociis (gakvirveba, moxibvla)
aRZvras vcdilobT, rac maT qcevazec aisaxeba (gafarToebuli Tvalebi, gaRebuli piri, xangrZlivi mzera, uCveulo umoZraoba). sakuTari ideis ukeT warmoCenisTvis erT-erTma avtorma maswavlebelTa jgufs e.w. `ideebis CanTa~ - patara SefuTuli saCuqrebis seriad warmodgenili swavlis principebi gaacno. amiT man xazi gausva imas, Tu raoden TviTkmari, Zvirfasi,
damoukidebeli da mniSvnelovania TiToeuli principi.
Aaqtiuri monawileoba
es principi swavlebis procesSi moswavleTa aqtivobas (kiTxva-pasuxi, diskusiebi) gulisxmobs. pasiuroba da mxolod mosmena am princips gamoricxavs. yvela moswavlis aqtiuri
monawileoba mxolod fizikur moZraobebs an sxva manipuliaciebs ar gulisxmobs. is SesaZloa
moicavdes werilobiT monawileobas, rodesac yoveli moswavle pasuxobs dasmul kiTxvas; an
verbaluri monawileoba iyos imgvarad organizebuli, rom ramdenime moswavles erTdroulad SeeZlos saubari (wyvilebSi an jgufebSi sakamaTo sakiTxze SeTanxmebis miRweva).
moswavleTa msgavsi CarTulobis mravali teqnika arsebobs. magaliTad, atomis birTvis
struqturis, atomis raodenobasa da mis masas Soris sxvaobis axsnis Semdeg maswavlebeli
ambobs: `modiT, atomis raodenobasa da masas Soris gansxvaveba Tqvens megobars auxseniT~. am
principis mcodne maswavleblebi mas nebismier xelsayrel SemTxvevaSi mimarTaven.
emociis xasiaTi
emociis xasiaTi swavlebis xarisxis pirdapirproporciulia. am principis mixedviT swavlis siRrme da siswrafe swavlis dros aRZruli emociis (dadebiTis Tu uaryofiTis) proporciulia. Tumca, garkveul zRvramde. erTi mxriv, rac ufro sasiamovnoa swavla, miT ufro
efeqtiania, Tumca raRac momentSi siamovneba upiratesi xdeba da, SeiZleba, swavla Caanacvlos. sxva sityvebiT, dgeba klebadi ukugebis momenti. moswavleebze gaZlierebuli zrunva
(`individualurad SegamowmebT garkveul dros~) swavlas xels uwyobs, magram garkveul momentamde. gadaWarbebuli zrunva mRelvarebaSi gadadis, rac abrkolebs da xels uSlis swavlas. dgeba klebadi ukugebis momenti.
maswavleblebi am princips Semdegnairad iyeneben: cdiloben swavlis gamocdileba ufro
sasiamovno (magram ara hedonisturi) gaxadon da/an gazardon zrunvis done (`am kviraSi gavlil masalaze testi gveqneba~), magram ar vardebian ukiduresobaSi. ukiduresobis an klebadi
ukugebis wertilis Sesafaseblad wesebs ver moviSveliebT, radgan ukiduresobis gamosavlenad, damkvirvebels mouwevs maswavleblis mier dadebiTi an uaryofiTi emociebis gamomwvevi qmedebebis aRnusxva da moswavleTa reaqciebis subieqturi Sefaseba.
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Tavi 9
mnemonika
`seqtembers 30 dRe aqvs~.
M Tanamimdevroba da ukusvla
Cveulebriv, masalis pirveli da bolo nawilebis Seswavla yvelaze advilia, xolo Sua
nawilis yvelaze rTuli. swavlis xelSewyoba SeiZleba masalis bolo nawilidan dawyebiT an
masalis mcire nawilebad dayofiT. swavlis am principis gamoyeneba dazepirebis, maTematikisa
da marTlweris savarjiSoebSi SeiZleba. maswavlebels SeuZlia masalis Tanamimdevroba daarRvios da jer rTuli nawilis swavla SesTavazos; SesaZlebelia TviT rTuli nawili daiyos
mcire nawilebad da maT meti yuradReba daeTmos; sxvadasxva saSualebiT (muqi Srifti, sxvadasxva feri, xazgasma) gamokveTos teqstis rTuli erTeulebi. saSualo skolis laTinuri
enis maswavlebeli wers:
moswavleebma kviraSi aTi axali laTinuri sityva unda iswavlon. (1) isini
gakveTilis dawyebamde xuTi wuTis ganmavlobaSi umowmeben erTmaneTs sityvebis
codnas. (2) Semdeg damoukideblad swavloben im sityvebs, romelic ar axsovdaT.
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swavlis principebi
Sedegebis codna
Sedegebi konkretulad da droulad unda vacnoboT. maswavleblebi, romlebic am princips
mimarTaven, moswavleebs savarjiSos dasrulebisTanave sTavazoben detalur ukukavSirs.
principis mixedviT, rac ufro CarTulia moswavle masalaSi, miT optimaluria swori Sedegebis makoreqtirebeli gavlena da maqsimaluri efeqtis momtania srulyofili da konkretuli ukukavSiri. (me-12 TavSi `pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba~ vasabuTebT im azrs, rom
srulyofili ukukavSiri moswavleebis pativiscemis formaa, misi saSualebiT maswavlebeli
amJRavnebs, ramdenad mniSvnelovania Sesrulebuli davalebis detaluri ganxilva.)
gTavazobT Sedegebis codnis or magaliTs:
samrewvelo revoluciis Sedegad gamowveul socialur cvlilebebTan dakavSirebuli davalebis dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebma sakuTari pasuxebi swor
pasuxebs Seadares. Tavad Seaswores Secdomebi da ganmartebebisTvis maswavlebels mimarTes.
moswavleebi sakuTar pasuxebs wignSi mocemul pasuxebs adareben, damoukideblad asworeben da yovel Secdomas ganmartaven.
moswavleebis mier testirebis Sedegebis codna am princips ar asaxavs. isini yovel
gakveTilze ecnobian sakuTar Sedegebs, amaSi gansakuTrebuli araferia. gansakuTrebuli
(da swavlis xelSemwyobi) konkretuli, srulfasovani da drouli ukukavSiria. Sedegebs kompiuteruli TamaSic dauyovnebliv gviCvenebs, Tumca ar gvTavazobs Sedegebis gaumjobesebis
gzebs.
maswavlebeli Sedegebis codnis princips maSin iyenebs, Tu davalebis dasrulebisTanave
ukukavSirTan erTad moswavleebs TviTSemowmebis an sul mcire, daSvebuli Secdomis gamosworebis saSualebebs sTavazobs (Butler and Winne 1995).
ganmtkiceba
qcevis ganmamtkicebeli SeiZleba iyos nebismieri ram, dawyebuli tkbileuliT da jetoniT
(samaxsovro jildo), damTavrebuli maswavlebliseuli aRiarebiT `Tavi ar dagizogavs, ar
danebdi da arss mainc Caswvdi. aqcenti verbalur ganmtkicebaze gvaqvs gakeTebuli, radgan
miuxedavad imisa, rom am saxis ganmtkicebaze zRva literatura arsebobs da is maswavlebelTa leqsikis tradiciuli nawilia, iSviaTia misi ostaturad gamoyeneba. am mZlavri stimulis
gamoyenebis mravali saSualeba arsebobs. pedagogiuri codnis bazis mixedviT verbaluri ganmtkiceba zusti, Sesatyvisi da, saWiroebisamebr, uwyveti an wyvetili unda iyos.
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Tavi 9
zustia verbaluri ganmtkiceba, Tu is zedmiwevniT asaxavs, konkretulad ra Seasrula moswavlem kargad. sjobs vTqvaT, `dRes ar Cqarobdi da Secdoma TiTqmis ar dagiSvia~, vidre
ubralod aRvniSnoT, `kargi namuSevaria~. moswavle davalebis sizustes mSvidad muSaobas
daukavSirebs da swored is (mSvidi muSaoba) ganmtkicdeba. Tu maswavlebeli ambobs, `amocanebis amoxsna daasrule, aalage Seni nivTebi Cemi Sexsenebis gareSe da daiwye wera. araCveulebrivia!~, moswavlem icis, ras exeba sityva `araCveulebrivi~.
Sesatyvisi ganmtkiceba mniSvnelovania, radgan mas moswavlis survili ganapirobebs.
mesame piris TandaswrebiT Seqebam moswavle SeiZleba Seacbunos. Tu meeqvseklasel aTlet
moswavles kaligrafias SevuqebT, mas megobrebis dacinvis SiSi Seacbunebs; ukeTesi iqneba Tu
vetyviT, `jon, Sen Cveni erT-erTi saukeTeso moTamaSe xar da vfiqrob, motoruli koordinacia iseTive kargi gaqvs, rogorc koordinacia mindorze~ (Hunter 1977). Tu davfiqrdebiT,
mivxvdebiT, ratom ver gvaZlevs sasurvel Sedegebs Seqebisa da ganmtkicebis Sesaxeb is kvlevebi, romlebic mxedvelobaSi iRebs qcevis sixSires da moswavlis miRwevebTan korelacias
eZebs. sasurvel Sedegs mxolod ganmtkicebis Sesatyvisi gamoyenebiT viRebT.
ganmtkicebis mesame mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa misi reJimi. b. f. skinerma aRmoaCina, rom
operantuli ganpirobebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli qceva ufro myari da xangrZlivia, Tu mas
gamovlenisTanave ganvamtkicebT. magram am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania ganmtkicebebs Soris
intervalis TandaTanobiT zrda. cxrilSi es grafili daaxloebiT ase aisaxeba:
ganmamtkiceblis SeTavazeba
0 0 0
qcevis ganxorcieleba
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xelmZRvanelobis xarisxi
ra zomiT sWirdebaT moswavleebs xelmZRvaneloba davalebis kargad Sesasruleblad?
axali davalebis Sesrulebisas moswavleebs metad sWirdebaT gzis gakvalva, Tumca Semdgom,
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swavlis principebi
saqmianobis dauflebis kvalobaze xelmZRvanelobis `moculoba~ mcirdeba. swavlis es principi maswavleblis mier sxvadasxva moswavlisTvis sxvadasxva `moculobis~ xelmZRvanelobis SeTavazebaSi ki ar vlindeba, aramed erTi da imave moswavlis an moswavleTa jgufisTvis
droTa ganmavlobaSi (axali masalis dauflebis siadvilis kvalobaze) gaweuli xelmZRvanelobis `moculobaSi~. amis SemCneva xanmokle dakvirvebis safuZvelze zogjer rTulia. maswavlebelma SesaZloa axali unari gaacnos klass da myisierad SesTavazos xelmZRvaneloba am
unaris dauflebaSi. magaliTad, mTeli klasisTvis masalis gacnobis Semdeg imuSaos mxolod
erT jgufTan, xolo danarCenebs (visac maswavleblis daxmareba ar sWirdebaT) daavalos damoukideblad varjiSi, an auxsnas masala mTel klass da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, individualurad daexmaros moswavleebs. es ukanaskneli drois TvalsazrisiT ufro efeqtiania, Tu
maswavlebeli warmatebiT gaarTmevs Tavs (maswavleblis mier dasaxuli miznis miRweva iseTi
mniSvnelovani araa, rogorc mis mier situaciis jansaRi Sefaseba _ ra masalas sWirdeba
ufro intensiuri an individualuri axsna, raTa moswavlem codnis miznobrivad gamoyeneba
SeZlos).
varjiSi
moswavleebi bevri unda vavarjiSoT axali unaris an operaciis swavlis dawyebisas (xSiri,
drois mokle intervalebSi Catarebuli varjiSi), xolo Semdeg drois intervalebi gavzardoT. axali informaciis mniSvnelovani erTeulebi unda gavameorebinoT yovel jerze, rom
moswavle masalis konkretuli nawilis daswavlaSi darwmundes. daswavlis Semdeg codnis ganmtkicebisTvis masalis 2-3-jer gameoreba (Warbswavla) aris saWiro. fizikuri da motoruli
unarebisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac varjiSi daxelovnebis pirobaa (meti ukeTess niSnavs), akademiur unarebis xangrZlivi varjiSi swrafad aRwevs klebadi ukugebis (mobezrebis) wertils.
tabulebis an cxrilebis Seswavlisas yoveli elementi sxvebisgan damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone erTeulia. Sesabamisad, yovel jerze, ukve naswavl erTeulTa jgufSi, mxolod
erTi an ori axali erTeulis Setana SeiZleba (Tumca, garkveuli masala, magaliTad aTze
gamravlebis tabula jgufdeba, rogorc erTi mniSvnelobis erTeuli.) moswavleebisTvis iseTi rTuli saqmianobis swavlebisas, rogoricaa moTxrobis analizi, saWiroa misi nawilebad
dayofa. magaliTad, Tavidan vavalebT garemos aRweras, Semdeg siuJetis aRweras da a.S. musikaluri nawarmoebis rTuli nawilis swavlebisas, unda moxdes ara erTi gverdis an erTi monakveTis (simciris gamo mas, SesaZloa, ar hqondes mniSvneloba), aramed melodiis damuSaveba.
praqtikuli samuSaoebi xanmokle (2-5 da ara 20 wuTiani) da xSiri (dReSi da ara kviraSi orjer) unda iyos. es mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba moswavleTa damoukideblad muSaobis CvenTvis
nacnobi ganrigisgan.
Jurnalistikis kursze Tu maswavlebels surs moswavleebi axali ambebis weraSi avarjiSos, statiis umniSvnelovanesi informaciis amsaxveli pirveli winadadeba an abzaci, mniS-
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Tavi 9
miznis dasaxva
am principis mizania, moswavleebs miznis dasaxva vaswavloT. moswavlis CarTva saswavlo
miznebis dasaxvaSi xels uwyobs swavlas. am debulebis siswore kvlevis SedegebiTac dasturdeba (Schunk and Gaa 1981). miznis dasaxvaSi moswavleTa monawileoba (moswavlis, maswavleblis an erToblivi ZalebiT) zrdis maTi miRwevis motivacias da TviTSefasebis (TviTregulirebis) unars.
moswavlis mier miznis dasaxva TavisTavad ar xdeba, Tumca, es ar exeba maRali motivaciis mqone moswavleebs. maswavlebelma xeli
unda Seuwyos am process, Camoawerinos mismoswavlis CarTva saswavlo miznebis dasaxvaSi
aRwevi miznebis an periodulad (axali Temis
xels uwyobs swavlas.
an proeqtebis dawyebamde) Sexvdes calkeul
moswavleebs. es SeiZleba sakmaod xanmokle
Sexvedrebi iyos, magram mTavaria, dasaxuli miznebis Camoiweros da mogvianebiT moswavleebs
maTi miRwevis Sefaseba vTxovoT.
moswavlis mier miznis dasaxvas gaumjobesebul Sedegebamde avtomaturad ver mivyavarT.
saWiroa efeqtiani miznebis garkveuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswineba; mizani unda iyos
konkretuli, rTuli, magram swrafad misaRwevi.
calkeuli miznebi iseT elementebs Seicavs, romelic SeiZleba gavzomoT, daviTvaloT an
miRwevis kriteriumad miviRoT. `maqsimalurad Sevecdebi~ am SemTxvevaSi ar gamogvadgeba;
xolo `viswavli marTlweris oc urTules wess~ zustad gansazRvravs mas.
rac ufro rTulia mizani, miT met Zalisxmevas gamoiCens moswavle. miznebis dasaxvaSi
xelmZRvanelobisas maswavlebeli unda daexmaros moswavleebs, gamijnon advili da ararealisturi miznebi.
dabolos, moklevadiani miznebi ukeTesia, vidre grZelvadiani. es ar niSnavs, rom grZelvadiani miznebi aRar davsaxoT, ubralod isini moklevadian gegmebad an qvemiznebad unda
davyoT da moqmedebaTa Sesatyvisi gegma mivusadagoT, rom moswavlem efeqtianad SeZlos maTi
miRweva (`dayavi da ibatone~). swavlis an samuSaos Sesrulebis miznebis warmatebiT miRwevas
specifikuri unar-Cvevebi da gansazRvruli vadebi (ramdenime dRe da ara kvira an Tve) ganapirobebs.
am principis gavrcelebuli da araswori interpretacia aseTia, moswavle Tavad irCevs, ra
iswavlos (anu Sinaarss), rac, sinamdvileSi, ar xdeba. xSirad (da, rogorc wesi, ufro produqtiulad) isini vadebTan, raodenobasa da xarisxTan dakavSirebul miznebs saxaven. vadebTan
dakavSirebuli miznis magaliTia, roca moswavle konkretuli raodenobis davalebis Sesrulebis konkretul vadas gansazRvravs:
230
maswavlebeli:
gleni:
maswavlebeli:
gleni:
diax.
maswavlebeli:
swavlis principebi
brenda:
daaxloebiT eqvss.
maswavlebeli:
jimi:
maswavlebeli:
Sen, Tara?
Tara:
konkretuli-naxevradabstraqtuli-abstraqtuli progresia
am principis mixedviT maswavlebeli pirvel etapze axali masalis asaxsnelad konkretul an manipulirebad masalas iyenebs, Semdeg imave masalas grafikulad asaxavs, xolo bolo
etapze asaxsnelad wminda abstraqtul saSualebebs mimarTavs. msgavsi Tanamimdevroba nayofieria ara mxolod im moswavleebisTvis. romlebic piaJiseul konkretuli operaciebis
safexurze arian, aramed zrdasrulebisTvisac. konkretul masalaze muSaoba warmosaxvasa
da gamocdilebas aviTarebs, rac mogvianebiT masTan asocirebul abstraqtul elementebs
ukavSirdeba da erTiandeba. saWiro ar aris adamianma yvelaferi sakuTari gamocdilebiT
iswavlos (cofian ZaRlTan urTierTobis safrTxeSi dasarwmuneblad, aucilebelia ar aris
man gvikbinos), Tumca gamocdileba codnas amyarebs. 1975 wels heronma (Herron) Seiswavla
modelebis gamoyeneba qimiis swavlebisas da aCvena ramdenad nayofieria konkretuli masalebis gamoyeneba qimiis kursSi koncefciebis swavlebisas.
231
Tavi 9
modelireba
swavla SesaZlebelia ganmtkicdes axali unar-Cvevebisa da operaciebis modelirebiT da
maTi dacviT swavlis adreul safexurebze. orniSna ricxvebis gamravlebis (moxsenebis formatis, an nebismieri sxva davalebis, romelsac procedurebi da nabijebi sWirdeba) swavlebis
Semdeg maswavlebeli dafaze models wers, romliTac moswavleebi damoukideblad varjiSisas ixelmZRvaneleben.
konceptualuri modelebi, romlebic vizualurad asaxavs koncefcias moswavleebs koncefciis gaxsenebas da naswavlidan eqstrapolirebas uadvilebs (Mayer 1989). perkinisi da
uingeri (Perkins and Unger 1989) aRniSnaven, rom konceptualur models oTxi Tavisebureba
aqvT: is analogiaa, konstruirebulia, gaSiSvlebulia da konkretuli.
1. analogebi. modeli warmoadgens realuri fenomenis garkveul analogs (White and
Horwitz 1987).
2. konstruirebulia. iqmneba myisieri miznisTvis.
3. gaSiSvlebulia. mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebis xazgasasmelad ugulebelyofilia
garegani uwesrigoba.
4. konkretuli. Sesaswavli fenomeni dayvanilia konkretul magaliTamde da vizualur
xatamde.
Tqvi gaakeTe
aRqmis rac ufro met meTods (danaxva, mosmena, moZraoba, Sexeba) viyenebT, miT ukeT swavloben moswavleebi. aRqmis arxebis speqtris gazrdaze zrunvisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
moswavleTa mier naswavli masalis demonstrirebas da am mis praqtikul gamoyenebas unda mieqces. es principi, romlis saxelwodebaa TqviSeasrule gviCvenebs, ra Sedegs SeiZleba
miaRwion moswavleebma, rodesac naswavlis gamosaxatavad es ori arxia CarTuli.
ra viciT informaciis aRqmis sxvadasxva arxebis SedarebiTi upiratesobis Sesaxeb? rogor amaxsovrdebaT moswavleebs masala, Tu informaciis aRqmis mxolod erT xerxs (mxolod
wakiTxvas, mosmenas an danaxvas) SevTavazebT? ra Sedegi gveqmena, Tu dainaxaven da moismenen
kidec informacias? ra moxdeba, Tu jer waikiTxaven informacias, Semdeg ki sxvas gauziareben (waikiTxe Tqvi)? naswavlis damaxsovrebis ra maCvenebeli gveqneba, Tu moswavleebi jer
informacias waikiTxaven, Semdeg sxvebs gauziareben da bolos praqtikulad gamoiyeneben? 9.1
sqemaze Sejamebulia aRqmis sxvadasxva meTodebis SedarebiTi efeqtianoba.
erTi SexedviT, naswavlis damaxsovrebis yvelaze maRal maCvenebels wakiTxvisa da gaziarebis erToblioba gvaZlevs. SesaZloa igive maCvenebeli gvqondes danaxvagaziarebis da
mosmenagaziarebis SemTxvevebSic, magram ar gvaqvs Sesabamisi kvlevebis Sedegebi. swavlis
efeqtianobas kvlevebi mosmenadawerisa da wakiTxvadaweris SemTxvevebSic adasturebs
(Pradl and Mayher 1985; Fulwiler 1987; Connolly and Vilardi 1989).
moswavlis mier naswavlis gadmocema sakuTari sityvebiT verbalurad Tu werilobiT
rTuli kognituri aqtia; is moiTxovs mexsierebaSi Ziebas, mosazrebebis organizebas da mniSvnelobis sakuTari sityvebiT gadmocemis mizniT metyvelebis gamoyenebas. logikuria, rom
kognituri aqtebis es rTuli nakrebi neironebis qsels qmnis da kvals tovebs mexsierebaSi.
232
10%
kiTxva
20%
30%
mosmena
danaxva
50%
mosmena da
danaxva
70%
kiTxva, Tqma
(gaziareba)
90%
swavlis principebi
233
Tavi 9
swavlasa da swavlebaze mravalgvari gavlena SeiZleba. yvelaze mniSvnelovania moswavleebs vTxovoT naswavlis Sejameba damoukideblad an wyvilebSi. am principis mixedviT maswavlebeli maT gavlili masalis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis Sejamebas avalebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi
klasSi aseTi Sejamebis praqtika damkvidrdeba.
principis meore nawili `gaakeTe~ gulisxmobs moswavleTa mier naswavli masalis, SeZlebisdagvarad, mokle droSi praqtikul gamoyenebas.
am principis kvlevebTan dakavSirebuli SeniSvna aseTia: 9.1 sqemaze asaxuli cifrebi sistematurad Cndeba popularul statiebSi (Boardroom Report 1989), samuSao Sexvedrebis masalebSi
(Betty Wagner at A.S.C.D. 1990) da literaturaSi (National Training Labs, Bethel Maine undated; Edgar Dales `Cone of Learning`, University of Oohio). ToTxmetwliani Seswavlis Semdeg aRmovaCineT,
rom sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs kvleva, romelmac 9.1 sqemaze asaxuli aRqmis arxebis SedarebiT
efeqtianobas adasturebs. (wlebis ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva wyaroebidan gvesmoda 1950-iani
wlebis miwuruls miTiuri `mobil navTob-kompaniis kvlevis~ Sesaxeb, Tumca Sesabamisi damadasturebeli dokumentebi dRemde ar Cans.)
kvlevis safuZvelze Seadares aRqmis arxebis SedarebiTi efeqtianoba, aseve arsebobs
literatura moswavleTa mier naswavli masalis verbalizaciis sikeTis Sesaxeb (Pauk 1974;
Webb 1982; Morrow 1985; King 1990). makenzisa da vaiTis (MacKenzie and White 1982) mier Catarebuli kvleva 9.1 sqemaze mocemul yvela aspeqts moicavs. me-8-9 klaselebis mier geografiuli
faqtebis swavlisa da damaxsovrebis kvlevisas, maT moswavleebi sam jgufad dahyves da sxvadasxva pirobebSi Caayenes. isini sanapiros geografiuli Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb codnasa
da unar-Cvevebs unda dauflebodnen, maT Soris, landSaftsa da floras. samive jgufs guldasmiT Sedgenili ocdaTxuTmetgverdiani da ocdaCvidmeti kiTxvisgan Semdgari saswavlo
programa gadaeca (kiTxva). programas 60 fotografia erTvoda 35-mm-ian slaidebze (danaxva).
`programis sxva Taviseburebebi moicavda: saqmianobis mosalodnel Sedegebs, damuSavebul
magaliTebsa da testebs, axali monacemebis damuSavebaze varjiSs, mastimulirebel miniSnebebs saTanado informaciis da unarebis gasaxseneblad, praqtikul samuSaoebs, miRebuli
codnis rukaze gadatanas, diagramebsa da slaidebs~.
pirvelma da meore jgufma zemoaRwerili masala srulyofilad miiRo, magram meore
jgufi suraTebze aRbeWdili sanapiros, napirTan arsebuli kldeebis da mangros xeebis ori
dablobis sanaxavad (saklaso oTaxSi saswavlo programiT miRebuli codnis gasamyareblad)
eqskursiaze waiyvanes. maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiTa da axsna-ganmartebebiT maT yvela
saintereso adgili moinaxules. Sesvenebebis dros moswavleebs kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas
avalebdnen. amrigad, meore jgufs pirvelisagan gansxvavebiT, sakuTar gamocdilebaze damyarebuli naxvisa da mosmenis da informaciis Sesaxeb kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis meti SesaZlebloba mieca.
mesame jgufsac eqskursia mouwyes, magram mniSvnelovani damatebebiT. `yoveli adgilis
monaxulebisas moswavleebs samuSao furclebs, adgilis rukasa da zRvis miqceva-moqcevis
grafiks urigebdnen. maswavlebeli meTvalyureobas uwevda moswavleebis mier, individualurad da jgufebSi, davalebebis Sesrulebas. jgufSi xSirad awyobdnen ganxilvebs (Tqmagaziareba). moswavleebs gamudmebiT sTxovdnen davalebebis Sesrulebas (keTeba): dakvirveba,
monaxazis gakeTeba, Cawera, kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema. Catarda ramdenime uCveulo RonisZieba,
magaliTad, mangros sanapiros talaxSi siaruli, foTlebis marilianobis Semowmeba, kldeze
cocva. amrigad, meore da mesame jgufis moswavleebma msgavsi adgilebi moinaxules da saaTebis erTnairi raodenoba gaatares, magram erTi mniSvnelovani sxvaobiT, meore jgufis Teoriuli codnis gaRrmaveba gacilebiT intensiurad xdeboda, vidre praqtikulis~.
eqsperimentma gasaocari Sedegebi gviCvena. miRwevis Tavdapirvel testebSi meore da mesame jgufis moswavleebma pirvel jgufTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovani upiratesoba hqondaT,
234
swavlis principebi
magram meore da mesame jgufis moswavleebis maCveneblebi TiTqmis erTnairi iyo. 12 kviris
Semdeg Catarebulma testma, romlis mizani naswavli masalis damaxsovrebis gamovlena iyo,
Semdegi Sedegebi mogvca: pirveli jgufis maCvenebeli Tavdapirveli testirebis maCveneblebTan mimarTebiT 51% iyo, meoris 58%, xolo mesame jgufis 90%. amrigad, `Tqma~-sTan
erTad `keTebiT~ masalis daswavlam xangrZlivobis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovani sxvaoba
mogvca.
gameoreba
adamiani advilad iviwyebs nebismier informacias an unar-Cvevas, romelsac aqtiurad ar
iyenebs. axali masala yovelTvis unda moicavdes gavlilis gameorebas da varjiSs. axali unar-Cvevebis dauflebasTan erTad izrdeba naswavlis gameorebis SesaZleblobac da droTa
ganmavlobaSi praqtikuli savarjiSoebi sul ufro meti naswavli unar-Cvevebis gamoyenebas
iTxovs moswavlisagan.
zogierTi unar-Cvevis dauflebis Tanamimdevroba avtomaturad, maswavleblis Carevis
gareSe, aerTianebs Zvel da axal unar-Cvevebs. amis magaliTia moxsenebis dawera. moswavleTa
mier punqtuaciisa da gramatikis axali wesebis gavarjiSeba nebismieri weriTi davalebis Sesrulebisas avtomaturad xdeba. metyvelebis rTuli formebis dauflebisa da sakuTari azris ukeT Camoyalibebis kvalobaze moswavle avtomaturad iyenebs am axal unar-Cvevebs weris
drosac. magram arsebobs unar-Cvevebi, romelTa daufleba aqtivobaTa gaazrebul dagegmvas
moiTxovs.
cxrilebisa da tabulebis Seswavlisas yoveli axali cxrili Tu tabula naswavlis ZiriTad aspeqtebs unda moicavdes. garda amisa, gavlili masalis srulyofili gameorebisTvis
savarjiSoTa e.w. Sualeduri nakrebi unda arsebobdes. magaliTad, samxreT amerikis erTerTi qveynis geografiis Seswavlis Semdeg, geografiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxvebi amave
qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri da saarCevno sistemebis Seswavlis konteqstSi mudmivad
unda gavameorebinoT. am principis darRveva Sedegad is mohyveba, rom moswavleebi Tanamimdevrulad Seiswavlian samxreT amerikis yvela qveynis geografiul Taviseburebebs, Semdeg
am qveynebis politikuri sistemebis Seswavlas miubrundebian, Semdeg kulturuli Taviseburebebis Seswavlas da a.S.
235
Tavi 9
`es mniSvnelovania~.
`Sen SegiZlia amis gakeTeba~.
`xelis Caqnevis saSualebas ar mogcem~.
maswavleblis molodinebTan dakavSirebuli repertuaris ganxilvas `molodinebis~ Sesaxeb TavSi SemogTavazebT.
236
237
Sejameba
swavlis principebi
23. miznis dasaxva: moswavleTa mier konkretuli, saintereso, moklevadiani miznebis dasaxva.
24. moswavlis Tavisuflebisa da azrovnebis waxaliseba: SesTavazeT iseTi
kiTxvebi, romelze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebelia advilad, swrafad da daakisreT pasuxismgebloba.
238
2.
239
savarjiSo
1.
swavlis principebi
atrialebda saxtunaos, erTi (an ori) xtunaobda, erTi iTvlida. Semdeg bavSvebi erTmaneTs enacvlebodnen.
7. imave gakveTilze maswavlebelma ganacxada, rom xtunvis gakveTilebamde
bavSvebis umravlesobam cudad an sul ar icoda. amitom man gadawyvita, Sedegebis gaumjobesebisTvis saxtunaoze varjiSisTvis ramdenime gakveTili daeTmo. momdevno gakveTilebze ramdenime bavSvi aTjer an metjer xtunavda, xolo
umravlesoba TokiT sxvadasxva varjiSs eufleboda (mag.: ori Toks atrialebda erTi xtunavda; erTdroulad ori bavSvi xtunavda).
8. imave gakveTilis dasawyisSi maswavlebelma daaxloebiT 4 wuTi dauTmo moswavles, romelic sirTules waawyda. axsnisas maswavlebelma warmatebis misaRwevad saWiro is niuansebi gamoyo, romlisTvisac moswavles yuradReba unda
mieqcia (Tvali adevne saxtunaos; daiwye xtunva, roca saxtunao gadadis Sens
Tavze; gaCerdi saxtunaos SuaSi; ixtunave ritmSi). man moswavles konkretuli
ukukavSiric SesTavaza da sTxova, gaemxila, Tu ris damaxsovrebas cdilobda.
roca moswavlem uSecdomod aTjer gadaxtoma SeZlo, maswavleblma yuradReba
sxva bavSvebze gadaitana. Tumca, gakveTilis ganmavlobaSi moswavles ramdenjerme daubrunda da saWiro daxmareba SesTavaza (mag.: gamoarTva saxtunao im
moswavles, romelic trialisas ritms ver inarCunebda da Tavad daiwyo Tokis
triali; moswavlis yuradReba gaamaxvila mis mier arCeul adgilze).
9. maswavlebelma gakveTilis dawyebisTanave ikiTxa, vis SeeZlo moTxrobis axsna:
`es rTuli moTxrobaa. vis SeuZlia Tavisze umcros moswavles auxsnas, ratom
dawera avtorma es moTxroba?~ im xuT Tu eqvs moswavles, romelmac xeli aswia,
maswavlebelma mizezebis dafaze Camowera sTxova. danarCenebs dawyvileba
da dafaze dawerili pasuxebidan saukeTesos SerCeva daavala da dasZina, rom
sakuTari arCevanis dasacavad dafasTanac gamoiZaxebda.
10. maswavlebelma dauyvira moswavles, romelmac wigni daagdo (mTeli es epizodi
dadgmuli iyo). moswavleebi maswavleblis gadaWarbebulma reaqciam ganacvifra. maswavlebelma gaiRima da ikiTxa: `yvelani aRelvebuli CanxarT. ratom?~
moswavleebma mizezebi daasaxeles. ZiriTadi mizezi maswavleblis mier moTminebis dakargva iyo, romelic manamde ar enaxaT. Semdeg, maswavlebelma paraleli moTxrobis im personaJTan gaavlo, romelic moulodnelad da uCveulod
iwyebs moqmedebas.
11. mizani qronologiasa da istorias Soris gansxvavebis gagebaa. pirvel dRes
moswavleebs sakuTari aqtivobebis drois skalis warmoebas sTxoven. meore
dRes pirveli dRis istoriis daweras da, SeZlebisdagvarad, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris Cvenebas.
12. bavSvma `quite~ (sakmaod) waikiTxa, rogorc `quit~ (Sewyveta). `swori iqneboda
rom ara `e~ sityvis bolos, uTxra maswavlebelma. `rogor unda wavikiTxoT
xmovani sityvis SuaSi, roca sityva `e~-iT bolovdeba? sworia. e.i. ra sityvaa
es?~
13. erTmaneTis swavlebisas moswavleebs qimiuri elementebis periodul sistemaSi erTdroulad, baraTebis saxiT, erTi an ori axali simbolo SemoaqvT.
procesi ase mimdinareobs: `es axali simboloa~. `Fe~ aris rkina. gaimeore~. [`Fe~
rkina.] `sworia. axla miTxari ras niSnavs `Fe~? maT partniors gamocnobis saSualeba ar unda miscen, radgan karnaxis SemTxvevaSi araswori pasuxis gacemis
albaToba Zalzed didia. maswavlebels ar surs, rom moswavleebma mcdari asociaciebi daimaxsovron. is akontrolebs moswavleebis mier rTuli elementebis xSir gameorebas.
240
ebi
eul
erT
ebi
ul
aTe
ase
ul
ebi
bi
aTa
aTe
ul
seu
le
aTa
seb
i
seb
ase
ul
aTa
i
deb
iar
mil
io
mil
ul
aTe
mil
ul
ase
bil
iar
deb
io
neb
neb
15. miuxedavad axsnisa, moswavleebs isev uZneldebaT mravalniSna ricxvebis kiTxva da wera. maT erevaT ricxvis dasaxeleba da aTeulebis, aseulebis da aTaseulebis aTvlas marcxnidan iwyeben. imisTvis, rom moswavleebs sworad daewyoT aTvla marjvnidan da yuradReba mieqciaT mZimisTvisac maswavlebelma
magaliTebi Semdegi saxiT SesTavaza dafaze: _ _ _, _ _ _.
_ _, _ _ _, _ _ _
_, _ _ _, _ _ _
_, _ _ _
_ _ _, _ _ _
_, _ _ _, _ _ _
dafasTan gamoZaxebuli moswavleebi aTvlas marjvnidan iwyeben da iTvlian bolo erTeulamde. maTi mosalodneli pasuxi Semdegi formisaa: `erTeulebi, aTeulebi, aTaseuli,
aTeul aTasebi, aseul aTasebi~. savarjiSos Sesrulebis Semdeg maswavlebeli moswavleebs msgavsi savarjiSoebis damoukideblad gakeTebas avalebs da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi exmareba.
mogvianebiT, codnis gaRrmavebasTan erTad, isini ufro rTuli ricxvebis Seswavlaze gadavlen (jer rTuli ricxvebi boloSi nuliT, Semdeg rTuli ricxvebi nulebiT SuaSi da a.S.).
guliTadi madloba
gvsurs madloba gadavuxadoT yvela im maswavlebels, romelmac swavlis principebis sakuTari magaliTebi gagviziara. eseni arain: nedin biSopi (Nadine Bishop), qerol qalahani (Carol
Callahan), nensi denisoni (Nancy Dennison), e. g. daunsi (E. G. Downes), joan grosmani (Joan Grossman), meT kingi (Matt King), deiv meiali (Dave Mayall), elen efStain maqsveli (Ellen Epstein Maxwell), heza robinsoni (Heather Robinson), alam tikocki (Alan Ticotsky), sal trento (Sal Trento),
jim Treveileri (Jim Treweilet), jo volSi (Joe Walsh) da meri vilinski (Mary Wilinsky).
241
Tavi 9
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243
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CRM Books, 1970.
Webb, Noreen M. Student Interaction and Learning in Small Groups. Review of Educational Research 52 (Fall
1982).
White B., and Paul Horwitz. Thinkertools: Enabling Children to Understand Physical Laws. BBN Report No. 6470.
Cambridge, Mass.: BBN Laboratories, 1987.
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10
swavlebis modelebi
rogor SeiZleba vcvaloT swavlebis
stili?
swavlebis modelebi
247
Tavi 10
romelic maT swavlebis bundovani momentebis gasagebad axsnis saSualebas aZlevs. isini swavlebis xerxebsa da moswavleTa inteleqtualur gamocdilebasac amdidreben.
mravali aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom testirebis qulebiT `gazomili~ swavlis Sedegebis TvalsazrisiT verc erT models ver mivaniWebT upiratesobas. swavlebis modelebi imisTvis rodi Seiqmna, rom codnis gadacema kanqveSa ineqciis gakeTebas
damsgavseboda. maTi mizani iyo moswavleebs sxvadasxvagvari xerxiT azrovneba eswavlaT.
maswavlebels SeuZlia modelebi moswavleTa swavlis upirates stils moargos da amgvarad
gazardos maTi azrovnebis unari da upiratesi stilis miRma azrovneba SeaZlebinos.
modelebis mravalferovani repertuaris mqone maswavleblebi ramdenime gansxvavebul
models iyeneben erTi dRis da erTi gakveTilis ganmavlobaSic ki. axal modelebSi daxelovnebuli maswavleblebi, aRmoaCenen, rom maT eqspertebis doneze SeuZliaT modelebis
koreqtireba, rasac maTi profesionalizmi axal ganzomilebaSi gadahyavs. axla TviT modelebi aRvweroT, xolo Semdeg ramdenime specifikuri modeli ganvixiloT.
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swavlebis modelebi
tbaze Tevzaobis Sesaxeb. moswavleTa mier Seqmnili dajgufebebi msgavsi iqneba, Tumca maT
mier SemoTavazebul kategoriebs Soris garkveuli gansxvaveba iqneba.
meoTxe fazaSi vnaxavT, rom moswavleTa mier Seqmnili dajgufebebi garkveuli saxiT aris
warmodgenili (cxrili, proeqtori). am fazaSi maTeuli kategoriebis dasabuTebas vTxovT.
ram ganapiroba dajgufebis SerCeva? moswavleebma unda imsjelon, agvixsnan, Seadaron da Seapirispiron informaciis dajgufebis sxvadasxva gza.
mexuTe fazaSi vadgenT, CamouyalibdaT Tu ara moswavleebs konkretuli mosazrebebi
hemingueis Sesaxeb, am etapisTvis ukve gavlili safexurebis safuZvelze. aqvT da undaT Tu
ara hemingueis, rogorc pirovnebis Sesaxeb azris gamoTqma? maswavleblebisTvis Catarebul
erT-erT saCvenebel gakveTilze, erTma monawilem aRniSna, `vfiqrob, rom heminguei marTlac Zalze martosuli iyo~. hemingueis biografi gamokveTilad arsad ar mianiSnebs msgavs
informaciaze, araferi iZleva msgavsi daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas. wina fazebis gavlisa
da fazebis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad monacemTa manipulaciis Sedegad msgavsi daskvnebis gamotana SesaZlebeli xdeba.
es modeli ramdenime sxva fazasac moicavs, Tumca maTze aRar SevCerdebiT. Cveni mizania
gaCvenoT, rom swavlebis modelSi safexurebi da fazebi gegmazomierad viTardeba da moswavleTa garkveuli mimarTulebis azrovnebis Camoyalibebas emsaxureba. Cven SegviZlia sakvanZo
kiTxviT SevajamoT tabas modelis pirveli xuTi faza:
faza 1: ra monacemebi gaqvT?
faza 2: rogor daajgufebdiT monacemebs?
faza 3: ra saxels SeurCevdiT Tqvens kategoriebs an jgufebs?
faza 4: ra akavSirebs Tqveneul dajgufebebs?
faza 5: ra daskvnebis gakeTeba SegiZliaT Temis Sesaxeb?
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5. ra damatebiTi zomebi da masalebi (masalebi da damxmare sistemebi) aris saWiro modelis asamoqmedeblad?
6. ra aris swavlebis mizani? ra saswavlo da aRmzrdelobiTi Sedegebia mosalodneli
swavlebis am meTodis gamoyenebisas?
am modelebis aRwera TvalsaCinos xdis swavlebis meTodebis alternativaTa farTo
speqtrs da maTi unikaluri maxasiaTeblebis Sedarebis saSualebas iZleva. modelebis `ena~
saSualebas gvaZlevs mkafiod warmovidginoT swavlebis procesSi moqmedebaTa paternebi. amrigad, Cven ufro zustad SegviZlia visaubroT imaze, Tu ris gakeTeba SegviZlia gakveTilze
swavlebis konkretuli modelis saSualebiT; ratom vasrulebT ama Tu im moqmedebas da ra
Sedegs veliT.
Cven swavlebis rva modelis analizs gTavazobT. TiToeuli zedapirulad aris aRwerili
da unda gvaxsovdes, rom daostatebisTvis aucilebelia maTi siRrmiseuli Seswavla. vimedovnebT, rom mkiTxvels swavlebis araCveulebriv `menius~ SevTavazebT. maswavlebelTa
umetesoba erT an or models iyenebs, maTi mcire nawili Tu icnobs srul speqtrs da kidev
ufro mcire nawilia daxelovnebuli maT praqtikul gamoyenebaSi da sxvadasxva moswavlesa
Tu saswavlo programasTan misadagebaSi.
raki joisisa da ueilis wigni arsebobs, yoveli modelis safexurebisa da fazebis detaluri damuSaveba saWiro aRar aris. Cveni mizania gagacnoT TiToeuli maTganis Sesatyvisi
saazrovno modelis gansxvavebuli `aromati~. mkiTxvels SeuZlia ufro CauRrmavdes im modelebis Semdgom Seswavlas, romelic ukeT esadageba mis prioritetebs.
am Tavis bolos, mogawvdiT originaluri wyaroebis bibliografias, rac dainteresebul
mkiTxvels saSualebas miscems mocemuli modelis SeTavazebul sazRvrebs gascdes.
modelebis ufro TvalsaCinod asaxvisTvis Cven specifikur masalas dawyebiT geometrias gamoviyenebT.
wertili
r
o
sivrce
g
r
wiris segmenti
250
wiris traeqtoria
kuTxe
integraciuli SeTanxmeba
swavlebis modelebi
l
i
wvero
kuTxis gverdi
e
r
kongruentuli
e
n
marjvena kuTxe
c
i
maxvili kuTxe
a
c
blagvi kuTxe
i
a
marTi kuTxe
winmswrebi aqtivobebis modelSi, es koncefciebi maswavleblis mier erTmaneTis miyolebiT aris warmodgenili leqciis, filmis, demonstrirebis an kiTxvis meSveobiT. Semdgom
moswavle iyenebs winmswreb aqtivobebs da TvalsaCinod warmoadgens geometriuli koncefciis wvdomas. magaliTad; maswavlebelma maxvili kuTxe SeiZleba gansazRvros, rogorc marT
kuTxeze (90 gradusze) naklebi nebismieri kuTxe da Semdeg Taviseburebebi magaliTebis meSveobiT axsnas. me-2 fazaSi, moswavles SeiZleba davavaloT maxvili kuTxis daxazva da misi
aRniSvna asoebiT ABC. msgavsi savarjiSoebiT maswavlebels SeuZlia gansazRvros moswavlis
TandaTanobiTi daostateba da axali masala daukavSiros naswavls, romelsac bruneri `integraciul SeTanxmebas~ uwodebs. amis Semdeg maswavlebeli Semdeg aqtivobaze gadadis.
am modelis gamoyenebisas maswavleblis upirvelesi mizania codnis erTobliobisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli konceptualuri aqtivobebis daxvewa da informaciis gaazrebuli aTvisebis
xelSewyoba. `gaazrebulSi~ igulisxmeba konteqstSi codnis ierarqiuli sistematizacia. moswavleebma unda iswavlon es aqtivobebi, radgan isini akademiuri codnis safuZvelia. zogierTi konceptualur aqtivobebs skolaSi swavlebis `saarsebo saSualebad~ miiCnevs.
koncefciis wvdoma
winmswrebi aqtivobebis models mWidrod ukavSirdeba koncefciis wvdoma: logikis, analizis, Sedarebisa da Sepirispirebis gziT swavla. koncefciis wamowevis nacvlad, maswavlebeli moswavleebs monacemebs dadebiTi magaliTebis saxiT acnobs, xolo moswavleebi eZeben
Taviseburebebs koncefciis gansazRvrisTvis. maswavlebeli aseve iyenebs uaryofiT magaliTebs, romlebic ar moicavs koncefciis Taviseburebebs, magram moswavleebs relevanturi
Taviseburebebis gansazRvraSi exmareba.
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dadebiTi magaliTi
uaryofiT magaliTi
Taviseburebebi
X
X
X
90 gradusze
meti
X
Z
180 gradusze
naklebi
Z
sqema 10.1: koncefciis wvdomis nimuSebi
sqemaze warmodgenilia Semdegi koncefcia: `nebismieri kuTxe romelic metia marT kuTxeze da naklebia gaSlil
kuTxeze~
moswavle induqciis gziT unda mivides koncefciamde gansazRvros damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi da Camoayalibos abstraqtuli debuleba. 10.1 sqemaze mocemuli koncefcia aris `nebismieri kuTxe romelic metia marT kuTxeze da naklebia gaSlil kuTxeze~. maTematikuri saxeldeba
ufro naklebmniSvnelovania, vidre moswavlis mier am ganmsazRvreli Taviseburebebis gageba.
koncefciis wvdomis modelis Rirseba is aris, rom moswavleebi ara mxolod TviT koncefciebs swavloben, aramed koncefciebis Camoyalibebas niSnebis safuZvelze, logikuri
msjelobis unars da alternatiuli Sexedulebebisadmi pativiscemas. es saswavlo da aRmzrdelobiTi Sedegebi koncefciis wvdomis praqtikuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze miiRweva;
faqtobrivad, moswavle codnas mizanmimarTuli swavlis gziT agebs.
b.
c.
d.
c.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
252
swavlebis modelebi
ganixileT 10.2 sqemis monacemebi. Semdeg dasviT SekiTxvebis seria, rom moswavleebi
ZiriTadi kuTxeebis sistemur daxarisxebamde miiyvanoT.
ras xedavT?
romeli figurebis dajgufeba SeiZleba? ratom?
ras vuwodebT maT? ratom?
ras amCnevT erT-erTi jgufis Sesaxeb?
ra msgavsebebs da gansxvavebas xedavT?
ras geubnebaT es yvelaferi geometriis Sesaxeb?
Tqveni azriT, ra moxdeba Tu...?
ra mtkicebulebas gamoiyenebdiT Tqveni varaudis dasadastureblad?
raze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom zogadad WeSmaritia?
amgvari logikuri procesis Sedegad miRebuli koncefciebi, SesaZlebelia, met-naklebad
gansazRvravs garegnul codnas geometriaSi, magram maswavleblisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania moswavlis azrovneba: logikisadmi yuradReba, enisadmi faqizi damokidebuleba, codnis
agebisa da koncefciebis Camoyalibebis unari, am procesebSi moswavleTa TanamSromloba.
3
5
2
2
3
5
1
253
Tavi 10
geometriis amgvari `gamocdis~ Semdeg, moswavleebi unda wavaxalisoT, rom sakuTar grZnobebsa da fiqrebze imsjelon. es maT klasis socialur konteqstSi Sesabamisi metyvelebis ganviTarebis saSualebas miscems.
amgvari gamocdileba SesaZloa martivad mogveCvenos, magram sinamdvileSi is metad mdidaria pirovnuli relevanturobis TvalsazrisiT da codnis da `me~-s integrirebas emsaxureba.
maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovania moswavleTa Sinagani samyaro da TviTgamoxatvis unari. wvdoma xSirad codnis sawyis formad ganixileba, romelic xels uwyobs swavlas; rogorc ar unda
iyos, is Zalze pirovnuli unaria, romelic xazs usvams individis simwifes. Cven yvelas mogvwons im adamianebis gverdiT yofna, romelTac sakuTari pirovnuli arsis gamoxatva SeuZliaT.
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swavlebis modelebi
sineqtikis modeli
sineqtikis models (SemoqmedebiTi aqtivobis mastimulirebeli meTodi, romlis drosac
problemis gadaWrasTan dakavSirebiT moulodneli da arastereotipuli analogiebisa da
asociaciebis gamoxatvis gansakuTrebuli pirobebi iqmneba; msjelobis sagani xdeba ara TviT
problema aramed, masTan dakavSirebuli zogadi idea. misi avtoria uiliam gordoni. red. Sen.)
safuZvlad udevs varaudebi kreatulobisa da analogiebis Sesaxeb. kreatuloba gulisxmobs
nacnobsa da ucnobs Soris kavSirebis povnasa da Zveli problemebis gadaWris axali gzebis
Ziebas. es iseT fsiqologiur mdgomareobebs moicavs, rogoricaaAgancalkeveba, CarTuloba,
avtonomia, gaazreba. msgavs fsiqologiur mdgomareobas analogiebis saSualebiT vaRwevT,
romlebic axali da rTuli masalis gagebisa da problemebis axleburi xedvis saSualebas gvaZlevs. amgvari analogiebi gavlenas axdens swavlebis gzebsa da miznebze.
sineqtikis konkretul fazaSi, romelsac gordoni (Gordon 1970) `ucnobis nacnobad
gadaqcevas~ uwodebs, maswavlebeli axal masalas leqciis, filmis an demonstrirebis saSualebiT acnobs. komentaris gareSe, maswavlebeli moswavleebs SesaZlo analogiis moZiebas
da mis aRweras sTxovs. analogiis personificirebisTvis moswavleebma is unda warmoidginon, gamoxaton. angalogiis aRwera da gamoxatva meoTxe da mexuTe etapebisTvis amzadebs
detalebs analogiasa da axal masalas Soris msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis CamoTvla. bolos,
moswavleebi pirvelwyaros ubrundebian, ecnobian, ganixilaven mas da iseT detalebze msjeloben, romlebic SesaZlebelia analogiuri azrovnebis wina aqtivobis dros gamorCaT. ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi:
1-li etapi:
me-2 etapi:
me-3 etapi:
me-4 etapi:
me-5 etapi:
moswavleebi xesa da geometrias Soris msgavsebas aRniSnaven. magaliTad, `totebis kuTxe xis tanTan~ an `wertili, sadac toti
mTavrdeba~.
me-6 etapi:
me-7 etapi:
sineqtikis procesi xels uwyobs SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas da Sinaarsis gaazrebul swavlas. is gamocdilebaa rogorc piradi (aerTianebs geometriasa da pirovnul codnas), ise
analogiebis moZebnis TvalsazrisiT (kavSirebis damyarebis unari). imavdroulad es jgufuri muSaobis araCveulebrivi gamocdilebac aris. sineqtikuri modelis saSualebiT Cven
vamravalferovnebT swavlis Zalisxmevas da ramdenime mizans vaRwevT: saganSi daostateba,
analogiiT azrovneba, pirovnuli integracia, xalisi da jgufuri produqtiuloba.
arastruqturirebuli swavleba
swavla piradi gamocdilebaa. individi pirispir dgeba dagegmvis, pasuxismgeblobis da maswavleblis winaSe, romlisTvisac mniSvnelovania moswavlis perspeqtiva. sakuTar swavlaze
pasuxismgebloba, dagegmvis da am gegmis Sesrulebis unari arc ise umniSvneloa. maswavleb-
255
Tavi 10
els, romelsac surs moswavleebi damoukidebeli Semswavlelebi gaxdnen, SeuZlia arastruqturirebuli swavleba gamoiyenos individualuri produqtiulobis xelSemwyobi interpersonaluri urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. ai, TvalsaCino nawyveti:
jon, momdevno sami kviris ganmavlobaSi geometrias SeviswavliT da imedi maqvs,
yoveli Tqvengani Seqmnis sakuTari proeqtis gegmas~.
`ras gulisxmob, batono rojers?~
`ris Seswavlas isurvebdi geometriis Sesaxeb?~
`gulwrfelad rom giTxraT, arasodes mifiqria geometriaze.
CemTvis is erT-erTi saskolo sagania~.
`mesmis. Cven imdenad zedmiwevniT vgegmavT skolaSi Tqvens saqmianobas, rom saWiroc ki aRar aris Tavad ifiqro. miuxedavad amisa, CemTvis mniSvnelovania, rom
Sen sakuTari miznebis dasaxvis, proeqtis Seqmnisa da CemTan erTad misi Sefasebis saSualeba gaqvs~.
`ar vici saidan unda daviwyo~.
`siamovnebiT dagexmarebi. rogorc maswavlebelma dagegmvis mravali gza viswavle. vfiqrob, swored amitom aris CemTvis es proeqti mniSvnelovani~.
`ras gulisxmobT?~
`minda, swavlis organizeba iswavlo, pasuxismgebloba igrZno imis Sesaxeb, risken iwrafvi da rogor miaRwev mizans. da rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, igrZno
winsvla. vici, rom Sen amas SeZleb da msurs dagexmaro~.
amgvari gamocdileba moswavlisTvis SemTxveviTi an azrs moklebuli ar aris.
TavisTavad, is sasargebloa rogorc misTvis, aseve maswavleblisTvi. maswavlebeli, romelic kargad gegmavs da warmarTavs swavlebas, am codnasa da unars
moswavlis Zalisxmevis xelSesawyobad iyenebs. moswavlis mRelvarebis (zogjer,
warumateblobis gamo brazis) gaziareba aucilebelia, magram mtkiceni unda
davrCeT mis dasaxmareblad gaweuli Zalisxmevis dros. moswavles saqmianobis
Sesrulebis arasakmarisi codna aqvs, magram struqturirebuli swavlebis wyalobiT SeZenili gambedaoba, gamocdileba da winsvlis gancda swavlas uadvilebs
da produqtiuls xdis.
struqturirebuli swavlebis modelis gamoyenebis ramdenime damajerebeli mizezi arsebobs. moswavleebi sakuTari saskolo cxovrebis kontrols swavloben. es maswavleblebisa da
sxva moswavleebis rolis ugulebelyofa ki ara imis xazgasmaa, rom raRac Zalze individualuria da mxolod moswavles ekuTvnis. realuri mizania pirovnuli ganviTarebac. moswavleebi acnobiereben sakuTar da sxvebis grZnobebsa da fiqrebs da swavloben maT gaziarebas.
da bolos, moswavleebi swavloben sakuTari swavlis dagegmvas, organizebas, ganxorcielebas
da Sefasebas.
jgufuri kvleva
geometriis swavlebaze fiqrisas maswavlebeli xSirad uyuradRebod tovebs swavlebis
jgufur muSaobaze orientirebul modelebs, radgan maTematikis swavlebis tradiciebi
mimarTulia individze da maTematikis Sinaarsze. miuxedavad amisa, jgufuri muSaobis uamravi SesaZleblobaa, romelic xels uwyobs interpersonaluri unarebis ganviTarebas, qmnis
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swavlebis modelebi
instruqciis paternebi
swavlebis modelebis garda arsebobs swavlebis zogadi paternebi: leqcia, zepiri gamokiTxva da pirdapiri swavleba.
leqcia
kargi leqcia sistemuri da Tanamimdevrulia, informacias mowesrigebulad da sainteresod gadmogvcems. warmatebuli leqtorebi unarebs wignis pirvel TavSi mocemuli parametrebis (yuradReba, sicxade, swavlis gamocdileba, miznebi, saswavlo gegmis organizacia)
Sesabamisad iviTareben. kargi leqcia swavlebis mniSvnelovani iaraRia da Sesabamisi aqvs
pedagogikaSi.
leqciis dabal xarisxs ganapirobebs ara TviT leqciis rogorc modelis naklovaneba, aramed pirvel TavSi mocemul erT an ramdenime parametrTan Seusabamoba. dabali xarisxis leqcias swavlebas verc ki vuwodebT. saintereso momxsenebelma, romelic msmenelTa yuradRebas
ipyrobs da maT maxvilgonivruli anekdotebiT axalisebs, SeiZleba veraferi aswavlos, Tuki
leqciis Sinaarsi agebuli ar iqneba sagnis miznebis Sesabamisad. moswavleebi, SesaZlebelia,
sulmouTqmelad elodnen mecadineobas, kargadac gaerTon, magram veraferi iswavlon.
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zepiri gamokiTxva
zepiri gamokiTxva verbaluri gamocdaa. maswavlebeli svams SekiTxvebs, moswavleebi pasuxoben da maswavlebeli afasebs pasuxebs. misi mizania amowuros masala, gaameorebinos,
dausvas SekiTxvebi da gaarkvios, vin ra icis. am procesis mizania masalis sakvanZo sakiTxebis
gadaxedva. xSirad gamocdebisTvis momzadebas zepiri gamokiTxvis forma aqvs. gamokiTxva ar
aris safexurebis nakrebi, magram Cven SegviZlia SevqmnaT misi erTgvari sakontrolo sia:
masala amowurulia.
xazgasmulia mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi.
gansazRvrulia moswavlis dabnevis mizezebi.
moswavleebi masqimalurad CarTulebi arian.
gamoyenebulia maRali donis azrovnebis stimulirebis SesaZleblobebi.
zepiri gamokiTxvis gakveTilis xarisxze vrceli msjelobisaTvis SegviZlia kidev erTxel
davubrundeT yuradRebis, tempisa da sicxadis menejmentis parametrebs. zepir gamokiTxvas
skolaSi arc ise didi adgili ukavia, rogorc erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos. misi dasrulebis Semdeg moswavleebmac da maswavlebelmac ician, vin ra icis, vin Seasrula davaleba
da vin miiRo maRali Sefaseba.
pirdapiri swavleba
pirdapiri swavleba, rogorc wesi, unarebze muSaobis dros gamoiyeneba da aqvs garkveuli
Tanamimdevroba:
1. maswavlebeli ayalibebs gakveTilis miznebs.
2. maswavlebeli wklass warudgens koncefciebs an operacias.
3. maswavlebels mohyavs magaliTebi an TvalsaCinoeba.
4. maswavlebeli svams kiTxvebs gagebis Sesamowmeblad.
5. moswavleebi, rogorc wesi jgufurad muSaoben maswavleblis uSualo dakvirvebis,
ukukavSiris, daxmarebis da miniSnebebis daxmarebiT.
6. moswavleebi damoukideblad muSaoben (davaleba an saSinao davaleba).
7. maswavlebeli amowmebs da wyvets Tavidan axsnas, gadaajgufos Tu gaagrZelos swavleba.
8. maswavlebeli xSirad atarebs testirebas.
pirdapirs swavlebas modelis statusi ara aqvs, radganac mas ar aqvs Teoriuli safuZveli,
maswavlebeli-moswavlis reaqciaTa paterni, an specifikuri saswavlo qcevis xelSemwyobi socialur-teqnikuri garemo pirobebi. magram viciT, rom srulyofili pirdapiri axsna jgufebSi da misTvis gankuTvnili Sesabamisi dro unarebis ganviTarebis pirobaa. pirdapiri axsna
asaxavs treningis, amocanis analizis da biologiuri ukukavSiris mimdinare mimarTulebebs.
amgvari swavlebis es upiratesobebi, romelsac safuZvlad Tanamedrove biznes-sazogadoebis
moTxovnebi udevs, efeqtianobisa da nayofierebis mniSvnelobas usvams xazs.
leqcia, zepiri gamokiTxva da pirdapiri axsna swavlebis cnobili paternebia da maswavlebelTa umravlesoba maT swavlebis modelebad miiCnevs, Tumca arc Teoriasa da arc praqtikaSi isini modelebi ar aris. swavlebis modelebs srulyofili Teoriuli debulebebi da qcevis
im paternebis aRweriloba aqvs, romlis ganxorcielebac maswavleblebs wvrTnis safuZvelze
SeuZliaT. yoveli modeli maswavlebel-moswavlis gansxvavebuli urTierTkavSiriT xasiaT-
258
swavlebis modelebi
deba. modelebi Teatralur warmodgenas hgavs, Tumca, ara calkeuli scenasaviT detalurad
aRwerils; roca maswavlebelma icis modeli, mas gakveTilis dawyebamde SeuZlia saklaso
aqtivobis warmodgena da misi gamoyenebiT TviT aqtivobis kontroli da xelmZRvaneloba.
gansxvavebulia modelebis Sinaarsi da miznebi. erT modelSi Sinaarsis safuZveli akademiuri disciplinaa (magaliTad, maTematikaSi); meoreSi SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli moswavleTa
bolodroindeli gamocdileba. modelis SerCevas ganapirobebs ara marto saswavlo Sinaarsi,
aramed moswavleTa azrovnebisa da swavlis gzebi.
swavlebis modelebi saSualebas gvaZlevs vikiTxoT: `ras niSnavs kargad swavleba?~ swavlebis sikarges konkretuli modelis sikarge ganapirobebs (mag.: logikuri azrovneba, induqciuri msjeloba, pirovnuli TviTorganizeba, TanamSromloba da jgufuri muSaobis unarebi).
dabolos, swavlebis ramden models iyenebT? romlebs? rogor SeusabamebdiT moswavleebs
gansxvavebul modelebs?
259
261
Sejameba
dasrulebul models
dasrulebul models da sxva modelis segmentebs
swavlebis modelebi
zepir gamokiTxvas
pirdapiri swavlebas
Tavi 10
literatura
Joyce,B.R.and M.Weil.Models Of Teaching. Egglewood Cliffs,N.J.:Prentice-Hall, 1972, 1980,1986,1992; Reading ,
Mass.: Addison-Wasley, 1996.
sazogadoebrivi modelebi
jgufuri kvlevis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosebi: herbert seleni, jon diui
daniSnuleba:
demokratiul sazogadoebriv procesSi monawileobis unaris ganviTareba adamianTa, sazogadoebriv (jgufTa) unarebze da akademiuri gamokvlevaze aqcentirebiT. adamianis ganviTarebis aspeqtebi
am modelis mniSvnelovani Sedegebia.
wyaro:
Dewey, J.Democracy and Education. New York: Macmillan,1916
Thelen, H.Education and Human Quest. New York: Harper &Row.1960
Thelen, H Dynamics of Groups at Work. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1954.
iurisprudenciuli modeli
mTavari Teoretikosebi: donald oliveri, jems p. Seiveri
daniSnuleba:
iurisprudenciuli kriteriumebis, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis gzis da, aseve, socialuri sakiTxebis gadawyvetisa da
fiqris meTodis swavleba.
wyaro:
Oliver, D., and J.P.Shaver, Teaching Public Issues in High School.Boston:Houghton Mifflin,1966.
socialuri kvlevis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosebi: benjamin koqsi, bairon masialasi
daniSnuleba:
wyaro:
Massialas, B., and B. Cox. Inquiry in Social Studies. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.
laboratoriuli meTodis modeli (Ti-jgufi)
mTavari Teoretikosebi: erovnuli treiningis laboratoria, beseli, maini; lelandi p.
bradfordi
daniSnuleba:
adamianTa Soris urTierTobis unaris ganviTareba da amis safuZvelze pirovnuli codnisa da moqnilobis gazrda.
wyaro:
Bany, M., and L. V. Johnson. Classroom Group Behavior: Group Dynamics in Education. New York: Macmillan, 1964.
Bennis, W. G., K. D. Benne, and R. Chin (eds.). The Planning of Change: Readings in the Applied Behavioral
262
swavlebis modelebi
wyaro:
Bruner, J., J. J. Goodnow, and G. A. Austin. A Study of Thinking. New York: Science Editions, 1957.
induqciuri modeli
mTavari Teoretikosi: hilda taba
daniSnuleba:
induqciuri gonebrivi procesis ganviTareba da Teoriis akademiuri dasabuTeba, rac sasargebloa rogorc adamianis, aseve socialuri miznebisTvis. es modeli ganviTarda azrovnebis specifiuri
tipisagan, romelic safuZvlad udevs samecniero kvlevas.
wyaro:
Taba, H. Teaching Strategies and Cognitive Functioning in Elementary School Children. Cooperative Research
Project 2404. San Francisco: San Francisco State College.
_______. Teachers Handbook For Elementary social Studies. Reading, Mass.:Addison-wesley 1967.
kvlevis wvrTnis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosi: riCard suCmeni
daniSnuleba:
induqciuri gonebrivi procesis ganviTareba da Teoriis akademiuri dasabuTeba. kvlevis zogadi modeli ganviTarda im meTodebis
analizis safuZvelze, romelsac kvlevis SemoqmedebiTi personali
iyenebda.
wyaro:
Suchman, J. R. The Elementary School Training Program in Scientific Inquiry. Report of the U.S.Office of
Education. Project Title VIII, Project 216. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1962.
_______. A model for the Analysis of Inquiry.` In H. J. Klausmeier and C. W. Harris (eds.), Analysis of
Concept Learning. New York: Academic press, 1966.
_______. Inquiry Box: Teacher;s Handbook. Chicago: Science Reasearch Associates, 1967.
_______. Inquire Development Program: Developing Inquiry. Chicago: Science Research associates, 1966.
biologiuri mecnierebis kvlevis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosebi: jozef. j. Svabi, jerom bruneri (saswavlo programis reformis
263
Tavi 10
moZraoba)
daniSnuleba:
disciplinis kvlevis sistemis swavleba da sxva disciplinebze gavlena; magaliTad, sociologiuri meTodebi SesaZlebelia socialuri gagebis da socialuri problemis gadawyvetis unaris ganviTarebis mizniT iswavlebodes.
wyaro:
Schvab, J. J. Biological Sciences curriculum Study, Supervisor.Biology Teachers Handbook. New york: John
Wiley, 1965.
winmswrebi aqtivobebis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosi: david ozibeli
daniSnuleba:
wyaro:
Ausubel, D. P. The Psychology of Meaningful Verbal Learning. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1963.
______. Learning Theory and classroom Practice. Bulletin 1. Toronto: Ontarion Institute for Studies in
Education, 1967.
ganviTarebis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosebi: Jan piaJe, irving sigeli, edmund salivani
daniSnuleba:
wyaro:
Furth, H. G. Piaget and Knowledge. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall,1969.
Kohlberg, L. Moral Education in the School.School Review 74 (1966).
Piaget, J. The Origins Of Intelligence in Children. New York: International University Press, 1952.
Sigel, I.E.The Piagetian System and the World Of Education. In d. Elkind and J. Flavell (eds.), Studies
in Cognitive Development. New York:Oxford University Press, 1969.
personaluri modelebi
wyaro:
Rogers, C. R. Client Centered Therapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1951.
_____. Freedom to Learn. Coumbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1969.
264
swavlebis modelebi
daniSnuleba:
TviTgagebis da TviTpasuxismgeblobis ganviTareba. iribi sargebeli aqvs funqcionirebis sxva (mag., socialur) formebzec.
wyaro:
Glasser, W. Reality Therapy. New York: Harper & Row, 1965.
_____. Schools Without Failure. New York: Harper & Row, 1969.
sineqtikis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosi: uiliam gordoni
daniSnuleba:
wyaro:
Gordon, W. J. Synectics. New York: Harper & Row, 1961
cnobierebis wvrTnis modeli
mTavari Teoretikosebi: uiliam Sutci, fric perlsi
daniSnuleba:
wyaro:
Brown, G. Human Teaching for Human Learning. New York: Viking Press, 1971.
Schitz, W. J. FIRO: A Three Dimentional Theory of Interpersonal Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and
Winston, 1958.
_____. Expanding Human Awareness. New York: Groove Press, 1967.
qcevis modifikaciis modelebi
operantuli ganpirobeba
mTavari Teoretikosebi: b. f. skineri
daniSnuleba:
wyaro:
Schramm, W. Programmed Instruction: Today and Tomorrow. New york: Fund for the Advancement of
Education, 1962..
Skinner, B.F. The Science of Human Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 1956.
_____. Verbal Behavior. New York:appleton-Century-Crofts, 1957.
Taber, J., R.Glaser, and H.s. Halmuth. Learning and Programmed Instruction. Reading, Mass.: AddisonWisley, 1965.
265
11
molodinebi
rogor gavagebinoT moswavleebs Cveni
molodinebisa da maTi marTebulobis
Sesaxeb?
sami mTavari gzavnili
oTxgvari molodini
standartebi
pigmalionis efeqti
saklaso cxovrebis aTi sfero
molodinebi
aklaso oTaxi molodinebiT aRsavse dinamikuri da kompleqsuri sazogadoebaa: maswavleblis molodinebi moswavleebis mimarT, moswavleTa molodinebi maswavleblis
mimarT da urTierTmolodinebi. es molodinebi mniSvnelovanwilad gvixsnis imas,
rasac saklaso oTaxSi vxedavT _ kargsa Tu cuds, sasargeblosa Tu fuWs. TviT molodinTa
SemCneva SeuZlebelia; isini, atmosferos msgavsad, haerSia gabneuli; mxolod adamianTa Soris arsebobs da maTi urTierTobis nawilia.
am TavSi swavlebis molodinTa parametrze visaubrebT. ra Tqma unda, mxolod atmosferoze saubars ar davjerdebiT. Cven qceva gvainteresebs: kontrolirebadi qceva, is rasac maswavlebeli akeTebs da ambobs atmosferos Sesaqmnelad. am parametris farglebSi davadgenT,
ras amboben da akeTeben maswavleblebi imisTvis, rom cxadad gaagebinon moswavleebs molodinebi. SevexebiT standartis sakiTxsac: sakmarisad maRali, racionaluri da Sesatyvisia Tu
ara igi gansxvavebuli jgufebisa da individebisTvis? dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, ra unda
gaakeTos maswavlebelma am molodinTa TanxvdenilobisTvis? Semdeg SevexebiT klasis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis interesTa aT sferos, romelTa saSualebiTac maswavlebeli konfidencialur `Setyobinebebs ugzavnis~ moswavleebs maTi SesaZleblobebis rwmenis, Tavdauzogavi
muSaobisa da warmatebisTvis Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
am Tavis epigrafi molodinebTan dakavSirebiT or ZiriTad elements Seicavs. pirvelia sityva `araorazrovani~. moswavleebma dabejiTebiT unda icodnen, ras moelis maTgan
maswavlebeli. meore elementia `mniSvnelovani adamianebi~. maswavleblebi, mSoblebis msgavsad, mniSvnelovani adamianebi arian moswavleebisTvis. Tu urTierToba pativiscemasac
(da, SesaZloa, siyvarulsac) gulisxmobs maswavlebeli
kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. amgvari urTierTorasac elodebi, aris is, rasac iReb.
bis damyareba kidev erTi mniSvnelovani parametria
(pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba), romelsac me-12
TavSi SevexebiT. am TavSi ki TviT molodinebsa da maT Setyobinebas ganvixilavT. epigrafis
mixedviT, garkveulwilad, `rasac elodebi, aris is, rasac iReb~ da amitom maswavlebels SeuZlia gaaumjobesos (an gaauaresos) moswavleTa saqmianoba maRali (an dabali) molodinebiT,
rac sakmaod did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs mas.
269
Tavi 11
1. xels ar Cagaqnevineb.
am SetyobinebaTa gagzavna moswavleebisTvis warmatebiT SeuZliaT radikalurad gansxvavebuli pirovnuli Taviseburebebisa da swavlebis stilis adamianebs. warmateba stilze
rodia damokidebuli. saukeTeso maswavlebeli, rbili Tu mkacri, Tavisuflad Tu analitikurad moazrovne, poulobs gzebs, rom daarwmunos moswavleebi: `me mjera Seni da sagnis~ da
amas jadoqrobiT rodi aRwevs. am Setyobinebebs misi faqizi da gulisyuriani sityvebi da
qmedeba `gzavnis~ da udides gavlenas axdens zogadad, gansakuTrebiT ki dabali moswrebis
mqone moswavleebze.
swavlebis am parametris Seswavlisas iseTive biheviorulebi unda viyoT, rogorc yuradRebisa da sizustis Seswavlisas viyaviT. midgomac msgavsi iqneba: xerxebis ra repertuari
gvaqvs am sami Setyobinebis gasagzavnad da ra xerxi miesadageba calkeul moswavles?
oTxgvari molodini
maswavlebels moswavlis saqmianobis oTxi ZiriTadi aspeqtis mimarT aqvs molodini:
1. Sromis xarisxi da raodenoba.
2. Sromis Cvevebi da procedura.
3. saqmisa da meojaxeobis rutina.
4. interpersonaluri qceva.
moswavleTa Sromis xarisxisa da raodenobis molodini individualur Sedegsa da `mwarmoeblobas~ exeba. magaliTad, Tu kiTxvaze `ramdenad kargad asrulebs jeisoni samuSaos?~
maswavlebeli pasuxobs, `mas metis gakeTeba SeeZlo~, an `zarmacobs, darwmunebuli var, Tu
moindomebs, ukeT SeZlebs~, is uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevs im samuSaos, romelsac jeisonisgan
eloda. maswavlebels realurze ufro maRali molodini aqvs jeisonisgan.
imis mixedviT, ra molodini aqvs maswavlebels jeisonis namuSevarTan dakavSirebiT, arsebobs Sefasebis gamoxatvis ramdenime gza. ai, rogor SeiZleba gamoxatos maswavlebelma sakuTari molodinis gamarTleba: `marTlac kargia. es swored is xarisxia, rasac jeisonisgan
velodi~ da `kargia, swored amis molodini SegviZlia gvqondes jeisonisgan~.
moswavlis mimdinare saqmianobis Taobaze molodinebi gansxvavdeba im molodinebisgan,
romlebic maswavlebels garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi aqvs moswavlis saqmianobis srulyofis mimarT. sxva sakiTxia maswavleblis TvalTaxedva imasTan dakavSirebiT, ramdenad Sesatyvisia axali miznebisa da masalis garTuleba moswavleebisTvis, ra dro aqvT moswavleebs
axali samuSaos Sesasruleblad. rogoria moswavleTa mimdinare Sedegebi da maswavleblis
molodinebi samuSaos xarisxsa da raodenobasTan dakavSirebiT.
molodini Sromis Cvevebisa da proceduris mimarT exeba TviT moswavleTa saqmianobas da
ara muSaobis Sedegebs. am molodinTa nawili aqcentirebulia iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa
saSinao davalebis micema, daxmareba, kvlevis Catareba. magaliTad, maswavlebels SeuZlia
Tqvas: `yovelTvis, naSromis Sesrulebisas velodebi, rom pirveli monaxazisa da saboloo
variantis SesaTanxmeblad, Sexvedrebi gveqneba vadis amowurvamde erTi kviriT adre~. SesaZloa, moswavleebma damoukideblad, maswavleblis Sexsenebis gareSe, garkveuli gegmisa da
ganrigis mixedviT Seasrulon samuSao.
aq saubari gvaqvs mudmiv Cvevebsa da procedurebze, romlebsac moswavleebisgan elodebian da ara im miTiTebebze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes individualuri davalebebi. klasze dakvirvebisas, SesaZloa, mowmeni gavxdeT, rogor axsenebs maswavlebeli drodadro moswavleebs
270
molodinebi
rogoria TviT molodinTa buneba? risi Tqma SeiZleba maTSi CarTuli standartebis
Sesaxeb?
molodinTa Setyobineba
molodinTa Setyobinebisas eqvsi ziriTadi forma arsebobs:
1. pirdapiri. molodinebs detalurad, rogorc wesi, verbalurad vacnobT moswavleebs.
2. specifikuri. moswavleTa saqmianobis mimarT molodinebis detalebs mkafiod vayalibebT an vatyobinebT (werilobiT da ara verbalurad).
3. ganmeorebiTi. molodins xSirad vimeorebT, rom moswavleebma gaigon.
4. dadebiTi molodini. `amis gakeTeba SegiZlia~ molodinis gacxadebas aqvs qveteqsti:
moswavlisaTvis molodinis Setyobineba hgavs ara brZanebas, aramed maswavleblis
rwmenas moswavlis Zalebisadmi (Tanner 1978). dadebiTi molodinis sxva versias ufro
imperativis forma aqvs (`ra Tqma unda, Sen gaamarTleb am molodins!~ `swored ase
unda gaakeTo!~) da toniTa da komunikaciis araverbaluri formebiT gamoixateba.
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Cven mier `simtkiced~ moxseniebuli qcevis es maxasiaTebeli zogierTi maswavleblis winaSe aseT sakiTxs svams: `Cemi saqme ar aris maTi devna, Tu isini ar asruleben
TavianT saqmes; es maTi pasuxismgeblobaa. Tu raimes ver igeben, movidnen da mkiTxon!~ aseT damokidebulebaSi e. w. `modi
moswavleebi damajerebel Setyobinebebs iRe
da waiRe!~ Setyobineba imaleba. es Setyoben maswavleblis saqmianobaze dakvirvebiT.
bineba afrTxobs calkeul moswavleebs da
xels uSlis swavlaSi, radgan gzas uWris
im adamianisken (maswavleblisken), romlisganac SeeZloT eswavlaT. meore mxriv,
swavlis pasuximgebloba ar SeiZleba mxolod maswavleblis kiserze iyos. moswavleebs Tavisi wili pasuxismgebloba akisriaT. Cven, rogorc sakuTari Tavisa da sxvaTa damkvirveblebma, valdebulni varT, vikiTxoT: `sakmariss vakeTebT Tu ara, varT
Tu ara sakmarisad mtkiceni ise, rom ar vxdiT Cvenze damokidebulebs, Cveni `kudSi
devniT~ vatyobinebT Tu ara moswavleebs, rom maTTvis vzrunavT?~ `Cven vzrunavT~
_ es aris Setyobineba, romelsac daJinebiT unda vugzavnideT moswavleebs.
es eqvsi maxasiaTebeli im SetyobinebaTa mniSvnelovani elementebia, romlebsac maswavlebeli ugzavnis moswavleebs molodinis Sesaxeb. amas garda, rodesac saqme muSaobas exeba, namuSevris Sesaxeb maswavleblis sapasuxo reaqcia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania molodinTa Setyobinebisas. am ukukavSiris Semdegi arsebiTi atributebi
Tavs iCens xolme maswavleblebTan da moswavleebTan intervius dros:
swrafi da sruli. namuSevari moswavleebs imave dRes, an erTi-ori dRis Semdeg ubrundebaT, rac maTTvis imis niSania, rom maswavlebeli yuradRebiT ekideba maT saqmianobas.
detaluri.
molodinebi
namuSevris aRiarebis ramdenime specifikuri forma: gancxadebebis dafaze gansakuTrebiT kargi naSromis gamokvra, sajaro adgilze namuSevris gamofena an klasis winaSe Seqeba. (Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi sakiTxebi: rogor eqceva maswavlebeli im moswavles, romelmac SesaZloa verasdros Seasrulos `saukeTeso~ namuSevari da
ramdenad adekvaturad gansazRvravs maswavlebeli moswavlis `saukeTeso~ namuSevars
misive progresis TvalsazrisiT.
cudi
namuSevris logikuri Sedegebi. aseve mniSvnelovania namuSevris Seusruleblobis an cudad Sesrulebis aRniSvna. moswavleebma ician, rom saSinao davalebis an
saklaso samuSaos Seusruleblobas, an arakeTilsindisierad Sesrulebas (namuSevris
dagvianeba, ugulod Sesruleba an moswavlis mravali sxva saqmianoba, romlis mimarTac
maswavlebels molodinebi aqvs) maswavlebeli uyuradRebod ar datovebs.
efeqtiani Sedegebi Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba: (a) isini Tavidanve cxadia moswavleebisTvis; (b) yoveli molodinisTvis arsebobs SedegTa speqtri da ara mxolod erTi Sedegi;
(g) Sedegebi logikuria da ara damsjeli; (d) isini Sesatyvisi formiT aris mowodebuli; (e)
maswavlebeli agebinebs moswavleebs, rom maT arCevani gaakeTes. es Taviseburebebi ufro detalurad me-7 TavSia aRwerili.
standartebi
molodinTa Setyobinebis Seswavlis Semdeg ganvixilavT molodinebiT gamoxatul SedarebiT standartebs. molodinebTan dakavSirebiT maswavleblis standartebi Semdegi rigiTobiT SeiZleba ganvixiloT:
1. aranairi molodini.
2. ramdenime myari molodini.
3. dabali molodinebi. maswavlebeli moswavleTagan maT SesaZleblobebze naklebs
moiTxovs.
4. Zalze maRali. standartebi Seusabamod maRalia moswavleTa umravlesobisTvis.
5. saSualo. standartebi asaxavs saSualo moTxovnebs moswavleTa umravlesobisadmi.
6. STamagonebel-bundovani. is maswavleblebi, romlebic am standarts iyeneben, xSirad
qarizmatuli, sulisCamdgmeli adamianebi arian da moswavleebi Zal-Rones ar iSureben, rom maT asiamovnon. aseTi maswavleblebi moswavleebSi sagnis mniSvnelobisa da
pativiscemis grZnobas aRviZeben. problema is aris, rom maswavleblis standarti
xSirad bundovania da swavlam, SesaZloa, arakontrolirebadi xasiaTi miiRos, radgan
moswavleebs naTlad ar esmiT, ras niSnavs kargad swavla. aman zogierTi maTgani, SesaZloa, winaaRmdegobaSi Caagdos da STamagonebeli efeqti gaaneitralos.
7. maRali da momTxovni, magram keTilgonivruli. standartebi sakmaod momTxovnia;
molodinebi Tavsmoxveulia, Tumca, maTi miRweva SesaZlebelia moswavleTa umravlesobisaTvis.
damkvirveblisaTvis Znelia imis gansja, romeli standartiT xelmZRvanelobs maswavle-
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Tavi 11
beli moswavleTa asakis Sesatyvisi Tu specializebuli codnis gansazRvrisas. magram maswavlebels udavod SeuZlia sakuTari saqmianobis analizi da swrafva imisaken, rom miseul
molodinebSi SeniRbuli standartebi moswavleebisTvis Sesatyvisi gaxados.
standartebze morgeba
ganvixiloT qvemoT mocemuli oTxi gancxadeba da maTi gavlena rogorc maswavleblis
standartebze, ise sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleTaTvis am standartebis misadagebaze.
1. `yvelas mimarT erTnairi molodinebi maqvs. am kursis mixedviT garkveuli raodenobis samuSao gvaqvs Sesasrulebeli da yvelasgan veli mis Sesrulebas~.
2. `sxvadasxva bavSvis mimarT gansxvavebuli molodinebi maqvs. vici, rom zogierTisgan
ar unda velode iseT saqmianobas, rogorsac sxvebisgan veli; yvela did jgufSi asea.
garkveul moTxovnebs arasdros vuyeneb dabali SesaZleblobebis mqoneT~.
3. `sxvadasxva bavSvis mimarT gansxvavebuli molodinebi maqvs. vici, rom zogierT maTgans ukeTesi safuZveli aqvs am masalis asaTviseblad, an ubralod ufro swrafebi
arian. neli moswavleebisTvis specialurad varCev masalebs da vcdilob maTi SesaZleblobebis mixedviT movTxovo~.
4. `mesmis, rom bavSvebs gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebi da aTvisebis unari aqvT, aseve
vici, ras niSnavs xarisxiani swavla da sagnis codna. vaiZuleb, rom `saukeTesos~ standartis Sesabamisad iswavlon. visac sWirdeba, damatebiT xelSewyobasa da daxmarebas
vTavazob da, miuxedavad amisa, vici, rom mainc sxvadasxva tempiTa da xarisxiT iswavlian. Tumca arsebobs standarti da masTan miaxloebas vcdilob. Tu am standartamde
verasdros miaRweven, is mainc ecodinebaT, ra aris saukeTeso da rom saukeTesos miRwevis mcdelobisaTvis dajildovdebian~.
es gancxadebebi realur adamianebs ekuTvniT da Cveni profesiisadmi realur damokidebulebas asaxavs. albaT, upriania am gancxadebaTa miRma arsebuli Sexedulebebisa da miznebis
ufro detaluri ganxilva, radgan isini gavlenas axdenen maswavleblis qcevaze. es ukanaskneli ki, Tavis mxriv, mZlavrad da zogjer gadamwyvetad zemoqmedebs moswavlis miRwevebze.
amrigad, gvsurs, ufro srulyofilad ganvmartoT, ras gulisxmobs am oTxi gancxadebis avtori. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom isini stereotipulebi arian, magram aseTi adamianebi sinamdvileSi
arseboben da am gancxadebebSi Cadebuli azris gageba dagvexmareba Cveneuli molodinebisa
da maTi `Setyobinebis~ gzebis gaazrebaSi.
pirveli maswavlebeli ar axdens moswavleTa diskriminacias. misi molodini ufro masalis
amowurvasa da Sesrulebuli samuSaos raodenobas exeba, vidre Sesrulebis xarisxs. `mwar-
274
molodinebi
moeblobis~ erTi da igive standartebi ucvlelad gamoiyeneba yvela moswavlis mimarT. raki
vadebis dacva savaldebuloa, moswavleebisgan moelis masalis Seswavlas an sxva Sedegs. aseTi
maswavlebeli nebas aZlevs sust moswavleebs, `uxilavni~ iyvnen manam, sanam maTi Sedegebi damakmayofilebelia. moswavleebi `uxilavni~ arian, radgan maswavlebeli sadRac maT `miRma~
aswavlis.
meore maswavlebeli diferencirebasa da aRiarebas axdens. is varaudobs, rom moswavleebs sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba aqvT da am SesaZleblobebis mixedviT saqmianoben. saqmianobis
Sedegebs iRebs, rogorc moswavlis SesaZleblobebis ilustracias da maT axali simaRleebis
dasapyrobad Zalas ar atans. yvela moswavle erTsa da imave masalaze muSaobs da akeTebs imas,
rac SeuZlia.
mesame maswavlebeli diferencirebas da uzrunvelyofas axdens. im moswavleebisaTvis,
romlebic Tavs ver arTmeven masalas, maswavlebeli uzrunvelyofs damatebiT daxmarebas an
damatebiT saswavlo masalas.
meoTxe maswavlebels mkafiod aqvs warmodgenili saganSi saukeTesos standarti, romelic
yvela moswavlisTvis gamowvevac aris da swavlebis mizanic. moswavlis naTqvami sagnis Sesaxeb: `vgrZnob, es sagani marTlac mniSvnelovania~, maswavleblis ostatobaze metyvelebs.
maswavlebelma isic icis, rom moswavleebs swavlis sxvadasxva unari da tempi aqvT da am gansxvavebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT damatebiT daxmarebas sTavazobs imaT, visac sWirdeba. maswavlebeli yovelTvis ajildovebs moswavles `saukeTesos~ standartis misaRwevad gaweuli ZalisxmevisTvis, magram arasdros iviwyebs TviT am standarts da arc moswavleebs aZlevs misi
daviwyebis saSualebas.
pirveli maswavlebeli misadagebas ar axdens. meore maswavlebels gansxvavebuli molodinebi aqvs, rac erTgvar TviTrealizebul winaswarmetyvelebad iqceva. mesame da meoTxe
maswavleblebi individualizebas axdenen im gagebiT, rom swavlebas usadageben sxvadasxva
SesaZleblobis mqone moswavleebs, Tumca meoTxe maswavlebels metad sjera, rom moswavleTa umravlesoba mizans Tu ar miaRwevs, miuaxlovdeba mainc. misi qceva `daostatebisTvis swavlis~ princips emsaxureba. im moswavleebisTvis, romlebic Zalisxmevas ar iSureben,
maswavlebeli davalebas imden mcire safexurad Slis, ramdenic moswavleebs warmatebisTvis
sWirdebaT. davalebebi yvela moswavlisTvis
saboloo ostatobis miRwevas emsaxureba da
maswavleblis molodinebi TviTrealizebul
sxvadasxva davalebisa da qvedavalebisTvis
winaswarmetyvelebad iqceva xolme.
gamoyofili dro maT saWiroebebs aris misadagebuli. daostateba maTTvis, iseve rogorc
yvelasTvis, saboloo mizania da am miznis miRwevamde maswavlebeli maT xelis Caqnevis nebas ar
miscems. maswavlebels sjera, rom swavla yvela moswavle SeuZlia da am rwmenas ar malavs. mas
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi agdebs Sefaseba, radgan is moswavleebisadmi `gagzavnil~ Setyobinebebs ewinaaRmdegeba. maswavlebeli gulwrfelad aqebs moswavleTa winsvlas, maSinac ki, Tu es
winsvla Sorsaa `saukeTesos~ standartisgan da mudam aiZulebs maT, ajobon maTSi Cabudebul
stereotipebs. SesaZloa, mondomebulma moswavlem C Sefasebis nacvlad B miiRos, magram ara
A-s nacvlad B. sjeraT, rom miuxedavad zogierTi moswavlis rTuli saojaxo pirobebisa, maTi
sasikeTod Secvla SeuZliaT (Dembo & Gibson 1985).
meoTxe maswavlebeli aqcents saukeTesos standartze akeTebs ise, rom moswavleebs Sesatyvisi SesaZleblobiT ar uzrunvelyofs an ar exmareba. man SeiZleba Tavidan aicilos moswavleTa stereotipuli dayofa _ `sxarti~ da `susti~ _ da yvela aiZulos ecadon saukeTeso
Sedegis miRwevas, magram ar uzrunvelyos aucilebeli saSualebebiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi swavleba xinjiani iqneba. saukeTesosken swrafvisas perspeqtivis dakargviT, isini individebsac
`kargaven~. maT SeiZleba gansakuTrebulad gamorCeul da SedarebiT sust moswavleebs Sori
miznebis swrafad miRweva aiZulon da marcxi awvnevinon. roca mesame maswavlebeli perspeqti-
275
Tavi 11
gadavxedoT pigmalions
Cveni Sexedulebebi molodinebze arsebiTad gansxvavdeba im literaturisgan, romelic
wignis _ `pigmalioni saklaso oTaxSi (Rosenthal & Jacobson 1968) _ gamosvlis Semdeg gaCnda.
Cveni mizani iyo yuradReba dagveTmo calkeuli moswavlis saqmianobis maswavlebliseuli
standartebisaTvis da maT vTxoveT moexdinaT standartebis diferencireba moswavleebis,
TviT calkeuli moswavlisa da sxvadasxva davalebis Sesrulebis mixedviT. aseve, vTxoveT,
zustad da gulaxdilad esaubraT moswavleebTan maTeuli standartebis raobaze, raTa standartebs maswavleblisa da moswavleebisTvis erToblivi miznebis xasiaTi mieRo.
zemoxsenebuli literatura sxvadasxva mimarTulebisa iyo da sxvadasxvagvar Suqs hfenda molodinTa sakiTxs. pirvel yovlisa, avtorebsa da mkvlevarebs ar hqondaT daxvewili
standartebi davalebis doneze moswavleebis mimarT. maT ar ainteresebdaT maswavleblis
molodinebi imasTan dakavSirebiT, SeeZlo Tu ara jimis winadadebis ukeT dawera an meris
276
molodinebi
6. SecdomebTan brZola.
7. Sefaseba.
8. moswavleebi, romlebic jer ver `Cawvdnen~.
9. dajgufeba.
10 davalebebisa da amocanebis micema da Sesruleba.
277
Tavi 11
4. daJineba. `rogorc wesi, maswavleblebi sxartebs ufro metxans acdian kiTxvaze pasuxis mofiqrebas, vidre sustebs. araswori pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, maswavleblis daJineba ufro miniSnebis, gameorebis da/an Sesworebis xasiaTs iRebs. is ufro met
yuradRebas uTmobs sxarti moswavleebis pasuxebs, met dros aZlevs pasuxis mosafiqreblad~ (gv. 394).
5. interaqciis sixSire: `dabali molodinebis mqone moswavleebTan SedarebiT, maswavleblebs ufro xSiri saswavlo urTierToba aqvT maRali molodinebis mqone moswavleebTan (gv 394).
6. ukukavSiri: `rogorc wesi, maswavlebeli ufro xSirad aqebs maRali molodinebis
mqone moswavleebs sworis pasuxisTvis, maSin, rodesac sustebs ufro xSirad akritikebs araswori pasuxisaTvis (gv. 395).
am xuT kategoriaSi cameti gansxvavebuli qcevaa da isini gvawvdian empiriul monacemebs,
rom mravali maswavlebeli marTlac `sxartebis~ da `sustebis~ kategoriebad hyofs moswavleebs da sxvadasxvagvar urTierTobas amyarebs maTTan. qvemoT mocemuli nusxa SeiZleba
gamoviyenoT TviTSefasebis an kolegebis saqmianobaze dakvirvebisas.
278
molodinebi
279
Tavi 11
dadastureba: `hoo.
pasuxis ufro srulyofilad Camoyalibeba: `amrigad, wrewiris sigrZis mimarTeba mis
diametrTan udris. . .~
sxva
moswavlisaTvis
imave kiTxvis
dasmis gzebi
280
molodinebi
moswavlis
swor pasuxamde
miyvanis gzebi
`ar aris swori, magram kargia, rom gagaxsenda, radgan es, albaT, sxvebmac
ifiqres~.
`isev scade!~
adasturebs pasuxis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs, Semdeg
sTavazobs miniSnebas da cdilobs moswavle swor pasuxamde
miiyvanos.
pasuxs ugulebelyofs da miniSnebas sTavazobs.
lodinis dro II.
moswavlisadmi rwmenasa da waxalisebas gamoxatavs:
`vfiqrob, Sen es ici~.
moswavles dafiqrebas sTxovs.
moswavles pasuxis TviTSefasebas sTxovs.
damatebiT kiTxvas usvams
dazustebisTvis: `amas gulisxmobdi?~
aRiarebis,
dadasturebis
gzebi
281
Tavi 11
sakuTari Tavis rwmenisa da riskis gawevis unars ayalibebs, swor pasuxamde miyvanis gzaze
mcdelobas ar aklebs da, Sesabamisad, CamonaTvalis Sua nawilSi mocemul reaqciebs iyenebs.
xSirad, Cvens seminarebze, maswavleblebs ainteresebT, rogor SeiZleba moswavlis swor
pasuxamde miyvanaze, miniSnebaze amdeni drois daxarjva da sasurveli masalis amowurvac.
sinamdvileSi amas sulac ar sWirdeba meti dro, SesaZloa, sul ramdenime wamiT meti. moswavleze `dayovneba~ sulac ar amcirebs `masalis amowurvis siCqares~ (Tumca, sxva mizeziT aseTi Semcireba, SeiZleba, kargic ki iyos). im moswavleze `ardayovnebis~ Sedegebi ki, romelic
pirvel jerze ar pasuxobs an arasworad pasuxobs, aseTia: aseT dros ise advilad Cndeba moswavlis mier sakuTari umaqnisobis gancda da Sedegad Semecnebis `Caqroba~. ase rom `ardayovneba~ didi riskia. amas garda, maswavlebeli xelidan uSvebs moswavlisTvis azrovnebisa da
saswavlo masalis daZlevis rwmenis amaRlebis SesaZleblobas. yoveli xangrZlivi dayovneba
anu siCumis dro, roca moswavle kiTxvis gamo Tavs SeSinebulad da uimedod grZnobs, misive
Tavdajerebulobisa da SesaZleblobis rwmenis ganmtkicebis Sansia.
moswavlis pasuxebze sxvagvari reaqciebic arsebobs. damatebiTi kiTxva an ganvrcoba
(romelsac samecniero literaturaSi `zondireba~, `mosinjva~ ewodeba) saSualebas gvaZlevs,
SevamowmoT, namdvilad gaigo moswavlem SekiTxva Tu TuTiyuSiviT imeorebs. magaliTad, moswavlem SeiZleba gvipasuxos `pi r2~ da ar icodes, rom r wrewiris radiuss aRniSnavs.
moswavlis pasuxis miReba gansjis gareSe sxva moswavleebs Semdgomi SeniSvnebis gamoTqmis,
xolo imave moswavles pirveladi pasuxis srulyofis saSualebas aZlevs.
maswavleblis mier moswavlis pasuxis srulyofilad Camoyalibeba sxva moswavleebisaTvis
sasargebloa, radgan rwmundebian, sworad gaiges Tu ara pasuxi.
moswavleTaTvis maTive pasuxebis gaazrebis Txovna maswavlebels exmareba gaigos, risi
Tqma surdaT: `ufro zustad xom ver amixsnidi?~ `darwmunebuli ara var, rom sworad gavige,
risi Tqma gsurda. iqneb ufro detalurad amixsna!~ `jein, ufro dawvrilebiT unda gviTxra.
rogor ggonia, am bolodan rogoria RerZis daSoreba?~
Seqeba mxolod Sesabamisi gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSia efeqtiani reaqcia moswavlis pasuxze.
jeri brofis (Jere Brophy 1981) kvlevaSi Sejamebulia Seqebis swori gamoyeneba. kerZod, efeqtiani qeba aris:*
konkretuli. konkretulad gansazRvravs ra aris Seqebis Rirsi moswavlis saqmianobaSi: `jon, gaocebuli var Sens naSromSi zmnebisa da winadadebis nimuSebis mravalferovnebiT. es Seni saukeTeso namuSevaria~.
SemTxveviTi an wamaxalisebeli. SemTxveviT qebas (romelic SemTxveviT da xSirad araswori pasuxebis dros gamoiyeneba), rogorc aRmoCnda, `ufro xSirad is maswavleblebi
iyeneben, romelTac dabali molodinebi aqvT moswavlis swavlis mimarT. misi mizania
moswavlis waxalisebis mcdeloba. miuxedavad amisa, rogorc wesi, moswavleebi kargad gamoicnoben xolme amgvari qebis mizans, romelsac Sedegad sircxvilis grZnoba,
imedgacrueba da sxva arasasurveli Sedegebi mohyveba~ (Brophy 1981, gv. 13).
gulwrfeli: maswavlebeli gulwrfelad aqebs da ara manipulaciis an konkretuli qcevis `waxalisebis~ mizniT da Sesabamisad, namdvil mowonebas asaxavs.
bebs ugzavnis moswavles, rasac sityvebi. roca maswavlebeli ukan ixreba, sxvagan iyureba da gaRizianebuli toniT ambobs, `fred, rogorc vxedav, am amocanebze bevri gi-
* ibeWdeba gamomcemlis nebarTviT. Brophy, Jere. Teacher Praise: A Functional Analysis. Review of Education Research 51 (Spring
1981): 5-32. (c) 1981 by the American Educational Research Association.)
282
molodinebi
stils. sabazo skolis calkeuli moswavlisTvis, SesaZloa, sajaro Seqeba samarcxvino iyos. aseTma Seqebam konkretuli qcevisTvis SesaZloa, maT magidis qveS SeZvromis
survili gauCinos, magaliTad, merveklaseli `magari~ biWisTvis naTqvami: `oh, jon, ra
sufTa da lamazi namuSevaria.
brofi imasac aRniSnavs, rom efeqtiani Seqeba, romelic moswavleTa Tavdapirvel miRwevebs mimdinare miRwevebis aRwerisTvis konteqstad iyenebs, mniSvnelovani Zalisxmevisa da
rTuli (mocemuli moswavlisaTvis) amocanebis warmatebuli amoxsnis aRiarebas emsaxureba,
warmatebas Zalisxmevasa da unars miawers, varaudobs, rom msgavsi warmateba momavalSic
aris mosalodneli da waaxalisebs endogenur atribuciebs (moswavleebs sjeraT, rom amocanis amoxsnas Zalisxmevas imitom axmaren, rom moswonT da/an amocanis relevanturi unarebis
ganviTareba surT).
zemoT aRwerili yoveli qceva _ lodinis dro, damatebiT kiTxvebi, mowoneba, pasuxis
srulad Camoyalibeba, moswavleebisTvis dafiqrebis moTxovna da Seqeba mecnierulad dasabuTebulia da efeqtiani maswavleblis qcevebad miiCneva (Costa 1985; Dunkin & Biddle 1974).
aseve dasabuTebulia literaturaSi imave kiTxvis sxva moswavlisTvis dasmisa da konkretul
moswavleebTan kritikis gamoyenebis mizanSewonilobac, ramdenadac kritika gakicxva ar aris
(Graham 1985).
zemoT xsenebuli qcevebi mniSvnelovania, radgan azrovnebas stimulsa da sizustes matebs.
sasurvelia, rom isini yvela maswavleblis repertuarSi arsebobdes. vimedovnebT, rom mocemul CamonaTvalSi nebismieri maswavlebeli misTvis axal qcevasac aRmoaCens (Cveni dakvirvebiT, yvelaze iSviaTi qcevaa lodinis dro, moswavleTaTvis detaluri ganxilvis moTxovna
da efqtiani Seqeba.) maswavleblis repertuarSi maTi CarTvis garda arsebiTi sakiTxia maTi
misadagebac. viyenebT Tu ara am reaqciebs Sesatyvis situaciaSi da Sesatyvis moswavleebTan?
magaliTad, lodinis drois gamoyeneba Seusabamoa martivi SekiTxvebisa da erTferovani savarjiSoebis Sesrulebisas. misi gamoyeneba ufro efeqtiania, roca moswavleebs maRali donis
azrovneba moeTxovebaT. SekiTxvis sxva moswavlisTvis gadamisamarTebam, SesaZloa, moswavles pasuxis mofiqrebis an ukve mofiqrebuli pasuxis srulyofis SesaZlebloba mouspos.
maswavleblis mier pasuxis srulyofilad Camoyalibebam, SesaZloa, sxva moswavleebs gageba
gauadvilos, magram misi uadgilod gamoyenebis gamo, SesaZloa, moswavleebma erTmaneTs aRar
mousminon. nebismier SemTxvevaSic, sadac swavlebis wvdomaze gvaqvs saubari, arsebiTia, rom
Tavdapirvelad repertuaris gafarToebaze vifiqroT, raTa rac SeiZleba met moswavles
maqsimalurad Sesatyvisi reaqciiT vupasuxoT sxvadasxva situaciaSi da Semdeg misadagebis
efeqtianobis amaRlebisTvis vizrunoT. unda vecadoT, rom Cveni reaqciebi repertuaris Sua
nawils `moswavlis swor pasuxamde miyvanis gzebs~ davuaxlovoT, rom moswavleebSi sakuTari
Tavisa da sakuTari SesaZleblobebis rwmena avamaRloT.
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284
molodinebi
lurad axsnas moiTxovs, yvelaze rTuli iqneba. progresulad martivi moTxovnebi moicavs faqtebze dafuZnebul SekiTxvebs mokle pasuxebiT, mravalpasuxian
kiTxvebs da kiTxvebs mxolod `diax~ da `ara~ pasuxebiT. Tu moswavle verc erTi
donis SekiTxvas ver upasuxebs, SeiZleba winadadebebis gameoreba an qmedebis
imitacia vTxovoT. rogorc ki is SekiTxvaze sworad daiwyebs pasuxis gacemas,
maswavlebelma SeiZleba sakuTari Zalebis rwmenis gaZlierebis kvalobaze gaarTulos SekiTxvebi. rodesac daTrgunuli bavSvebi ar pasuxoben, maT mimarT yuradRebiani damokidebuleba gvmarTebs. Tu isini SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas Seecdebian, maswavlebelma unda daacados. Tu isini SekiTxvaze fiqris nacvlad
yuradRebis centrSi moxvedris gamo nerviulobas iwyeben, maswavlebeli unda
CaerTos SekiTxvis gameorebiT an miniSnebis SeTavazebiT. man sxva moswavles ar
unda mimarTos imave kiTxviT da arc sxvebs misces pasuxis neba (Good & Brophy
1978, gv. 226).
I nawyveti
moswavle:
maswavlebeli:
moswavle:
maswavlebeli:
II nawyveti
moswavle:
maswavlebeli:
moswavle:
maswavlebeli:
moswavle:
maswavlebeli:
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Tavi 11
meore nawyvetSi maswavlebeli moswavlis naTqvamze `me-4 nomeri ver gavakeTe~, svams kiTxvas `ratom?~. es maxesaviT SekiTxvaa. moswavleebma rom icodnen ratom ver xsnian, isini ufro
konkretuli daxmarebis Txovnasac SeZlebdnen.
moswavlis naTqvamze `ubralod ver vxsni~, maswavlebeli `recepts uwers~, `nu ambob, rom
ar SegiZlia~, xolo Semdeg mcire morals ukiTxavs, `Cven arasdros vambobT `ar SemiZlia~-s~.
maswavlebeli Tvlis, rom wamaxalisebeli Jesti iqneba `gamococxleba~ da kidev erT uimedo
kiTxvas usvams: `kargad ecade?~
Tu moswavle ukve `kargad ecada~, mxolod erTi daskvnis gakeTeba SeuZlia: `rogorc Cans,
Clungi var~. xolo Tu `kargad ar ecada~, sakuTari sizarmace unda aRiaros.
maswavleblis saboloo naTqvami moswavles didad ar aimedebs, rom `xangrZlivi~ da `meti~
muSaoba winsvlaSi miexmareba. maswavlebeli araviTar specifikur strategiul daxmarebas
ar sTavazobs. `vnaxoT, ra moxdeba~ bolo wveTia da Cvenc da moswavlec vgrZnobT, rom bevri
araferi moxdeba.
pirvel nawyvetSi mawavleblis pirveli kiTxva _ `romeli nawili ver gaige?~ _ ndobas
gamoxatavs, rom moswavlem amocanis didi nawili gaigo da garkveul nawilze koncentrireba sWirdeba. rodesac moswavle ferxdeba, maswavlebeli misi SesaZleblobebisadmi rwmenas
gamoxatavs: `vici rom am amocanis nawilis amoxsna SegiZlia, radgan pirveli sami amocana sworad amoxseni~. Semdeg maswavlebeli detalur daxmarebas sTavazobs da hpirdeba, rom ramdenime wuTSi dabrundeba. maswavlebeli daxmarebas sTavazobs, magram sjera, rom moswavle
Tavad gaumklavdeba sirTules. moswavle uyuradRebod ar rCeba, maswavlebeli dabrundeba,
Tu sirTule isev gaCndeba.
am ori nawyvetis ganxilvis mizani iyo, ufro Rrmad CavwvdomodiT sityvebisa da midgomis
SerCevis mniSvnelobas, roca moswavle daxmarebas gvTxovs. saTqmelis umniSvnelo SecvliT
SegviZlia moswavleebSi sakuTari Tavis rwmena gavaRviZoT, vaCvenoT, rogor gamoiyenon arsebuli codna, davexmaroT strategiebiTa da miniSnebebiT, drois saTanado intervalebiT
SevamowmoT an vukiTxoT morali, gavumartivoT, SevTavazoT araadekvaturi daxmareba da es
yvelaferi iseTi zrdilobiani sityvebiT SevniRboT, rom moswavle kargad mixvdes, ramdenad
ar gvjera misi unarebisa.
am qveTavis mkiTxvelTaTvis erT-erTi sasurveli Sedegi is iqneba, rom isini sakuTar TavSi
mesame Tvalsa da mesame yurs aRmoaCenen. es mesame Tvali da yuri Cvenia! is swavlebis procesis monitoringsa da ukukavSiris damyarebaSi gvexmareba. rodesac moswavleebi daxmarebisTvis mogvmarTaven, ra Setyobinebebs vugzavniT maT?
286
molodinebi
molodinTa acdena
mniSvnelovania, maswavlebelma ise uTxras moswavleebs cudad Sesrulebuli davalebis
Sesaxeb, rom maT ukeTesad Sesrulebis rwmena ar mouspos. maswavleblis mier dabali xarisxis
naSromis neitralur, gaurkvevel Sefasebas moswavleebi aRiqvamen, rogorc maTi namuSevrisadmi maswavleblis gulgrilobas an maTdami rwmenis uqonlobas. sinamdvileSi, xSirad, asec
aris xolme.
meore mxriv, Tu maswavlebeli ganicdis moswavlis mier cudad Sesrulebul samuSaos,
drosa da energias ar zogavs imisTvis, rom auxsnas Secdoma da ukeT Seasrulebinos, moswavle
rwmundeba, rom misi sjeraT. amgvari saqcieli TviT maswavlebelsac matebs rwmenas, rom moswavlis Zalisxmeva fuWi ar iqneba. SesaZloa, moswavleebma ar gamoiCinon survili an SeewinaaRmdegon kidec maswavleblis amgvar pirdapiri da zogjer Zalze energiul qmedebas. Cveni
daJinebis pasuxad moswavleebisgan madlobas ar unda velodeT (yovel SemTxvevaSi, uaxloes
ramdenime weliwadSi mainc), magram Cveni sijiutis gareSe moswavleTa umravlesobas sakuTari Tavis sakmarisi rwmena ar eqneba imisTvis, rom TavdadebiT da kargad imuSaos.
sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmenis uqonlobis safrTxe gansakuTrebiT im moswavleebs emuqrebaT, romlebsac inteleqtis `mocemulobis~ Teoriisa sjeraT (Dweck 1989). maT swamT, rom
inteleqti an `unari~ iseTi ram aris, rac adamians aqvs an ar aqvs da Tu ver swavloben, es
imaze metyvelebs, rom sakmarisi unari ar aqvT. igive moswavleebi atribuciis Teoriis (Weiner
1972, 1974) mixedviT Tvlian, rom davalebis cudad SesrulebaSi `damnaSave~ davalebis sirTulea, xolo am rwmenis miRma sakuTari arcTu saxarbielo gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb
mRrRneli eWvi imaleba.
Sinagani
garegani
mudmivi
(myari)
unari
amocanis
sirTule
cvladi
(aramyari)
Zalisxmeva
iRbali
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Tavi 11
moTxovnis~ sakuTari gzebi gvaqvs. arsebobs oTxi ZiriTadi mizezi, riTac sakuTar warmatebasa Tu warumateblobas vxsniT: unari, amocanis sirTule, iRbali da Zalisxmeva. veineri maT
qvemoT mocemuli badis (ix. sqema 11.2) mixedviT ganalagebs.
rogorc wesi, warmatebuli adamianebi warmatebas iseT Sinagan faqtorebs miaweren, romlis kontrolic SeuZliaT, magaliTad, Zalisxmevas. warumatebeli adamianebi ki sakuTar
warumateblobas amocanis sirTules da uiRblobas (SeniRbuls SiSiT, rom maT sakmarisi unari ara aqvT). warmatebas amocanis siioliT da iRbliT xsnian: `advili amocana iyo~, `bedad,
swored es Tavi viswavle!~
atribuciis Secvla niSnavs imas, rom moswavleebs mivexmaroT warmatebisa da warumateblobis atribuciis SecvlaSi garegani faqtorebidan (iRbali da advili an rTuli samuSao)
Sinagani faqtorebisken (Zalisxmeva da rwmena, rom sakmarisi goniereba aqvs samuSaos maRali
doneze Sesasruleblad). amis Tqma gacilebiT iolia, vidre Sesruleba, magram atribuciis
Teoriis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom is atribuciebi, romlebic erTgvari
gonebrivi modelia imisa, Tu rogoria samyaro da ra adgili ukavia masSi adamians, gansazRvravs, Tu ra Zalisxmeva sWirdeba moswavles swavlisTvis.
susti moswavleebis mimarT gamoCenili energia da maTze gavlena atribuciis Secvlis erTerTi formaa. es SeniRbuli gancxadebaa maTi unarebis rwmenisa, rac maT ufro meti Zalisxmevis motivs uCens.
kargad swavla
atribuciis Secvlis sxva SesaZlebloba Cndeba, roca moswavle kargad swavlobs. mniSvnelovania, rom SeqebiT maT warmatebas maTs Zalisxmevas mivawerT (da Semdeg ki, araverbalurad, maTs unars): `damatebiTi mecadineoba wagadga, testirebamde iswavle da sanam Camabarebdi, pasuxebis Sesamowmeblad dro gamoiyene. hoda, kargi Sedegic gaqvs!~
swavlaSi cvlileba
moswrebis arsebiTi cvlileba gauareseba an gaumjobeseba atribuciis cvlilebis
kidev erTi mizezia. `es axlosac ki ar aris im standartTan, romlis miRwevac Sen SegiZlia~,
amgvari SeniSvna im maswavleblisgan, romelsac moswavle pativs scems, mZlavri biZgi iqneba
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis gamo imedgacruebuli moswavlisTvis. ra SeiZleba iTqvas sapirispiro SemTxvevaze?
davuSvaT moswavle, romlis saSualo Sefaseba testirebaSi aris D, 83 qulas iRebs. maswavlebeli karTan aCerebs moswavles da eubneba: `Sen marTlac kargad dawere testi. rogor
fiqrob, ra iyo mizezi?~ moswavle dums, Tavs dabla xris da mere burtyunebs, `albaT, ioli
sakiTxebi iyo~. (yuradReba miaqcieT garegan atribuciasTan kavSirs iRbali an amocanis sirTule). maswavlebeli pasuxobs, `advili testi! me advili testeb ara maqvs, es yvelam icis. 14
sakiTxs swori pasuxi gaeci, es sakiTxebi yvelaze rTuli iyo. ase rom, miTxari, Seni azriT, ra
iyo warmatebis mizezi?~
maswavlebeli cdilobs moswavle miaxvedros, rom mas kargad swavlis sakmarisi unari aqvs
da, albaT, sakmarisadac ecada, rom kargi Sedegi mieRo. savaraudoa, rom moswavle dumils
SeinarCunebs amgvari dialogisas. maswavleblis kiTxvaSi damaluli mosazrebebi mraval
safrTxes Seicavs. (`iqneb marTlac SemiZlia kargad swavla? yovelTvis kargi Sedegis molodini eqneba Cemgan? iqneb vecado, magram ise kargad ar gamomivides?~) SesaZloa, moswavles
dabali molodinebis SenarCuneba mxolod im mizniT surs, rom bejiT swavlas aaridos Tavi.
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molodinebi
moswavlis sakuTar warmatebaze dafiqrebis kidev erTi gza misi socialur safrTxeSi Cagdebaa. TanatolTa dajgufebebis safuZveli xSirad davalebebis Seusrulebloba da skolis
kritikaa. Tavdauzogavi swavla SesaZlebelia TanatolTagan gariyvis mizezi gaxdes. es sindromi xSirad feradkaniani moswavleebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, Tuki isini cdiloben
`TeTrkanianebiviT moqcevas~ (Fordham & Ogbu 1986).
rodesac zemoT motanili SemTxvevis (moswavle moulodnelad karg Sedegs iRebs testirebisas) msgavsad atribuciis Secvlas vcdilobT, Cven mzad unda viyoT moswavlis dasaxmareblad fiqriTac da riskis gaziarebiTac: `kargi, dafiqrdi amaze da xval rom moxval,
gavarkvioT, Seni azriT, ra iyo warmatebis mizezi~. miuxedavad imisa, rom momdevno dResac
SesaZloa pasuxad dumili miviRoT, dumili darRveulia, radgan moswavle ukve kargad swavlis risksa da jildoze iwyebs fiqrs, - cxovrebaSi pirvelad, is fiqrobs, rom kargad swavla
SeuZlia.
SecdomebTan brZola
Tu adamiani Secdomebs sisustis niSnad miiCnevs, Zal-Rones ar daiSurebs maTi Tavidan
acilebisaTvis. is ecdeba, Tavi aaridos iseT Temebsa da samuSaos, sadac SeiZleba Secdomebi
dauSvas. nerviulobas iwyebs rTuli samuSaos Sesrulebisas, romelic swrafad da iolad ar
gamosdis, radgan am dros samuSaos sirTules uunarobad `Targmnis~. meore mxriv, Tuki Secdomebs ukukavSirisTvis gamoiyenebs, rTuli masalis daZlevisTvis alternatiuli gzebis
monaxvas SeZlebs da Tavs ar aaridebs im saqmes, romelic erTi xelis mosmiT ar gamosdis. aseTi midgoma sakuTari Tavisadmi rwmenis xazgasmas moiTxovs da namdvilad Rirs mcdelobad.
Secdomebze amgvari ori saxis reaqcia aRwerili aqvs karol dueki. misi azriT, bavSvebi (da
zrdasrulebic) arian `mocemuli~ an `mzardi Zalisxmevis~ inteleqtis Teoriis momxreebi.
`mocemuli~ inteleqtis Teoriis momxreebs miaCniaT, rom inteleqti aris `sagani~ _ obieqturi mocemuloba, romelic pasuxismgebelia nebismieri saxis warmatebisTvis; Sesabamisad,
inteleqtis dabali maCvenebeli dabali akademiuri moswrebis pirobaa. am Teoriis momxreebi
nebismier davalebas, testsa Tu amocanas ganixilaven, rogorc sakuTari Sinagani unaris Sefasebas. aseTi moswavleebi, dvekis azriT, saswavlo saqmianobis mimarT `Sesrulebze orientirebulobiT~ gamoirCevian. arasaxarbielo Sedegebi (Secdomebi) dabal unarze metyvelebs,
xolo kargi Sedegi maRalze. `im saqmis keTeba momwons, romelic ukve vici~, ambobs am Teoriis momxre gogona.
`mzardi Zalisxmevis~ Teoriis warmomadgenlebs sjeraT, rom unari TandaTanobiT yalibdeba Zalisxmevis da garemosTan ukukavSiris Sedegad. isini dvekis azriT, `swavlaze orientirebulobiT~ gamoirCevian, maTi mizani axlis swavla ufroa, vidre sakuTari TavisTvis
raRacis damtkiceba. inteleqtis am ori Teoriis Sedegebi da mizanze orientacia Zalze gansxvavebulia. warmoidgineT, ra wnexis qveS aris moswavle, romelic yovel saswavlo davalebas
sakuTari Tavis intleqtis - sazomad miiCnevs, im sazomad, romelic ase mniSvnelovania Cveni
sazogadoebisTvis.
umravlesoba (magram ara yvela) erTi an meore Teoriis ukiduresi momxrea. rac ufro
metad vuaxlovdebiT inteleqtis `mocemulobis~ Teoriis poluss, miT ufro Znelia energiisa da strategiis mobilizeba sirTuleebis dasaZlevad. piriqiT, rac ufro axlosa varT
inteleqtis Sesaxeb `mzardi Zalisxmevis~ Teoriis ukidures wertilTan, miT advilia sirTulis an Secdomis ganxilva monacemebad. yovelTvis, roca maswavlebeli moswavles Secdomis
gamosworebaSi exmareba, mas saSualeba aqvs, es Secdoma mocemulobad `uTargmnos~ da ara da-
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Tavi 11
`karl, amis gakeTebas SeZleb, Tuki swor strategias airCev, gansxvavebuli strategia
gWirdeba. modi, vnaxoT romeli strategia gamoiyene da romeli ar gamogiyenebia!~
`maS ase, Sen kargad gamogdis eqsperimenti, roca kargad gesmis amocana. albaT, aris
raRac Seusabamoba, ris gamoc Seni gza ar amarTlebs. modi, wavideT da erTad vnaxoT
laboratoriaSi. miTxari ra iyo bundovani~.
saklaso garemos Sesaxeb TavSi vnaxavT, rogor qmnis maswavlebeli riskis gawevisa da
Tavdajerebulobis klimats, sadac moswavleebi Secdomebs saswavlo SesaZleblobebad ganixilaven. am nawilSi warmogidgineT Secdomebis mimarT moswavleTa damokidebulebis mniSvneloba da giCveneT, rogor SeuZlia maswavlebels reagireba, rom xeli Seuwyos inteleqtze
`mzardi Zalisxmevis~ Sexedulebas da saswavlo miznebze orientacias.
Sefaseba
Sefasebisas moswavleebi SeniRbul Setyobinebebs iReben imis Taobaze, Tu rogori Sexeduleba aqvs maswavlebels maT unarze. modiT, ganvixiloT xelmeore testirebis praqtika.
mravali maswavlebeli, arasaxarbielo Sedegebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavleebs testis xelmeored
Cabarebis saSualebas aZlevs. Semdeg, maswavlebeli, rogorc wesi, asaSualebs meore (Cveulebriv, ukeTes) qulas pirvel qulasTan da gamohyavs saboloo Sefaseba. magram modiT vnaxoT, rogor Setyobinebebs iRebs moswavle am dros. xelmeore testirebis Sedegebis gasaSualeba pirveli testirebis SedegebTan mxolod im moswavleebs waadgebaT, romlebsac pirveli
testirebisas SedarebiT kargi Sedegi hqondaT, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom Cven daostatebasa
da kargad swavlaze ki ar vzrunavsT, aramed siCqareze (risTvisac vajildoebT kidec).
zogierTi ityvis, rom saboloo Sefasebisas maRali qulebi pirvel etapze kargi stimuli
iqneba moswavlisTvis. migvaCnia, rom aseTi midgoma mxolod umciresobas waadgeba, radgan
umravlesobisTvis xelmeore testireba usafrTxo TavSesafaria. amgvari praqtikis gamo,
xSirad, maswavleblebi anekdotur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian xolme, xolo Sefasebis gadavadeba moswavleebs arcTu usafrTxo mdgomareobaSi agdebs.
axla ganvixiloT gasaSualebis praqtika. is moswavleebi, romlebic Zal-Rones ar iSureben, gasaSualebis dros dabal Sefasebas iReben. amrigad, jildovdeba siCqare da ara Zalisxmeva da yvelaferi, misi Tanmdevi miznebis dasaxva, Sesabamisi daxmarebis Zieba, sxvebis
konsultacia, damatebiTi samuSao saaTebi, ukukavSiri da sxvebis kritika.
Cveni azriT, mizanSewonili Sefasebaa `A~ da `B~. erT-erT skolas aseTi sqema hqonda danergili: `B~ niSnavda `standartTan Sesabamisobas~, romelic maRal doneze iyo SemuSavebuli.
`A~ ki standartze maRla dgomas niSnavda, rac moiTxovda damatebiTi proeqtis Sesrulebas
kursis masalebis gamoyenebiT, magram kursis moTxovnebze ufro maRal doneze. nebismier moswavles, romelic ver akmayofilebda kursis moTxovnebs da ver amJRavnebda Sesabamis codnas, `aradamakmayofilebeli~ Sefaseba hqonda.
Sefasebis amgvari sistemisaTvis maswavlebelma (da skolam) Zal-Rone ar unda daiSuros
imisaTvis, rom yvela moswavle Seesabamebodes standarts (rac TviT standartisa da misi arsis mkafiod gansazRvrasac gulisxmobs). aseve unda arsebobdes saTanado SesaZleblobebic
290
molodinebi
_ skolis Semdeg, SabaT-kvira, saRamoobiT _ romelTa damatebiTi daxmarebis saxiT SeTavazeba SegviZlia moswavlisTvis. erT-erT skolaSi fakultetis wevrebi da moxaliseebi samSabaT da xuTSabaT saRamos da SabaT diliT uwevdnen moswavleebs damatebiT daxmarebas.
Tu skolis mizani daxarisxebis meqanizmia, maSin Sefasebis tradiciuli forma `A~-dan `F~s CaTvliT zedgamoWrilia. SesaZlebelia moswavleTa daxarisxeba Sefasebis mixedviT da maTi
ganawileba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva doneebisa da sxvadasxva rolebisTvis. albaT, gvetyvian
kidec, rom Sefasebis SemoRebis mizani swored daxarisxeba iyo. gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi
swored es idga amerikuli Sefasebis sistemis ukan (Cremin 1965).
asoebiT Sefasebis miRma is varaudic imaleba, rom mravali moswavle ver daakmayofilebs
swavlis maRal standarts, an mxolod nawilobriv SeZlebs masTan Sesabamisobas (miuxedavad
rwmena, rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia maRali
imisa, rom veravin getyviT, romel standarts
standartebis Sesabamisad swavla, cvlis swav
upasuxa da romels vera moswavlem).
lebis Sesaxeb TiTqmis mTel Cvens damokideb
ulebas.
ra moxdeba, Tuki virwmunebT, rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia gaxdes standartis Sesabamisi,
Tuki mas saTanado sawyisi codniT, motivaciiTa da swavlebiT uzrunvelvyofT? ra moxdeba
Tuki virwmunebT, rom sazogadoebas sWirdeba, yvela moswavle akmayofilebdes kursis standarts, radgan samuSao adgili da qveyana moiTxovs, rom yvela moqalaqes SeeZlos problemis
gadaWra, gunduri muSaoba da gamarTuli metyveleba? aseT SemTxvevaSi, Sefasebis erTaderTi
SesaZlo sistema ostatobaze iqneba dafuZnebuli da ara daxarisxebaze.
amJamad amerikaSi arsebuli Sefasebis sistema im Sexedulebas emyareba, rom skolis mizani
daxarisxebaa da mravali (umravlesoba Tu ara) moswavle sakmaod gonebaClungia imisTvis,
rom saswavlo masalis mkacr, maRal standarts upasuxos. Tu gvjera, rom yvela moswavles
SeuZlia maRali standartebis Sesabamisad swavla, am rwmenis Sesatyvisad radikalurad unda
SevcvaloT Sefasebis sistema. Sefasebis Sesaxeb TavSi gavigebT, rogor unda CavanacvloT
Sefasebis arsebuli sistema Sedegebis Sesaxeb ufro informaciuli sistemiT.
rwmena, rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia maRali standartebis Sesabamisad swavla, cvlis
swavlebis Sesaxeb TiTqmis mTel Cvens damokidebulebas, Sefaseba mxolod aisbergis wveria.
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moswavles SeuZlia maRali standartebis miRweva Tavdadebuli muSaobis, efeqtiani Zalisxmevisa da saTanado sawyisi codnis safuZvelze?
im moswavleebisTvis, romlebmac swrafad an pirvelive mcdelobiT ver gaiges, SesaZlebelia SemoviRoT `xelaxali swavlebis sistema~, rogorc regularuli saklaso praqtika (ix.
sqema 11.3) am sistemisTvis ukeTesi saxelwodeba SeiZleba iyos `winsvlis jgufi~ an `swavlulTa jgufi~. am jgufebSi naswavli koncefcia, an idea kidev erTxel iqneba axsnili damatebiTi gansxvavebuli magaliTebiT, an swavlebis sxva stiliT. es SeiZleba gaakeTos sagnis
an sxva maswavlebelma an TviT moswavleebma. am mecadineobebze SeiZleba gamoviyenoT TviTmarTuli saswavlo gamocdileba an kompiuteruli modelireba. is moswavleebi, romlebmac
pirvelive mcdelobiT ver gaiges, sakuTar ZalebSi unda davarwmunoT. sistemas amisaTvis
Semdegi komponentebi aqvs:
1. moswavles sakuTari Tavis marTva unda vTxovoT. man Tavad unda Seafasos sakuTari
Tavi: `namdvilad gavige masala?~
2. moswavleebs sWirdebaT winaswar gansazRvruli mkafio kriteriumebi testirebis an
amocanis amoxsnisas, raTa TviTSefaseba SeZlon. saswavlo an saqmianobis mizani maTTvis saidumlo ar unda iyos.
3. maswavlebeli qmnis da mudmivad cdilobs usafrTxoebis fsiqologiuri klimatis
SenarCunebas im moswavleebisTvis, romlebmac sakuTari Tavi xelaxali swalebis kandidatebad daasaxeles. isini gamudmebiT unda ismendnen SeniSvnas masalis sirTulis
aRiarebis Sesaxeb: `es marTlac sakmaod rTulia, radgan erTdroulad or rameze
giwevT fiqri: Sesatyvisi informaciisa da Sesatyvisi qmedebis gansazRvraze~. sirTulis aRniSvnasTan erTad maswavlebeli gaazrebul TviTSefasebasa da vergagebis
aRiarebis risksac afasebs: `kargi dasawyisia, jeison. guldasmiT gaqvs wakiTxuli
sakuTari naweri da axal masalaze gadasvlamde Sedegis gaumjobeseba gadawyvite.
minda, Rrmad Caswvde, bolomde gaigo da weris es unari cxovrebaSi gamoiyeno~.
4. maswavlebeli waaxalisebs im moswavleebs, romlebmac gariskes xelmeored swavlebis
sistemaSi monawileoba: `ase gaagrZele _ TiTqmis miaRwie sasurvels. vici, risi Tqmac gsurs. scade, sakuTari sityvebiT gadmosce~.
5. maswavlebeli aRiarebs sirTules da xelmeored swavlebis sistemas gunduri Zalisxmevis sagnad aqcevs: `saTqmeli kargad ver gamovxate. julia, SegiZlia sakuTari
sityvebiT gadmosce da auxsna marSas?~
xelaxali swavlebis sistemis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia daJineba da maswavleblis mier yoveli moswavlis misamarTiT gamoxatuli rwmena, rom sirTulesTan brZola maT
warmatebas moutans. es niSnavs xSir Sefasebebs da waxalisebas.
xelaxali swavlebis sistemis Seqmna xSirad moiTxovs klasis dayofas jgufebad da klasis
sxva wevrebisTvis damatebiTi savarjiSoebis micemas codnis axal konteqstebSi gamoyenebis
mizniT. es maswavleblisagan damatebiT drosa da Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. rwmena imisa, rom
`yvela moswavles SeuZlia maRal doneze swavla~, eWvgareSea, maswavleblisagan damatebiT
muSaobas moiTxovs. moswavleTa daxarisxeba yovelTvis maT swavlebaze ufro advilia.
es damatebiTi mZime samuSao racionaluri gaxdeba, Tu xelaxali swavlebis sistemas gundur muSaobad vaqcevT. or maswavlebels SeuZlia gainawilos funqciebi, Tuki gadawyveten,
rom maT moswavleTa nawils xelaxali swavlebis sistemaSi CarTva sWirdeba.
dabolos, xelaxali swavlebis sistema efeqtiania, Tu mas Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi aqvs:
292
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dajgufeba
moswavleTa dajgufeba swavlisTvis is asparezia, sadac `SemiZlia~-s didi gavlenis moxdena ZaluZs moswavleTa SesaZleblobebze. Zalze mniSvnelovania erTi jgufidan meoreSi
gadasvlis moqniloba, swavlebis xarisxi, maswavleblis simtkice, moswavleTa SesaZleblobebisadmi gamoxatuli rwmena da moswavleebis mier imis gageba, ratom arian ama Tu im jgufSi.
mravali wlis win Cveni jgufis (`ukeTesi swavlebisTvis kvlevis~) erT-erTi wevri dabali
moswrebis merveklaselebs akvirdeboda. dakvirvebis obieqtebi erTad swavlobdnen yvela sagans da erTad cdilobdnen akademiuri moswrebis gaumjobesebas. saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi
293
Tavi 11
maswavleblebi klass ase mimarTavdnen: `sakmaod didxans asulelebdiT adamianebs. viciT, rom
goneba giWriT da kargad swavla SegiZliaT. gvjera, rom Tqveni momavlisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, isev mogcemT Tu ara cudad swavlis nebas. ase rom, am wels ise unda imuSaoT,
rogorc arasodes gimuSaviaT da ise unda iswavloT, rogorc arasdros giswavliT~.
aseTi midgomis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad gaizarda moswavleTa tempi, davalebebis sirTule
da moTxovnebi da swavlebis intensivoba. wlis bolosTvis maTma umravlesobam ori wlis saswavlo Sinaarsi daZlia.
dabali moswrebis moswavleebisTvis standartebis, molodinebisa da swavlebis intensivobis `amaRlebis~ amgvar praqtikas `akademiuri wiTeli perangis gadacma~ (academic redshirting) ewodeba da kidev erTxel iCina Tavi henri levinis (Henry Levin) `daCqarebul skolebSi~
(Hopfenberg da sxvebi, 1993). Cveni mizania, jgufis formirebis kriteriumis miuxedavad, jgufis farglebSi TviT dajgufebis faqtis Sesaxeb maswavleblebisa da moswavleTa saukeTeso
gamocdilebis, damokidebulebisa da Sexedulebebis cnobili magaliTi SemogTavazoT.
SeerTebul StatebSi monitoringis Sesaxeb Catarebulma kvlevebma (Oakes 1985) daasabuTa,
rom dabali moswrebis moswavleebi sistematurad awydebian dabal molodinebs, swavlis
dabali moswrebis moswavleebisaTvis stand
nakleb SesaZleblobebs, naklebad saintereso
artebisa da molodinebis amaRlebas `akademi
masalas da naklebad saintereso swavlebas.
uri wiTeli perangis gadacma~ ewodeba.
kvlevebma aseve aCvena, rom feradkaniani,
gansakuTrebiT ki qalaqSi mcxovrebi moswavleebi, kidev ufro araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi arian. rekomendaciebi saSualo skolaSi
monitoringze uaris Tqmisa da heterogenuri dajgufebis Sesaxeb saqmes didad ver Svelis.
struqturis Secvla swavlebis, maswavleblisa da moswavleebis rwmenisa da damokidebulebis
Secvlis gareSe verafers gviSvelis. (am ganzogadebidan erTi gamonaklisi SeiZleba iyos dabali donis monitoringis mospoba mravalmimarTulebian skolebSi da momdevno, ufro maRali
donis monitoringis, standartebisa da molodinebis gamoyeneba dabali monitoringis moswavleTa mimarT.)
heterogenuli dajgufebebis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevebiT, romlebic sinTezirebulia
mTeli rigi originaluri kvlevebis (Slavin 1988 & Gamoran 1992) safuZvelze, dasturdeba, rom
mTliani saSualo miRweva moswavleebisa monitoringis mqone da armqone skolebSi daaxloebiT erTnairia da literaturaSi `produqtiuloba~ ewodeba. monitoringis mqone skolebi
ufro `produqtiulebi~ ar arian, vidre monitoringis armqone da, piriqiT. Tumca monitoringis mqone skolebSi moswavleTa miRwevebis ufro farTo diapazoni SeiniSneba, vidre monitoringis armqoneSi. monitoringis mqone zogierT skolaSi maRali moswrebis moswavleTa
warmateba, SesaZloa, daCqarebuli programiT aixsnas (an ufrosebis rwmeniT, romlebic maTgan warmatebas elian). dabali monitoringis mqone moswavleebi monitoringis mqone skolaSi
ufro cudad swavloben, vidre yvelaze arasaxarbielo moswrebis mqone moswavleebi monitoringis armqone skolaSi. garegnulad, SesaZloa mogveCvenos, rom dabali moswrebis mqone
moswavleebisTvis monitoringis uqonloba sasargebloa, magram xels uSlis maRali SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleebs TavianTi potencialis srul gamoyenebaSi.
calkeuli kvlevebidan viciT, rom dabali moswrebis mqone moswavleebs monitorignis
mqone skolebSi dajgufebis, daCqarebuli programebisa da warmatebis maRali molodinebis
safuZvelze warmatebis miRweva SeuZliaT. aseve viciT, rom monitoringis armqone garemoSi
yvelaze unariani moswavleebi swavlebis saxecvlilebiT SeiZleba Sesatyvisi sirTuleebis
winaSe davayenoT.
amrigad, daskvnebi naTelia:
gamovricxoT dabali monitoringi (bottom track) iq, sadac mravalferovani monitoringi gvaqvs.
294
molodinebi
ingis (top track) gauqmebasa da mravali moswavlis CarTvaSi ise, rom xeli ar SeuSalon
maRali moswrebis individebs sakuTari SesaZleblobebis srulfasovan gamovlenaSi.
295
Tavi 11
296
molodinebi
`kaneiSa, es samuSao kargad gamogiva. wigns yuradRebiT kiTxulobdi da bolo ori dava-
lebis Sesrulebisas karg SeniSvnebs akeTebdi. Cemi azriT, mzad xar, yvelafers Tavi
mouyaro~.
297
Tavi 11
Sejameba
damkvirvebelma (an maswavlebelma, romelic sakuTar Tavs akvirdeba) SeiZleba am
parametrSi aRwerili maswavleblis qcevis maformirebeli midgomebidan erT-erTi gamoiyenos: (1) gamoikvlios maswavleblis mier molodinTa Setyobinebis zusti buneba gansxvavebuli
davalebebisa da gansxvavebuli SemTxvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT pirdapirobis, specifikurobis, ganmeorebadobis, dadebiTobisa da siZlieris TvalsazrisiT da Semdeg am molodinebSi nagulisxmev standartebs daakvirdes an (2) gamoikvlios maswavleblis mier molodinTa
Setyobinebis zusti buneba aTi sferos, rogorc moswavleTa `sxartebad~ da `sustebad~ dayofis Sesaxeb klasis mikerZoebuli azris, indikatorad. marTlac, sasargebloa, yuradRebiT
davakvirdeT sakuTar Tavs da SevamowmoT xom ara varT `sxarti-susti~-s maxeSi gabmulebi.
amrigad, molodinis parametris qcevis es paternebi im rwmenas unda Seesabamebodes,
rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia rTuli saswavlo masalis daZleva maRali standartebis Sesatyvisad. Cveni naTqvami `yvela moswavles SeuZlia~ Cveni saqmianobis Tanxvdenili unda iyos.
Tu `sxarti-susti~-s crurwmenis daZleva gvsurs, romelic, mecnierTa azriT, yvela moswavlisTvis swavlis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis usamarTlo SezRudvaa, maSin kuperis mier Tavmoyril camet qcevas Tavs avaridebT, zustad gvecodineba yoveli sferos Sesatyvisi molodinebi da vecdebiT, yvela moswavlem saukeTesos standarts miaRwios. moswavleebs Cveneuli
molodinebis `aRmatebisTvis~ mraval SesaZleblobas SevuqmniT.
saSualo warmatebis mqone skolebSi desegregaciis sami aTwleulis bolos Cveni sazogadoeba SavkanianTa, laTinoamerikelTa da sxva feradkanianTa seriozuli warumateblobis
winaSe aRmoCnda. moswavleTaTvis dadebiTi molodinebis gadacema da Cveneuli (SesaZloa sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb maTeuli) stereotipebis rRveva gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania (Howard
& Hammond, 1985). is, Tu ras gaakeTeben adamianebi, Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli maTive rwmenaSi
imis Sesaxeb, risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT. ra unda viRonoT Cven, rogorc ganaTlebis mesveurebma,
rom moswavleebs, gansakuTrebiT feradkanianebs, sakuTari Tavis rwmena gavuRvivoT? pigmalionis qcevaze uaris Tqma kargi dasawyisia, magram ra aris Semdegi nabiji?
mravali avtorisa da mkvlevaris azriT, axali kurikulumi da axali, ufro mkacri, standartebi ar aris sakmarisi. `pirvel yovlisa, eWvgareSea, rom mcireSemosavlian adgilebSi
mdebare skolebSi warmatebuli maswavleblis aucilebeli Tavisebureba dadebiTi damokidebulebaa. sityvebis sworad SerCeva ar kmara. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imas, Tu ra aSkara da
farul Setyobinebebs iReben moswavleebi maswavleblisagan swavlis maTeuli unarebis Sesaxeb~ (Frick 1987).
mcirewlovan bavSvebs miaCniaT, rom warmateba Zalisxmevas mosdevs; arsebiTad, maTTvis
Zalisxmeva da unari sinonimebia (Nicholls 1978). magram asakis matebasTan erTad bavSvebi akademiur warmatebas ufro metad bunebriv unars miaweren da ara Zalisxmevas. es maT Caketil
wreSi aqcevs, radgan Tu viRac ver swavlobs, ese igi, gonebaClungia. mravali arasaxarbielo
moswrebis mqone moswavle sabazo klasebSi Tavs aridebs skolas da wyvets mcdelobas, radgan
maT urCevniaT zarmacebad Tvlidnen, da ara gonebaClungebad. rac ufro metad davarwmunebT
moswavleebs, rom warmatebis sawindari unari da Zalisxmevaa (da ara iRbali an martivi samuSao), miT ukeTesi Sedegebi eqnebaT feradkanianebs da, faqtobrivad, yvela moswavles.
naTqvami, `Tu Seni qula saSualo an saSualoze dabalia, maSin testze sami saaTi unda imuSao~
niSnavs, `swored amdeni muSaoba gWirdeba umaRlesi qulis misaRebad da Sen es SegiZlia~.
jef hovardi1 mravaljer (Howard 1985, 1990, 1995) imeorebs, rom Rrmad fesvgadgmuli
1 Cven valSi varT jef hovardis (efeqtianobis instituti, leqsingtoni, masaCusetsi) winaSe misi novatoruli naSromisTvis,
romelSic xazi gausva Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobas moswavlis warmatebis gansazRvrisas. misi mosazrebebi mocemulia momdevno
or gverdze.)
298
molodinebi
2 am ganzogadebidan gamonaklisi SesaZloa alfred bine, 1908 wels Semecnebaze dafuZnebuli pirveli IQ testis Semqmnelia,
romelmac Tqva, rom: `inteleqti mgrZnobiarea ganviTarebis mimarT; varjiSiTa da wvrTniT, gansakuTrebiT ki, swavlebi saTanado meTodebiT SegviZlia gavzardoT bavSvis yuradReba, mexsiereba, azrovneba davexmaroT gaxdes ufro Wkviani, vidre
iyo~. inteleqti ar aris myari, ucvleli, an platonuri, SezRuduli arsi. inteleqti `wvrTnadia~ (educable). is `gonebrivi orTopediis~ momxre iyo, romelic bavSvebs ukeT dakvirvebas, mosmenas, damaxsovrebasa da msjelobas aswavlis; isini Tavdajerebulobas, konkurenciis unars, simtkices, warmatebis miRwevis survilsa da yvela im saukeTeso gancdas iZenen, romelic Tan
sdevs qmedebas; maT gansakuTrebiT nebisyofis ufro intensiuri gamovlena unda vaswavloT; nebisyofa nebismieri ganaTlebis
gasaRebia.)
299
Tavi 11
300
molodinebi
teleqtis Sesaxeb maTi Sexedulebebis Secvla gvsurs, maSin maT saWiro strategiebi unda
vaswavloT.
ramdenime boloTqma
SesaZloa yovel skolas `usazRvro molodinebze~ pasuxismgebeli adamiani sWirdeba,
romelic `gamoaRviZebs~ maswavleblebs,
SesaZloa yovel skolas `usazRvro molodinebze~
drodadro Seaxsenebs maT gadaxedon sapasuxismgebeli adamiani sWirdeba.
kuTar molodinebsa da moTxovnebs moswavleTa saqmianobis mimarT. SesaZloa,
es am Tavis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani gavlena iyos mkiTxvelebze. am parametris ganxilvisas
imedi gvaqvs da gpirdebiT, rom yvela moswavlisadmi samarTliani da erTnairi mopyroba sasikeTod waadgeba maT saswavlo saqmianobas.
molodinis parametri imis magaliTia, rom swavleba saqmeze metia. Tu warmatebuli swavleba moswavleTa sakuTar ZalebSi darwmunebasac, maSin is sulierebasTan dakavSirebuli
saqmianoba ufroa, vidre xeloba.
301
molodinebi - Sejameba
1. zustad vici da darwmunebuli var Tu ara Cems molodinebSi?
pirdapiri
specifikuri
ganmeorebiTi
dadebiTi
modelirebuli
mtkice
swrafi ukukavSiri samuSaosTan
detaluri ukukavSiri samuSaosTan
pirovnuli kontaqti ukukavSirisTvis
bodiSi ar miiReba
saukeTeso namuSevris aRiareba
cudi namuSevris logikuri Sedegebi
2. vugzavni Tu ara yvela moswavles Semdeg zogad Setyobinebebs:
`es mniSvnelovania~.
`Sen SeZleb amas~.
`xels ar Cagaqnevineb~.
molodinebi
Sejameba
arc erTi.
odnav Tanmimdevruli.
Zalze dabali.
Zalze maRali.
saSualo.
STamagonebel-bundovani.
maRali, magram gaumarTlebeli.
4. rogor vusadageb Cem molodinebs sxvadasxva moswavles?
araviTari diskriminacia.
diferencirebuli da mimRebi.
diferencirebuli da uzrunvelmyofi.
garkveuli daSvebebis gaTvaliswinebiT
muSave.
303
304
molodinebi - savarjiSo
molodinebTan dakavSirebiT Cveni repertuaris safuZvelia Cvenive Sexedulebebi Cveni, rogorc maswavleblis rolisa da moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. am kiTxvaris mizania SevamowmoT, ramdenad gvesmis Sexedulebebsa da am
Sexedulebebis safuZvelze Seqmnil gamocdilebas Soris kavSiri.
molodinTa Setyobineba
1. moitaneT qvemoT mocemuli oTxi sferodan molodinis erTi magaliTi:
2. Sromis xarisxi da raodenoba.
4. saqmisa da meojaxeobis rutina.
5. interpersonaluri qceva.
6. rogoria zemoT CamoTvlil erT-erT kategoriaSi (da ara sxvebSi) molodinTa
sizustis Sedegebi? moitaneT magaliTebi da iyaviT specifikuri.
7. `Sens naSroms daxvewa sWirdeba~ naTqvamis nacvlad Cemi molodinebi SeiZleba
specifikurad Sevatyobino Semdegi sityvebiT . . .
8. moitaneT molodinTa ganmeorebiTi Setyobinebis magaliTebi.
9. maswavlebels SeuZlia moswavlisTvis dadebiTi molodinebis Setyobineba
misi SesaZleblobebis Taobaze. gamoiyeneT citireba realur konteqstSi
aseTi molodinis sademonstraciod.
10. ra ori mniSvneloba aqvs sityvas `modelirebuli~ molodinebTan dakavSirebiT?
molodinebi savarjiSo
11. aRwereT sul mcire xuTi gansxvavebuli xerxi, Tu rogor vlindeba maswavleblis qcevaSi daJineba.
12. aRwerT is faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvravs moswavlesTan mimarTebiT daJinebis xarisxs.
13. moswavles samuSaos droulad Caubareblobis sapatio mizezi aqvs. rogor
moiqceviT am situaciaSi ise, rom ar daarRvioT principi `bodiSi ar miiReba~?
14. moitaneT iseTi ukukavSiris ori magaliTi, romelic aRiarebs saukeTeso namuSevars.
15. moitaneT cudi namuSevris logikuri Sedegebis ori kargi magaliTi.
atribuciis Teoria
atribuciis Teoria asaxavs Cveni warmatebisa da marcxis Cveneul axsnas. adamianis mier misive saqmianobis miRma arsebuli mizezebis aRqma arsebiTia misi mekoncefciis, momaval saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli molodinebis, `SemiZlias~
gancdisa da Semdgomi motivaciis TvalsazrisiT. qvemoT mocemuli sakiTxebi
atribuciis Teoriis mimoxilvaa.
305
306
307
Tavi 11
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12
pirovnuli
urTierTobis
damyareba
rogor davamyaroT xelsayreli
pirovnuli urTierToba
moswavleebTan?
urTierTobis gzebi
maswavleblis rva ZiriTadi Tavisebureba
irovnuli urTierTobis agebis parametri exeba im urTierTobas, romelsac maswavleblebi amyareben moswavleebTan da elementebs, romlebic am urTierTobas
warmatebas moutans. maswavlebels moswavleebTan kargi urTierTobis damyarebis
mravali mizezi aqvs, romelTa Soris erT-erTi klasis marTvaa. rogorc wesi, is moswavleebi,
romelTac maswavlebeli uyvarT da pativs scemen, programasac iTviseben da disciplinis
problemebic naklebad aqvT. im moswavleebs ki, romlebsac ar moswonT TavianTi maswavlebeli an neitraluri urTierToba aqvT masTan, meti midrekileba aqvT cudi qcevisaken, cudad
swavloben programiT gaTvaliswinebul sakiTxebs da ver erTvebian swavlebaSi. arsebobs moswavleebTan kargi urTierTobis damyarebis sxva mizezebic, romelTa Sorisaa: vagrZnobinoT
moswavleebs Tavi Rirseul adamianebad, SevqmnaT klasSi usafrTxo, sasiamovno da jansaRi
adamianuri garemo da saxaliso gavxadoT swavleba. yvela maswavlebeli ama Tu im saxis urTierTobas amyarebs moswavleebTan, es urTierTobebi mniSvnelovani cvladia imis gasagebad,
Tu ra xdeba rTul saklaso sazogadoebaSi da rogor iqcevian da swavloben moswavleebi.
arsebobs maswavlebelsa da moswavleebs Soris pirovnuli urTierTobis xarisxobrivi Sefasebis ori gza: erTia is, romliTac maswavlebeli moswavleTa pirovnul samyaroebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs da meore maswavleblis Taviseburebebi, romelic urTierTobebSi siyvarulsa da pativiscemas uyris safuZvels.
urTierTobis gzebi
erTi adamiani rom meores, rogorc individs daukavSirdes, man unda gaicnos is. Tu maTematikas vaswavliT, SeiZleba yuradReba mivmarToT maTematikaze da ara moswavleze, magram Tu
moswavlesac yuradRebiT movekidebiT, SevZlebT ukeT da guldasmiT movisminoT misi pasuxebi da ukeT avuxsnaT koncefciebi. amrigad, maswavlebeli konkretuli gziT pirovnulad ukavSirdeba moswavles: is informaciis procesoria. Tu maswavleblis urTierToba moswavlis
mimarT imedebiT, SiSiT, ocnebebiT da miznebiT aris savse, maSin is moswavlis am aspeqtebs
ecnoba, am mdgomareobaTa gasaRebs eZebs, masze da mis Sinagan samyaroze fiqrobs. Tu maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad sportul TamaSebSi monawileobs, is moqmedebs, rogorc gundis
wevri an metoqe. SesaZloa maswavlebeli mimdinare sakiTxebze esaubreba moswavles, masTan
erTad muSaobs proeqtebze, exmareba samuSaos dagegmvaSi, esaubreba saintereso pirad gamocdilebaze ojaxSi an skolis gareT, rac ase mniSvnelovania moswavlisTvis. amrigad, maswavleblisa da moswavlis urTierTobis uamravi forma arsebobs: informaciis procesori,
TanamgrZnobi, mimdinare movlenebze mosaubre, saerTo interesebi garkveul saqmianobebSi
an sakiTxebSi da a.S.
313
Tavi 12
amas garda, maswavlebelma sxvadasxva moswavlesTan SesaZloa sxvadasxvagvari urTierToba daamyaros. amisaTvis sasargeblo iqneba, gamovarkvioT Cveni sakuTari repertuari da moviZioT is SesaZleblobebi, romlebic saSualebas mogvcems, Sesabamisad vupasuxoT moswavleTa
moTxovnilebebsa da klasis garemoebebs. pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebis parametrebis
am sferoSi maswavleblis qcevis oTxi done SeiZleba gamovyoT:
1. gamovricxoT moswavleebTan, rogorc individebTan urTierToba.
2. davamyaroT moswavleebTan, rogorc individebTan mxolod erTi saxis urTierToba
(magaliTad, viyoT informaciis procesori, sportuli TamaSebis monawile da Sesvenebaze mosaubre).
3. moswavleebTan mravalgvari urTierToba davamyaroT.
4. SevarCioT moswavleebTan urTierTobis gza.
urTierTobis meoTxe done im maswavlebels axasiTebs, romelic moswavleebTan, rogorc
individebTan urTierTobisTvis xelmosaWids eZebs da ar sjerdeba aSkarasa da iols. aseTi
maswavlebeli, SesaZloa, gascdes sakuTar identobas da konkretul moswavlesTan urTierTobis dasamyareblad Seqmnas xelsayreli SesaZleblobebi saskolo dRis manZilze an skolis
Semdeg. zogierTi maswavlebeli yovel moswavlesTan yovelTviur Sexvedras awyobs (magaliTad, Tvis TiTo dRe TiToeuli moswavlisTvis). zogierTi calkeul moswavleebTan erTad
sadilobs. SesaZloa, magaliTad, devidTan urTierTobis damyarebis kargi dasawyisi masTan
erTad pianinoze simReris Sesruleba iyos.
cxadia, rom rac ufro ukeT arCevs maswavlebeli calkeul moswavleebTan konkretul
garemoebebSi urTierTobis gzebs, miT ufro myar da nayofier urTierTobas amyarebs moswavleebTan.
samarTlianoba
es ufro sine qua aris, vidre pirovnuli Rirseba. Tu moswavleebi usamarTlod miiCneven
maswavlebels masze damokidebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas (magaliTad, saSinao davalebebis micema, kamaTis dros `msajoba~, daxmarebis xelis SeTavazeba, gundebis SerCeva), isini
ver Seiyvareben mas.
314
garegnoba
garegnobas moswavleebi mosalodnelze met yuradRebas aqceven im maswavleblis aRwerisas, romelsac pativs scemen. moswavleebi maswavleblis kopwiobasa da sifaqizes, sufTa
tansacmels, pativiscemis niSnad miiCneven. maTi azriT, zrdasruli (maswavlebeli) maT (moswavleebs) imdenad mniSvnelovnad miiCnevs, rom cdilobs kargad gamoiyurebodes (maTTvis).
iumoris grZnoba
uiliam glaseri `realurobiT Terapiis~ avtori, ambobs, rom iumori zrunvis erT-erTi
formaa. sulac ar aris aucilebeli, maswavlebelma anekdotebi uambos moswavleebs, mTavaria,
mas gulRia reaqcia hqondes sasacilo momentebSi an gaexumros im moswavleebs, romlebic
gansakuTrebiT rTul samuSaos arian SeWidebulni.
Tavazianoba
Rirseuli Jesti, romelic SesaZloa Zalze formaluri da TiTqmis ritualuric ki iyos,
pirdapiri niSania individis aRiarebisa. is personaluri Jestia da dakavSirebulia pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebis am parametrTan. rogorc wesi, moswavleebi Sesabamisad pasuxoben Tavazianobas. mtkiceba ar sWirdeba imas, rom Tavazianoba aRiqmeba, rogorc maswavleblis
sasurveli qceva. is moxseniebuli gvaqvs, rogorc pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebasTan
dakavSirebuli Tavisebureba, radgan moswavleebi mas mniSvnelovnad miiCneven da urTierTobis iseTive karg safuZvlad gveCveneba, rogorc samarTlianoba. is sine qua non-ia (aucilebeli
piroba) da ara pirovnuli Rirseba. Tavazianobis ararseboba amuxruWebs urTierTobas.
pativiscema
maswavlebeli moswavleebis, rogorc adamianebis mimarT, pativiscemas mravali formiT
gamoxatavs (Moustakas 1966). man SeiZleba pativi sces moswavlis interesebs da dRis ganmavlobaSi garkveuli dro gamouyos am interesebis dakmayofilebisaTvis an scados maTi integrireba kurikulumis standartul miznebTan. SesaZloa, gamoamJRavnos moswavlis mosazrebebis mimarT pativiscema imiT, rom waaxalisos da am mosazrebaTa gaukritikeblad (Tumca
garkveuli SesworebebiT) gamoxatvis saSualeba misces. maswavlebeli moswavleebis mimarT
pativiscemas imiTac gamoxatavs, rom maT Secdomebs Seuracxyofis, damcirebis gareSe usworebs (Randolf da Howe 1966), an Secdomebze saubars moswavlis namuSevris Rirsebaze saubriT iwyebs. maswavlebelma moswavlis namuSevris dafaseba damokidebulebiTac SeiZleba
gamoxatos: gamofinos, an ise isaubros masze, rom moswavle maswavleblis gulisyurianobaSi
darwmundes, miuxedavad imisa dadebiTia Sefaseba Tu garkveul Sesworebebs iTvaliswinebs
(magaliTad, imis nacvlad rom ubralod Tqvas `araCveulebrivia~ an `kargi namuSevaria~, ambobs `namdvilad kargad gamogivida obobis pawawina nawilebis xatva~).
imis Tqma rodi gvsurs, rom frazebi `kargi namuSevaria~ an `araCveulebrivia~ _ arc ise
kargia garkveul garemoebebSi, vidre gansakuTrebuli Rirsebebis aRmniSvneli frazebi (Ginott 1965). mxolod imas vusvamT xazs, rom fraza, romelic moswavlis namuSevrisadmi namdvil
yuradRebas gamoxatavs, Seqebis garda pativiscemis maCvenebelicaa. maswavlebels moswavlis
namuSevris mimarT yuradRebisa da pativiscemis gamoxatva usityvodac SeuZlia, namuSevris
xangrZlivi da yuradRebiani yurebiT da gulwrfeli fraziT, `kargi namuSevaria, julia~.
315
Tavi 12
realuroba
zogjer maswavleblis qceva xels uSlis moswavleebs, dainaxon is iseT pirovnebad,
romelsac fiqri da gancda SeuZlia, aqvs warsuli da gamocdileba. moswavleebi, romlebic
maswavlebels saxelis nacvlad `maswavlebelo~-Ti mimarTaven, swored am models pasuxoben.
bavSvebi maswavlebels realur adamianad, pirovnebad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixilaven, Tu
maswavlebeli amis nebas aZlevs.
arsebobs qceva, romlis saSualebiTac maswavlebeli avtoritetuli figuris am imijs
`maswavlebeli realuri pirovneba~ imijiT cvlis. maswavlebeli sakuTari cxovrebidan
anekdotebs uambobs moswavleebs, axdens pirovnuli gamocdilebis integracias axsnasa da
prezentaciebTan. `me~ Setyobinebebi, rogorc es tomas gordons (Thomas Gordon, 1974) aqvs
aRwerili, pirdapiri verbaluri qcevaa, romlis saSualebiTac maswavlebeli sakuTar grZnobebs da qcevas gadmoscems. (ix. Tavi yuradRebis Sesaxeb). efeqtianobis wvrTnaSi motanilia
uamravi SemTxveva, rodesac bavSvebma, romlebic verc ki xvdebodnen, rom maTi qceva saSinlad
stkenda guls maswavlebels, `me~-Setyobinebis Sedegad Secvales uaryofiTi qceva. amgvari
Setyobinebebis gamoyenebisas, zogjer, Tavdapirvelad moswavleebs sTxovdnen sakuTari maswavlebeli grZnobebis mqone adamianad ganexilaT.
aqtiuri mosmena
guldasmiT (refleqsur) mosmenas ukukavSiri aqvs mTxrobelis naambobis SinaarsTan,
SeniSvnebTan da am gziT igebs mTxrobeli, rom usmenen. aqtiuri mosmenisas ukukavSirs
gancdiTi komponenti emateba da msmeneli mosaubres xmamaRla agebinebs naambobis gavleniT
gancdili mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, aqtiurma msmenelma SesaZloa Tqvas, `am problemebiT damZimebuli da imedgacruebuli [grZnoba] xar~. is maswavlebeli, romelic aqtiur
mosmenas iyenebs, uSualod atyobinebs moswavles pirovnul grZnobebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom
SesaZlebelia aqtiuri mosmeniT manipulireba da misi aragulwrfeli gamoyeneba, gonivruli
iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom aqtiuri mosmena urTierTobis damyarebisaken mimarTuli qcev-
316
317
pirovnuli urTierTobis
daakvirdiT sakuTar an sxva maswavleblis qcevas da gansazRvreT qvemoT CamoTvlili urTierTobebis romel formas Seesabameba. yoveli qcevis an TaviseburebisTvis, romelsac sakuTar Tavs miawerT, scadeT Sesabamisi magaliTis gaxseneba.
sasurveli Taviseburebebis ganviTarebisaTvis moiniSneT saWiro dro an SesaZlebloba. iyaviT SeZlebisdagvarad zusti.
1. moswavleebTan urTierTobis gzebi: SemoxazeT Sesabamisi done.
arc erTi gza
erTi gza
sxvadasxva gza
individis Sesatyvisi gza
1. Taviseburebebi: Seamowme, romeli miesadageba.
samarTlianoba
garegnoba
iumoris grZnoba
Tavazianoba
pativiscema
realuroba (namdviloba)
pirovnuli urTierTobis
damyareba - Sejameba
damyareba - Sejameba
319
pirovnuli urTierTobis
pirovnuli urTierTobis
damyareba - savarjiSo
damyareba - savarjiSo
321
Tavi 12
literatura
Allender, J. S., M. Seitchik. And D. Goldstein. `Student Involvement and Patterns of Teaching. Journal
of Classroom Interaction 16 (Summer 1981): 11-20.
Aspy, D., and F. N. Roebuck. Kids Dont Learn From People They dont Like. Amherst, Mass.: Human
Recourse Development Press, 1977.
Brophy, J. Teacher Praise: A Functional Analysis. Review of Educational Research 51 (Spring 1981): 5-32.
Brown, I., and R. C. Goodall. Enhancing Group Climate through Systematic Utilization of Feedback.
Journal of Classroom Interaction 16 (Summer 1981): 21-25.
Egan, G. The Skilled Helper. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1975.
Fraser, B. J., and P. OBrien. Student and Teacher Perceptions of the Environment of Elementary
School Classrooms. Elementary School Journal 85 (May 1985): 567-580.
Ginott, H. G. Between Parent and Child. New York: Macmillan, 1965.
Gordon, T. Teacher Effectiveness Training. New York: Wyden Press, 1974.
Johnson, M. S. I Think My Teacher Is. Learning (February 1976).
Joos, M. The Five Clocks. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967.
Mergendoller, J. R., and M. J. Packer. Seventh Graders Conceptions of Teachers: An Interpretive
Analysis. Elementary School Journal 85 (May 1985): 581-600.
Moustakas, C. The Authentic Teacher. Cambridge, Mass.: Howard A. Doyle Publishing Co., 1966.
Randolf, N., and William Howe. Self Enhancing Education. Palo Alto, Calif.: Sanford Press, 1966.
Rogers, V. R., Laughing with Children. Educational Leadership. (April 1984): 44-50.
322
13
saklaso garemo
sazogadoeba da urTierTdaxmareba
riski da Tavdajerebuloba
gavlena
saklaso garemo
aklaso garemos Sesaxeb kvlevebi mwiria, magram naTeli: mwiria kognitur sferoSi arsebul kvlevebTan SedarebiT, xolo naTelia imdenad, ramdenadac kvlevaTa Sedegebi
Tanamimdevrulia populaciis, moswavleTa asakisa da sagnebis mixedviT. Tu moswavleebi siZneleebTan SeWidebisas riskis gawevisa da mcdelobisaTvis ndobas, mxardaWerasa da
usafrTxoebas grZnoben, maT skolisa da swavlis mimarT damokidebuleba sasikeTod ecvlebaT (Moos and Moos 1978; Haertel, Walberg, and Haertel 1981; Fraser and Fisher 1983; Fraser 1986, 1989;
Nunnery, Rutler, and Bhaireddy 1993).
zemoTqmuli TiTqos saRi azria, Tumca kvlevebi am sferoSi ukanaskneli 30 wlis manZilze
siaxliT ver daikvexnis. 30 wlis win vicodiT, rom likertis skalis (Likert scale likertis
skala (1932 wels rensis likertis mier SemuSavebuli jamuri Sefasebebis skala) fsiqometriuli skala, romelic xSirad kiTxvarebsa da anketur kvlevebSi gamoiyeneba. cdis piri
yoveli debulebis mimarT sakuTari Tanxmobis xarisxs gamoxatavs skalis diapazoniT _
`savsebiT veTanxmebi~ da `savsebiT ar veTanxmebi~. yoveli konkretuli debulebis SefasebaTa
jami saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovavlinoT cdis piris ganwyoba ama Tu im sakiTxis mimarT. red.
Sen.) mixedviT gamorCeul maswavleblebs, ukeTesi Sedegebi hqondaT moswavleebTan, Tumca
ar vicodiT, ras akeTebdnen isini praqtikulad amis misaRwevad. warmodgena ar gvqonda sicxadis elementebisa da maTi urTierTkavSiris, am urTierTkavSiris operaciuli modelis an elementTa mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. dRes gacilebiT meti informacia gvaqvs sicxadis parametrze.
misi arsebiTi elementebis Camoyalibeba da Sesabamisi monacemebis safuZvelze warmatebul
swavlebasa da swavlaSi am elementebis wvlilis Sesaxeb msjeloba mainc SegviZlia. saklaso
garemosTan mimarTebaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa. aq likertis skalis doneze varT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saklaso garemos Sesaxeb kvlevebi 1920-ian wlebSi iRebs saTaves,
uitolma (Withall 1949) pirvelma Camoayaliba jgufis iseTi fenomenis ganmarteba, romelic
socialur-emociuri klimatis saxeliT aris cnobili. man aRniSna,
(socialur-emociuri klimati aris) zogadi emociuri faqtori, romelsac individebs Soris urTierTobisas vxvdebiT. mas garkveuli kavSiri aqvs mimReobis im
xarisxTan, romelsac jgufis wevrebi gamoxataven erTmaneTis moTxovnilebebisa
da miznebis mimarT. operirebis TvalsazrisiT, igi gavlenas axdens: (1) yoveli
individis Sinagan samyaroze; (2) jgufis esprit de corpsze (frang. kastur sulze,
solidarobaze. red. Sen.); (3) jgufis mniSvnelobis grZnobasa da individualur
miznebsa da aqtivobebze; (4) obieqturobaze, romliTac problemas ekidebian; (5)
jgufSi interpersonaluri urTierTobebis xarisxze.
325
Tavi 13
klasis
klimati
moswavlis
individualuri
fsiqologiuri
moTxovnilebebi
swavlis
procesi
1 am TaviseburebaTa mniSvnelobis gansazRvrisas ganviTarebis iseTi programebSi, rogoricaa `swavlis sazomebi~ (Marzano and
Pickering 1992), daiwyes moswavleTa mier mimReobis, unarisa da usafrTxoebis grZnobis komponentebis CarTva. arakomerciuli
organizaciis `socialuri pasuxismgeblobis~ TanamSromlebi mTeli qveynis masStabiT konfliqtis gadaWrisa da sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebis Sesaxeb seminarebs gvTavazoben. maTi misamarTia: 23 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138; 800-370-2515. Northeast
Foundation for Children msgavs maRali xarisxis seminarebs gvTavazobs. misi misamarTia: 71 Montague City Road, Greenfield MA
01301; 800-360-6332.)
326
saklaso garemo
sazogadoeba da urTierTTanadgoma
saklaso klimatis es sazomi aRwers CarTulobis, wevrobisa da urTierTmxardaWeris
xarisxs, romlebsac moswavleebi grZnoben erTmaneTis mimarT. am sazomis saTanadod ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, moswavles SeuZlia Tqvas: `me vgrZnob, rom aq mimiRes da wevri var. adamianebi Cems mxareze arian. me SemiZlia, davexmaro sxvebs, xolo sxvebi me damexmarebian~.
am sazomSi ganviTarebis xuTi donea da yoveli maTgani Taviseburebis amsaxvel debulebasTan aris dawyvilebuli:
327
Tavi 13
Tavdajerebuloba
da gariskva
gavlena
da kontroli
CarTuloba da
wevroba
pirovnuli
efeqtianoba
sxvaTa
gacnoba
Secdomebi swavlaSi
gvexmareba.
Secdomebi sisustis
niSania.
moswavleebs mivceT
ufleba gavlena
moaxdinon klasis
tempze.
misalmeba, aRiareba,
mosmena, reagireba da
dadastureba
Tqvengan ar moelian,
rom pirvelive jerze
yvelafers CaswvdebiT.
mniSvnelovania
yuradReba, mondomeba da
xarisxi.
mniSvnelovania
tempi. ufro swrafi
ufro gonieria.
saklaso TamaSis
wesebze SeTanxmeba.
jgufis identoba,
pasuxismgebloba da
urTierTdamokidebuleba.
Kkargi moswavleebi
iTxoven daxmarebas
da ukukavSirs
Sesrulebuli samuSaos
mimarT.
karg moswavleebs
sakuTari ZalebiT
SeuZliaT
yvelafris
mogvareba.
moswavleTaTvis
swavlis principebisa
da sxva strategiebis
swavleba.
kooperaciuli
swavleba, socialuri
unar-Cvevebi, saklaso
Sexvedrebi, jgufebis
dinamika.
Zalisxmeva da efeqtiani
strategiebi warmatebis
ZiriTadi pirobaa.
Tandayolili
inteleqti
warmatebis
ZiriTadi pirobaa.
moswavleebi iyeneben
swavlis stilisa da
arCevanis gakeTebis
Sesaxeb codnas.
problemebisa gadaWra
da konfliqtebis
mogvareba.
nebismier moswavles
SeuZlia warmatebis
miRweva da ara mxolod
yvelaze swrafs.
mxolod gamorCeul
erTeulebs
SeuZliaT
warmatebis miRweva.
moswavleebi da
maTi sazogadoeba
warmoadgens codnis
wyaros.
328
saklaso garemo
sxvaTa gacnoba
ufrosi klasebis inglisuri enis maswavlebelma jin stenfordma (Gene Stanford), 1977 wels
gamocemul wignSi `efeqtiani jgufebis ganviTareba klasSi~, saklaso klimatis es maxasiaTebeli ganmarta, rogorc ganviTarebis konsazogadoebis mSeneblobaSi Cadebuli es
tiniumi. igi mixvda, rom jgufis wevrad yofnis
mokrZalebuli investiciebi grZelvadian pe
safuZveli iyo jgufis wevrebis Sesaxeb inriodSi zrdis davalebis Sesrulebisa da masze
formaciis qona. amis gamo saswavlo wlis dawdaxarjuli drois efeqtianobas.
yebidan pirveli ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi
igi regularulad atarebda klasSi gacnobis
mokle aqtivobebs (gacnobis ocdaerTi aqtivoba mis wignSia mocemuli).
is maswavleblebi, romlebic yovel kvira ramdenime wuTs uTmobdnen am aqtivobebs, ar
uCiodnen saswavlo programiT gaTvaliswinebuli saqmianobebisaTvis drois naklebobas.
sazogadoebis mSeneblobaSi Cadebuli es mokrZalebuli investiciebi grZelvadian periodSi
zrdis davalebis Sesrulebisa da masze daxarjuli drois efeqtianobas. (igive SeiZleba iTqvas am maxasiaTebelSi sazogadoebis mSeneblobis sxva doneebzec.).
dRes aTobiT wignia xelmisawvdomi, romlebic gvTavazoben gacnobis SesaniSnav aqtivobebs (Stanford 1977; Shaw 1992; Seigle and Macklem 1993; Bennett and Smilanich 1994). wignSi `bingo
adamianebi~ (People Bingo) an mis versiaSi `moZebneT pirovneba vinc~ moswavleebi cdiloben
miniSnebis saSualebiT gamoicnon jgufis wevris vinaoba, magaliTad: `weliwadi gaatara safrangeTSi. yovelma moswavlem unda moZebnos is klaseli, romelmac safrangeTSi erTi weli
gaatara. zogierTi aqtivoba ufro grZelia, magaliTad partniorTa struqturirebuli interviu. intervius Semdeg masze dayrdnobiT yoveli partniori Tavis mewyviles acnobs mTel
klass an mcire jgufs.
Cveni erT-erTi yvelaze ufro sayvareli aqtivobaa artefaqtebis CanTa. es aqtivoba erTnairad popularulia mozrdilTa jgufebSic da mexuTeklaselebSic. monawileebs moaqvT CanTebi, romelSic awyvia maTi cxovrebis an interesebis amsaxveli nivTebi. erT-erTi monawile
329
Tavi 13
iRebs nebismier CanTas, saTiTaod alagebs nivTebs da warudgens maT wriulad ganlagebul
monawileebs. isini cdiloben gamoicnon CanTis mflobeli. mexuTe nivTis wardgenis Semdeg
(zogi nivTis simciris gamo SeiZleba yvelam ver dainaxos is Soridan kargad), jgufi iwyebs
koleqtiuri azris gamotanas. Semdeg CanTis namdvili mflobeli warudgeba klass da uxsnis
yoveli nivTis mniSvnelobas. SesaZlebelia, rom erT jerze orma an samma monawilem moaswros
Tavis wardgena.
am aqtivobis popularoba mozrdilTa Soris imis mauwyebelia, Tu ramdenad mcirea SesaZlebloba, icnobde kolegebs. urTierTobebis CamoyalibebisTvis saWiro ar unda gaxdes
TanamSromelTan ganmartoeba.
sazogadoebis mSeneblobis strategiebi dawyebuli meeqvse klasidan sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens klasis klimatis Seqmnis mTlian struqturaSi.
330
saklaso garemo
Cavmdgariyavi wreSi~. yovel bavSvs erTxel aqvs laparakis ufleba da is mimarTavs amorCeul
bavSvs da ara maswavlebels. yuradRebis centrSi myofi bavSvi mxolod ismens.
kargi mosmena SeiZleba iswavlebodes araorazrovnad. moswavleebma kargi mosmenis swavla
SesaZlebelia sarkesTan varjiSiT daiwyon. ori partniori dgas da irCevs vin iqneba wamyvani
(A adamiani) da vin iqneba mimdevari (B adamiani). A xelebs maRla swevs da atrialebs ise, rom
xelisgulebi mimarTuli iyos B-sken, romelmac xelebi A-s analogiurad (sarkeSi asaxuli
gamosaxulebis msgavsad) unda amoZraos. daaxloebiT 45 wamis Semdeg maswavleblis niSanze
partniorebi cvlian rolebs. A xdeba mimdevari (mimbaZveli), xolo B wamyvani. aqtivobis
kargad SesrulebisTvis orive partnioris yuradReba urTierTze unda iyos mimarTuli. es
qmnis pirdapiri swavlebis safexurs da socialuri unar-Cvevebis, gansakuTrebiT mosmenis,
varjiSis saSualebas.
bavSvebisaTvis mosmenis pirdapiri swavleba moicavs rolur TamaSs da varjiSs. es SesaZlebelia daviwyoT maTTvis kiTxvis dasmiT: `gaixseneT vinme, vinc namdvilad gismenT. Tqveni
azriT, ratom iqceva es adamiani ase?~ gaiTamaSeT yuradRebiT mosmenis aqtivobis rolebi
da mieciT saSualeba, gamoxaton sakuTari azri imis Sesaxeb, ra dainaxes da ra gaigones. CaiwereT maTi pasuxebi. sTxoveT moswavleebs, gaixsenon is adamiani, romelic maT ar usmens. kvlav gaaTamaSebineT rolebi da CaiwereT, ras fiqroben imis Sesaxeb, rac dainaxes da gaigones.
amis Semdeg moswavleebi ukve mzad arian sameulebad (msmeneli, mosaubre da damkvirvebeli)
ivarjiSon mosmenaSi.
mravali maswavlebeli iyenebs mosmenis varjiSs saskolo praqtikaSi. magaliTad, ekiTxeba
moswavles, surs Tu ara Seajamos is, razec wina gamomsvlelma isaubra diskusiis dros. moswavleebs ar SeuZliaT winaswar gansazRvron, rodis mouwevT sxvisi Sexedulebis Sejameba.
331
Tavi 13
Cveulebrivi saswavlo davalebebi SeiZleba SevusabamoT damtvreuli kvadratebis struqturas. marTlweris (teqnikuri, ucxo enis an inglisuri sityvebis) swavlisas, sityvebi SeiZleba daiWras da Calagdes calkeuli asoebis mixedviT Seqmnil konvertebSi. es asoebi SerCevis gareSe xuT konvertSia moTavsebuli. xuTi gundidan TiToeuli iRebs TiTo konverts.
gundis amocanaa erTmaneTTan saubris da erTmaneTisgan sityvis Semadgeneli asoebis aRebis
gareSe sworad Seadginon sityvebi. sworad dawerili sityvebis furceli xelmisawvdomi unda
iyos gundisaTvis, rom maT davalebis Sesrulebis dros SeZlon erTmaneTis rCevis gaTvaliswineba.
332
damtvreuli kvadratebi
D
C
3. ra moxda Semdeg? Seicvala Tu ara strategiebi? gqondaT Tu ara jgufSi funqcionirebis gansxvavebuli
fazebi?
msvleloba
(kvadratis nawilebze aRniSnuli asoebi mxolod imas emsaxureba, rom davalebis dasrulebis Semdeg es nawilebi Sesabamis
konvertSi davabrunoT.)
2. wevrebma erTmaneTs kvadratis nawilebi ar unda sTxovon sityviT an usityvo miniSnebiT. (wevrebs SeuZliaT
nebayoflobiT miscen nawilebi sxva wevrebs.)
wesebi
miTiTebebi
nakrebi Sedgeba konvertisgan, romelSic Calagebulia sxvadasxvagvarad daWrili muyaos kvadratebi. sworad awyobis SemTxvevaSi, miyovel Tqvengans aqvs konverti, romelSic kvadratis
iReba xuTi erTnairi zomis kvadrati. moswavleTa xuTkacian jgufebs
nawilebia
Cawyobili. jgufis mizania niSnis micemisTanave aawurigdebaT TiTo nakrebi.
yos xuTi erTnairi zomis kvadrati. gverdis zoma unda iyos
nakrebis mosamzadeblad 6 inCiani gverdis mqone kvadratebi unda
6 inCi. davaleba Sesrulebulad ar CaiTvleba, sanam xuT erTdaixazos, dalagdes da fanqriT (raTa mere advili iyos waSla) daeweros
nairi zomis kvadrats ar miiRebT.
asoebi qvemoT mocemuli nimuSis Sesabamisad.
saklaso garemo
William Pfeiffer and John E. Jones, Editors. La Jolla: University Associates Publishers, Inc., 1974.
333
Tavi 13
gamocanebSi klass avaleben, wamoayenon braldeba mxolod maSin, Tu yvela monawile eTanxmeba mas. mcdari braldebis SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebeli ar eubneba swor pasuxs da sTxovs miubrundnen jgufur muSaobas da samxilis xelaxla ganxilvas. miuxedavad imisa, amoicnoben
Tu ara moswavleebi damnaSave mxares, aqtivoba 20 wuTis Semdeg sruldeba da klasi ubrundeba
igive davalebas meore dRes.
moswavleTa mier am aqtivobis safuZvelze warmatebuli jgufuri muSaoba da individualuri socialuri Tu davalebis amoxsnis unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibeba maT yoveldRiur qcevaze
sasikeTod ver aisaxeba (ar moxdeba transferi), Tu maswavlebeli gamiznulad ar dagegmavs
amgvar transfers. socialuri unar-Cvevebis warmatebuli swavleba moiTxovs (1) unar-Cvevis
saxeldebas, (2) cxovrebaSi am unar-Cvevis sargeblianobis Sesaxeb warmodgenis Seqmnas, (3)
mis modelirebas, (4) moswavleTa mier am unar-CvevaSi varjiSs da (5) Sesrulebuli samuSaos
Taobaze moswavleTaTvis pirdapiri ukukavSiris uzrunvelyofas. maswavleblisgan miRebuli ukukavSiris garda, moswavleTa mier jgufSi funqcionirebis sakuTari donis gaazreba
(gaaanalizon da moaxdinon TviTSefaseba) korelaciaSia unar-Cvevebis Camoyalibebasa da akademiur miRwevebTan (Yager da sxvebi 1986.) socialuri Cvevebis detaluri swavleba, Sedegebis
xSiri Sejameba da damuSaveba moswavleebs uyalibebs molodinebs am unar-Cvevebis klasSi gamoyenebis Taobaze. arasaskolo garemoze transferi moxdeba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT me-9 TavSi
_ `swavleba transferisaTvis~ _ swavlis principebis Sesaxeb rekomendaciebs.
konfliqtis mogvareba
klasSi (an skolaSi) jansaRi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis bolo safexuria misi wevrebisaTvis sakuTari konfliqtebis mogvarebis unaris Camoyalibeba. es moicavs imis aRiarebas, rom
konfliqti Cveulebrivi ram aris da rom uTanxmoeba (romelic igive ar aris, rac konfliqti)
namdvilad sasargebloa swavlisTvis.
konfliqti ganisazRvreba rogorc situacia, romelSic ori adamianis moTxovnilebebi
erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba da mimdinare qceva an moqmedeba mimarTulia imaze, rom erTma
gaimarjvos meoris xarjze. konfliqtis mogvareba niSnavs orive mxarisTvis misaRebi gadawyvetilebis povnas an orive mxaris mier kompromiss.
konfliqtis mogvarebis modelTa umravlesobas msgavsi safexurebi aqvs da msgavs unarCvevebs aviTarebs. magaliTad, tomas gordonis (Thomas Gordon 1974) modeli moicavs aqtiuri
mosmenis unar-Cvevebs da `me~-Setyobinebas _ arsebiT sakomunikacio unarebs, romelic adamianebs konfliqtis mogvarebis klasikur safexurebs aswavlis.
qvemoT CamoTvlili programaTa umravlesobaSi sxvadasxva saxiT gvxvdeba:
1. gaacnobiere sakuTari brazi, damSviddi da Tavi xelSi aiyvane. am safexurze zogi
programa relaqsacias an sakuTar Tavze orientirebul Sesvenebis teqnikas aswavlis.
2. gansazRvre namdvili problema. jonsoni da jonsoni (Johnson and Johnson 1995, gv. 5-6)
meore safexurs sasargeblo komponentebad anawevreben:
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy
am safexurs garkveuli dro sWirdeba. bevri modeli mxars uWers im mosazrebas, rom
334
saklaso garemo
saWiroa moswavleebma sakuTari moTxovnilebebis gansazRvra iswavlon da ara mxolod maTTvis sasurveli moqmedebiT an gadawyvetilebiT saubari. am SemTxvevaSi xSirad saWiroa
kiTxvebis gansazRvra, dasma da aqtiuri mosmena. swored amitom erTveba xSirad procesSi
neitraluri Suamavali.
1. gansazRvre dadebiTi mizani. pozitiurad Camoayalibe sasurveli Sedegi, magaliTad:
`Cven orives gveqneba sakmarisi dro kompiuterTan samuSaod~.
2. moifiqreT problemis mogvarebis ramdenime varianti. am safexurze moswavleebs
xSirad gonebrivi ieriSis teqnikas aswavlian.
3. SeafaseT problemis mogvarebis gzebi da airCieT erT-erTi sacdelad.
4. SeimuSaveT gegma. xSirad mxolod gadaWris gzis arCeva (mag., `sadilis Semdeg kompiuterTan muSaobis dros Suaze gaviyofT~) ar kmara. saWiroa specifikuri gegma,
romelic gansazRvravs vin ras, rodis da sad gaakeTebs. SesaZlebelia, saWiro gaxdes
gegmis werilobiTi SeTanxmeba.
5. SeafaseT gegma, raTa SeamowmoT, orive mxare icavs Tu ara sakuTar valdebulebebs,
ramdenad kargia gegma da sWirdeba Tu ara Sesworeba. (am safexurebis Sesaxeb detaluri informaciisaTvis ix. Johnson and Johnson 1995, gv. 5:1-5:30.)
Cven darwmunebulni varT, rom jonsoni da jonsoni (1995) marTlebi arian: Suamavloba
yvela moswavles unda vaswavloT da ara mxolod zogierTs. swored mediatoris rolSi swavloben da iTaviseben moswavleebi konfliqtis mogvarebis unar-Cvevebs. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeZleben isini konfliqtis dros am unar-CvevaTa damoukideblad gamoyenebas. imis Tqma
gvsurs, rom Suamavlobis swavleba yvela moswavlisTvis konfliqtis efeqtiani mogvarebis
unar-CvevaTa swavlebis da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi misi transferis yvelaze mZlavri modelia.
socialur problemaTa mogvarebis Taobaze Sexvedrebi, romelic uiliam glasers (William Glasser 1969) aqvs aRwerili Tavis wignSi `skola marcxis gareSe~, idealuri saSualebaa am
safexurebisa da maTi Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis ganviTarebisTvis.
saklaso klimatis Sesaxeb Catarebul kvlevaSi, romlis mizani klimatis cvladebis genderisa da rasis _ gansxvavebuli efeqtebis Seswavla iyo, dengma (Deng 1992) aRmoaCina, rom,
erTi mxriv, SavkanianTa, laTinoamerikelTa da TeTrkanianTa da, meore mxriv, biWebsa da gogonebs Soris miRwevebi maTematikis Seswavlisas mkveTrad gansxvavebuli iyo klasSi susti
sazogadoebisa da maRali daZabulobis pirobebSi. es aRmoCena xazs usvams imas, Tu ra mniSvneloba aqvs saklaso sazogadoebas, rogorc cvlads imisaTvis, rom gogonebma maTematikaSi,
xolo feradkanianma moswavleebma (integrirebuli klasebSi) TiTqmis yvela saganSi miaRwion
warmatebas.
335
Tavi 13
rwmena, swavlis tempi da mis mniSvneloba, sakuTari ZalebiTa Tu sxvebTan erTad an sxvebis
daxmarebiT siaxlis wvdoma.2 SesaZloa Secdomebis, tempisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb produqtiuli Sexedulebebis wyaro inteleqtis Sesaxeb warmodgena iyos (kerZod, rom SesaZlebelia
inteleqtis ganviTareba da nebismier adamians SeuZlia warmatebis miRweva saWiro droisa da
swavlis kargi strategiebis gamoyenebiT.) ra urTierTkavSiric unda arsebobdes am SexedulebaTa Soris, cxadia, rom maswavleblis qcevis repertuaris gansazRvra TiToeuli Sexedulebis ganmtkicebiT SegviZlia.
13.3 sqema gviCvenebs xuT Sexedulebas, romlebic xazs usvams riskis gawevis uaryofiT
da dadebiT formebs. dadebiTi Sexedulebebi `aTavisuflebs~ cxovrebas, xolo uaryofiTi
`zRudavs~.
dadebiTi Sexedulebebi
uaryofiTi Sexedulebebi
Secdomebis Sesaxeb:
Secdomebis Sesaxeb:
tempis Sesaxeb:
tempis Sesaxeb:
daxmarebis Sesaxeb:
daxmarebis Sesaxeb:
Sesruleba.
klasis klimatis riskis gawevis sazomi dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu ramdenad Tavdajerebulia moswavle da agreTve mis mier socialuri da akademiuri riskis gawevasTan. am sazomis saTanadod ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi moswavles SeuZlia Tqvas: `am SemTxvevaSi gariskva
usafrTxoa. Tu ufro metad vecdebi, Secdomebze viswavli da movindomeb, warmatebas mivaRwev~.
2 madlobas vuxdiT jon daurias (John DAuria) SexedulebaTa amgvari sistemis Camoyalibebisas kritikuli mosazrebisaTvis.
336
saklaso garemo
moswavlis riskianobis ganviTarebisTvis saWiroa specifikuri strategiebisa da midgomebis Tavmoyra. zogjer maswavlebeli aRiarebs riskianobis mniSvnelobas, magram iSviaTad
uxsnis moswavleebs misi ganviTarebis gzebs. magaliTad, erTi avtoris azriT, `gagebisTvis
swavleba mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli im socialur normaTa damkvidrebaze, romlebic xels uwyobs sxva adamianTa Sexedulebebis pativiscemas. amis miRweva mxolod saubriT
SeuZlebelia. Tqven unda SecvaloT socialuri normebi, rasac dro da simtkice sWirdeba~
(Lampert 1994).
rogor unda SevZloT es?
gTavazobT kidev erT magaliTs. sanimuSo maswavlebelTa gamocdilebis araCveulebriv
aRweraSi, romlebic sxvadasxva disciplinebSi moswavleTaTvis problemebis gadaWris swavlebisas kognitur strategiebs iyeneben, brueri (Bruer 1993) wers:
sabazo gakveTili mizidulobis Sesaxeb kursis me-6 kviras iwyeba. am droisTvis
minstrelma (maswavlebeli) klasTan urTierTgagebis garemo Seqmna. mas wvdomis gaRrmavebisTvis saWiro pirobebi aqvs Seqmnili klimati, sadac kiTxvebis
dasmisa da gansxvavebuli azrisadmi pativiscema dominirebs, sadac mecnieruli
msjelobis procesi Ria da gacnobierebulia. veterani maswavleblebic ki gaocebulni arian imiT, rogor Tavisuflad gamoxataven moswavleebi mosazrebebs,
akeTeben daSvebebs da msjeloben Sexedulebebze. (gv. 42)
rogor SeZlo minstrelma, rom misi moswavleebi aseTi Tavisuflebi gamxdariyvnen?
ramdenime dRis Semdeg minstreli klasTan erTad aanalizebs, ra dro dasWirdeba 1-kilogramian da 5-kilogramian sagnebs erTi da imave distanciidan CamovardnisaTvis. isini mniSvnelovan eqsperiments atareben pizaSi galileos
apokrifuli eqsperimentis miniaturul models. iatakze orive burTis erTdrouli dacemis Semdeg minstreli dafisken brundeba, sadac Tavsatexis pasuxebi aqvs dawerili. `zogierTi Tqvengani SesaZloa Tavs sulelad grZnobs amgvari
pasuxebis xilvisas. Tavi sulelad ar unda igrZnoT, vnaxoT, ra aris mniSvnelovani am pasuxebSi. Tqveni azriT, ratom ecema mZime sagnebi ufro swrafad?~
msjelobs maswavlebeli* (gv. 43-44) amjerad, Tavisufali garemos Seqmnis gasaRebis wvdomas viwyebT.
gTavazobT gariskvis mniSvnelobis aRiarebis saboloo magaliTs:
maswavleblebisTvis rTulia kvlevis swavleba da iseT unar-Cvevebs moiTxovs,
romlebic TviT skolis personalis intensiuri ganviTarebis gziT unda Camoyalibdes. Tu moswavle ar endoba maswavlebls an sxva moswavleebs, dasmul kiTxvas, romlis mizani iyo ufro Rrmad daefiqrebina moswavle saganze, ukuSedegi
SeiZleba hqondes. moswavles SeiZleba egonos, rom es kiTxva wina kiTxvaze arasworad gacemuli pasuxis gamo dausves da surT, rom klasis winaSe misi ugunureba gamoamzeuron. savaraudoa, rom
amgvari safrTxe Seamcirebs maRal
moswavleTa umetesoba skolaSi swavlis pirve
doneebze azrovnebis unars ra Seilive wlebidan igebs, rom Secdoma sasargeblo
Zleba iyos imaze ufro saSiSi, vidre
monacemi ki ar aris, aramed sisustis niSani.
sajaro marcxi da dacinva?
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT maswavlebelTa amerikuli federaciis kvartaluri Jurnalis American Educator-is 1993 wlis gazafxulis
gamocemidan. Bruer, John T. `The Minds Journey from Novice to Expert~. American Educator 38 (zafxuli 1993): 6-15.) DE
337
Tavi 13
Secdomebi
Cvens qveyanaSi sjeraT, rom inteleqti ucvleli, Tandayolili da myari bunebisaa. moswavleTa umetesoba skolaSi swavlis pirvelive wlebidan igebs, rom Secdomebi sasargeblo
monacemebi an swavlis SesaZleblobebi ki ar aris, romlebic unda gamoiyeno, aramed sisustis niSania. swored Secdomis, rogorc swavlis SesaZleblobis, xelSewyoba aris moswavleTa
Tavdajerebulobisa da riskis gawevis survilis safuZveli. es idea gamoxata 30 wlis win jerom brunerma, roca Tqva, rom Cveni mizania davexmaroT moswavleebs `miiRon warmateba da
marcxi ara rogorc jildo an sasjeli, aramed rogorc informacia~. swored ase iqcevian is
adamianebi, romlebic warmatebas aRweven saklaso garemos am elementis Camoyalibebisas. beverli holisi (Beverly Hollis) linkolnis (masaCusetsi) me-7 klasis maswavlebeli wers:
wlis dasawyisSi, roca moswavleebi pasuxis gacemas dumils amjobineben da lodinis dro erTgvari satanjvelia, me vekiTxebi: `aris Tu ara es sikvdil-sicocxlis situacia? ara, maS ra moxdeba, Tuki SegeSlebaT? es xom erT-erTia im
uTvalav pasuxTagan, romlis gacema sicocxleSi mogiwevT, ra moxdeba Tuki
SecdebiT? Tu SecdebiT, garantias gaZlevT, rom swori pasuxis mosmenamde wasvlis uflebas ar mogcemT. magram ufro mniSvnelovania, rom pasuxis gacemisas gariskeT. ramdeni sazriani pasuxi da SeniSvna ver movismineT imis gamo, rom
Tqven, rogorc moswavleebs, Secdomis SegeSindaT. ar msurs, rom aseTi SiSi
Cveuli ram gaxdes Cvens klasSi~.
vesaubrebi Cems pirad cxovrebaSi gaweuli riskebis Sesaxeb, velur adgilebSi
kanoeTi Cems erTTvian mogzaurobaze da ama Tu im Temis konkretuli gziT swavlebis riskze. `minda, raRac axali movsinjo, rac viswavle da Tqveni ukukavSiri
mWirdeba~, veubnebi maT. aseT ukukavSirs yoveli Temis Seswavlis Semdeg vTxov.
veubnebi, rom SeuZliaT miTxran, Tu ar moewonebaT masalis axsnisas Cems mier
gamoyenebuli konkretuli midgoma im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki SemomTavazeben pozitiur kritikas da aRniSnaven ra moewonaT da ratom, SemomTavazeben alternativebs
an rCevebs, ra SeiZleboda gamekeTebina ufro ukeT. [yuradReba miaqcieT, rom
moswavleebisTvis kritikis nebis micemiT, b-ni holisi maT garkveul Zalauflebasac aZlevs.] maT aseve vaZlev uflebas, airCion konkretuli Temis Seswavlis
sasurveli midgoma da vTxov, amixsnan, ratom miaCniaT es midgoma saukeTesod.
maT moswonT Zalaufleba; isini daujerebel gamWriaxobas avlenen da Sedegad
iReben Cems maRal molodinebs da Cems kritikas arasasurveli Sefasebis miRebisas. testirebisas moswavleebs damatebiTi qulebis mogrovebis saSualebas vaZlev, Tuki SeZleben sakuTari Secdomebis CamoTvlas an testis kiTxvis araswo-
Ellsworth, P. C., and V. G. Sindt. `Helping `Aha` to Happen: the Contributions of Irving Sigal.` Educational Leadership 51 (May 1994):
40-44. Copyright 1994 by ASCD. ibeWdeba nebarTviT. yvela ufleba daculia.B
338
saklaso garemo
rad gagebis mizezs. aseve Riad da advilad vaRiareb sakuTar Secdomebsac. imedi
maqvs, rom gulwrfelobisa da riskis gawevis es atmosfero saSualebas maZlevs,
Sevusworo moswavleebsac da sakuTar Tavsac ise, rom Secdomebis gamo Tavi damnaSaveebad an sulelebad ar vigrZnoT.
ana Saini (Anna Shine) bostonis axali inglisis skolis maswavlebeli ambobs:
erT-erTi qceva, romelsac wavaxaliseb, Secdomebis daSvebaa. Cems moswavleebs veubnebi, rom mcdar pasuxze imdenad ar vidardeb, ramdenadac imaze, Tu ar
ecdebian. mcdeloba da Secdomebis daSveba sasircxvilo ar aris, sasircxviloa
sizarmace. sircxvilze uaresia swavlis gamouyenebeli SesaZlebloba. gamudmebiT vaxseneb, rom CemTvisac da maTTvisac gagebaa mniSvnelovani da ara Secdomebi.
aSkaraa, rom moswavleebi ar gariskaven, Tu Tavs usafrTxod ar grZnoben. ase
rom, vcdilob Cems klasSi swored usafrTxo garemo Sevqmna Secdomebis daSvebis
TvalsazrisiT, radgan moswavleebs SeuZliaT Secdomebis safuZvelze iswavlon.
arsebiTad, moswavleebs didi (2-inCiani diametris mqone) oqrosferi varskvlavebiT vajildoeb or SemTxvevaSi: samuSaos kargad Sesrulebis da Secdomebis daSvebisas.
rodesac oqros varskvlavebs pirvelad vaCveneb, ise miyureben, rogorc sulels. `oqros varskvlavi SecdomisaTvis?~ fiqroben isini. `albaT, ar icis, ras
akeTebs~. miuxedavad amisa, isini swrafad igeben, rom `oqrosvarskvlaviani Secdoma~ iseTi Secdomaa, romlis safuZvelze yvela moswavles raRacis swavla
SeuZlia. aseTi Secdomis daSvebiT moswavle TanaklaselebisTvis swavlis axal
SesaZleblobas uzrunvelyofs da Tavadac swavlobs, rom gariskva usafrTxoa.
amgvari riskis gaweviT, moswavle izrdeba (misi codna da Tavdajerebuloba), sasurvel oqros varskvlavs iRebs, xolo klasi swavlobs.
msgavs SemTxvevebSi CrdiloeT polusis feirbenkis (alaska) dawyebiTi skolis maswavlebeli teri makarti (Terry McCarthy) `simamacis qulebs~ uwers im bavSvebs, romlebsac ar eSiniaT rTul sakiTxebze muSaoba scadon maSinac ki, rodesac darwmunebulebi ar arian sakuTar
TavSi. dakvirvebuli maswavlebeli Tavis gamogonili am da mravali sxva gziT, gaazrebulad
qmnis da uwyobs xels klasSi riskis gawevisa da Secdomis daSvebisTvis usafrTxo garemos.
tempi
meore Sexeduleba, romelic bavSvebs `moaqvT~ skolaSi, aseTia: ufro swrafi ufro sxartia, imis nacvlad, rom sjerodeT yuradReba, xarisxi da mondomebaa mniSvnelovani. ras
akeTeben maswavlebelebi moswavleebisaTvis am damTrgunveli rwmenisagan ganTavisuflebis
mizniT?
me-11 TavSi aRvwereT xelmeored testirebis politika, romlis mixedviTac moswavlis
saboloo Sefasebis safuZveli iqneba mis mier miRebuli umaRlesi qula miuxedavad imisa,
ramdenjer gaivlis testirebas (ra Tqma unda, testebis alternatiuli formebis arsebobis
gaTvaliswinebiT). aseTi forma Secvlis testirebisa da xelmeore testirebis maCveneblebis
gasaSualebis praqtikas. aseTi praqtikis gareSe `A~, `B~ da `ar Caubarebia~ Sefaseba mxolod
imis niSania, rom saboloo Sedegia mTavari da sxva araferi. aseTi gziT saboloo Sedegamde
misvla sulac ar aufasurebs sxva moswavlis mier pirvelive jerze miRebul `A~ Sefasebas,
339
Tavi 13
ukukavSiri da daxmareba
kidev erTi faqtori, romelic xels uSlis swavlas da zians ayenebs saklaso garemos, aris
Sexeduleba, rom `kargi moswavle sakuTari ZalebiT akeTebs yvelafers~ nacvlad Sexedulebisa, rom kargi moswavle iTxovs daxmarebas da uzrunvelyofs ukukavSirs.
maswavleblebi xels uwyoben am Sexedulebis ganviTarebas misi modelirebiTa da
waxalisebiT da iseTi struqturebis SeqmniT,
romlebic aaSkaraveben mas. magaliTad, weris
mraval programaSi Tanaklaselebis mier redaqtirebis procesi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sagnebis mixedviT moxsenebis werisas; namuSevris
saboloo variantis damuSavebamde moswavleebma unda moisminon monaxazis Sesaxeb TanatolTa kritika sazogadod miRebuli kriteriumebis mixedviT.
moswavleebs
emyareba misi yvela wevris stimuls. testirebaSi individualuri qulis mateba TviT am
individis wina testirebis saSualo qulasTan SedarebiT, mTeli gundis qulis matebas
niSnavs. gundisTvis swavlis dro uzrunvelyofilia ise, rom wevrebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTis daxmareba. (ix. Slavin 1986).
3 novatorul skolebSi mxars uWeren Sefasebis amgvar politikas. ori semestris nacvlad trimestrebi aqvT. trimestrebs
Soris Sualedi erTi kvira or mizans emsaxureba: im moswavleebs, romlebmac maRal donis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad daasrules
saswavlo kursi, SeuZliaT mis ganvrcobasa da srulyofaze izrunon; moswavleebs, romlebmac jer ver daasrules kursi maRal
doneze, damatebiTi kvirisa da maswavleblis daxmarebis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT.)
340
saklaso garemo
Zalisxmeva da unari
Tu moswavleebs inteleqtis Tandayolilobis, ucvlelobis, gazomvadobisa da usamarTlod ganawilebis sjeraT, aseve daijereben, rom inteleqtis `raodenoba~, romelic maT aqvT,
ZiriTadi faqtoria, romelic gansazRvravs warmatebebs skolaSi da skolis gareT momaval
cxovrebaSi (Howard 1993). SeerTebul StatebSi sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT yvelaze metad
ganviTarebuli da gavleniania Sexeduleba, rom inteleqti aris is, rac aregulirebs Cvens
SesaZleblobebs. arsebiTad. inteleqtis, rogorc ucvlelisa da gazomvadis koncefcia Tavad SevqmeniT Cveni istoriis konkretul monakveTSi daaxloebiT 1890-1920 wlebSi (Gould
1982; Oakes 1985).
am nawilSi ganvixilavT am Sexedulebis Sedegebs, kontrSexedulebis `tkbil nayofs~
da moswavleTa Sexedulebis sasikeTod Secvlis gzebs. sawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba, romlis
mixedviT Tanamimdevruli Zalisxmeva da efeqtiani strategiebi warmatebis mTavari faqtoria, motivaciis wyarod iqceva da xels Seuwyobs swavlas, Tuki Secvlis rwmenas, rom Tandayolili inteleqti warmatebis mTavari faqtoria (Howard 1993). Tanamimdevruli strategiiTa
da efeqtiani ZalisxmeviT nebismier moswavles SeuZlia warmatebis miRweva da ara mxolod
yvelaze swrafsa da Tavdajerebuls.
atribuciis Teoria gvixsnis ori gansxvavebuli Sexedulebis moqmedebis dinamikas (Weiner
1970). Teoriis mixedviT Cvens mier Cvenive warmatebisa da warumateblobis mizezebis axsnas
(atribucias) gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs Cvens momaval qcevaze. arsebiTad, es Sinagani axsna aris pasuxismgebeli Cvens momaval qcevaze. is maswavleblebi, romelTac surT daexmaron
moswavleebs Tandayolili inteleqtis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis SecvlaSi Zalisxmevisa da kargi
strategiebis mniSvnelobis sasargeblod saklaso cxovrebis aT sferoSi (me-11 Tavi) dadebiTi qcevis mowmeebi xdebian. magaliTad, isini moTminebiT agrZeleben muSaobas im moswavleebTan, romlebic swrafad ver pasuxoben; iyeneben miniSnebebs da lodinis dros. aq winamdebare
Tavi nawilobriv Tanxvdeba me-11 Tavs (maswavleblis qcevis Seswavla, romelic arwmunebs moswavleebs sakuTar SesaZleblobebsa da Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobaSi). sami Setyobinebis `es
mniSvnelovania~, `amis gakeTebas SeZleb~, `danebebis nebas ar mogcem~ gagzavna aseve mniSvnelovania moswavleTa dasarwmuneblad imaSi, rom maT sakmarisi inteleqti aqvT rTuli
masalis dasaZlevad. dasaxmareblad maT mxolod xangrZlivi muSaoba, saWiro resursebi da
swavlis strategiebi sWirdebaT. maswavleblis movaleobaa detalurad aswavlon maT strategiebi.
gavlena
`kargma maswavlebelma icis, rom swavlaSi CasarTvelad moswavleebs sakuTrebis garkveuli grZnoba unda hqondeT klasis an davalebis mimarT pirovnuli Zalaufleba, rwmena,
rom maT gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT~ (Dodd 1995). es Sexeduleba aisaxa 1980-iani da 1990-iani
wlebis or naSromSi. pirveli, azrovnebisa da individualuri stilis (mag., Myers and McCaulley 1985; Harrison and Bramson 1982) Sesaxeb SexedulebaTa mravali sistemiT dadginda, rom kargad funqcionirebisTvis bevr adamians sWirdeboda sakuTari garemos garkveuli aspeqtebis
marTva an kontroli. meore, konstruqtivistuli swavlis da swavlebis Sesaxeb literatura
341
Tavi 13
342
saklaso garemo
daxmareba. mas SeuZlia dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebs ubralod uTxras: `maniSne xeliT, roca ver gaigeb~ (ASCD Conference 1992).
Tu
maswavleblebi
seriozulad
ekidebian
am
miTiTebebs
, miniSnebaTa
iseT
sistemas
uvi
Tareben moswavleebs, rom es ukanasknelni sakuTari iniciativiT aRiareben, rom ver gaiges
da Tavidan axsna sWirdebaT. xeliT miniSnebebi, magaliTad, qvemoT mimarTuli cera TiTi,
SesaZloa erT-erTi aseTi signali iyos. SeiZleba SuqniSnis msgavsad moswavleebma wiTeli,
yviTeli an mwvane baraTebi dailagon magidis kuTxeSi, rac maswavlebels saSualebas aZlevs,
mxedvelobiT
swrafad
daadginos
, gaiges
Tu
ara
moswavleebmaroca
moswavlis niSanze swavlebis Sewyveta saklaso kulturis nawili xdeba, sxva simboloebi an frazebi am kulturis
asaxvas emsaxureba. erT-erTma maswavlebelma Tavis klass uambo, rogor gaCerda mogzaurobis dros misi ojaxi qmari da eqvsi Svili sadilisaTvis `makdonalds~-Si. `sad aris bobi?~
ikiTxa dedam oTxi milis gavlis Semdeg. aRmoCnda, rom sasadilodan gamosulebs siswrafeSi
bili `makdonalds~-Si `darCaT~.
`makdonalds~-Si xom ar damrCiT?~ _ amis Semdeg maswavlebeli am frazas, rogorc Sifrs xSirad iyenebs imis gasarkvevad, gaiges Tu ara moswavleebma. `misis svift, Cemi azriT,
`makdonalds~-Si dagrCiT!~ iumornarevi Sifri maswavleblisTvis swavlebis Sewyvetinebas emsaxureba da maswavleblis damadasturebeli reaqcia aCvenebs, rom es praqtika mniSvnelovania, radgan vergagebis gamo SeniRbuli gakicxvis nacvlad moswavlisTvis Seqeba moaqvs.
343
Tavi 13
gaxarebulni, aramed im gavleniT, rac maT TviT klasis marTvaSi hqondaT. maswavlebelTan
TanamSromlobiT maT saklaso TamaSis wesebi Secvales da tradiciuli pasiuri msmenelebidan
aqtiur da avtoritetul moTamaSeebad gadaiqcnen.
am istoriis mizania Semdegi kiTxvis dasma: saklaso TamaSis wesebze gavlenis, interaqciisa
da muSaobis formebisa da dinamikis CamoyalibebaSi monawileobis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvT
moswavleebs? rogor unda CamovuyaliboT maT Tanaziarobis (inglisuri sityvis ownership-is
qarTul sinonimad `Tanaziaroba~, `monawileoba~ varCieT, Tumca, zogjer `mesakuTreobasac~
viyenebT. red. Sen.) grZnoba am wesebis mimarT?
varjiSi: moswavleebs am principis codnis gamoyeneba sakuTari individualuri varjiSis grafikis optimizaciisTvis SeuZliaT.
moswavleTaTvis am strategiebis gacnobis dros, im maswavleblebs, romlebmac atribuciis Teoria ician da TavdadebiT emsaxurebian samgvari molodinis Setyobinebis gagzavnas
(`es mniSvnelovania~, `amis gakeTebas SeZleb~, `danebebis nebas ar mogcem~), gansakuTrebuli
aRmoCena eliT. maT gauCndebaT xSiri SesaZlebloba daakavSiron am strategiaTa gamoyeneba
moswavlis warmatebasTan da ar miscen saSualeba moswavles, warmateba inteleqts miaweros.
`joz, romelime grafikuli organizatori gamoiyene am Tavis swavlis dros? ara? kargi, naxe!
344
saklaso garemo
Sen calsaxad vizualuri Semswavleli xar. Senc da mec es kargad viciT. modi, vnaxoT, rogor
SegviZlia am strategiis gamoyeneba aseTi masalis swavlisas. vici, rom amis gakeTebas SeZleb!~
345
Tavi 13
346
saklaso garemo
347
Tavi 13
348
maswavlebeli:
laura:
timi:
hilari:
onika:
maswavlebeli:
saklaso garemo
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Randolf, Catherine H., and Carolyn M. Evertson. `Managing for Learning: Rules, Roles, and Meaning in a Writing
Class`. Journal of Classroom Interaction 30 (Summer 1995): 17-25.)
349
Tavi 13
350
saklaso garemo
6 sxvagan ladson-bilingsi mtkiced uWers mxars saklaso sazogadoebis Camoyalibebas da urTierTdaxmarebis garemos Seqmnas.
351
sazogadoeba da urTierTdaxmareba
rogor waaxalisebT moswavleebs erTmaneTisa da sxva adamianebis gasacnobad?
gariskva da Tavdajerebuloba
353
rodis acnobT moswavleebs Sexedulebas `kargi moswavle muSaobisas iTxovs daxmarebas da ukukavSirs~?
gavlena
ra saSualebebs iyenebT imisaTvis, rom adgilobrivi sazogadoebis kultura ganixilebodes rogorc `avtoritetuli~ saswavlo gegmisa da, Sesabamisad, codnis
arsebiTi wyaro?
354
saklaso garemo
literatura
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357
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358
14
miznebi
ra vaswavloT da rogor ganvsazRvroT
miznebi?
maswavleblis xedvis xuTi tipi
maswavleblis xedv a da gakveTilis
dagegmva
sirTulis done
mizanTa pirveladi w yaroebi
mizanTa meoreuli wyaroebi
miznebi
361
Tavi 14
aRmzrdeli:
madleni:
maSin, ratom ar SemoaxazvineT indauris konturi? rodesac bavSvebi mTlianad Seavseben mimografs, gagiWirdebaT, maT daanaxvoT,
daicves Tu ara konturi.
aRmzrdeli:
me ufro sxva ram mindoda. es gakveTili dacvis, mofrTxilebis Sesaxeb iyo. bavSvebma webo umiznod daxarjes. me ki vcdilobdi maTTvis amexsna, rom cot-cota exmaraT.
madleni:
maSin maTTvis mcire raodenobis webo unda migecaT da dalodebodiT, indauris ra nawilis dasasruleblad eyofodaT. maSin mixvdebodnen, rom webo uazrod ar unda daexarjaT. maT imdeni webo
hqondaT, rom momWirneobis aucilebloba ver dainaxes.
aRmzrdeli:
madleni:
aRmzrdeli:
madleni:
A
masalis amowurvis miznebi
Tu maswavleblis mizani moswavleebisaTvis axali masalis miwodebaa, is sakiTxs udgeba
ara moswavlis, aramed sakuTari poziciidan. is gegmavs rogor moaxdinos masalis prezentacia, rogor axsnas, aRweros Tu Seexos garkveul Temas, movlenebs, procedurebs, procesebs.
gegmis Sesrulebis Semdeg, Tvlis, rom gakveTili Catarda man srulad `amowura masala~,
TiTqos codna sakuTari Tavidan amoiRo da `sadRac Semodo~. xSirad, axali masalis axsnisas,
maswavlebeli ar iyenebs im bazas, romelic moswavleebs ukve aqvT sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da
arc imas arkvevs, ramdenad gaiazres axsnili masala.
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Hunter, M. Presentation at ASCD, 1977.
362
miznebi
aqtivobis miznebi
zogjer, gakveTilis miznebis dasaxvisas, maswavlebeli orientirebulia im aqtivobebze,
romlebic unda, rom moswavleebs Seasrulebinos: savarjiSos amoxsna, kiTxvebze pasuxis
gacema, problemis gadaWra, eqsperimentis Catareba, sakiTxis ganxilva da sxv. sinamdvileSi
mizani aris is, rom davaleba Sesruldes. aseTi midgomis safuZvelze konkretuli davaleba
sulac ar aswavlis moswavles imas, risi swavlebac maswavlebels hqonda miznad dasaxuli da
Sedegad moswavle verafers ver swavlobs.A
dawyebiT klasebSi maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebs daavalos Temis dawera. moswavleTa dainteresebisa da CarTulobis mizniT maswavlebeli maT naxatebian gadasakravebs
urigebs, romlebic SeuZliaT TavianTi `wignis~ ydad gamoiyenon. maT mier warmodgenili
Temebi SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli aRmoCndes: dawyebuli dasrulebuli
SinaarsiT, romelic Sedgeba Sesavlis, ZiriTadi nawilisa da dasasrulisgan, damTavrebuli
maTi naxatebiT teqstis gareSe. vidre bavSvebi dakavebuli arian `wignebze~ ydis gadakvriT,
maswavlebeli cdilobs, TavianTi namuSevrebis Sesaxeb azri gamoaTqmevinos. zogi azrs gamoTqvams, zogic _ ara.Mmaswavlebels yuradReba isev `wignis~ akinZvaze gadaaqvs da cdilobs,
bavSvebis moZraoba gaakontrolos. Tu am process Tvals mivadevnebT, vnaxavT, rom am davalebis Sesruleba, swavlebis TvalsazrisiT,
aranair mizans ar emsaxureba, radgan maswavrodesac maswavleblis mizani mxolod aqtivo
lebeli cdilobs dadebiTi azri gamoTqvas
bebis Sesrulebaa, kritikuli azrovnebis swav
yvela namuSevarTan dakavSirebiT da raime
lebisTvis dro ar rCeba.
konkretuliT ar interesdeba. gamodis, rom
aqtivobis mizania, bavSvebma daweron Tema,
xarisxs ki mniSvneloba ar aqvs. es SeiZlebaMmaswavlebelma Tavad ar aRiaros, magram misi azri
ar iqneba damajerebeli.
aqtivobebis Sesrulebaze orientirebuli maswavlebeli swavlebisas kritikis strategiebs ar mimarTavs, ver axerxebs, rom aqtivobebis Sesruleba moswavleTaTvis swavlis procesad aqcios, radgan arasaTanadod iyenebs Semowmebisa da Sefasebis proceduras. maswavlebeli aqtivobebis Sesrulebas gakveTilis samarTavad iyenebs. mTeli yuradReba mimarTulia
miTiTebebis gacemasa da moswavleTa dasaqmebisken. aseT gakveTilebze bavSvebi SeiZleba xalisiT CaerTon, debatebSic miiRon monawileoba, magram es yvelaferi gakveTilis procesSi
CarTvis mizans ver gascdeba.
CarTulobis miznebi
rodesac maswavlebeli miznad isaxavs gakveTilze moswavleTa CarTulobis miRwevas, am
mizans aRwevs kidec. `xval Cemi mizani iqneba yvela moswavles mivce saSualeba individualurad gamoxatos sakuTari azri kiTxvaze: `rogor moiqceodnen, Zalian saSiSi iaraRi rom gamoegonebiaT, gamoiyenebdnen Tu ara mas mTavrobis winaaRmdeg?~
maswavlebelTa mier gakveTilis dagegmvis procesis Seswavlam aCvena, rom dagegvmisas
ZiriTad miznebs aqtivobebis Sesruleba da CarTulobis miRweva warmoadgens (Clark and Yinger
1979). moswavleTa CarTuloba miRweulia, rodesac isini energiulad da xalisiT asruleben
aqtivobas. gamodis, rom CarTulobis mizani realurad moswavleebis aqtivobiT gatacebas
gulisxmobs. amaSi cudi araferia, piriqiT, araCveulebrivi mizania. Tumca SesaZlebelia, rom
mTeli arsebiT iyo procesSi CarTuli, Sedegad ki veraferi iswavlo. SesaZloa, moswavleebs
procesi moswondeT, magram garToba yovelTvis swavlas ar niSnavs. saxaliso aqtivobebis
maRalSedegianoba udavoa, magram produqtiulobas mxolod maTi saxaliso mxare ar ganapi-
363
Tavi 14
robebs.
davuSvaT, moswavleebs moswonT sityvebis Zebna. maswavlebeli udgens savarjiSos Sesabamisi sityvebis moZebnaze.Mimavdroulad, surs marTlweraSic avarjiSos. amCnevs, rom savarjiSos Sesrulebisas bavSvebi gamxiaruldnen da kmayofilia. magram ismis kiTxva, iswavles
ki maT sityvebis sworad werac? nuTu maswavlebels marTla sjeroda, rom am savarjiSoTi
moswavleebi sityvebis marTlweras iswavlidnen? ara, es davaleba imitom SeurCia, rom icoda, moewonebodaT.Mrogorc irkveva, moswavleebi gagonil sityvebs eZeben da pouloben, maT
sworad daweras ki ver swavloben. es savarjiSo, SesaZloa, maT vizualuri informaciidan sasurveli monacemebis amokrefis unars umuSavebdes da yvela Tu ara, zogierTi maTgani mainc,
sityvebis efeqtianad mosaZebnad, sistemuri Zebnis strategiebsac iviTarebdes, magram maswavleblis mizani am SemTxvevaSi es ar yofila. moswavleebi, romlebic `sistemur Zebnas~ swavloben, amas SemTxveviT, dasaxuli miznisgan damoukideblad akeTeben.
364
miznebi
365
Tavi 14
beduinTa
tomi
mura
klanebi (25 ojaxi)
Seixi
klanis wevri
Tivis saxli
qaravani
haramxana
aqlemebi
dResaswaulebi
vaWrebi
gvalva
qorwineba
vaWroba
ugemuri
mziTevi
mura
tomebi
klanebi
beduini
dResaswaulebi
qaravnebi
klanis wevrebi
aqlemi
qorwineba
vaWroba
Seixi
Tivis saxli
mziTevi
vaWari
Radio
tranzistori
unaleqoba
gvalva
366
miznebi
367
Tavi 14
saxelwodeba
detaluri aRwera
mizani
zogadi azrovnebis
unari: moswavleze,
kerZod ki mis saazrovno
saSualebebze,
orientirebuli
`diagramiT gamosaxon
`beduinebis cxovrebasTan~
dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi
terminebis urTierTmimarTeba~
moswavleebma gamoxaton
da ganaviTaronGgarkveuli
tipis azrovnebis unari
akademiuri codnis an
unarebis daufleba:
moswavleze
orientirebuli
orientirebulia
moswavlis mier
informaciisa da
unarebis Seswavlaze
moswavleebs hqondeT
konkretuli codna an
unari
CarTuloba: moswavleze
orientirebuli _ anu
bavSvebis reaqciaze
gaTvlili
moswavleTa CarTuloba
iyos SesamCnevi, programa
minimumi maTi aqtiuri
monawileoba, xolo
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi,
maTi Segulianeba da
gaxalisebaa.
aqtivobebi: moswavleze
orientirebuli, anu ras
moimoqmedeben bavSvebi.
garkveuli davalebis
Sesruleba.
masalis miwodeba:
maswavlebelze
orientirebuli ras
gaakeTebs maswavlebeli,
rogoria misi gegma axali
masalis asaxsnelad.
moxdes mosazrebebis
gamoTqma da kiTxvebze
pasuxis gacema rogorc
moswavleTa, ise Cemi
mxridan.
368
miznebi
azrovnebis unarebi
ra saxis azrovneba minda icodnen da ganuviTardeT
Cems moswavleebs?
daostatebis miznebi
ra minda, rom moswavleebma icodnen
da ris gakeTebas SeZleben gakveTilis bolos?
rogor davrwmunde, rom maT es ician da SeuZliaT?
CarTuloba
rogor uzrunvelvyo
moswavleTa CarTuloba?
aqtivobebi
ra aqtivobebi SevurCio
moswavleebs imisaTvis, rom
masalas Caswvdnen da Sesabamisi
unarebi ganiviTaron?
masalis amowurva
ra codna (Temebi) da
unarebi unda SeiZinon
moswavleebma?
369
Tavi 14
analogiurad, 14.3 sqemaze gamosaxuli sxva wreebis ganlagebac sxvadasxva mizanTa urTierTmimarTebas gviCvenebs. magaliTad, moswavleebisTvis Temis gadacema SesaZlebelia maT
mier aqtivobebis Sesrulebis gareSe, magram azri ara aqvs aqtivobebis Sesrulebas, Tu isini
mocemul Temas ar efuZneba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, maswavlebelma SeiZleba moswavleebs aqtivobebi Seasrulebinos ise, rom naTlad arc hqondes warmodgenili Sedegi (rac, samwuxarod, xSirad gvxvdeba praqtikaSi), magram codnisa da unarebis dauflebis mizani ver miiRweva
Sesasrulebeli aqtivobebisa da mocemuli Temis gauTvaliswineblad. amitomaa, rom `mCarTulobis ~ miznis wre kidev ori miznis wres Seicavs.
370
miznebi
naTeli mizani aris erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli, Tu ra ecodinebaT da ras SeZleben moswavleebi swavlebis bolos. mosalodneli suraTi gonebaSi unda warmovidginoT, sakuTar Tavs es
SekiTxva unda davusvaT da mosazrebebi werilobiT CamovayaliboT. rac Zalian mniSvnelovania, es suraTi moswavlis TvaliT unda davinaxoT _ maTi moswrebis donis mixedviT unda saxavdes maswavlebeli miznebs.
Cveni azriT, nebismieri miznis dasaxvisas SesaZlebelia moswavleTa saboloo Sedegis ganWvreta. maSinac ki, rodesac mizani exeba moswavleebSi `damokidebulebis~ an `Sefasebis~ unaris Camoyalibebas. SevecdebiT aseve dagarwmunoT, rom Tu miznebis Camoyalibebisas ar ganvWvretT Sedegs, aseTi miznebi myisve gadaiqceva masalis gadacemis, aqtivobebis Sesrulebis
an CarTulobis miznebad. samive es mizani ki gacilebiT umniSvneloa, vidre codnisa da unarebis dauflebis mizani. Cven imis damtkicebasac SevecdebiT, rom `dauflebis~ miznisadmi
sxva miznebis daqvemdebareba swavlebis xarisxs aumjobesebs, radgan swavleba metad xdeba
moswavleze orientirebuli, izrdeba Semowmebis, kriteriumebis Sesatyvisad ukukavSiris,
Canawerebis warmoebisa da moswavleTa individualuri diagnostirebis saWiroeba.
modiT, daviwyoT zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebiT, rom miznis dasaxvisas yovelTvis winaswar
unda ganvWvritoT mosalodneli Sedegi. rogor SeiZleba amis gakeTeba, rodesac moswavleebSi garkveuli damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas visaxavT miznad?
ganvixiloT magaliTi: mister qasvels surs, rom mis moswavleebs klasikuri musikis
mimarT dadebiTi damokidebuleba ganuviTardeT. rogor darwmundes, rom mizans miaRwia? ras
gulisxmobs is, rodesac ambobs: `minda, rom moswavleebi beThovens afasebdnen~. SesaZloa is
gulisxmobs, rom beThovenis simfoniis sirTulem da sifaqizem unda gamoiwvios pativiscema.
SesaZloa, Tvlis, rom zog adamianSi simfoniis mosmenisas, misi gaanalizeba esTetiuri siamovnebis gancdas iwvevs? SesaZloa, mas warmoudgenia, rom nawarmoebis dafaseba miiRweva misi
sidiadis, unikalurobis Tu sxva dadebiTi mxareebis codniT, xolo mowoneba misi mravaljer
mosmeniTaa SesaZlebeli? Tu mas aseTi warmodgena aqvs, maSin ise unda warmarTos gakveTili,
rom moswavleebs konkretuli moqmedebebisken ubiZgos, magaliTad, gaaanalizon simfoniis
sxvadasxva nawili da gaakeTon Canawerebi. sityvierad aRweron is principebi, romelTa mixedviTac beThoveni Temebs aviTarebda da maT variaciebs qmnida, an amoacnobinos sxvadasxva simfonia. mas winaswar SeuZlia warmoidginos procesi, Tu rogor asruleben moswavleebi yvela
am moqmedebas, radganac man gansazRvra, ras SeiZleba niSnavdes `dafaseba~ mocemul SemTxvevaSi, magram Tu mister qasveli am dafasebas Tavis gonebaSi ar `gadaTargmnis~ moswavleTa
mier moqmedebebis Sesrulebis `enaze~, da, maSasadame, moswavleTa TavebSi ar Caixedavs, raTa
Tanamimdevruli iyos, misi yovelgvari mcdeloba ar iqneba efeqturi. is imoqmedebs moswavleebisgan gaucxoebulad: Seasrulebinebs maT aqtivobebs, moaxdens garkveuli mosazrebebis
prezentacias, magram es yvelaferi, SesaZloa, moswavleebma ugulisyurod gaakeTon. Tu mister qasvelma miznis dasaxvisas warmosaxva ar moiSvelia, mis mier gamoyenebuli aqtivobebi,
SeiZleba, sruliad usargeblo aRmoCndes.
mizani, romelic Semdegnairad formulirdeba: `moswavleebma es unda ganicadon~, Cven marTebulad ar migvaCnia. Tu Tqven praqtikulad SeecdebiT moswavleebs raime `ganacdevinoT~,
amao iqneba maTi dainteresebis molodini. Tu gancdis aqtivobis Catareba gsurT, winaswar
dausaxaxeT maT konkretuli amocana. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Sedegi ar geqnebaT (`rodesac
maswavleblebi moswavleebs damoukideblad ganmcdelis mdgomareobaSi ayeneben, moswavleebi amaze civad reagireben~, SeniSnavda jim kilroi tulanis universitetidan).
modiT, sxva kuTxiT SevxedoT am sakiTxs: Tu maswavlebeli moswavleebs ar dausaxavs amocanas aqtivobis micemamde, maSin moswavleebi daugegmav amocanas Seasruleben an arafers ar
Seasruleben. Tu adamians ar vetyviT sad mivides, rogor miva daniSnul adgilamde? da Tu
mainc miaRwevs, es ubralod gamarTleba iqneba da, savaraudod, meti droc dasWirdeba. klasSi
ocdaxuTi moswavlidan mxolod ramdenimem SeiZleba gaikvlios gza daniSnulebis adgilamde,
371
Tavi 14
372
miznebi
teresebi. termini `individualuri~ SeiZleba gulisxmobdes kidev mravali aspeqtiT gansxvavebul midgomas (ix. Tavi 15), romelic umeteswilad swavlebis procesis warmarTvas ukavSirdeba. Cven ukve visaubreT, ris da ramdenis swavleba SeiZleba davisaxoT miznad, magram ar
gvisaubria, rogor unda vaswavloT.
rogor gavarkvioT, rom miwodebuli masalis zoma mizanSewonilia iyo jgufisTvis? SesaZloa, Tavidan rTuli dasaZlevi iyo, magram Semdeg siaxles alRo auRes, moswavleTa SekiTxvebis Semdeg naTeli moefina manamde Znelad gasageb sakiTxebs. magram roca moswavleebi
dabneulobis dasafarad `diax~ replikiT gvexmianebian, an Canawerebis CaniSvniT arian garTuli, realoba Znelad aRsaqmelia, Tumca, uaryofiT Sedegs mainc SevamCnevT: dabneuloba,
daTrgunuloba, imedgacrueba da Semawuxebeli dumili gasdevs fonad Zalze rTul (an araadekvaturad gadacemul) masalas; Zalian advili samuSaos Sesrulebisas ki moswavleebi erTmaneTTan saubroben, aqeT-iqiT ixedebian, saqmes ugulisyurod ekidebian (miuxedavad amisa,
advili davaleba bolos mainc unda Semowmdes).
isic SesaZlebelia, rom zemoxsenebuli, uaryofiTi SedegisTvis damaxasiaTebeli moqmedebebi arc SeiniSnebodes, magram miznebi mainc ar iyos moswavleze orientirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis codna, swori daskvnis gamosatanad ki unda
ganvsazRvroT, ramdenad Seesabameba es SesaZleblobebi maswavleblis mier wamoyenebul
moTxovnebs. swori gadawyvetilebis misaRebad, swavlebis yvela atributTan erTad, misawodebeli masalis zomis SesarCevad, kargad unda vicnobdeT moswavleebs da Tavad masalis
konteqsts.
pirveladi wyaroebi
yvela miznis oTxi pirveladi wyarodan erT-erTi SeiZleba Seesatyvisebodes:
moswavle.
maswavlebeli. is, rac maswavlebels Rirebulad miaCnia, SeiZleba mis miznebad iqces
mxolod misi gonebrivi wyobis, warsulis, midrekilebis, gamocdilebis an piradi arCevanis gamo. mag.: Tu maswavlebels Zalian ainteresebs veSapebi da am sakiTxSi gansakuTrebiT aris gaTviTcnobierebuli, SeuZlia, es codna moswavleebsac gauziaros
da Sesabamisi sakiTxebi saswavlo gegmaSi CarTos. Tu maswavlebels aqvs gamocdileba
musikis sferoSi, SeiZleba misi mizani saorkestro instrumentebis gacnobas ukavSirdebodes. Tu maswavlebeli afasebs kritikul azrovnebas da is ganaTlebuli adamianis
mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblad miaCnia, SeuZlia moswavleebSi kritikuli azrovnebis gamomuSaveba Tavis uSualo miznad aqcios.
avtoriteti.
373
Tavi 14
gzamkvlevidan. davuSvaT, maswavlebelma airCia teqsti. am SemTxvevaSi, romeli iqneba miznis wyaro maswavlebeli Tu teqsti? Tu teqsti sistematurad da meTodurad
gamoiyeneba, teqsti iqneba wyaro, miuxedavad imisa, vis mieraa SerCeuli. Tu maswavlebeli sxvadasxva teqsts mimarTavs da maT garkveuli ganzraxviT mizanmimarTulad iyenebs, Tanac SerCevas Tematurad axdens, maSin miznis wyaro maswavlebelia.
jgufi. mTeli klasi (romelic SeiZleba jgufad moviazroT) an klasis garkveuli jgu-
meoreuli wyaroebi
garda mizanTa pirveladi wyaroebisa, mniSvnelovani roli ekisreba meoreul wyaroebs
(maTi umravlesoba tailerma daamkvidra (Tyler 1949), romelTac aqve ganvixilavT.
haeris dabinZureba; inflaciis mizezebi da misgan dacvis meqanizmebi; qorwineba, ganqorwineba da ojaxi. SesaZloa, aRniSnul problemebTan dakavSirebuli miznebi warsulSi aqtualuri ar iyo da momavalSic ar gaxdes saWiro maTi gaTvaliswineba, magram
dRes namdvilad mniSvnelovania. saswavlo gegma, romelic iTvaliswinebs rasobrivi da
kulturuli tolerantobis, adamianTa Soris gansxvavebulobis pativiscemis danergvas, albaT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iqneba integrirebul skolebSi, sadac rasobrivi dapirispirebis problemaa.
miznebi
gias, istorias, geografias, xelovnebas _ aqvs ierarqiuli struqtura, romlis meSveobiTac xdeba maTi Seswavla. disciplinis samyaroSi Semswavlelebi codnis SeZenas
ierarqiuli gziT cdiloben, anu cdiloben am konkretuli disciplinis enaze ifiqron,
am SemTxvevaSi meoreuli miznebis safuZveli es disciplinebia. mravali mizani skolaSi
mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli saswavlo disciplinebTan.
SemswavlelTa
sagani, rogorc informaciis mTavari wyaro. zogierTi meoreuli miznis wyaros war-
mizanTa saTaveebi metyvelebs imaze, Tu ras aniWeben upiratesobas programis Semdgenel* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Tyler, R. W. Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949. 1949
University of Chicago Press. yvela ufleba daculia.
375
Tavi 14
ni. pirveladi wyaroebis garkveviT viRebT informacias, Tu vis mieraa miznebi SerCeuli, ra
roli aqvs moswavles am procesSi. SeuZlia Tu ara maswavlebels sakuTari iniciativiT Secvalos saswavlo gegma, ramdenad axdens gavlenas saswavlo gegmaze gareSe avtoritetuli wyaroebi?
meoreuli wyaroebi migvaniSnebs imaze, Tu risi codnaa mniSvnelovani programis SemdgenelTa azriT. ra sakiTxebSi unda moxdes moswavleTa gaTviTcnobiereba? ra moTxovnebs
gviyenebs Tanamedrove cxovreba, adgilobrivi kultura da sacxovrebeli adgili? ra mniSvneloba eniWeba disciplinaTa koncefciebs? awarmoeben Tu ara programis avtorebi SemswavlelTa kvlevas, rom miznebi maT saWiroebebs miusadagon? xdeba Tu ara filosofiur SexedulebaTa programaSi SeRweva mizanTa meSveobiT? am kiTxvebze pasuxebi gvaZlevs informacias
imis Taobaze, Tu ra iswavleba da ratom. mizanTa wyaroebis Sesaxeb monacemebis Segroveba
saSualebas gvaZlevs, movipovoT sasargeblo informacia zemoxsenebul umniSvnelovanes
kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad da saswavlo procesis saintereso kuTxiT dasaxasiaTeblad.
376
miznebi
Sejameba
am Tavis Sejamebisas, miznebTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi xuTi kiTxva unda daisvas:
1. qmnis Tu ara mizani naTel suraTs, kerZod, ra ecodinebaT da ras SeZleben Semswavlelebi?
2. maswavlebeli, gegmis Sedgenisas, eyrdnoba Tu ara mizanTa xuTive wris kiTxvebs?
3. aris Tu ara sirTulis Sesabamisi done?
4. saidan iRebs saTaves miznebi (mizanTa wyaroebi)?
5. aris Tu ara konteqstis Sesabamisi miznis ena?
377
miznebi - Sejameba
1. qmnis Tu ara mizani naTel suraTs, kerZod, ra ecodinebaT da ras SeZleben
moswavleebi?
ara,
bundovania
sazogadoeba
maswavlebeli
saswavlo disciplina
jgufi
SemswavlelTa saWiroebaniA
avtoriteti
mniSvnelovani informacia
Tanamedrove cxovreba
filosofia
miznebi - Sejameba
diax,
kultura
379
miznebi - savarjiSo
gansazRvreT, ra tipis xedvasTan (masalis amowurva, aqtivobebis Sesruleba, CarTuloba, daostateba, zogadi azrovneba) aris dakavSirebuli qvemoT warmodgenili
kiTxvebi, romlebic daismis gakveTilis dagegmvisas?
1. rogor uzrunvelvyo moswavleTa CarTuloba?
2. azrovnebis romel tipze minda moswavleebma imuSaon da daxvewon?
3. ra codnas, unar-Cvevasa da koncefcias Sevaswavli?
4. ra aqtivobebis Sesrulebaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom moswavleebi masalas Caswvdnen da Sesabamisi unarebi ganiviTaron?
5. ra minda, moswavleebma icodnen da SeZlon gakveTilis bolos? rogor davrwmunde, rom maT es ician da SeuZliaT?
gansazRvreT, qvemoT CamoTvlili miznebis miRma arsebuli xedvis tipi. SesaZlebelia, erTze meti tipis arseboba.
1. moswavleebi waikiTxaven nawarmoebs `wiTeli poni~, erTmaneTs gauziareben mosazrebebs saukeTeso epizodebis Sesaxeb da daweren erTgverdian eses, sadac
megobars am wignis wakiTxvas urCeven.
2. `dRes Cven kvadratul gantolebaze gadavalT. jer mis ganmartebas agixsniT,
Semdeg kvadratuli gantolebis amoxsnis erT-erT gzas giCvenebT, bolos ki
jgufurad imuSavebT da xuT magaliTs amoxsniT~.
miznebi - savarjiSo
miznebis xedva
3. `maS ase, vfiqrob, Zalian mogewonebaT is, rasac axla gavakeTebT. CvenTan aris
xuTi axali centri, sadac SegiZliaT ivarjiSoT werasa da kiTxvaSi. zogi
Tqvengani marto imuSavebs, zogi ki partniorTan erTad. Tqven mogiwevT daweroT, kasetas mousminoT, Tqveni mosazrebebi partniors gauziaroT da masTan
erTad SeTanxmebas miaRwioT~.
4. moswavleebi erTujrediani cxovelis niSan-Tvisebebs asaxeleben, xataven erTujrediani cxovelis sam nimuSs da varauds gamoTqvamen, rogori iqneba ganviTarebis Semdegi safexuri.
5. `waikiTxeT Cem mier mocemuli statia Ramurebze, upasuxeT SekiTxvebs samuSao
furcelze, Semdeg gveqneba diskusia am sakiTxze~.
6. gamoiyeneT gasul kviraSi naswavli teqnika, romlis meSveobiTac gavaanalizeT
da SevafaseT jon fijerald kenedis saaarCevno kampaniis dros misi kritikuli gamosvlebi da gaaanalizeT da SeafaseT mimdinare saprezidento kampaniis
mniSvnelovani gamosvlebi.
7. `momaval kviraSi vimuSavebT deteqtiuri Janris nawarmoebebze. moTxrobebis
kiTxvisas, koncentrirebas movaxdenT idumalebiT mocul ambebze, gveqneba
roluri TamaSebi. me, piradad, am Temis momzadebisas, Zalian gavxalisdi~.
8. `SeadgineT grafiki da daasaxeleT is movlenebi, romelTa gamoc 1945 wels
vietnamis omi daiwyo. Tqveni pasuxebis partnioris pasuxebTan Sejerebis Semdeg, amoirCieT erT-erTi movlena, romelmac yvelaze didi roli Seasrula am
381
davalebebi
miznebTan dakavSirebuli Cveni xedvebi Tavs iCens moswavleebisaTvis micemul
davalebebSi. davalebebs SeuZlia Semswavlels daexmaros codnisa da unarebis
dauflebisa da zogadi azrovnebis miznebis miRwevaSi, an, SesaZloa, mxolod Sesasrulebel aqtivobebad iqces. gansazRvreT, ra tipis xedva aris mocemuli CamoTvlil davalebebSi.
1. waikiTxeT me-14 Tavi samyaros warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
2. waikiTxeT igavi `mela da qaTami~, aRmoaCineT da daasaxeleT igavisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli xuTi niSani.
3. xvalisTvis waikiTxeT qveTavi peplebis Sesaxeb, ganmarteT xuTi axali leqsikuri erTeuli da SeadgineT winadadebebi maTi gamoyenebiT.
4. waikiTxeT Tavi Sua dasavleTis Statebis Sesaxeb da konturul rukaze sworad
miuTiTeT Statebis saxelebi.
5. waikiTxeT `romeo da julietas~ meore moqmedeba. biWebi moemzadon, rom xvalisTvis waikiTxon julietas teqsti, xolo gogonebma moamzadon romeos teqsti.
6. waikiTxeT Tavi `dabadeba~ da moemzadeT, rom erTmaneTs SeadaroT darviniseuli evoluciis Teoria da bibliuri Sesaqmis versia.
7. SeasruleT kent ricxvebTan dakavSirebuli magaliTebi da gamoTvaleT dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ricxvebi.
8. xvalisaTvis, gTxovT, airCioT is produqti, romelsac reklamas gaukeTebdiT,
SeurCieT sareklamo warwera da ganmarteT Tqveni arCevanis mizezi. isaubreT,
ra ferebs gamoiyenebdiT da ratom, ra saSualebiT gaavrcelebdiT reklamas
da ratom.
9. xval purs gamovacxobT. gaimeoreT receptSi miTiTebuli etapebi da moemzadeT am procesis gansaxorcieleblad.
10. dRes giCvenebT burRis sworad gamoyenebas. xvalisTvis moamzadeT SekiTxvebi
am sakiTxze.
Sefaseba
moswavleTa Sefasebac erT-erTi xerxia miznebis misaRwevad. gansazRvreT, mizanTa xedvis tipi im SefasebaSi, romelSic aqcenti Semdeg aspeqtebze keTdeba:
1. ramdenad aqtiurad monawileobdnen moswavleebi diskusiaSi?
2. ramdenad kargad iqceodnen moswavleebi muzeumSi eqskursiaze?
382
383
Tavi 14
literatura
Bussis, A. M., E. A. Chittenden, and M. Amarel. Beyond Surface Curriculum: An \ Interview Study of Teachers' Understandings. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1966.
Clark, C. M., and R. J. Yinger. "Teachers Thinking." In P.L. Peterson and H.J. Wahlberg (eds.). Research
on Teaching. Berkeley: McCutcheon, 1979.
Duffy, G., L. Roehler, and G. Rockliffe. "How Teachers' Instructional Talk Influences Students' Understandings of Lesson Content." Elementary School Journal 87, no. 1 (September 1986).
Hunt, J. McV. Intelligence and Experience. New York: Ronald Press, 1961.
Hunter, M. Presentation at ASCD, 1977.
Joyce, B. R., C. Clark, and L. Peck. Flexibility in Teaching. New York: Longmans, 1981.
Mager, R. R. Preparing Instructional Objectives. Palo Alto: Fearson Publications, 1962.
Peterson, P. L., C. W. Marx, and C. Clark. "Teacher Planning, Teacher Behavior, and Student Achievement." American Educational Research Journal 15 (Summer 1978): 417-432.
Popham, W. J., and E.L. Baker. Systematic Instruction. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1970.
Saphier, J. D. "The Parameters of Teaching: An Empirical Study Using Observations and Interviews to
Validate a Theory of Teaching by Linking Levels of Analysis, Levels of Knowing and Levels of
Performance." Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1980.
Tyler, R. W. Basic Principles ofCurriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.
Zahorik, J. A. "Learning Activities: Nature, Function, and Practice." Elementary School Journal 82 (1982):
309-317.
384
15
swavlis gamocdileba
rogor mivusadagoT moswavles swavlis
stili?
swavlis gamocdileba
swavlis procesi, anu sakiTxi `rogor vswavlobT?~ ar gulisxmobs saswavlo kursis Sinaarssa da maswavleblis mier Sesrulebul aqtivobebs. is niSnavs interaqcias Semswavlelsa da im garemos Soris, romlis mimarTac is reagirebs. Seswavla xdeba maSin, rodesac
moswavle Tavad moqmedebs, anu Semswavleli imas swavlobs, rasac Tavad akeTebs da ara
imas, rasac maswavlebeli akeTebs. r. taileri,
`saswavlo gegmisa da swavlebis ZiriTadi principebi~
wavlis procesis ganxilva mniSvnelovania imiT, rom SesaZlebloba geZlevaT, moswavleebisaTvis SeTavazebul aqtivobebs daakvirdeT da maTSi axali niuansebi aRmoaCinoT. Tqvens winaSe arsebulze ufro sruli suraTi iqmneba imisaTvis, rom dainaxoT,
rogor swavloben moswavleebi da aseve ra SemTxvevaSi ver swavloben isini. am informaciam
SeiZleba erT-erT daskvnamde migiyvanoT:
`kargia, rom me aseT meTodebs ar viyeneb da rasac vakeTeb swored saswavlo gegmiskenaa
mimarTuli, raimes Secvla ki saWiro ar aris~.
`aris bevri iseTi ram, rasac ar viyeneb, arada, namdvilad sasargeblo iqneboda. ara
uSavs, uamravi dro maqvs maT dasanergad. albaT, sjobs isini bolosTvis, damatebis
saxiT Semovinaxo~.
`aris ramdenime sakiTxi, razec aqamde ar mifiqria. kargi iqneba maTi danergva, amis gakeTebas axlave Sevecdebi~.
arsebiTi is gaxlavT, rom SeZloT sxvebis an swavlebis meTodebs sakuTar axleburad
SexedoT, ufro meti ram dainaxoT da axali informaciis safuZvelze ufro swori gadawyvetilebebi miiRoT. imedia, es Tavi bevri mniSvnelovani sakiTxis aRqmasa da gacnobierebaSi
dagexmarebaT.
swavlebis procesi moswavleebis TvaliT unda davinaxoT. pirvel yovlisa, vsvamT kiTxvas:
`rogor aRiqvamen moswavleebi saklaso garemos? rogori maxasiaTeblebi aqvs aqtivobebs?
rogor aRiqvams mas moswavle Sesrulebisas?~ Semdegi kiTxvebi aseTia: `ra daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba? ra mniSvneloba aqvs yovelive amas? ramdenad mniSvnelovania, rogor aRiqvamen
moswavleebi aqtivobaTa ama Tu im maxasiaTebels? aris Tu ara es arsebiTi sruli saswavlo
kursis TvalsazrisiT?~ am sakiTxebSi garkveva arCevanis gakeTebis saSualebas mogvcems _
swavlebis formis SerCeva xom maswavleblis prerogativaa. moswavlis azrovnebis tipebs
realuri, materialuri sagnis, magaliTad, kldis msgavsad davaxasiaTebT. is materialuri
ar aris, Tumca realuria da kldis msgavsad Taviseburebebi aqvs. kldis msgavsad, romelsac
garkveuli niSan-Tvisebebi aqvs (mag.: aris sferuli, kvercxisebri, cilindruli, kubis formis; aqvs feric, SeiZleba iyos yavisferi, nacrisferi, molurjo, mowiTalo, movercxlisfro), swavlis processac konkretuli maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. magaliTad, swavlis procesSi
zedamxedveloba sami mizniT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes: damoukideblobis ganviTarebis, moswavleTa daxmarebis an uSualod meTvalyureobis mizniT. swavlebis ra forma sWirdebaT
moswavleebs konkretul SemTxvevaSi? SeiZleba maT dRis ganmavlobaSi uSualo kontaqti da
yuradReba sWirdebaT, xolo dRis bolos maTi damoukideblad muSaobaa mizanSewonili? anu
zedamxedvelobis TvalsazrisiT, maTTvis Sesabamisi swavlebis forma etapobrivad icvleba,
e. i. swavlis procesi maxasiaTeblis mixedviT icvleba.
387
Tavi 15
swavlis procesis analiziT miviRebT imis srul da detalur suraTs, Tu rogor iTviseben moswavleebi dagegmili aqtivobebis Sesrulebisas. Tu am aqtivobebs garkveuli drois
manZilze davakvirdebiT, SevamCnevT, rogor xdeba rgolebis erT jaWvad gadaqceva swavlis
procesSi. Semdeg ki SegviZlia SevafasoT, ramdenad pasuxobs moTxovnebs miRebuli jaWvi.
viyenebT Tu ara swavlebis yvela models praqtikaSi swavlebis mxolod konkurentul da
individualistur models veyrdnobiT, Tu kolaboraciulsac viyenebT? aRqmis romeli
arxebis stimulirebas vaxdenT? mxedvelobidan xom ar gvrCeba kinesTetikuri (Sexeba) arxi?
swavlebisas ramdenad daculia balansi konkretulsa da abstraqtuls Soris? kiTxvis `rogor vswavlobT?~ gacnobiereba dagvexmareba periodulad davakvirdeT sakuTar muSaobas da
gadavamowmoT, vTavazobT Tu ara moswavleebs sasurvels. dabolos, am sakiTxis codna kargi
iaraRia maswavleblisTvis, raTa SeZlos moswavleebisa da jgufebisTvis swavlebis formebis
individualurad SerCeva.
naSromis momdevno nawilSi detalurad aRvwerT saswavlo procesis maxasiaTeblebs da
visaubrebT maTi gamovlenis SesaZlo formebze. Sedegad, SegeZlebaT gansazRvroT Tqveni,
rogorc maswavleblis profili. Semdeg gaarkvevT, ramdenad Seesabameba moswavleebs Tqven
mier SeTavazebuli variantebidan arCeuli meTodebis speqtri.
informaciis wyaroebi
ganmartebani
mTeli is informacia, romelsac moswavleebi swavlis procesSi iReben, SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: standartuli da Seqmnili informacia. informaciis standartuli wyaroa teqsti, cnobari, maswavlebeli, an informaciis nebismieri sxva wyaro. Seqmnili informacia aris
codna, romelic Semswavlelebma iseTi procesis meSveobiT miiRes, romelSic Tavad monawileobdnen, magaliTad, dakvirvebis, cdis Catarebis, intervius, deduqciis, induqciis, logikis,
kamaTis, debatebis, SekiTxvebis dasmis safuZvelze.
informaciis wignSi moZebna standartuli wyaros gamoyenebas niSnavs. Tumca, informaciis wignSi moZebnis iniciativa SeiZleba moswavlisgan modiodes, misi mizani da arCevani
(azrovnebis tipis mixedviT) iyos, magaliTad, man SeiZleba wignSi moZiebuli informaciis
mixedviT TviTmfrinavis detalebi Seqmnas, magram es mainc standartul wyaroze dayrdnobiT moxdeba.
mniSvneloba
mniSvnelovania, gavarkvioT, ganzrax vayenebT Tu ara moswavleebs iseT mdgomareobaSi,
romelic imis nacvlad, rom pirdapir miiRon informacia, romlis Sekreba, momzadeba da damuSaveba specialurad maTTvis moxda, aiZulebs, gaaaqtiuron sakuTari resursebi da masze
daafuZnon axali codna. informaciis arc erTi wyaro saukeTeso ar aris, magram maT sxvadasxvagvari efeqti aqvT Semswavlelze. Tu swavlebisas informaciis mxolod erTi wyaro gamoiyeneba, aseTi saganmanaTleblo programa daubalansebelia.
388
swavlis gamocdileba
resursebi
ganmartebani
moswavleebma saswavlo kursisTvis SeiZleba gamoiyenon erTi an meti resursi:
teqsti
maswavlebeli
Tanatolebi
mSoblebi
interviuebi gareSe pirebTan (garda mSoblebis, maswavleblebisa da Tanatolebisa)
dakvirveba
audiovizualuri masala
onlaini an eleqtroaparatura
cnobari
sakuTari warmosaxva an gamocdileba
am CamonaTvalis warmodgena resursebis im nusxis gasafarToeblad dagvWirda, romlebmac
swavlis procesze unda moaxdinon gavlena da gavarkvioT, ramdeni maTgani gamoiyeneba Cvens
praqtikaSi.
mniSvneloba
saganmanaTleblo kursis manZilze, yvela zemoCamoTvlili resursi unda gamoviyenoT.
gavarkvioT, nebismieri kursis, safexuris an klasisTvis romeli resursebi an resursTa ramdenad farTo speqtris gamoyenebaa Sesabamisi da sasurveli da SevadaroT arsebul realobas. moswavleTa aTvisebis procesze individualuri dakvirvebisaTvis sasargeblo iqneba,
davadginoT, am resursTagan ramdeni gamoiyenes sxvadasxva saganmanaTleblo kursze da SevafasoT, ramdenad Seesabameba erTmaneTs resursTa efeqturoba da programis intensivoba.
pirovnuli relevanturoba
ganmartebani
individualuri relevantobis misaRwevad swavlis procesSi unda CavrToT warmosaxva,
modelireba da realuri garemo. xarisxis maCvenebelia is, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba saswavlo
situacia moswavlisTvis mniSvnelovan cxovrebiseul aspeqtebs. ramdenad mWidro kavSirSia
saswavlo situacia skolis gareT arsebul realur samyarosTan?
magaliTad, rveulSi iseTi magaliTis amoxsna, romelic fulis Sekrebas moiTxovs
(124.35+3.50=?), warmosaxviTi aqtivobaa, radgan samuSao rveulis furclebze fulis angariSi skolis gareT cxovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. magram Tu klasSi gaTamaSdeba
situacia, moewyoba daxlis modeli, sadac nebismieri produqti `gaiyideba~, moswavleebi
ki pirobiTi an namdvili fuliT `ivaWreben~, maSin moxdeba realobis simulacia. xolo Tu
389
Tavi 15
klasi supermarketSi garkveuli RonisZiebisTvis fuls daxarjavs, magaliTad, wveulebisTvis produqts SeiZens, moswavleebs mTeli rigi procedurebis ganxorcieleba mouwevT:
produqtis arCeva, vaWroba, fulis gadaxda da xurdis miReba. es iqneba realuri aqtivoba _
realur samyarosTan integrirebuli da uSualod dakavSirebuli.
warmosaxviTi swavlis process, ra Tqma unda, Tavisi daniSnuleba aqvs _ igi swavlisa da
codnis SeZenisas xSirad gamoiyeneba da Seucvlelia. indoeTis istoriis Seswavla mxolod
am qveynis istoriuli saitebiT arasruli iqneba (Tumca maTi gamoyeneba namdvilad sasurvelia). istoriuli sakiTxebis Seswavlas aucileblad sWirdeba wignebis wakiTxva. amrigad,
gamarTlebuli ar iqneba Teoriuli masalisa
da realuri gamocdilebis safuZvelze swavbevr maswavlebels miaCnia, rom saswavlo ga
lebaTa erTmaneTTan dapirispireba da romemocdileba dakavSirebuli unda iyos realur
lime maTganis upiratesobis mtkiceba. ra Tqma
samyarosTan.
unda, Sors varT im azrisgan, rom moswavleebma mTeli saskolo programa skolis Senobis
gareT unda gaiaron, rom realuri cxovrebis saSualebiT swavlis process eziaron: xatva
realuri iqneba yvelgan, sadac unda daxatos adamianma _ am moqmedebis Sesruleba skolaSic SeiZleba da samxatvro saxelosnoSic. igive SeiZleba vTqvaT SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis
nebismier sxva dargSi muSaobaze. mxareTa debatebi yovelTvis realuri gamocdilebaa da ara
simulacia, miuxedavad imisa, sasamarTloSi mimdinareobs Tu ara. mravali saskolo procedura imTaviTve realuria moswavleebisTvis. magaliTad, moswavleTa Soris kamaTi masalebis
ganawilebasTan dakavSirebiT maTTvis realobaa, Tumca xSirad ganzrax aris provocirebuli.
mniSvneloba
ganaTlebis mravali specialisti miiCnevs, rom swavlis rac SeiZleba meti procesi unda
davukavSiroT moswavlis realur cxovrebas mis skolis gareT gamocdilebas. swavlebis
Teoriis erT-erTi skolis warmomadgenelTa azriT, aseTi swavlis procesi gacilebiT efeqturi da mtkicea (Dale, uTariRo). am Teoriis mixedviT, moswavles aqvs konteqsti, romelSic
axali informaciis transferi SeuZlia da Tavis pirad cxovrebasTan relevantobis gamo is
motivirebulia, araTu daeswros aseT sagakveTilo process, aramed misi aqtiuri monawilec
gaxdes. es ki moswavlis CarTulobis garantiaa, rac swavlebas maqsimalurad efeqturs xdis.
Teoriis mimdevarTa azriT, mniSvnelovania vicodeT, ramdenad miaxloebulia realobasTan
moswavleTaTvis SeTavazebuli saswavlo procesebi. skolamdeli asakis bavSvebisa da Ria
gakveTilebis specialistebs saswavlo procesi gansakuTrebiT am kuTxiT ainteresebT (Bussis, Chittenden, and Amarel 1976).
swavlis procesebs Soris gansxvavebis ukeT dasanaxad, SegviZlia monacemTa baza gamoviyenoT. Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT moqmedebiT (keTebiT) swavlasa da Teoriul swavlas, uzarmazar gansxvavebas davinaxavT. aucilebelia, davadginoT, ra adgili uWiravs saswavlo gegmaSi
realobidan swavlas da ramdenad Seesabameba is masalis Sinaarssa da moswavles. saswavlo
gegmis efeqtianoba SegviZlia SevafasoT Teoriul, simulaciur da realobis safuZvelze
swavlis procesTa Soris arsebuli balansis mixedviT. aseTi balansi saukeTeso saSualebaa
saswavlo miznebis mocemul droSi gansaxorcieleblad.
.
390
swavlis gamocdileba
konkurencia
ganmartebani
jonsonma da jonsonma (Johnson & Johnson 1975, 1987) swavlis procesis sami modeli SemoiRes:
kolaboraciuli (TanamSromluri), konkurentuli da individualisturi. swavlis procesSi
mniSvnelovania is urTierTdamokidebuleba da urTierTkavSiri, romelic arsebobs moswavleebs Soris da, agreTve, moswavleebsa da maswavlebels Soris. es urTierToba asaxavs klasis socialur klimats, romelSic gvxvdeba rogorc konkurentuli, ise arakonkurentuli
garemo, an urTierTdaxmareba.
rodesac moswavleebi erTad muSaoben, raTa gaarkvion, ra faqtorebi axdens gavlenas sanTlis wvis xangrZlivobaze, isini kolaboraciuli modeliT muSaoben.
kolaboraciulia modeli, rodesac maT gacnobierebuli aqvT, rom yoveli maTganis mier miznis miRweva uSualod aris damokidebuli maTTan dakavSirebul sxva
moswavleTa mier miznis miRwevaze. magaliTad, Tu yvela moswavlis mizania im
faqtorebis CamoTvla, romlebic gavlenas axdens sanTlis wvis droze, isini
mizans mxolod saWiro CamonaTvalis Sedgenis SemTxvevaSi miaRweven. kolaboraciul mizanze muSaoba saWiroebs saerTo miznis misaRwevad aucilebeli qcevebis koordinirebas. Tu erTi moswavle aRwevs mizans, maSin masTan dakavSirebuli yvela moswavle misi warmatebis moziarea. magram Tu moswavleebi erTmaneTs
sanTlis wvis drois xangrZlivobis ganmapirobebel faqtorTa yvelaze srulyofili CamonaTvalis SedgenaSi Seejibrebian, saqme gveqneba konkurentul
modelTan. konkurentuli modeli im SemTxvevaSi muSaobs, roca moswavleebs
gacnobierebuli aqvT, rom mizans mxolod maSin miaRweven, Tu sxvebi amas ver SeZleben, radgan bolos mxolod erTi saukeTeso gamovlindeba, sxvebi ki damarcxebulebad CaiTvlebian. konkurentuli interaqcia gulisxmobs brZolas miznis
misaRwevad, rac erTis mier miznis miRwevas niSnavs. bolos, ganvixiloT mesame _
individualisturi modeli: es modeli maSin moqmedebs, roca moswavleebi damoukideblad muSaoben, magaliTad, romelime maTematikuri operaciis Sesasruleblad. am SemTxvevaSi, erTi moswavlis mier miznis miRweva ar aris damokidebuli sxvebis mier miznis miRwevaze. erTis warmateba an warumatebloba ar
aisaxeba meoris warmatebaze Tu warumateblobaze. romelime moswavlis mier gamoTvlis ama Tu im maTematikuri meTodis daufleba ar ganapirobebs sxvebis mier
mocemuli meTodis dauflebas an verdauflebas. individualisturi modeliT
muSaobisas ar xdeba moswavleTa Soris interaqcia, yoveli maTgani problemis
gadaWris sakuTar gzas eZebs imisda miuxedavad, sxvebi aRweven Tu ara mizans
(Johnson & Johnson 1975, gv. 7).*
jonsonma da jonsonma saswavlo procesis organizebis formebze (interaqcia moswavleTa
Soris da interaqcia maswavlebelsa da moswavles Soris) dakvirvebis mizniT Seadgines kiTxvari, romlis SekiTxvebzec unda gaecaT an dadebiTi `diax~, an uaryofiTi `ara~ pasuxi.
Sedegad, swavlebis sami modelisTvis samgvari procentuli maCvenebeli gamoikveTa. miRebuli suraTis mixedviT, swavlis procesisTvis iSviaTad gamoiyeneba mxolod kolaboraciuli
modeli. kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT,
dominanturia iseTi saswavlo procesi, romelSic konkurentuli modelisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi sWarbobs.
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Johnson, D. W., and R. T. Johnson. Learning Together and Alone. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Printice Hall, 1975, 1987.
391
392
cxaddeba gamarjvebuli
gundis vinaoba (pirvel
adgilze gasulTa qulebi)
mesame, 2 qula
gamarjvebuli, 6 qula;
cxaddeba
gamarjvebuli
gundebis vinaoba.
moswavleebi
agroveben
qulebs sakuTari
ZalebiT da
Tavad asruleben
konkretul
davalebebs.
15-wuTian
Tavsatexs
moswavleebi
damoukideblad
asruleben.
individualuri testebi.
gundebi gadanawildebian,
raTa ganaxorcielon
moswavleTaSorisi swavla.
gundis wevrebi
damoukideblad swavloben
TavianT nawilebs.
SejibrSi Tanabari
SesaZleblobebis
moswavleebi sxvadasxva
samwevrian gundebs
warmoadgenen. isini
TamaSoben akademiuri
masalis gamoyenebiT:
jgufebs eZlevaT
amocanebi.
iReben jgufis
Sefasebas.
jgufebi erTad
muSaoben.
jgufebi msjeloben,
rogor ganawildes
masala erTi
mTliani produqtis
misaRebad.
socialuri
unarebis varjiSi da
sajaro ganxilva.
Johnson &
Johnson
moswavleTa
gundebi
Tavsatexi
gunduri
Sejibri
gegmaven prezentacias.
Jgufuri jvleva
Tavi 15
swavlis gamocdileba
mniSvneloba
onkurenciis dadebiTi an uaryofiTi mxareebis Sesaxeb diskusia xSirad imarTeba mSoblebs, ganmanaTleblebs Tu quCaSi gamvlelebs Soris. konkurentulia garemo, romelSic Cven
vcxovrobT da romlis Sesaxebac sakuTari Sexeduleba gvaqvs Camoyalibebuli. swavlebis mocemuli maxasiaTeblebi moiTxovs maswavlebelTa yuradRebis mobilizebas, rom gaarkvion,
393
Tavi 15
Sesabamisoba
maswavlebelma SeiZleba moaxdinos jgufebisa da individebis diferencireba imisda mixedviT, Tu swavlebis romeli modelia maTTvis ufro efeqtiani.
zedamxedveloba
ganmartebani
maswavlebelma SeiZleba uSualo zedamxedveloba gauwios moswavleebs, gaakontrolos,
ras da rogor akeTebs TiToeuli maTgani. zogi SeiZleba damoukideblad muSaobdes da Tavad
kisrulobdes pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari namuSevrisTvis. zogs ki pedagogi uwyobs xels, rom
davalebas Tavi gaarTvas: pasuxobs mis SekiTxvebs, awvdis winadadebebsa da rekomendaciebs,
usvams mastimulirebel SekiTxvebs (Dunn and Dunn 1978). dakvirvebebis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom zedamxedveloba SeiZleba samgvarad ganxorcieldes: kontroli, xelSewyoba da damoukideblad muSaobis saSualebis micema.
mniSvneloba
mocemuli maxasiaTeblis SezRuduli speqtri (magaliTad, Tu maswavlebeli yovelTvis
yvela saswavlo aqtivobas akontrolebs) mTlianad dominanturs xdis swavlebis konkretul
formas. zedamxedvelobis formebis viwro an farTo speqtris gamoyeneba Sesabamis gavlenas axdens moswavleTa Camoyalibebaze, vinaidan maTze zemoqmedebs garemo, romelSic uwevT
yofna. warmovidginoT is suraTi, romelic SeiZleba miviRoT zedamxedvelobis mxolod erTi
konkretuli formis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi da sakuTar Tavs SevekiTxoT: gvindoda Tu ara
aseTi Sedegis miReba? saswavlo gegma an Cven am Sedegs viTvaliswinebdiT?
Sesabamisoba
maswavleblebma moswavleTa diferencireba imis mixedviT unda moaxdinon, Tu ra saxis da
ra dozis zedamxedveloba sWirdebaT da maqsimalurad miusadagon zedamxedvelobis formebi:
jeini damoukideblad Zalze nayofierad muSaobs, mxolod iSviaTad sWirdeba maswavleblis konsultacia. maswavleblis mudmivi kontroli mas xels uSlis aRqmaSi. martas damoukideblad ar SeuZlia samuSaos organizeba. man SeiZleba ramdenjerme scados samuSaos
394
swavlis gamocdileba
dawyeba, magram ver moaxerxos. uSualo kontrolis gareSe, man SeiZleba uamravi dro dakargos. maswavlebeli mas zedamxedvelobas uwevs, xolo jeins srul Tavisuflebas aZlevs.
swored aseve SeiZleba jgufebis diferencirebac. Tu maswavleblis midgoma jgufebisa da individebis mimarT am princips emyareba, maSin is sworad usadagebs zedamxedvelobis formebs.
TviTgamoxatva
ganmartebani
saswavlo procesSi moswavleebs TviTgamoxatvis SesaZlebloba an eZlevaT, an ara. TviTgamoxatva SeiZleba xatviT, mxatvruli weriT, artistizmiT, saubriT, saintereso namuSevris
SeqmniT. mxolod SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacema ar gulisxmobs TviTgamoxatvas im TvalsazrisiT, romelic CvenTvis mniSvnelovania. TviTgamoxatva niSnavs individis unikaluri unarebis gamovlenas, an misTvis biZgis micemas, rom Cveulebrivi, standartuli informacia
Taviseburad gadmogvces. biologiis gakveTilze moswavleebisTvis micemuli davaleba,
daxaton mitozi (miuxedavad Sesrulebuli namuSevrebis gansxvavebuli xarisxia), maswavleblis mier winaswar dakonkretebuli davalebaa da moswavleebs TavisuflebisTvis adgils ar
utovebs. davaleba, naxatiT asaxon romelime musikaluri nawarmoebis mosmenis Semdeg sakuTari STabeWdilebebi, aseve winaswar gansazRvrulia, Tumca moswavleebs met Tavisuflebas
aZlevs, asaxon musikiT gamowveuli maTTvis mniSvnelovani asociaciebi. davaleba, Seajamon
turneris sazRvrebis Teoria, moswavleebs TviTgamoxatvis saSualebas ar iZleva. Tu aRniSnul Temas (maTi warmosaxvis gaaqtiurebis mizniT) sxva saxiT SevTavazebT, magaliTad, 100
wlis win rom ecxovraT, rogori reaqcia eqnebodaT Tavisufali miwebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas,
isini sakuTari damokidebulebis gamovlenas SeZleben.
mniSvneloba
es maxasiaTebeli saganmanaTleblo programisTvisac mniSvnelovania. mis Sesaxeb monacemebi Sesabamis suraTs gviqmnis da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, misi rolis gazrdis, an mTlianad
saswavlo procesis arsebiTi cvlilebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia realobis Sedareba imasTan, rac dagegmili gvqonda da im SemTxvevebis gamoyofa, rodesac Cvenma
mcdelobam, moswavleebs TviTgamoxatva moexdinaT, nayofi gamoiRo.
Sesabamisoba
mniSvnelovania, gavarkvioT, rodesac maswavlebeli moswavleebs TviTgamoxatvis saSualebas aZlevs, an misken ubiZgebs, imavdroulad TviTgamoxatvis maTTvis saukeTeso gzis
arCevis saSualebasac Tu aZlevs. roca am maxasiaTebels individs usadageben, mas winaswar
esaubrebian da uxsnian, rom TviTgamoxatvis mizniT sxvebisgan gansxvavebuli xerxebisa da
saSualebebis gamoyeneba SeuZliaT.
395
Tavi 15
abstraqciis xarisxi
ganmartebani
saswavlo procesi SeiZleba iyos konkretuli, TvalsaCinoebaTa (xatebis) gamoyenebiT an
abstraqtuli (Bruner 1966). konkretulia maSin, rodesac moswavleebi xedaven an exebian realur obieqts, an sxva saxis gamosaxulebas da MSeuZliaT interaqcia maTi meSveobiT. abstraqtuli ki niSnavs simbolurs, rodesac saswavlo procesi mTlianad sityvebsa da mosazrebebs
emyareba, ar aris TvalsaCinoebebiTa da konkretuli obiqtebiT uzrunvelyofili.
mniSvneloba
Cven SegviZlia erTmaneTs SevadaroT abstraqciis sxvadasxva xarisxi, romlis SeTavazebac konteqstis mixedviT xdeba da vimsjeloT, situaciasTan misi Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb. aseve
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, moswavleTa asaki da azrovnebis tipebi. dawyebiT safexurze, ra Tqma
unda, metia saswavlo procesSi konkretulis Semotanis saWiroeba, vidre ufro maRal safexurebze.
Sesabamisoba
radgan erTi da imave asakis bavSvebi, abstraqtuli informaciis gadamuSavebis unaris
TvalsazrisiT, xSirad sxvadasxva doneze imyofebian, maswavlebelma isini Sesabamisad unda
dayos da saswavlo procesSi individulurad SesTavazos abstraqciis Sesaferisi done. gonebaSi SeRwevis aseTi meTodi tipobriv saSualo skolis saswavlo gegmaSi gamoiyenes konrad
toeferma (Conrad Toepfer 1981) da sxvebmac. aRmoCnda, rom abstraqtuli saswavlo procesis
dros moswavleebs moeTxovebaT iseTi saxis azrovneba, romelic 12 wlis asakis amerikeli
mozardebis mxolod 12%-s aqvs. toeferis mtkicebiT, maswavlebelma moswavleebs maTi SesaZleblobebisTvis Sesabamisi abstraqciis xarisxi unda SesTavazos, gansakuTrebiT, gardatexis periodSi 12-14 wlis asakSi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, moswavleTa moswrebis mkveTri
diferencireba moxdeba. is da misi kolegebi maswavleblebs urCeven, Seamowmon moswavleTa
azrovnebis done (mTeli rigi konkretuli, Sesabamisi operaciebis meSveobiT) da Sesaferisi
swavlebis forma SeurCion maT. toeferis azriT, inteleqti ar aris dakavSirebuli abstraqtuli azrovnebis unarTan.
abstraqtuli azrovnebis unars didi mniSvneloba aqvs swavlis nayofierebisTvis. amitom
saTanado gamokvlevis safuZvelze moswavleTa gonebrivi ganviTarebis yovel safexurze
saWiro modeli unda gamoviyenoT.
kognituri done
ganmartebani
blumis (Bloom 1956) taqsonomia eqvs kognitur dones: gaxseneba, wvdoma, analizi, gamoyeneba, sinTezi da Sefaseba. moswavleTa kognituri donis dasadgenad swavlis process unda
davakvirdeT. SegviZlia, davakvirdeT maswavleblis mier moswavleebisTvis SeTavazebul
swavlebis formasac da ganvsazRvroT aTvisebis done. swavlis erT konkretul procesSi,
SesaZloa, aTvisebis sxvadasxva donis gamoyeneba iyos saWiro.
396
swavlis gamocdileba
mniSvneloba
mkvlevrebi xangrZlivad ikvlevdnen verbaluri interaqciis dros maswavlebelTa mier
dasmul SekiTxvebs, romlebic Seesabameboda aTvisebis maRal dones. gamoirkva, rom rac
ufro maRali donisaa SekiTxva, miT ukeTesia, radgan swavlebis procesSi aris mcdeloba,
rom moswavleTa Sedegebi SekiTxvebis dones
Seesabamebodes (Winne 1979a). Tumca, aTdiferencirebis SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebelma,
visebis maRali donis Sesabamisi SekiTxvebis
SesaZloa, dabali unarebis mqone moswavleebs
didi doza, SesaZloa, Zalze Seusabamo iyos
maRal doneze azrovnebis SesaZlebloba waarT
im moswavleTaTvis, romelTac igive masala
vas, maTi warumatebloba kidev ufro gazardos
aTvisebis ufro dabal doneze ar daumuSaveda sabolood aucruos guli skolaze.
biaT. me-10 TavSi Cven ganvixileT swavlebis
parametrebi da vnaxeT, rom garkveul modelebSi saWiroa aTvisebis operaciebis garkveuli TanamimdevrobiT miwodeba. isini daumuSaveblad arc erT safexurze ar unda SevitanoT.
Tu Tvals yuradRebiT mivadevnebT aTvisebis doneebs, romlebsac maswavleblebi saswavlo procesSi gvTavazoben, SevZlebT SeTavazebuli speqtris Sesaxeb garkveuli monacemebis
Tavmoyras. konkretuli donis dominirebis SemTxvevaSi, ismis SekiTxva: `ratom?~ Tu maswavlebeli an saswavlo gegma azrovnebasTan dakavSirebul raime gansakuTrebul mizans iTvaliswinebs, gavarkvioT, ramdenad Seesabameba ganzraxva realobas.
Sesabamisoba
Tu maswavlebeli erTi da imave masalasTan dakavSirebul saswavlo process imgvarad
usadagebs moswavleebs, rom sxvadasxva moswavles aTvisebis sxvadasxva done moeTxoveba, e.
i. xdeba aTvisebis doneTa diferencireba. aseTi diferencirebis SemTxvevaSi safrTxe is aris,
rom maswavlebelma, SesaZloa, dabali unarebis mqone moswavleebs maRal doneze gadasvlis
SesaZlebloba waarTvas. xSirad. maswavleblis dabali molodini ukavSirdeba moswavlis Tandayolil dabal SesaZleblobebs.
amis gamo, maswavlebelma, SesaZloa, isini mudam erTi da imave mocemulobis farglebSi
avarjiSos, uintereso gaxados maTTvis swavleba. es kidev ufro gazrdis warumateblobis
dones, rasac Sedegad mohyveba skolaze gulis acrueba. saWiroa didi yuradReba da sifrTxile, raTa maswavlebelma garkveul saswavlo procesebSi ar SezRudos moswavleTa monawileoba. mas SeuZlia saswavlo procesebis diferencireba moswavleTa Sesabamisad, maT Soris
tempis individualurad SerCeviT, magram igi valdebulia, gamoZebnos gzebi da saSualebebi,
rom yvela moswavles, unarebis miuxedavad, aTvisebis doneebis sruli speqtri SesTavazos.
A struqturireba
ra igulisxmeba, rodesac amboben, rom moswavleebi etapobriv konkretulobas saWiroeben?
Cveni dakvirvebiT, am termins sxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT iyeneben. erT-erTi versiiT, moswavles sWirdeba axlo kontaqti da zedamxedveloba, anu davaleba nawil-nawil unda davuSaloT
da dawvrilebiT avuxsnaT ra, sad da rogor unda gaakeTos. saswavlo procesis am segments
SegviZlia `miTiTebebis micema~ vuwodoT. aseTi damatebiTi miTiTebebis gareSe, aqtivoba ver
Sesruldeba. zogjer moswavleebs sTxoven, pirdapir Seudgnen saqmes, zogjer ki maTsa da
397
Tavi 15
maswavlebels Soris xdeba detaluri dakonkreteba, ra da rogor unda gakeTdes. maswavleblis mier micemuli miTiTebebis tipebs Soris gansxvavebis gasaanalizeblad, davakvirdeT,
ra doziT da vis mier xdeba dakonkreteba: maswavleblis mier (Zlieri konkretuloba), maswavleblisa da moswavlis gasaubrebisas (zomieri konkretuloba) da moswavlis mier (naklebi
konkretuloba). maswavlebeli unda axdendes moswavleTa diferencirebas da icodes, vis ra
dozis unda SesTavazos dakonkreteba.
garkveuli mimarTulebis misacemad maswavlebeli xSirad detalur axsna-ganmartebas iZleva (Tavad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs da iZleva instruqciebs): ra konteqstze unda imuSaon, ra
procedurebi unda ganxorcieldes, ra unda Sesruldes (wera, msjeloba, Sedareba, mosmena),
ra produqti unda Seqmnas moswavlem da ra pirobebs unda akmayofilebdes davaleba. swored
es gaxlavT etapobrivi konkretulobis xuTi komponenti konteqsti, moqmedeba, procedurebi, produqti, davalebis Sesrulebis pirobebi.
moswavle
SeTanxmebiT
maswavlebeli
1.
Sinaarsi
2.
qceva
3.
procedurebi
4.
produqti
5.
daskvniTi nawili
msgavs analizs SexvdebiT Berlak da sxv., 1975.
Sinaarsi
konteqsti niSnavs garkveul sakiTxTan dakavSirebul saintereso obieqts an informacias.
vin iRebs gadawyvetilebas, vin axdens SeTavazebas, an vin aris pasuxismgebeli, rogor daamuSaon moswavleebma esa Tu is sakiTxi? imisaTvis, rom moxdes pasuxismgeblobis mizanSewonili
ganawileba, Tema kargad unda gavaanalizoT. gavarkvioT sakiTxis moculoba. ganvixiloT magaliTi:
398
swavlis gamocdileba
aqtivoba
sakiTxi
pasuxismgebeli
mxare
moswavleebis mier
mowodebuli informacia
maswavlebeli
wigni
SekiTxvebi
maswavlebeli
wigni
moswavleebi
maRaziis modeli
maswavlebeli
(Tumca, moswavle Tavad akontrolebs produqtis formas, anu Tavad wyvets, ra saxe eqneba
maRazias, gamosayenebeli masalis, anu kubis da maRaziis modelis idea maswavleblis mier aris
miTiTebuli. moswavle rom arCevanSi Tavisufali yofiliyo da Tavad gadaewyvita, ra saxiT
gamoexata maRazia (mag.: daexata, gamoeZerwa), maSin produqtis formis ganmsazRvreli moswavle iqneboda, xolo Sinaarsis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba kvlav maswavleblis mier iqneboda
miRebuli).
diskusia klasSi saskolo avtobusebis
dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze;
maswavlebeli moswavleebs exmareba
gaerkvnen yvelaferSi da cdilobs
gamoaxatvinos pozicia.
argumentebi, poziciebi da
poziciebis safuZvlebi
moswavleebi
specialuri efeqtebi;
rolze SerCeva;
gadaRebebi;
scenaris Seqmna
molaparakebiT
399
Tavi 15
qceva
imisTvis, rom gavarkvioT, vin gansazRvravs moswavlis mier Sesasrulebel moqmedebas,
davakonkretoT, kerZod, ras akeTebs moswavle. vin gadawyvita, rom swored es unda Sesrulebuliyo: maswavlebelma, moswavlem Tu maT Soris molaparakebam? vin airCia, ra unda gaekeTebina moswavles, waekiTxa, daewera, Seejamebina, kiTxvebze epasuxa, raime aego Tu daexata?
aq saubaria swavlebis individualistur modelze. swavlebis sxva procesebis ganxilvisas,
visaubrebT maswavleblis rolzec moswavleTa qcevis gansazRvrisas _ zemoT xsenebuli
sami SesaZlo variantidan romeli monawileobs? (iqneb, ar erTi!) magaliTad, Tu maswavlebels mxedvelobidan gamorCeba, Seatyobinos moswavleebs, ras moelis maTgan, magram Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba maTTvis isedac naTeli da gasagebi iqneba (magaliTad, samuSao rveulis gverdis dasruleba TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom moswavleebma Tanamimdevrulad unda
Seasrulon am gverdze mocemuli savarjiSoebi), maSin aseTi `gamorCena~ Sedegze ar aisaxeba.
Tu Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba moswavleebisTvis gaugebaria, an samuSao TviT maswavlebelsac
saTanadod dagegmili ar aqvs (am dros moswavleebi dabneulad kiTxuloben: `ra unda gavakeToT?~), maSin SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom Sesasrulebeli moqmedebisTvis pasuxismgebeli mxare
ar arsebobs. miTiTeba _ `Semdegi Tavi geqnebaT~, _ SeiZleba Ggulisxmodes, `waikiTxeT da
Tavis bolos mocemul SekiTxvebs upasuxeT~, an `mxolod waikiTxeT~ an `waikiTxeT Sinaarsis gacnobis mizniT~. Tu maswavlebelma Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba ar daakonkreta, SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom Sesasrulebeli moqmedeba gansazRvruli ar aris.
procedurebi
proceduruli moqmedebebi gulisxmobs iseT detalebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, klasis
jgufebad dayofa marTlweraze muSaobis mizniT, savarjiSosTan dakavSirebiT miTiTebebis
400
swavlis gamocdileba
daskvniTi nawili
rogor arkvevs moswale, dasrulda Tu ara konkretuli saswavlo procesi? Sesrulebis piroba ramdenime TvalsazrisiT unda ganisazRvros: dro, samuSao masalis raodenoba, misaRebi
produqtis saxe. vin awesebs limits: maswavlebeli, moswavle Tu orive erTad?
rig SemTxvevebSi, piroba imTaviTve moswavlis mier aris gansazRvruli (magaliTad, xatvis an SemoqmedebiTi weris dros, garda iseTi SemTxvevebisa roca maswavlebeli davalebas
garkveuli detalebis miTiTebiT iZleva, vTqvaT, `dawereT oTxgverdiani moTxroba~). umetes
SemTxvevebSi ki Sesrulebis pirobebs maswavlebeli adgens, `gaakeTeT, davalebis pirveli
sami xazi~. Tu Sesrulebis piroba Tavidanve mkafiod ar gavagebineT moswavles, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom problema aRniSnuli pirobis gansazRvrasTan dakavSirebiT gvaqvs. ismis
SekiTxva: `Sesrulebis pirobis gansazRvis ra variatebi aqvs maswavlebels da iyenebs Tu ara
maT Sesabamisad?~
Tu maswavlebeli moswavleebs aZlevs saqaRaldes axali samuSao furclebiT da moelis,
rom moswavleebi TavisiT mixvdebian da imuSaveben, gamodis rom mas arc procedurebi aqvs
gansazRvruli da arc davalebis Sesrulebis piroba, rac aucileblad aisaxeba Sedegze.
produqti
vin gansazRvravs, ra saxis produqti unda miviRoT: maswavlebeli, moswavle Tu orive erTad?
401
Tavi 15
maswavlebeli
moswavle
SeTanxmeba
Sesabamisoba
swavlis efeqtianoba aris erT-erTi mizezi, ris gamoc maswavlebeli sxvadasxvagvarad
unda miudges moswavleebs (ix. Colarusso 1972). SesaZloa, jimma damoukideblad moaxerxos
Catarebuli cdidan monacemebis amokrefa, freds ki maswavleblis detaluri ganmarteba
dasWirdes, rom cda misTvis maqsimalurad Sedegiani aRmoCndes. erT jgufs, SesaZloa, damoukideblad SeeZlos wasakiTxi masalis SerCeva, meores ki daxmareba dasWirdes (Sinaarsi).
Tu maswavleblis mizani moswavleTa damoukideblobisa da TviTmotivaciis gazrdaa, igi
TandaTan unda gadavides meti dakonkretebidan nakleb dakonkretebaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
man moswavleebs unda SeurCios dakonkretebis is done, romelic mizanSewonili iqneba maTi
efeqtiani SedegisTvis. arsebobs situacia, romelic met dakonkretebas moiTxovs da, am SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebelma dro da energia ar unda daiSuros. TandaTanobiT unda Seecados,
rom zog sakiTxze moswavleebTan erTad (garkveul nawilTan mainc) miiRos gadawyvetileba.
vTqvaT, procedurebze an namuSevris dasrulebis pirobebze. saswavlo wlis ganmavlobaSi
ufro da ufro meti moswavle CaerTveba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi da maTi damoukideblobis xarisxi gaizrdeba.
Cveni azriT, etapobrivi dakonkretebis (da pasuxismgeblobis) sakiTxis gageba dagvexmareba, gaverkveT im sakmaod damabnevel CanawerebSi, romlebic, 1960-1970-iani wlebis e. w.
Ria gakveTilebs asaxavs. masSi Cans, rom maswavlebeli gansazRvravda dakonkretebis donis
moswavleebTan Sesabamisobas. moswavles ar avalebda konkretuli amocanis Sesasruleblad
damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebis miRebas, Tu is amisTvis mzad ar iyo. zogjer mTeli klasi
erTnair etapobriv dakonkretebas saWiroebs, zogjer ki aucilebelia am procesis moswavleTa Sesabamisad diferencireba (Berlak da sxvebi 1975).
devid hantisa (David Hunt) da misi kolegebis mier Catarebuli kvlevebis Semdeg (1966),
swavleba gacilebiT efeqtiani gaxda, radgan praqtikaSi damkvidrda moswavleebisTvis pasuxismgeblobis delegireba maTi ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisad. Uuamravi xerxi arsebobs
imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra doziT Careva sWirdeba moswavles (Hunt 1971; Hunt and Sullivan 1974;
Rich and Bush 1978). Cvens mier ganxiluli etapobrivi konkretulobis SesaZlo variantebi
maswavleblis mxridan, moswavlis mxridan, SeTanxmebis Sedegad Seesatyviseba hantis mier
gamoyofil meti, naklebi da zomieri konkretulobis doneebs.
402
swavlis gamocdileba
Tan, mSobelTan), anda maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT patara jgufTan erTad. saswavlo kursis manZilze SeiZleba moxdes zemoCamoTvlili eqvsi kombinaciidan erTi an meti variantis
gamoyeneba. sxvadasxva saswavlo procesi SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvar dajgufebas saWiroebdes.
mniSvneloba
maswavleblis mier swavlebis procesSi Seqmnili jgufebis Taviseburebani saswavlo gegmidan gamomdinareobs. ra saxis jgufis Seqmnaa mizanSewonili saswavlo miznis misaRwevad? ramdenad Tanxvdenilia ganzraxva da realoba? jgufebis kombinaciebze saubrisas, gvainteresebs jgufis rogorc raodenobrivi, ise Tvisebrivi mxare. sainteresoa, jgufis wevrebs Soris
interaqciis formac. Tu jgufi 6 moswavlisgan da maswavleblisgan Sedgeba da moswavleebi
maswavleblis SekiTxvebs pasuxoben, maSin moswavleTa Soris aranairi kavSiri ar myardeba da
Zalze susti interaqcia arsebobs maswavlebelTan, radgan moswavleTa pasuxebi mxolod faqtobriv informacias Seicavs. am SemTxvevaSi personaluri urTierTkavSiris done dabalia.
Tu amave jgufs maswavlebeli SesTavazebs, rom TanaklaselTa pasuxebi ganavrcon, ganmarton an gaabaTilon, moswavleebi erTmaneTTan uSualo saubars daiwyeben, xolo maswavlebeli situaciis daregulirebasa da mediatoris funqciis Sesrulebas Seecdeba. Sesabamisad,
personaluri urTierTkavSiri aRar iqneba susti da ufro zomier xasiaTs SeiZens. xolo Tu
moswavleebi sruliad Tavisuflad esaubrebian erTmaneTs, dialogis formatsa da CarCoebs
Tavad aweseben da samoqmedo gegmasac damoukideblad adgenen, maSin personaluri urTierTkavSiri maRali xarisxisaa.
Tu saswavlo gegmis mizani socialuri xasiaTisaa, magaliTad, TanamSromloba, erTmaneTis
mosmena, urTierTpativiscema, maSin SeiZleba moswavleTa jgufebi, wyvilebi Tu sxva saxis
kombinaciebi maswavleblis Caurevladac Seiqmnas. saswavlo gegmis nebismieri Temis ganxilvisas personaluri urTierTkavSiris simWidrove da am urTierTobiT miRebuli Sedegi saSualebas gvaZlevs davinaxoT, ras eniWeba mniSvneloba konkretul saswavlo procesSi. personaluri urTierTkavSiri saswavlo procesis Semadgeneli nawilia da maswavlebelma mas
saswavlo miznebidan da moswavleTa saWiroebebidan gamomdinare unda misces mimarTuleba.
Sesabamisoba
personaluri interaqciis dros maswavlebelma jgufebi moswavleTa individualur TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT unda Seqmnas (Colarusso 1972). jimi did jgufSi kargad muSaobs,
patara jgufSi ki Cumad aris da Tanaklaselebs eTiSeba. rogorc Cans, mas mxolod ramdenime moswavlesTan erTad SeuZlia efeqtiani muSaoba. is mxolod maT aZlevs saSualebas, rom
daexmaron da mxolod maTTan (erT jerze mxolod erTTan) SeuZlia TanamSromloba. amitom
maswavlebeli SeZlebisdagvarad xSirad qmnis misTvis xelsayrel kombinacias: maswavlebelijimi da Tanaklaseli-jimi (Tumca, imavdroulad, maswavlebeli cdilobs, mas jgufSi muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi daaZlevinos). es gaxlavT maswavleblis mier moswavlis
individualuri xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT personaluri interaqciis dagegmvis magaliTi.
zogjer Tavisebureba mTel klass axasiaTebs. magaliTad, zogierT klasSi did jgufebad
muSaoba SeuZlebelia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, maswavlebelma individualuri da mcire jgufebSi
Sesasrulebeli samuSaoebi didi raodenobiT unda dagegmos.
mis jeimsi amCnevs, rom jgufSi personaluri interaqcia ver xerxdeba. moswavleebs aqvT
mosazrebebis urTierTgaziarebis problema, erTmaneTs msjelobas ar aclian. amitom is amcirebs personaluri urTierTkavSiris simWidrovis xarisxs da zrdis sakuTar, rogorc Suamav-
403
Tavi 15
lis rols. Sedegad, moswavleebi avlenen analizis unaris maRal dones. gamodis, rom am jgufs
personaluri urTierTkavSiris simWidrovis maRali xarisxi ar esaWiroeba.
Tu maswavlebeli moswavleTa dajgufebisas da personaluri interaqciis warmarTvisas individzea orientirebuli, maSin is am maxasiaTeblis saWiroebis mixedviT misadagebas axdens.
ra xdeba, rodesac Seusabamobas vawydebiT? am SemTxvevaSi, savaraudoa, rom swavlis
procesi warumateblad mimdinareobs. Seusabamoba niSnavs, rom raRac rigze ver aris da
destruqciuli qceva da uyuradReboba vlindeba. am dros moswavlebi rTul mdgomareobaSi
arian. maswavleblis valia, gaarkvios, ramdenad ukavSirdeba Seqmnili sirTuleebi Seusabamo
dajgufebas an personalur interaqcias. rogor unda dadgindes mizezebi?
mravaljeradi dakvirvebis Sedegad SeiZleba gamoikveTos warmatebuli da warumatebeli
Semadgenlobis jgufebi. Tu erTi da imave Semadgenlobis jgufi xSirad cud Sedegs aCvenebs,
gamodis, rom saqme gvaqvs Seusabamo dajgufebasTan, an Seusabamo personalur interaqciasTan. damkvirvebeli xSirad iseT rames amCnevs, rac maswavleblisTvis, SesaZloa, dafaruli
iyos. Tumca, xSirad mxolod damkvirveblisTvis rTulia mizezis migneba da umjobesi iqneba,
Tu damkvirvebeli problemis mizezebs maswavlebelTan erTad moZebnis.
informaciis sirTule
`Semecnebis dabali donis mqone moswavleebs uWirT gonebis Tvali gaadevnon kompleqsur informacias da Tavi gaarTvan masTan dakavSirebul davalebas. xolo im moswavleebs,
romelTac Semecnebis maRali done aqvT, kompleqsuri xasiaTis informaciis damuSaveba ufro
uadvildebaT~ (Hunt 1971). es mosazreba, TiTqos martivia, rasac ver vityviT TviT sakiTxis
Sesaxebac. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom moswavlis
Semecnebis done ar unda gavaigivoT inteleqtmoswavleTa Senecnebis done da maTi inteleqti
Tan da SesaZleblobasTan. magaliTad, or sakan SesaZlebloba erTi da igive ar aris.
maod gonebagaxsnil mozards SeiZleba hqondes
erTmaneTisgan Zalze gansxvavebuli Semecnebis
done. ras niSnavs informaciis kompleqsurad damuSaveba? Cven gamovyofT informaciis kompleqsurobis sam dones: maRals, saSualos da dabals.
pirveli, anu kompleqsurad dabali donis informacia niSnavs sworxazovan informacias, sadac faqtebi erTmaneTs misdevs. aseTi informaciis saswavlad saWiroa damaxsovreba,
Tanamimdevruloba, gageba da unarebi. Semswavlels ar moeTxoveba alternativebis gaTvaliswineba, an sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss Soris (magaliTad, adamianis grZnobebsa da orientaciebs
Soris) gansxvavebaTa gamokveTa. Semecnebis dabali donis mqone adamianebs sakuTari Sexedulebis SemuSaveba uWirT, magram sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisis Seswavla ar uZneldebaT.
meore doneze Cndeba sxvadasxva alternativa. moswavleebs moeTxovebaT, erTmaneTisagan gamijnon da ganasxvaon wyaroebi, Sexedulebebi, SesaZlo ganmartebani. Tu garkveul
cnebas erTze meti ganmarteba aqvs, moswavlem konteqstis mixedviT yvelaze Sesabamisis amocnoba unda SeZlos. Cndeba Sedarebisa da Sepirispirebis saWiroeba. moswavleebs SeuZliaT
garkveuli monacemebis safuZvelze Camoayalibon sakuTari Sexedulebebi.
mesame, anu kompleqsurobis maRal doneze moswavleebs SeuZliaT ramdenime alternativis erTdroulad gaTvaliswineba. maT gansxvavebisa da gamijvnis imdenad didi unari aqvT,
rom damatebiT ramdenime Tvalsazrissa da ganmartebas Soris urTierTmimarTebis danaxvis
unari uviTardebaT.
404
swavlis gamocdileba
mniSvneloba
ra Tqma unda, zemoxsenebuli 3 done ganviTarebas eqvemdebareba (5 wlis bavSvebs ar SeuZliaT dainaxon urTierTkavSiri sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss Soris). ase rom, moswavleebs maTi
ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisi kompleqsurobis amocanebi unda SevTavazoT Dda Semdeg doneze
mxolod maSin gadaviyvanoT, roca amisTvis mzad iqnebian. aseve ar unda gamogvrCes Mmxedvelobidan moswavleTa diferencireba kompleqsurobis TvalsazrisiT da yoveli maTganisTvis Sesabamisi samuSaos micema.
hantis ganviTarebis modeli erTdroulad iTvaliswinebs Cven mier ganxilul etapobriv
dakonkretebas, dajgufebas/personaluri urTierTkavSiris simWidroves da informaciis
kompleqsurobas. es gaxlavT Semecnebis donis sami waxnagi, romelTa Soris urTierTkavSiri
arsebobs. Semecnebis dabali donis mqone moswavle (ris Sesamowmebladac hantma specialuri
testi SeimuSava) nayofier muSaobas SeZlebs Zlieri etapobrivi dakonkretebis, jgufSi naklebi dinamikis da informaciis dabali kompleqsurobis SemTxvevaSi. da piriqiT, Semecnebis
maRali donis mqone moswavle ukeT swavlobs naklebi etapobrivi dakonkretebis, mWidro
jgufuri interaqciisa da kompleqsur informaciaze muSaobis dros. am saxis Sesabamisoba
kvlevis Sedegadac dadasturda da didi moulodneloba iyo. Sesabamisobas adgili aqvs rogorc bavSvebSi, aseve zrdasrul adamianebSi da misi gaTvaliswineba sagakveTilo procesisa
da jgufuri muSaobis warmatebiT warmarTvaSi dagvexmareba (Gower and Resnick 1979; Rich and
Bush 1978).
aRqmis arxebi
ganmartebani
gavarkvioT, ra roli aqvT swavlis procesSi SegrZnebebs da davakvirdeT gamoxatvis im
ZiriTad saSualebebs, romlebsac moswavleebi iyeneben axali informacias an azrebis mosmenis, produqtis damoukideblad Seqmnis an codnis gadmocemisas. SesaZloa, moswavles aRqmis erTi an randenime arxi hqondes ganviTarebuli _ xedviTi, smeniTi, SexebiTi, kinesTetikuri. gamoxatvis ZiriTadi saSualebebi, romelTac moswavleebi swavlis procesSi iyeneben,
SeiZleba iyos mamoZravebeli kunTebi, xma an arc erTi. moswavlem codna metyvelebiT, werilobiT, an sxva xiluli unariT SeiZleba gadasces.
mniSvneloba da Sesabamisoba
swavlis procesis individualizebis erT-erT saSualebas moswavleTaTvis optimaluri
mimRebi da gadamcemi arxebis gaaqtiureba warmoadgens. danma da danma am sakiTxis kvlevas
didi Sroma miuZRvnes (Dunn and Dunn 1978). aRniSnulis praqtikaSi ganxorcielebis mizniT,
SegviZlia davakvirdeT moswavleebs da vnaxoT, rom erTsa da imave an msgavs miznebze samuSaod, yoveli maTgani xasiaTis Sesabamis mimReb da gadamcem arxs iyenebs.
moswavlis mier informaciis misaRebad gamoiyeneba Semdegi arxebi: vizualuri, smeniTi
da SexebiTi/kinesTetikuri. swavlis procesSi moswavlis moqmedebis (moqmedeba gadacemis
mizniT) gaTvaliswinebiT, SegviZlia CamovTvaloT mTeli rigi arxebi, romelTac is iyenebs:
metyveleba, wera, raime aqtivoba (mag.: xatva, ageba, manipulireba, moZraoba). moZraobiT gadacemis mizniT, moswavlem SeiZleba kunTebis garkveuli jgufi gamoiyenos: mTavari mamoZravebeli kunTebi, mcire kunTebi, xma, an pasiuroba (umoZraoba).
405
Tavi 15
swavlis procesis sami maxasiaTeblis monacemebze dakvirvebiT, SegviZlia, SevafasoT, ramdenad aqtiuri iyo da Seesabameboda swavlis procesi saswavlo programis moTxovnebsa da
moswavlis saWiroebebs. es monacemebi maswavleblebisTvis Zalze mniSvnelovania, radgan maTi
meSveobiT eqmnebaT naTeli suraTi, ra xerxebi unda gamoiyenon swavlis procesSi moswavleTa
aRqmis arxebis maqsimalurad CarTvis mizniT.
aRqmis mravalferovani arxebis gamoyenebis SemTxveviTi xasiaTis SemTxvevaSi, ver iqneba uzrunvelyofili misi moswavlesTan Sesabamisoba. Sesabamisoba maSin dasturdeba, roca
moswavles an garkveul jgufs individualurad maTi xasiaTidan gamomdinare vusadagebT,
anu, rodesac maswavlebeli moswavles aRqmis misTvis dominanturi arxis gamoiyenebisaken ubiZgebs, an moswavleTa garkveul jgufs sistematurad aZlevs specialur davalebebs,
romelTa meSveobiTac erTi da imave miznis misaRwevad sxvebisgan gansxvavebul swavlis process sTavazobs.
masStabi
ganmartebani
zogjer obieqtis, nabeWdis da saswavlo procesSi gamosayenebeli sxva modelis masStabi
icvleba izrdeba an pataravdeba. masalis masStabi, Sesabamisad, SeiZleba iyos gazrdili,
Semcirebuli an normaluri.
mniSvneloba
saswavlo procesis sxva maxasiaTeblebis msgavsad, masStabic erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia da
xels uwyobs Semswavlelis interaqcias garemosTan, romelsac saswavlo gegmis avtori da
maswavlebeli akontroleben. am maxasiaTebelze dakvirveba gvexmareba, pasuxi gavceT kiTxvas: ramdenad srulad viyenebT swavlebis procesSi masStabiT manipulirebis SesaZleblobebs? magaliTad, Semcirebuli masStabis modelebiT SegviZlia abstraqtulad warmodgenili
Sinaarsi xatovani formiT gadmovceT, riTac im moswavleebs davexmarebiT, romlebsac uWirT
abstraqtuli azrovneba. skolis kedlebs miRma arsebuli garemo (nakaduli, qalaqi, xeoba),
SegviZlia klasSi didi naxatebis saxiT SevitanoT (3 futi 4 futze) da saklaso oTaxis mTel
kedelze ganvaTavsoT. samuSao furclebis zomis SecvliT, standartuli davalebebis did
dafaze SesrulebiT, asawyobi asoebisa da cifrebis gamoyenebiT, maswavlebels SeuZlia standartuli saswavlo procesis gaxaliseba da gamravalferovneba.
Sesabamisoba
masStabs gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dawyebiT safexurze unda mieqces, radgan dawyebiT
klasebis moswavleebisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs nabeWdis zomas da furcelze erTeulTa
raodenobas.
406
informaciis wyaro:
standartuli
Seqmnili
2.
gamoyenebuli
teqsti
dakvirveba
resursebi:
maswavlebeli
Tanatolebi
audiovizualuri
onlainis
mSoblebi
interviuebi
momsaxureba
eleqtroaparatura
cnobari
warmosaxva
gamocdileba
3.
piradi relevantoba:
warmosaxviTi
simulaciuri
realuri
4.
konkurencia:
konkurentuli
individualisturi
TanamSromluri
5.
zedamxedveloba:
zedamxedveloba
damoukidebloba
xelSemwyobi
Sesabamisi
6.
TviTgamoxatva
Aar xdeba
xdeba
Sesabamisia
7.
abstraqciis xarisxi:
konkretuli
xatovani
abstraqtuli
8.
kognituri done:
gaxseneba
wvdoma
analizi
gamoyeneba
sinTezi
Sefaseba
9.
etapobrivi
dakonkreteba:
ar aris
maswavlebeli
moswavle
SeTanxmeba
Sinaarsi
qceva
procedurebi
produqti
daskvniTi nawili
10.
dajgufeba da
interpersonaluri
sirTule:
dabali
maRali
saSualo
Sesabamisi
407
11
informaciis
sirTule:
dabali
maRali
saSualo
Sesabamisi
12
aRqmis arxebi:
moswavleTa
mxedvelobiTi
SexebiT/
Zalisxmeva
smeniTi
kinesTetikuri
Sesabamisi
moswavleTa
ZiriTadi
mcire kunTebis
motoruli unarebis
gamoyeneba
kunTebis
monawileobiT
monawileobiT
pasiuri
xma
13
408
moswavlis
saqmianobis Sedegi
metyveleba
Sesruleba
wera
Sesabamisi
masStabi:
normaluri
gazrdili
Semcirebuli
Sesabamisi
informaciis wyaroebi
personaluri relevantoba
zedamxedveloba
abstraqciis xarisxi
etapobrivi dakonkreteba
informaciis sirTule
masStabi
gamosayenebeli resursebi
konkurencia
TviTgamoxatva
kognituri done
dajgufeba da interpersonaluri
sirTule
aRqmis arxebi
informaciis wyaroebi
1. `sakvanZo sityvebis mosaZebnad leqsikons gamoviyenebT~.
standartuli
Seqmnili
orive
2. `amerikis revoluciis Sesaxeb qveTavis kiTxvisas, airCieT erT-erTi imdroindeli istoriuli figura da hkiTxeT partniors, ratom iyo mis mier arCeuli
piri konkretul poziciaze. yuradRebiT iyaviT, rom partniorebma erTsa da
imave istoriul pirze ar isaubroT~.
standartuli
Seqmnili
swavlis gamocdileba
- savarjiSo
orive
Seqmnili
orive
Seqmnili
orive
personaluri relevantoba
1. moswavleebi, romlebic biznesis samarTals swavloben, monawileoben saswavlo sasamarTlo procesSi.
warmosaxviTi
simulaciuri
realuri
409
warmosaxviTi
simulaciuri
realuri
simulaciuri
realuri
simulaciuri
realuri
simulaciuri
realuri
simulaciuri
realuri
simulaciuri
realuri
simulaciuri
realuri
simulaciuri
realuri
simulaciuri
realuri
miznis struqtura
1. jgufSi 4 moswavle muSaobs. Mmoswavleebi statiis analizs weren, Semdeg erTmaneTs ukiTxaven, saukeTesos arCeven da oTaxSi saukeTeso namuSevrisTvis
gankuTvnil adgilze aTavseben.
konkurentuli
individualisturi
TanamSromluri
2. moswavleebma romanis erTi Tavi unda waikiTxon, daweron ganxilva da gamoTqvan varaudi, rogor SeiZleba ganviTardes movlenebi momdevno TavSi. bolos,
namuSevrebi maswavlebels unda gadascen.
konkurentuli
individualisturi
TanamSromluri
3. moswavleebi 4 kacian jgufebad muSaoben, rom maTematikis davalebasTan dakavSirebiT SeTanxmebas miaRwion. isini im amocanaTa sias, romlebzec ver Tanxmdebian, maswavlebels gadascemen, romelic maTi amoxsnis gzas mTel klass
aCvenebs. Semdeg jgufebi imuSaveben klasis mier mniSvnelovnad miCneul erTerT unarze. roca yvela wevri davalebas Seasrulebs, jgufi wamaxalisebel
qulas miiRebs maswavlebelsa da jgufs Soris winaswar SeTanxmebuli prizis
410
individualisturi
TanamSromluri
individualisturi
TanamSromluri
5. mesameklaselebi gakveTilebis damTavrebis Semdeg saswavlo centrSi damatebiTi unarebis ganviTarebaze muSaoben.
konkurentuli
individualisturi
TanamSromluri
6. romanis Seswavla randenime etapad xdeba: jer moswavleebi erTi Tavis Semajamebel savarjiSos Seasruleben da varauds gamoTqvamen Semdeg TavSi movlenebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT. meore dRes isini oTxwevrian jgufebs
qmnian, romelTagan erT-erTs momzadebuli aqvs mocemuli Tavis ucxo sityvaTa ganmartebani. meore moswavles momzadebuli aqvs sadiskusio kiTxvebi
jgufisTvis. mesames _ Sedarebebis, metaforebisa da sxva mxatvruli xerxebis
magaliTebi, meoTxe ki mdivan-Semmowmebelia. jgufSi muSaobis dasrulebis
Semdeg individualurad abareben namuSevrebs Sesafaseblad. abareben aseve
werilobiT mosazrebebs ukve Semdgari jgufuri Sexvedrisa da momavali
Sekrebis prioritetuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb.
konkurentuli
individualisturi
TanamSromluri
zedamxedveloba
gaecaniT zemoT motanil 6 magaliTs da gaarkvieT: maswavlebeli pirdapir
zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs, xelSemwyobis funqcias asrulebs Tu moswavleebs
damoukideblad amuSavebs. SesaZlebelia erTze meti pasuxic.
1. zedamxedveloba
damoukidebloba
xelSewyoba
2. zedamxedveloba
damoukidebloba
xelSewyoba
3. zedamxedveloba
damoukidebloba
xelSewyoba
4. zedamxedveloba
damoukidebloba
xelSewyoba
5. zedamxedveloba
damoukidebloba
xelSewyoba
6. zedamxedveloba
damoukidebloba
xelSewyoba
TviTgamoxatva
daadgineT, winamdebare magaliTebSi eZlevaT Tu ara moswavlebs sakuTari unikalurobis gamoxatvis saSualeba.
1. meoreklaselebi eqskursiaze fermas stumroben. klasSi dabrunebis Semdeg maT
sTxoven, eqskursiis STabeWdilebebi werilobiT gadmoscen da daasuraTon.
411
diax
ara
ara
ara
4. moswavleebi ikvleven CrdiloeT amerikaSi kolumbis mogzaurobamde (1492) arsebul kulturebs. maT unda daweron, daxaton an isaubron, maTi azriT, ramdenad
zianis momtani aRmoCndeboda kolumbis mogzauroba am kulturebisTvis.
diax
ara
abstraqciis xarisxi
1. moswavleebs sTxoven, gamosaxon wylis molekula wyalbadsa da Jangbads Soris arsebuli bmebis meSveobiT. Semdeg Seqmnan molekulis diagrama da daweron misi formula.
konkretuli
xatovani
abstraqtuli
xatovani
abstraqtuli
3. moswavleebi CxirebiTa da kubebiT qmnian orniSna ricxvebis modelebs. Semdeg isini Cxirebsa da kubebs xataven da erTmaneTs umateben.
konkretuli
xatovani
abstraqtuli
4. moswavleebi Taxvis, daTvis da irmis fitulebis bewvis sixSiris Sesamowmeblad samecniero muzeumSi midian.
konkretuli
xatovani
abstraqtuli
etapobrivi dakonkreteba
1. `dawereT moxseneba TqvenTvis saintereso pirovnebis biografiis Sesaxeb~.
ar aris
moswavlis
mier
SeTanxmebiT
maswavleblis
m i e r
moswavlis
mier
eTanxmebiT
aswavleblis
m i e r
412
moswavlis
mier
SeTanxmebiT
maswavleblis
m i e r
swavlis gamocdileba
literatura
Anter, J., and J. Jenkins. "Differential DiagnosisPrescription Teaching: A Critical Appraisal." Review
of Educational Research 49 (Fall 1979): 517- ' 555.
Aronson, E. The Jigsaw Classroom. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1978.
Bates, J. "Extrinsic Reward and Intrinsic Motivation: A Review with Implications for the Classroom."
Review of Educational Research 49 (Fall 1979): 557-576.
Berlak, A., et al. "Teaching and Learning in English Primary Schools." School Review (February 1975):
215-243.
Bloom, B. Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Handbook I. New York: David McKay, 1956.
Bruner, J. Toward a Theory of Instruction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966.
Bussis, A. M., E. A. Chittenden, and M. Amarel. Beyond Surface Curriculum: An Interview Study of Teachers'
Understandings. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1976.
Colarusso, C. Diagnostic Educational Grouping: Strategies for Teaching. Bucks County (Pennsylvania) Public
Schools, March 1972.
Dale, E. "Cone of Learning." Unpublished paper, University of Ohio.
Davis, O. L. (ed.). Perspectives on Curriculum Development. Washington, D.C.: Association for Supervision
and Curriculum Development, 1976.
Deutsch, M. "An Experimental Study of the Effects of Cooperation and Competition upon Group Process." Human Relations 2 (1949): 199-231.
Dunn, R., and K. Dunn. Teaching Students Through Their Individualized Learning Styles: A Practical Approach.
Reston, Va.: Reston Publishing Co., 1978.
Gehlbach, R. D. "Individual Differences: Implications for Instructional Theory, Research and Innovation." Educational Researcher 8 (April 1979): 8-14.
Gower, R. R., and H. Resnick. "Theory and Research: Evaluation Results." Project funded by Office of
Career Education, U.S. Office of Education, August 1979.
Gregorc, A. F., and H. B. Ward,, "A New Definition for Individual." MASSP Bulletin (February 1977).
Hunt, D. E. Matching Models in Education. Monograph No. 10. Ontario, Canada: Ontario Institute for
Studies in Education, 1971.
Hunt, D. E., and E. V. Sullivan. Between Psychology and Education. Hinsdale, 111.: Dryden Press, 1974.
Johnson, D. W., and R. T.Johnson. Learning Together and Alone. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall,
1975, 1987.
Johnson, D. W., L. Skon, and R.Johnson. "Effects of Cooperative, Competitive, and Individualistic
Conditions on Children's Problem-Solving Performance." American Educational Research Journal
17 (Spring 1980): 83-94.
Johnson, D. W., R. T.Johnson, E.J. Holubec. Advanced Cooperative Learning. Edina, Minn.: Interaction
Book Company, 1988.
413
Tavi 15
Joyce, B. R. A Guide to the Teacher-Innovator: A Program to Prepare Teachers. Washington, D.C.: American
Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, 1969.
--------. Selecting Learning Experiences. Washington, D.C.: Association for
Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1978.
Rich, H. L., and A. J. Bush, "The Effect of Congruent Teacher-Student Characteristics on Instructional
Outcomes." American Educational Research Journal 15 (Summer 1978): 451-458.
Rosenholtz, S. J., and B. Wilson. "The Effect of Classroom Structure on Shared Perceptions of Ability."
American Educational Research Journal 17(Spring 1980): 75-82.
Sharam, S. "Cooperation Learning in Small Groups." Review of Educational Research 50 (Summer 1980):
241-272.
Slavin, R. E. "Cooperative Learning." Review of Educational Research 50 (Summer 1980): 315-342.
Toepfer, C. F., Jr. Brain Growth Periodization Research. Washington, D.C.: Association for Supervision and
Curriculum Development, 1981.
Tyler, R. Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.
Winne, P. H. "Experiments in Relating Teachers' Use of Higher-Level Cognitive Questions to Students'
Achievement." Review of Educational Research 49 (Winter 1979a).
--------. "Aptitude-Treatment Interactions in an Experiment on Teacher
Effectiveness." American Educational Research Journal 14 (Fall 1979b): 389-410.
414
16
Sefaseba
Sefaseba
modiT, saintereso monacemis analiziT daviwyoT: TiTqmis ar arsebobs korelacia skolaSi miRebul niSnebsa da cxovrebaSi miRweul warmatebas Soris iseTi indikatorebis mixedviT, rogoricaa: xelfasi, Tanamdeboba, statusi, gavlena, bedniereba da sxv. (Samson da sxvebi
1984).Aam marTlac gansacvifrebeli aRmoCenis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, ra azri aqvs Sefasebis
sistemas? is, rac mogvianebiT warmatebis sawindari xdeba, arc testiT izomeba da arc Sefasebis Cveneuli sistemiT (iqneb, rasac vaswavliT, arc is unda iswavlebodes!).
saubaria swavlis Sefasebasa da Sefasebis
TiTqmis ar arsebobs korelacia skolaSi miRe
arsebuli sistemebis arasaxarbielo Sedebul niSnebsa da cxovrebaSi miRweul warmate
gebze, ris safuZvelzec 1990-ian wlebSi Sefasebis alternatiuli gzebis Zieba daiwyo.
bas Soris.
swored Sefasebisa da swavlebis mWidro kavSiris gamo gaxda es moZraoba swavlebaze da mis Sedegebze moqmedi mZlavri berketi.
swavlebis Tanamedrove inovaciaTa Soris Sefaseba, SesaZloa, swavlebis procesis gaumjobesebis, maswavlebelTa repertuaris gafarToebisa da modernizebis yvelaze mZlavr berketad miviCnioT. Sefasebis sistema moqmedebs imaze, Tu ras vaswavliT, rogor vaswavliT, ra
dros vuTmobT calkeul Temebs da ra aqtivobebis Sesrulebas vTxovT moswavleebs yoveldRiurad. is gvaiZulebs, swavlebis mkafio miznebi davsaxoT da gavlenas axdens imazec, ramdenad mkafiod esmiT moswavleebs is, rasac akeTeben, ramdenad koncentrirebulni da motivirebulni arian.
maswavlebels didi dro ar dasWirdeba Sefasebis iseTi sistemis dasanergad, romelsac
am TavSi aRwerili Taviseburebebi eqneba. ganaTlebis reformaSi moswavleTa saqmianobis Sefasebis mniSvneloba klebulobs, radgan sayovelTaod cnobili xdeba standartizebuli testebis naklovanebebi (aseve ecema maswavleblis saqmianobis Sefasebis mniSvnelobac. mraval
StatSi saxelmwifo kanoniT licenzireba, sertificireba da ganmeorebiTi sertificireba
uSualod ukavSirdeba gamovlenili unarebis Sefasebas.) standartuli testebis avtorebi
uars amboben iseT sakiTxebze, romelic ar axdens jgufTa Soris diskriminacias; amis mizezi
is gaxlavT, rom normaluri ganawilebis mrudi normaze dafuZnebuli standartuli testebisTvis kultia da Seqmnis mizans daxarisxebasa da ranJirebas pasuxobs. amrigad, standartul
testebSi codnis `gasazomad~ kargi sakiTxebisa da amocanebis SerCeva mniSvnelobiT meore
adgilze dgas, radgan pirvelxarisxovani moswavleTa daxarisxebaa. amgvari midgoma miuRebeli xdeba im sazogadoebisTvis, romelic mogviwodebs, rom moswavleebi XXI saukunisTvis
movamzadoT.
`avTentikur~, `alternatiul~ an `saqmianobis~ Sefasebad wodebuli axali midgomis mizania gaamdidros standartuli testebi da gardaqmnas swavlebis praqtika. am TavSi ganvixilavT, ra wvlilis Setana SeuZlia am procesSi Sefasebas da swavlebisa da swavlis ra Sedegebs
unda velodeT. Cveni mizania: (1) CamovayaliboT kargi Sefasebis Taviseburebebi, (2) SemogTavazoT kargi Sefasebis modelebi da (3) dagexmaroT, gaamdidroT sakuTari repertuari kargi
SefasebisTvis saWiro gzebiT.
417
Tavi 16
Sefasebis miznebi
mniSvnelovania, rom maswavleblebsa da moswavleebs kargad esmodeT Sefasebis azri. rogori gasakviric unda iyos, xSirad moswavlem ar icis konkretuli Sefasebis mizani, sanam
maswavlebeli ar auxsnis (rac iSviaTad xdeba). Cveni dakvirvebiT, TiTze CamosaTvleli gvyavs
is maswavleblebi, romlebic moswavleebs Semajamebel da diagnostikur testebs Soris gansxvavebas uxsnian. `testis mizania gavigoT, ra iswavleT~ - mxolod amis Tqma sakmarisi ar aris,
radgan moswavleebma ar ician, rogor gamoviyenebT testirebis Sedegebs. (davajgufebT maT,
rom vaswavloT Tu ara? mSoblebisTvis movamzadebT angariSs saerTo progresis Sesaxeb Tu
ara? ganvsazRvravT Tu ara mTeli klasisTvis xelaxla asaxsnel Temebs Tu ara?).
418
Sefaseba
Sefasebis miznebi
1. Semajamebeli debulebebis momzadeba
2. moswavleTa sertificireba
3. mkafiod axsna
standartebi gvaqvs.
5. ukukavSiri moswavleebTan
6. ukukavSiri maswavleblebTan
Sesaxeb.
xarisxisa da jildosTvis.
monawileTa SezRuduli raodenobis programebze dasaSvebad.
419
Tavi 16
moswavleTa Sefasebis mravali mizani arsebobs (16.1 cxrilSi mxolod 12 maTgania aRwerili). zogjer maswavleblebi tests erTdroulad ori an meti mizniT iyeneben, magaliTad
niSnebis dasawerad da swavlebis naklovanebebis dasadgenad. amgvari mravaldaniSnulebiani
testebi, Cveulebriv, araefeqtiania, radgan Sefasebis sxvadasxva formebs sxvadasxvagvari
moTxovnebi aqvs (Bloom da sxvebi, 1981). swored am gansxvavebebis gamo maswavlebelma naTlad
unda gansazRvros Sefasebis mizani. am TavSi cxrilSi moyvanil me-4-8 miznebs ganvixilavT,
romlebic fokusirebulia saswavlo gadawyvetilebebsa da moswavleebTan ukukavSirze.
axla ki ganvixiloT kargi Sefasebis rva maxasiaTebeli. daviwyoT miznebiT.
420
Sefaseba
sajaro;
naTeli;
xelmisawvdomi, raTa moswavleebma SeZlon adre warmatebiT Sesrulebuli davalebebis
nimuSebTan dakavSireba;
winaswar SeTavazebuli.
samwuxarod, Sefasebisas yvelaze xSirad maxasiaTebelTa es nakrebia ugulebelyofili.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es niSnulebi xarisxiani samuSaos erTian naTel suraTs gvTavazobs,
moswavleebsa da mSoblebs mkafio warmodgenas ver uqmnis xarisxis arsis Sesaxeb. am funqcias
rubrikebi asrulebs.
421
Tavi 16
kiTxva da mosmena qvemoT moyvanili nimuSi aris nawyveti wignidan `bnel bnel tyeSi~
jiun meizerisa da jo qoulis avtorobiT da gviCvenebs, risi mosmena da gaazreba unda SeeZlos skolamdels sabavSvo baRis dasrulebis Semdeg. mas unda SeeZlos Semdegi wignebis gaazrebac: Caps for Sale, Farmer in the Dell, Blueberries for Sale, If you Made a million, Stone Soup, The
Hungry Crocodile, and Why Mosquitoes Buzz in Peoples Ears.
bnel bnel tyeSi, bneli bneli biliki iyo. bnel bnel bilikze bneli bneli saxli idga. bnel bnel saxlSi, bneli bneli kibe iyo. bneli
bneli kibis bolos, bneli bneli oTaxi iyo. bnel bnel oTaxSi, bneli
bneli karada idga. bnel bnel karadaSi, bneli bneli yuTi ido. bnel
bnel yuTSi, bneli bneli moCveneba imaleboda.
kiTxva qvemoT mocemuli nimuSi aris nawyveti ezopes wignidan `qalaqeli da sofleli
Tagvi~. meoreklasel moswavles wlis dasasruls Tavisuflad unda SeeZlos qvemoT moyvanili nimuSis sworad, Tavisuflad kiTxva da gageba. aseve unda SeeZlos Semdegi wignebis wakiTx-
ibeWdeba nebarTviT: nawyveti wignidan Curriculum Exemplars for Writing and Reading. The Mather Elementary School, Boston
Massachusetts, 1994.
422
Sefaseba
vac: Amelia Bedelia, Angel Child, Dragon Child, Blueberries for Sale,If you Made a Million,Stone Soup.
The Hungry Crocodile, and Why Mosquitoes Buzz in Peoples Ears.
423
Tavi 16
kiTxva - qvemoT mocemulia nawyveti skot o delis wignidan `lurji delfinis kunZuli~.
meoreklasel moswavles wlis dasasruls Tavisuflad unda SeeZlos qvemoT moyvanili nimuSis sworad, Tavisuflad kiTxva da gageba. aseve unda SeeZlos Semdegi wignebis wakiTxvac: Bridge to Terabithia, Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry, Sarah, Plain and Tall, Stone Fox, Vampire Bat
GirlsClub, Witch of Banneker School, Shiloh, and The Land I Lost.
`diunidan cotaTi moSorebiT, gorakTan axlos, gareuli ZaRlebis xrova davinaxe. isini mravlad iyvnen da wriulad miaxlovdebodnen.
wris SuaSi ramo iyo. zurgze mwoliare, yelSi Rrma Wriloba
hqonda. gaunZrevlad iwva.
rodesac xelSi aviyvane, mivxvdi, rom mkvdari iyo. mas sxva Wrilobebic hqonda. gareul ZaRlebs daeglijaT. didi xnis mkvdari
iyo, misi nafexurebidan Canda, rom gorakamde verc mieRwia.
misgan cotaTi moSorebiT ori ZaRli iwva. erT-erTis gverdiT misi gadatexili Subi egdo. me ramo waviyvane da sofels maSin mivaRwieT, rodesac mze ukve karga xnis Casuli iyo. ZaRlebi
fexdafex momdevdnen, magram rodesac is qoxSi davawvine da
xelketiT gamovedi, dabal goraks CorTiT dauyvnen. didi ruxi
ZaRli grZeli xveuli balniTa da yviTeli TvalebiT, rogorc Cans,
maTi winamZRoli iyo da sul bolos midioda.
bneldeboda, magram gorakamde mainc mivdie. maT uCumrad daixies odnav ukan. or goraks Soris patara xeobaSi manam mivdevdi,
sanam mesame goraks ar mivaRwie, romelic frialo kldes ufro
hgavda. kldis erT-erTi kidis bolos gamoqvabuli iyo. ZaRlebi
saTiTaod Sevidnen gamoqvabulSi~.
matricis gacnobis Semdeg, moswavlem da mSobelma ukve ician, Tu ras moelis maswavlebeli
da rogoria kargi namuSevris standartebi. maT kidev ufro mkafio warmodgena SeeqmnebaT,
Tuki kargad Sesrulebuli eses nimuSs SevTavazebT, sadac moniSnuli iqneba sasurveli kriteriumebi.
16.3 cxrili Sefasebis kidev erT rubrikas gviCvenebs, romelic biologiis davalebas
exeba.
424
Sefaseba
narkvevi dausrulebelia.
ar aqvs Sesavali, ZiriTadi
da daskvniTi nawilebi.
Tanamimdevrulobis
mcdeloba SeiniSneba,
magram araadekvaturia.
X6
winadadebaTa
struqtura
gaumarTavia.
aris struqturuli
Secdomebi winadadebis
wyobaSi. winadadebis
agebuleba da struqtura
erTferovania.
winadadebebi
dasrulebulia.
maTi struqtura
mravalferovania.
X5
xSiria Secdomebi
sityvebis SerCevasa da
SewyobaSi.
SigadaSig vxvdebiT
Secdomebs sityvebis
SerCevasa da SewyobaSi.
sityvebi sworad
aris SerCeuli da
gamoyenebuli.
X4
xSiria Secdomebi
marlTwerasa da
punqtuaciaSi.
SigadaSig vxvdebiT
Secdomebs marlTwerasa
da punqtuaciaSi.
marlTwera da
punqtuacia
gamarTulia.
X4
daudevari formatia.
ar aris gamoyenebuli
mindvrebi da
abzacebi. xelnaweri
araTanmimdevrulia.
mindvrebsa da abzacebis
gamoyenebaSi SigadaSig
Secdomebia. saTauri ar
aris an Seusabamoa.
formati daculia.
saTauri Sesaferisia.
daculia. kaligrafia,
mindvrebi da abzacebi
uSecdomoa.
X1
formati
organizeba
Zalian cota an
TiTqmis araferia
dawerili. narkvevi
araorganizebulia,
bundovani da
araTanamimdevruli. ar
Seesabameba saTaurs.
winadadebis
struqtura
leqsika
gramatika da
orTografia
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Archibald, D., and F. M. Newmann. Beyond Standardized Tests: Assessing Authentic Academic Achievement
in Secondary School. Reston, Va.: National Association of Secondary School Principals, 1988, p.11. Source: Adams County School # 12,
11285. Highline Drive, Northglenn, Colo.80203
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Bob Grandgenett, Biology Instructor, West Hancock High School, Britt, Iowa. Observation of Unknown.
425
Tavi 16
dakvirveba
vrceli da kritikuli
saSualo
minimaluri da
arasruli
varaudi funqciebis
Sesaxeb
sruli, logikuri da
gamosadegi
sruli, magram
alogikuri an
gamousadegari
arasruli, alogikuri
da Seusabamo
masalis gamoyeneba
yvela masala
gamoyenebulia
masala gamoyenebulia
erTis garda
masala ar aris
gamoyenebuli
laboratoriuli
samuSao
damoukidebeli
damoukidebeli,
mcireodeni
daxmarebiT
damokidebuli
monacemTa
prezentacia
sruli,
organizebuli,
saxeldebuli
sruli,
organizebuli,
arasrulad
saxeldebuli
arasruli,
araorganizebuli
saxeli
am magaliTiT cxadi xdeba, rom laboratoriuli samuSao 5 kriteriumis mixedviT Sefasdeba, esenia: 1) dakvirvebis eqstensiuroba, 2) varaudebis sisrule, 3) masalebis gamoyeneba,
4) damoukidebloba laboratoriuli samuSaos Sesrulebisas da 5) monacemTa kompetenturi
prezentacia. Tumca, SesaZloa, aseTma rubrikebma ver Secvalos molodinTa Setyobinebis
savsebiT TviTkmari instrumentebi. magaliTad, am davalebaSi ra kriteriumiT unda ganisazRvros prezentaciis organizebuloba da misi Sesabamisoba 1 an me-2 donesTan? ra gansxvavebaa
srul da arasrul hipoTezas Soris? umaRlesi standartis misaRwevad mzaobisTvis moswavleebs mainc dasWirdebaT am kriteriumebis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi magaliTebi. Cveni mizania
ara am rubrikis kritika, aramed imis xazgasma, rogor SeiZleba iqces srulyofili rubrika
kargi swavlebis gzamkvlevad.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas 16.4 cxrilSi mocemul magaliTze, romelSic moswavleebs amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi ganxorcielebuli garkveuli cvlilebebis codnis
demonstrirebas sTxoven konkretul sasamarTlo procesebSi maTi gamoyenebis gziT.
426
Sefaseba
ganxilvis diapazoni
yvela aspeqti
srulad aris
ganxiluli, zogi
ufro zedmiwevniT,
zogi naklebad.
gamoxatvis meqanizmi
ramdenime meqanikuri
Secdoma, idea naTladaa
gamoxatuli.
uSecdomo;
gamoxatvis meqanizmi
exmianeba ideebs.
azris gamoxatvis
saukeTeso meqanizmi.
gamoxatvis xarisxi
mTlianobaSi efeqturi
stili, naTeli
fokusireba da aRwera.
stili da xarisxi
exmianeba ideebs.
kargad SemuSavebuli
ideebi da maT
efeqtianad gadasacemad
saukeTesod SerCeuli
stili.
informaciis siRrme
aucilebeli wyaroebis
adekvaturi Seswavla.
gamoyenebuli
wyaroebis siuxve;
koncefciebi,
qveteqstebis
Seswavla.
adekvaturoba
SemTxvevebi Sesatyvisad
aris SerCeuli
da cvlilebebs
misadagebuli.
Sesatyvisi
SemTxvevebi
logikurad aris
misadagebuli
konkretuli
uflebebisTvis.
saukeTesod SerCeuli
SemTxvevebi; logikurad
misadagebuli
cvlilebis yvela
an umravlesi
uflebisaTvis.
SeniSvna: am proeqtma SeiZleba semestruli testi Caanacvlos. testirebisTvis gamoyofili dro SeiZleba davuTmoT informaciis gacvlas, calkeul qeisebze da zogadad proeqtze
msjelobas da mosazrebebs proeqtis damuSavebis srulyofis Sesaxeb.
cxrili 16.5: rubrika qeisis Sefasebis proeqtisTvis*
427
Tavi 16
mizani
moswavle gamoamJRavnebs dagrovil codnas SemoqmedebiT da analitikur weraSi.
codnis gamomJRavneba
klasis Canawerebis, individualuri kvlevis, literaturisa da audio-vizualuri
prezentaciebis safuZvelze miRebuli informaciis gamoyenebiT, moswavle mSoblebs uwers werils, romelSic aRwers sakuTar mogzaurobas konkretul qveyanaSi,
misi kulturis damaxasiaTebeli aspeqtebis aRniSvniT:
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy
molodini
pirobebi:
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Taken from a Cross Curricular Sixth-Grade Exhibition developed by Penny Knox at Los Naranjos School,
Irvine, California.
428
Sefaseba
1 jer ara
moswavle
2 zogjer
maswavlebeli
3 xSirad
4 yovelTvis
dakvirvebis kategoria:
unari
TariRi
TariRi
TariRi
demonstrireba
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
moswavles SeuZlia
Canawerebis warmoeba
sxvadasxva wyaroebidan
(saxelmZRvanelo,
literatura,
enciklopedia) da maTi
gamoyeneba wyaros rolSi.
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
moswavles SeuZlia
mecnieruli wyaroebis
gamoyeneba codnis
SemoqmedebiTad
demonstrirebis, sakuTari
ganwyobisa da Sexedulebis
gamoxatvisTvis.
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
moswavles SeuZlia
ganmartebiTi eses
warmodgena da ZiriTadi
formatis dacva.
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
moswavles SeuZlia
teqsturi programebis
gamoyeneba.
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
1 2 3 4
komentarebi:
429
Tavi 16
rubrikis SemuSaveba
kargi rubrika SeiZleba Tabaxis erT furcelze daetios, magram kargi rubrikis damatebaa moswavleTa namuSevrebis nimuSebi, romlebic maT rubrikis raobis gagebaSi daexmareba.
kargad SemuSavebuli rubrika ganmartavs nimuSis xarisxis konkretul donesTan Sesabamisobas. moswavleTa namuSevrebi Sefasebulia oTxi kategoriis mixedviT: gamoucdeli, axalbeda,
praqtikosi da eqsperti. aseve mocemulia detaluri axsna, Tu ra principebiT moxvda namuSevari konkretul kategoriaSi.
nimuSebSi mocemulia kargi namuSevris kriteriumebic. sami analitikuri kriteriumi
gageba/gaazreba, msjeloba da gadmocema kargad Sesrulebuli davalebis gzamkvlevis rols
TamaSobs da moswavleebisTvis mniSvnelovan Sedegebsac moicavs. yoveli nimuSi analitikur
kriteriums gvTavazobs.
amocanis gaazreba
430
Sefaseba
431
432
Exemplars, 1994.
eqsperti
praqtikosi
axalbeda
gamoucdeli
done
gamoyenebulia Seusabamo
koncefciebi da/an procedurebi.
gamoyenebulia Sesatyvisi
maTematikuri procedurebi.
gamoyenebulia daxvewili da
kompleqsuri azrovneba.
gadmocema
gageba
Tavi 16
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Kallick, Bena, and Ross Brewer.Exemplar: A Teachers Solution. Volume 1, nos. 4-12. Underhill, Vermont:
Sefaseba
kriteriumi
warmatebis
kriteriumis
dadgena
saqmianobis
doneebis
gansazRvra da
gacnoba
nimuSebis
SerCeva da
Cveneba
avTentikuri
amocanis ageba
maswavleblebs
Soris
sandoobis
damkvidreba.
avTentikuri Sefasebis SemuSavebis procesis dros mniSvnelovania, moswavleebma icodnen, ra codnasa da unarebs moelis maswavlebeli maTgan. sagulisxmoa, rom analitikuri kriteriumebi nimuSebSi maRali donis azrovnebas, problemis gadaWrasa da komunikaciis
avTentikuri Sefasebisas mniSvnelovania,
unarebs moicavs. es SedarebiT dabali donis
moswavleebma icodnen, ra codnasa da unarebs
unarebis, magaliTad, gamoTvlis unaris, gammoelis maswavlebeli maTgan.
ravlebis cxrilis codnisa da sxvaTa mniSvnelobis dakninebas ki ar niSnavs, aramed imis
xazgasmas, rom Sefasebis dros ufro arsebiTi azrovnebis strategiebia. maRali donis amocanis gadaWris unarebze mimarTuli arCevani ganapirobebs Cvens mier SeTavazebuli amocanebis
Sinaarss.
maswavleblebi avTentikuri Sefasebis Seqmnas SemoqmedebiT procesad miiCneven, romelic
momgebiani xdeba kolegebTan da xSirad TviT moswavleebTan maRali donis interaqciis Sedegad. moswavleebisagan mosalodneli codnisa da unarebis gansazRvris Semdeg maswavleblebi
erToblivad qmnian iseT amocanebs, romlebic SeZlebisdagvarad met kriteriums pasuxobs.
SefasebiTi davalebebis pilotirebisas rubrikebis Seqmnaze momuSave maswavlebelTa
jgufi, rogorc wesi, moswavleTa namuSevrebis did nakrebs ganixilavs da maT oTx kategoriad daaxarisxebs: cudi, damakmayofilebeli, kargi da saukeTeso. namuSevris ama Tu im kategoriaSi moxvedras ganapirobebs maswavleblebze am namuSevriT moxdenili STabeWdileba.
433
Tavi 16
434
Sefaseba
ioli iyo. mSoblebsac SeeZloT enaxaT, rogor fasdeboda maTi Svilebis namuSevrebi.
es procesi yvelasTvis Ria iyo da mis SeqmnaSi moswavleebmac Seitanes wvlili~.*
rubrikebi da molodinebi
kargi rubrikebi da moswavleebisTvis Sefasebis kriteriumebis winaswar gacnoba arsebiTia samgvari molodinis gadacemisTvis, esenia: `es mniSvnelovania; Sen es SegiZlia; danebebis saSualebas ar mogcem~. moswavleTa namuSevrebis Sedarebis naTeli kriteriumis gareSe,
SeuZlebeli iqneba dabali moswrebis moswavleebTan nayofieri ukukavSiris damyareba. Tu
maswavlebeli ver gamonaxavs dros aseTi ukukavSirisTvis da ar daexmareba warmatebis misaRwevad mis efeqtian gamoyenebaSi, moswavlem SeiZleba sakuTari uunarobis Sesaxeb gamoitanos
daskvna.
usamarTlobaa, moswavles xarisxis gaumjobeseba mosTxovo, Tu mas warmodgenac ki ar aqvs,
ras gulisxmobs xarisxi. gamudmebiT laparaki imaze, rom isini raRacas ise ver asruleben,
rogorc saWiroa, saqmes ver Svelis. naTeli rubrikebi mniSvnelovani standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT da moswavleTa monawileobiT, garkveulwilad Seamcirebs maT ukmayofilebas,
romelsac kris gustafsoni waawyda SefasebiTi proeqtis Sesrulebisas. gakveTilis Semdeg
moswavlem mas aseTi SekiTxviT mimarTa: `ver gavige, ratom miviRe es niSani~. msgavsi problema
awuxebs moswavleTa umravlesobas.
zemoT aRwerili procesis warmatebisTvis
usamarTlobaa, moswavles xarisxis gaumjobe
masSi maswavlebelTa koleqtivis TanamSromseba mosTxovo, Tu mas warmodgenac ki ar aqvs,
loba aris saWiro. arsebiTad, Cven vcdilobT
ras gulisxmobs xarisxi.
`SevqmnaT profesiuli kultura, sadac maswavleblis mier moswavlis namuSevris analizi mosalodneli da dafasebulia~ (California Assessment Collaborative, in Jamenetz 1993). aseve
mniSvnelovania skolis administratoris an direqtoris rolic maswavleblebisTvis rubrikebis Sesaqmnelad dagegmvis gaadvilebaSi, droisa da sxva resursebis uzrunvelyofaSi.
administratori, rogorc `skolis kulturis mSenebeli~ (Saphier and King 1985) arsebiT
rols asrulebs avTentikuri Sefasebis SeqmnaSi da swavlebis gaumjobesebis mizniT mis danergvaSi.
Cven ganvsazRvreT rubrika da misi Seqmna. vTqviT, rom kargad SemuSavebul rubrikas unda
erTvodes moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli davalebebis nimuSi, romelic rubrikis cxrilis
Sevsebas gagviadvilebs. axla ganvixiloT, rogor unda SevadginoT is davalebebi, romelTa
meSveobiTac SevafasebT, Tu ra icis moswavlem da risi gakeTeba SeuZlia.
435
Tavi 16
aris Tu ara Sefaseba ise agebuli, rom moswavlisa da maswavleblis swrafi da sasargeblo ukukavSiri uzrunvelyos?
Sefaseba
1 sxvebi miiCneven, rom Sefaseba swavlis SesaZleblobaa, radgan, rodesac moswavle saintereso da rTuli
davalebis Sesrulebisas manamde uxilav urTierTkavSirebs amCnevs. swavla moswavlesa da davalebas Soris an
moswavleebs Soris interaqciis funqcias iZens da es imitom xdeba rom maswavlebeli moswavleTa azrovnebis
aqtiuri Suamavalia (Baron 1989, gv. 315).
437
Tavi 16
viaTad aqvT Sesrulebuli samuSaoebis safuZvelze naswavlis gamoyenebis saSualeba.
arsebiTad, saskolo Sefaseba iSviaTad iZleva kargad Sesrulebuli samuSaos standartebisa da strategiebis sajaro ganxilvis SesaZleblobas. da mainc, yvelam kargad icis, rom mniSvnelovani samuSaos Sesasruleblad saWiroa Zalisxmeva, gadaxedva,
kolaboracia, sajaro ganxilva da msjeloba warumateblobis, riskisa da ostatobis
Sesaxeb.
arsebuli testebis gadakeTebisas unda gvaxsovdes, rom saskolo Sefaseba erT-erTi
epizodia, romlis saSualebiTac moswavleebi swavloben weras, eqsperimentis Catarebas an kvlevis warmoebas, Sefasebam maT unda ubiZgos lampertis (Lampert) mier aRweril `zigzagisebur bilikze~. ufro konkretulad ki, Sefaseba:
unda
moswavles
es rekomendaciebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom maswavlebelma klasSi dro da adgili unda gamoyos, imisTvis, rom moswavleebma erTmaneTis namuSevrebi gaakritikon da Seafason. es TanamSromloba da kritika damaxasiaTebelia e.w. `portfolios kulturisTvis, anu garemosTvis,
sadac xSirad da sajarod ganixilaven kargi namuSevris raobas da masze daxarjuli drois
moculobis mniSvnelobas~. amrigad, maswavleblis movaleobaa, rac SeiZleba xSirad Seqmnas
kargi namuSevris sajaro ganxilvis SesaZlebloba.
aseT ganxilvebSi `moswavleebic monawileoben im kriteriumebis dadgenaSi, romelTa mixedviTac Sefasdeba naSromebi~ (Wolfe 1992). amgvarad, isini swavloben iseTi Taviseburebebis
mniSvnelobas, rogoric aris saintereso problebis wamoWris unari. Sefasebis Tanamedrove
sistema maswavlebels akisrebs pasuxismgeblobas da ara testirebis kampanias, radgan Sefaseba sistematurad aris Caqsovili swavlebaSi. raki moswavlis ganviTarebisa da winsvlis procesi fasdeba da ara mxolod erTjeradi saqmianoba, Segrovebuli monacemebi warmogvidgens
rogorc processa da strategias, aseve produqtsac, romelSic mTavari moswavlis TviTSefasebaa.
magaliTad, meaTe klasis geometriis gakveTilze yovel moswavles amocanis amoxsnis sxvadasxva gziT Semowmeba evaleba. kviraSi orjer, gakveTilis dawyebisTanave moswavle Tavis
davalebas Tanaklasels aZlevs, romelic kiTxulobs da naSroms logikuri Tanamimdevrobis,
sisrulis da dinamiurobis (dinamiuroba/kiTxvadoba gulisxmobs akuratulobas da abreviaturebis da anotaciebis sworad gamoyenebas) kriteriumebis mixedviT akritikebs. maswavlebeli periodulad uCvenebs moswavleebs aseTi kritikis nimuSebs. moswavleebi yovel jerze
icvlian Semfasebel partniors.
merveklaselTa Sesamowmeblad maswavlebeli avalebs maT, Tavad Seafason sadiskusio
jgufebSi Sesrulebuli rolebis xarisxi (romelic moicavs Sejamebas, sakiTxis wamoWras,
daZabulobis ganmuxtvas). is moswavleebs uxsnis, rom TviTSefaseba daexmareba gaarkvios,
438
Sefaseba
SeuZliaT Tu ara maT gansxvavebuli rolebis TamaSi. am gziT maswavlebeli cdilobs gamoavlinos is moswavleebi, romelTac meti muSaoba da daxmareba sWirdebaT. yoveli roli axsnili da TvalsaCinod aris naCvenebi maswavleblis mier, moswavleebi varjiSoben da `irgeben~
am rolebs Sedgenili davalebebis meSveobiT. Semdeg maswavlebeli sTxovs, axal sadiskusio
jgufSi monawileobas. maT unda daimaxsovron da Camoweron sakuTari da jgufis sxva wevrebis
mier gaTamaSebuli rolebi. isini warmatebas aRweven, Tu pretenzias ganacxadeben ori an meti
rolis Sesrulebaze da jgufis danarCeni wevrebic mxars dauWeren maT pretenzias. maswavlebeli xvdeba im moswavleebs, romlebmac samze naklebi roli moirges da Semdegi diskusiisTvis damatebiTi rolebis arCevaSi exmareba. moswavle, romelic ufro meti rolis Sesrulebaze acxadebs pretenzias, vidre misi jgufi adasturebs, wers im rolebis damadasturebel
magaliTebs, romlebsac sxvebma mxari ar dauWires. maswavlebeli sakuTar dakvirvebasac awarmoebs imis Sesaxeb, ra rolebs asruleben calkeuli moswavleebi instruqciis dawyebamde.
TviTSefasebam SeiZleba gazardos moswavleTa CarTuloba, kriteriumTa codna da sasikeTod imoqmedos xarisxis gansazRvrazec. uotersi, makmuleni, da gleidi (Waters, MacMullen,
and Glade 1992) moswavleebs periodulad portfoliodan TavianTi saukeTeso namuSevrebis
gamocalkevebas sTxovdnen. isini gvixsnian, rom `aseTi koleqciis Seqmna moswavleebs TavianTi saukeTeso namuSevrebis mudmivi gadasinjvisa da analizis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
isini arCeven im namuSevars, romelic ukeT warmoaCens maT, grZnoben winsvlas, [da] adgenen
im sastarto xazs, saidanac unda gaagrZelon winsvla~. es koleqciis Taobaze konkretuli
maswavleblisa da moswavlis Sexvedris safuZvelsac qmnis. es Sexvedrebi miznebis dasaxvaSi
moswavleTa CarTvis da sakuTar swavlaze erTgvari mesakuTreobis gancdis Camoyalibebis
araCveulebrivi saSualebaa.
439
440
weriTi
ese
realur konteqstSi
CarTuli verbaluri/
weriTi kompleqsuri
mravalsafexuriani
problema
multimediuri
zepiri
angariSi
weriTi
rituali
kompleqsuri
proeqtebi/
gamofena
moswavleTa
produqtebis
Seswavla
namuSevris
nimuSebi
uSualo
Sesruleba
saqmianobaze
dakvirveba
kompiuteruli
simulacia
problemis
gadaWra
interviu
weriTi zepiri
zepiri
mokle pasuxi
testebi
Tavi 16
Sefaseba
weriTi testebi
mokle pasuxebi
swavlebis praqtikaSi jer kidev gamoiyeneba moklepasuxiani testebi, Tumca maTi mniSvneloba realurad Zalze mcirea. miuxedavad `araavTentikurobisa~, moklepasuxiani testebi
inarCunebs mniSvnelobas faqtobrivi codnis Semowmebis TvalsazrisiT. isini sasargebloa,
Tu gvsurs moswavles ukukavSiri SevTavazoT faqtobrivi codnis Sesaxeb da ganvsazRvroT
samomavlo miznebi.
arapopularobis miuxedavad, moklepasuxiani testebi SeiZleba zepiric iyos. is moswavlis
Sefasebis individualizaciis saSualebaa, misi meSveobiT SesaZlebelia moswavleebma erTmaneTic Seafason.
rodesac kargi Sefasebis maxasiaTeblebs moklepasuxiani testirebis drosac viyenebT, moswavleebma ician warmatebis kriteriumebis arsi (magaliTad, yvela qveynisa da dedaqalaqis
uSecdomod codna). SesaZloa, maT Tvalyuri adevnon sakuTar progress, Sefasebis es monacemebi gaiTvaliswinon da zustad dagegmon, ra da rogor iswavlon kriteriumebis dasakmayofileblad.
esse
esse zepirad an weriT sruldeba. is moswavlisgan maRali donis azrovnebas da garkveuli
drois manZilze dagrovili informaciis gamoyenebas moiTxovs. esseSi moswavlem unda daicvas da gaamyaros sakuTari Sexeduleba sxvadasxva argumentebiT an aCvenos mizez-Sedegobrivi
kavSiri movlenebsa da pirobebs, an qmedebebsa da Sedegebs Soris.
essem mniSnelovani roli unda Seasrulos Sefasebis procesSi, magram zepiri prezentaciebi ufro xSirad unda gamoviyenoT da imave kriteriumebiT unda SevafasoT organizeba,
argumentebis damajerebloba, winadadebis struqtura da a.S. qerim da samaram (Curry and Samara 1994) zepiri prezentaciis gzamkvlevi SeimuSaves:
Sesavali momxsenebeli ecnoba auditorias; aRwers Temas; xsnis proeqtis mizans;
msjelobs mosalodnel Sedegebze;
dasawyisi zogadad aRwers Temas; xazs usvams sakvanZo sakiTxebs da iwvevs auditorias;
Sua nawili ZiriTad sakiTxebs detalebiT amyarebs; gzadagza ajamebs; gardamaval
debulebebs ukavSirebs ZiriTad mosazrebebs; auditorias rTavs Sinaarsis ganxilvaSi;
Sejameba mimoixilavs ZiriTad sakiTxebs; msmenels mouwodebs qmedebisken/sTxovs
koncefciebis/Sexedulebebis/poziciis gamoxatvas.
Jestikulacia mxedvelobiTi kontaqti aqvs auditoriis yovel wevrTan; Sesatyvisad uWiravs Tavi; aqvs bunebrivi Jestikulacia/gamoxatva, saubris mkafio/kargad SerCeuli tempi;
vizualuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba _ ZiriTadi sakiTxebis xazgasasmelad; monacvleobiT, SezRudulad iyenebs.
441
Tavi 16
es gzamkvlevi SeiZleba moswavlemac gamoiyenos da maswavlebelmac, rogorc moswavleebisTvis saqmianobis Sesaxeb ukukavSiris kriteriumi. man SesaZlebelia maformirebeli gzamkvlevis rolic Seasrulos zepiri moxsenebebis momzadebisas.
problemis gadawyveta
ganaTlebisken mimarTul ZalisxmevaSi realur, cxovrebiseuli situaciebis amsaxvel
rTul problemebs SeiZleba SevxvdeT, rogorc saxelmwifo, ise raionul doneze. 16.8 cxrilSi motanilia magaliTi akademiuri progresis erovnuli Sefasebis sapilote kvlevis monacemebidan _ maRali donis saazrovno unarebis Sefasebis teqnika sabunebismetyvelo sagnebsa
da maTematikaSi (NAEP 1987).
amgvari davalebebi, rogorc wesi, mimzidvelia xolme moswavleebisTvis maTi pirovnuli
relevanturobis gamo. isini scildeba sityvasTan dakavSirebul tradiciul problemebs.
am SemTxvevaSi moswavle Tavad qmnis moqmedebaTa erTgvar gegmas an movlenaTa faqtobrivi
Sedegebis Sefasebis sqemas. mniSvnelovania, rogorc sakuTari gadawyvetilebis (problemis
gadaWris) axsna, aseve faqtobrivi pasuxi.
Sefasebis es forma moswavlis SesaZleblobaTa diapazons avlens. am SemTxvevaSi maT
moeTxovebaT monacemTa cxrilis interpretacia, qulebis analizi da ranJireba, mTlianad
saqmianobis Sefasebis wesis dadgena da misi axsna.
Sesruleba
saqmianobis Sefaseba Tavs uyris moswavlis Sesaxeb monacemebs TviT saqmianobis (`keTebis~)
procesSi (magaliTad, problemis gadaWra, mecnieruli eqsperimentis Catareba, naxazis Seqmna) da, amgvarad, Tavidan gvaridebs metyvelebis unarebis SesaZlo efeqtebs, rac ase mniSvnelovania tradiciuli testirebisas. es monacemebi informacias gvawvdis rogorc imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Seasrula moswavlem operacia, ise saboloo Sedegze.
pirdapiri dakvirveba
moswavlis saqmianobaze uSualo dakvirvebas mravali dadebiTi mxare aqvs, Tumca drois da
fulis danaxarjebi xels uSlis mis gavrcelebas. moswavlis saqmianobaze uSualo dakvirveba
maswavlebels konkretulad sasurveli cvladis Sefasebis saSualebas aZlevs (damabneveli
cvladebis gverdis avliT, rogorc magaliTad, weriTi testirebis dros xdeba xolme). magaliTad, gvainteresebs, esmiT Tu ara moswavleebs cvladebis mniSvneloba mecnierebaSi da
SeuZliaT Tu ara am codnis gamoyeneba eqsperimentis dagegmvis da Catarebis dros. amisTvis
SesaZlebelia aseTi davaleba SevTavazoT.
442
Sefaseba
badros tyorcna
mZleosnoba
50-iardiani garbeni
jo
xose
kimi
sara
zabi
40 iardi
30 iardi
45 iardi
28 iardi
48 iardi
205 futi
170 futi
130 futi
120 futi
140 futi
9.5 wami
8.0 wami
9.0 wami
7.6 wami
8.3 wami
pasuxebi
dasabuTeba
443
Tavi 16
yoveli xelsaxocis mier Sewovili wylis raodenoba ori xerxiT: xelsaxocis awonviT an misgan gamowuruli wylis awonviT. Tu mxolod erTi saswori aqvT, yuradRebiT unda iyvnen, rom
erTi xelsaxocidan gamowuruli wylis narCeni SecdomiT meore xelsaxocs ar miaTvalon.
damkvirvebeli
qula
b) wveTebi
2. gaJRenTa a)ki
b)ara
g) langari
d) aranairi meTodi
g)kontrolirebuli (wylis
erTnairi rao
3. Sedegis gansazRvra
a)
b)
g)
d)
e)
xelsaxocis awonva
wylis gamowurva/misi awonva an moculobis dadgena
Sewovili an gamowuruli wylis gazomva
gaJRenTvisTvis saWiro wylis wveTebis raodenobis daTvla
ararelevanturi gazomvebi (mag. wlis Sewovis dro, wveTebis gavrcelebis
manZili, sisqis gazomva da a.S)
v) sxva
4. gaJRenTvis da/an gazomvis Tvalyuris devneba
ki
ara
odnav sveli
(-/+)
5. swori Sedegi
Sefaseba
meTodi
gaJRenTva
Sedegis
gansazRvra
sofrTxile
gazomvisas
Pswori pasuxebi
A
B
C
D
F
ki
ki
ki
ki
Seusabamo
ki
ki
kontrolirebuli
ara
ara
ki
ki
ki
Seusabamo
ararelevanturi
ki
ara
ki/ara
ki/ara
ki/ara
orive
erTi an orive
erTi an orive
erTi an orive
erTi an orive
aseTi davalebebisTvis SedarebiT advilia oqmis Sedgena, sadac aisaxeba, moswavli saqmianobis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi (Tanabari zomis nimuSebis SerCeva, yuradRebiT gazomva da awonva, Sedegebis Cawera. ix. cxrili 16.9). `rac mTavaria, Sefasebis sqemam unda moicvas moswavlis
mier gamoyenebuli procedura da, Sesabamisad, misi saqmianoba unda daaxasiaTos, rogorc
procesis, ise Sedegis TvalsazrisiT~, acxadeben Sevelsoni da baqsteri.
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Shavelson, Richard J., Gail P. Baxter, and Jerome Pine. Performance Assessment in Science. In Applied Meausurement in Education 4, no. 4, Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlboum Associates, 1991, p. 353.
444
Sefaseba
kompiuteruli simulacia
moswavlis saqmianobaze dakvirveba ufro martivi da ekonomiuri rom gavxadoT, SegviZlia es
saqmianoba kompiuterul simulaciad vaqcioT. am SemTxvevaSi realur saqmianobaze dakvirvebis
msgavsad Tavidan avicilebT weriTi testirebis damabnevel cvladebs da konkretulad imas
SevafasebT, risi Sefasebac gvsurs. (es meTodi gamarTlebulia im SemTxvevaSi, roca moswavlem
icis kompiuterTan muSaoba).
Savelsonma (1992) SeimuSava davaleba, romelSic moswavlem saidumlo yuTebis SigTavsis
dasanaxad elementi, naTura da sadenebi wredSi unda SeaerTos.
Jerri - Page #1
445
Tavi 16
moswavleebi eleqtruli wredis Sesaswavlad `makintoSis~ kompiuters iyenebdnen.
isini mausis meSveobiT aerTebdnen wreds, raTa gaegoT, ra iyo saidumlo yuTebSi [ix.
sqema 16.10].
3 kvlevebma cxadyo, rom TviT monaxazis Sedgenisa da gadaxedvis procesi qmnis Txzulebaze muSaobis garkveul
safexurebs. moxsenebis wera, iseve rogorc SemoqmedebiTi weris sxva formebi, organizebuli procesi ar aris
`vwer, rac vici, rom gavigo, ras vfiqrob~ (Henry Glassie in Passing the Time in Bellymenone, an anthropological study of Irish
village life.)
446
Sefaseba
da originaluri kavSirebis damyareba. (Sesatyvisi gamocdilebiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT azrovnebis amgvar operaciebs, SesaZloa, dawyebiTi klasebis moswavleebmac warmatebiT gaarTvan Tavi.) amrigad, moxseneba Tavisi bunebis gamo SegviZlia swavlebis organizebisa da saazrovno unarebis mZlavr instrumentad miviCnioT. Sesabamisad, moxsenebis dawera `swavlis
epizodi unda iyos~ (Wolf 1993).
moxsenebis weris unari Tandayolili ar aris, misi gamomuSaveba swavlebiT SeiZleba, risTvisac maswavlebelma moswavleebs moxsenebis weris procesis Semadgeneli komponentebi unda
gaacnos. Sefasebasa da moxsenebis daweris swavlebas Soris kavSiri nayofieri saqmianobis
modelia moswavleebs winaswar vacnobT kargi naSromis Seqmnis zust kriteriumebs.
swored aseve, zepiri an multimediuri moxsenebis Seqmnisas, magaliTisTvis unda gamoviyenoT yofili moswavleebis saukeTeso moxsenebebi da gavaanalizoT maTi dadebiTi mxareebi.
analizi gulisxmobs moxsenebis im konkretuli adgilebis xazgasmas, sadac Cans kargi naSromis kriteriumebi. magaliTad: `xedavT, es winadadeba rogor ajamebs wina oTxi abzacis ZiriTad azrs? zustad amas veli Tqveni moxsenebebidanac, rodesac Sevavseb kriteriumebis furclis grafas `Semajamebeli winadadeba~. SegiZliaT ipovnoT msgavsi winadadeba moxsenebis
meore nawilSi?~ axla ganvixiloT multimediuri moxsenebis magaliTi: `yuradReba miaqcieT,
ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad rogor aris gamoyenebuli musika moxsenebis dasawyisSi, xolo Semdeg jazidan nawyveti ganwyobis Sesacvlelad. ecadeT, Tqvenc moZebnoT Tqveni moxsenebis
ZiriTadi ideis Sesatyvisi musika~.
moswavlesa da maswavlebels Soris SeiZleba aseTi dialogi warimarTos:
maswavlebeli: ras ityvi am moswavlis mier vizualuri masalis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb?
moswavle:
me SevamCnie, rom yovel ZiriTad ideas axlda gansxvavebuli vizualuri gaformeba, sqema Tu naxati.
maswavlebeli:
marTalia, da zustad msgavs CanarTebs velodebi Senganac. vizualuri masala zustad unda esadagebodes Sen mier Camoyalibebul
Sexedulebas. Seni azriT, Sesabamisi iyo Tu ara vizualuri gaformeba am SemTxvevaSi?
moswavle:
rodesac man axsnis paralelurad sqema warmoadgina, es arc ise kargi Sexameba iyo ubralod feradad dabeWdili sityvebi iyo. magram
rodesac amboxebis fotosuraTi gamoiyena, naTlad aCvena Zaladobrivi ganwyoba.
demonstrireba
demonstrireba rTuli samuSaoa, romlis drosac moswavle maRali donis azrovnebis
unarebs avlens. meeqvse klaselTa mier konkretuli qveynis kulturis Sesaxeb zemoxsenebuli werilis dawera codnis demonstrirebaa. aseTi samuSaos warmatebiT Sesasruleblad moswavleebs mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi uwevT saWiro codnisa da unarebis ganviTareba. moswavleebs rubrikebis saSualebiT winaswar uxsnian warmatebuli samuSaos
kriteriumebs. amasTan, saboloo versiis Seqmnamde, isini ramdenime sacdel variantze
muSaoben.
ted saizeri (Ted Sizer) umaRlesi skolis xedvasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs, rom codnisa
da unarebis demonstrireba aris rogorc skolis damTavrebis piroba, ise saSualo skolaSi
moswavlis oTxwliani swavlis mizani. damamTavrebeli klasis yovelma moswavlem unda SeZlos
codnis demonstrireba minimaluri standartebis Sesabamisad.
447
Tavi 16
demonstrireba fakultetis wevrTa im dialogis Zlieri stimulia, romelic skoladamTavrebulis unarebs exeba. es unarebi umeteswilad moicavs maRali donis azrovnebas da komunikaciis unar-Cvevebs - `SeuZlia varaudis daSveba da Sexedulebis argumentireba naTeli
magaliTebiT~. skoladamTavrebulis unar-CvevebTan dakavSirebuli aseTi miznebi maswavleblebs sakuTari sagnis swavlebis gansxvavebulad dagegmvas aiZulebs. isini aseve uwyobs xels
fakultetebs Soris komunikacias da saswavlo gegmis integracias. `skolis damTavreba codnis demonstraciiT~ bunebrivad aerTianebs skolas da xels uwyobs swavlebis struqturis
daxvewas mniSvnelovani Sedegebis misaRwevad (Saphier and DAuria 1993).
codnis demonstrirebis mniSvneloba da sirTule gansxvavdeba skolebis mixedviT. sid
smitma (Sid Smith) da misma fakultetma bostonis saSualo skolaSi, mniSvnelovni nabiji gadadges, rodesac savaldebulo gaxades codnis demonstrireba orgverdiani Sexedulebis
dawera moswavleTa survilisamebr arCeul sakamaTo sakiTxze. `amiT safuZveli Caeyara saSualo skolebis valdebulebas, gadaewyitaT, ra unda scodnoda da SesZleboda moswavles saSualo skolis atestatis misaRebad. es iyo skolis Zalisxmevis pirveli nabiji yvela moswavlisTvis codnisa da unarebis sajaro demonstrirebis moTxovnis TvalsazrisiT~ (Smith 1993,
gv. 17). yvela skoladamTavrebulisTvis codnis gamovlenis moTxovna da misi rogorc kompetenciis da qulebis TvalsazrisiT Sefaseba, yvelasTvis amaRlebs arsebul standartebs.
mocemuli midgoma amyarebs rogorc skolis rwmenas, rom yvela moswavles SeuZlia maRali
standartebis miRweva, aseve am standartebis misaRwevad saWiro mizandasaxulobas.
16.11 cxrilSi Sejamebulia arCibaldisa da niumenis (Archbald and Newman) mier warmodgenili moTxovnebi codnis demonstrirebis mimarT.
am moculobis mravalaspeqtiani portfolios Sedgenas fakultetis wevrTa Zalisxmevis
mravli weli sWirdeba, rom Temebi, standartebi, Sesafasebeli rubrikebi da Sesrulebis procedurebi Camoyalibdes. skolam kargad uwyis am samuSaos sirTule, Tu mas ukve Camoyalibebuli aqvs skolis damTavrebisTvis saWiro moTxovnebi. cxadia isic, rom Sefasebis am sistemisTvis moswavleTa momzadebas skolis fakultetebis integracia da erToba sWirdeba. aseTia
avTentikuri Sefasebis sistemis aucilebeli piroba.
kargi Canawerebi
Canawerebs SesaZloa hqondes kiTxvaris, cnobaris, Jurnalis, calkeuli Canawerebis an
portfolios saxe. mTavaria, rom Canawerebis forma Sefasebis meTodologiisa da Sesafasebeli codnisa da unarebis Sesatyvisi iyos.
kiTxvari da cnobari
dawyebiT klasebSi maswavleblebi tradiciulad iyenebdnen kiTxvarebs, raTa Tvali adevnon moswavleTa codnisa da unarebis ganviTarebas (gamravlebis cxrili, marTlweris unarebi an wignierebis ganviTareba). 16.12 cxrilSi motanili kiTxvari warmoadgens CanawerTa
warmoebis instruments, sadac maswavlebeli iniSnavs moswavlis garkveuli qcevis ganviTarebis safexurebs.
kiTxvari im ideis matarebelia, rom mniSvnelovani akademiuri qceva droTa ganmavlobaSi viTardeba da SesaZlebelia Sefasdes kontiniumis `ganviTarebadi~ da `ganviTarebuli~
_ saSualebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi siebis umravlesoba wera-kiTxvis Sesafaseblad
gamoiyeneba, SemuSavda maTematikur da sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi kompetenciebis Sesafasebeli kiTxvarebic.
448
Sefaseba
demonstrirebis moTxovnebi
valden IIIis saSualo skolaSi, rasini viskonsini
portfolio. saswavlo wlis pirveli semestris ganmavlobaSi Sedgenili portfolio unda `asaxavdes da aanalizebdes skolis damamTavrebeli moswavlis cxovrebas~.
misi moTxovnebia:
1. werilobiTi avtobiografia, aRweriTi, introspeqtuli da analitikuri. SesaZlebelia daerTos skolis Canawerebi da monawileobis amsaxveli sxva indikatorebic.
2. samuSaos asaxva, ufrosklaselis cxovrebaSi muSaobis gamocdilebis mniSvnelobis analizi. SesaZlebelia daerTos reziumec.
3. aranakleb ori sarekomendacio werili, romelsac moswavlis mier SerCeuli
adamiani dawers.
4. monacemebi kiTxvis Sesaxeb, romelic moicavs bibliografias, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi anotacias da moxsenebas ori mciretaniani wignis Sesaxeb. SesaZlebelia kiTxvis testirebis qulebis darTvac.
5. ese eTikis Sesaxeb, romelSic aRwerilia mosazrebebi eTikis Sesaxeb da moswavlis sakuTari eTikuri kodeqsi.
6. xelovnebis nimuSi, werilobiTi moxseneba xelovnebaze an ese mxatvruli standartebis Sesaxeb, romelic asaxavs xelovnebis konkretuli dargis nimuSis
xarisxs.
7. werilobiTi analitikuri moxseneba masmediis Temaze, ra an vin akontrolebs
masmedias, masmediis miznebi da Sedegebi. SesaZlebelia daerTos masmediasTan
dakavSirebuli konkretuli gamocdilebac.
8. werilobiTi Sejameba da mecnierebaSi/teqnologiebSi moswavlis sakurso naSromis Sefaseba; mecnieruli eqsperimentebis werilobiTi aRwera, sadac naCvenebi iqneba mecnieruli meTodis gamoyeneba; analitikuri ese (magaliTebiT) mecnierebisa da teqnologiis socialur Sedegebze; da ese kompiuteris bunebisa da
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi.
proeqti. damamTavrebeli klasis yovelma moswavlem biblioTekaSi arsebul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT unda daweros moxseneba, romelSic gaaanalizebs amerikis istoriul movlenas an Temas. analizSi Sesaxlebelia gamoyenebuli iyos SedarebiTi
midgoma. prezentaciis dros moswavle mzad unda iyos amerikis istoriis Sesaxeb
Tematuri kiTxvebisTvis.
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Archibald, D., and F. M. Newmann. Beyond Standardized Tests: Assessing Authentic Academic Achievement
on Secondary School. Reston, Va.: National Association of Secondary School Principles, 1988, pp. 24-25
449
Tavi 16
450
yy
(motivacia)
yy
yy
Tavisuflad
gamovlenili
kiTxva
ganviTarebadi
erTjeradad
gamovlenili
Sefaseba
yy
yy
(mosmena)
sul ufro xangrZlivad usmens xmamaRla wakiTxul moTxrobebs
moTxrobas ismens ise, rom ar awyvetinebs
(teqstis gaformeba)
Txzulebis kiTxvis dros esmis rTuli punqtuacia (brWyalebi, abreviatura
da a.S)
yy
yy
yy
yy
yy
xelaxla kiTxulobs, damatebiTi informaciis mopovebis, ukeT wvdomis an ubralod siamovnebis miRebis mizniT
yy
451
Tavi 16
aseTi kiTxvarebi SefasebisTvis sasargeblo komponentia, radgan maswavlebels, moswavlesa da mSobels kompaqturi formiT acnobs moswavlis mier codnisa da unarebis
dauflebis dones da gansazRvravs samomavlo miznebsac. Tumca am monacemebis moswavleebisTvis gaziarebisas garkveuli sifrTxilec gvmarTebs cxrilis carieli ujrebis
danaxvam zogierTi maTgani SeiZleba daafrTxos, radgan CaTvlis, rom usazRvrod didi
moculobis masala jer kidev asaTvisebeli aqvs.
portfolio
portfolio aris `moswavlis namuSevrebis mniSvnelovani nakrebi, romelic konkretul sferoSi mis Zalisxmevas, progressa da miRwevebs asaxavs~ (Stiggins and Conklin 1992). is
maswavleblisTvis moswavlis saqmianobaze dakvirvebisa da misi srulyofis Sesaxeb monacemTa erTgvari bazaa. portfolio moswavlis xelSesaxeb namuSevarTa nakrebic aris, romelic nebismier Sefasebaze da Seqebaze ukeT warmoaCens moswavlis miRwevebs mSoblebisTvis da TviT moswavleebisTvis.
`SerCevis meqanizmi aris is niSani, romelic portfolios saqaRaldis an namuSevarTa sxvagvari nakrebisgan gamoarCevs. miznis an miznebis mixedviT portfolioSi Sesuli
namuSevrebi asaxavs am miznis mimarTulebiT progress. is moswavlis yvela namuSevris
garkveuli mizniT Tavmoyrili erTgvari qveerTobaa (Mitchell 1992, gv. 107). portfolio
imiT aris mniSvnelovani, rom moswavle TviTSefasebis safuZvelze Tavad arCevs, ra `moxvdeba~ masSi da ra ara.
maswavlebels gadamwyveti funqcia akisria, radgan is sTavazobs moswavleebs kiTxvebs,
romelTa mixedviTac namuSevrebi unda aarCion. ruT miCeli gvTavazobs kiTxvebs, romlebic SesaZlebelia aseTi arCevanis gakeTebisas moswavleebis dasafiqreblad gamoviyenoT:
1. ratom airCie maincdamainc es naSromi? riT gamoirCeva is Seni sxva namuSevrebisgan?
2. ras xedav am naSromSi gansakuTrebuls?
452
Sefaseba
453
Tavi 16
epizoduri Canawerebi
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Hill, Bonnie Campbell, and Cynthia Ruptic. Practical Aspects of Authentic Assessment. Norwood, Mass.:
Christocher-Gordon Publishers, 1994, pp.59-60. Copyright 1994 by Christocher-Gordon Publishers. yvela ufleba daculia.
454
Sefaseba
epizoduri Canawerebi
455
Tavi 16
Sesabamisi done
TariRi: 12/8
TariRi: 12/17
TariRi:
TariRi:
TariRi:
TariRi:
saxelwodeba:
saTauri:
saTauri:
saTauri:
saTauri:
saTauri:
instr
uqciuli
damouk
idebeli
strategiebi:
mTliani Sinaarsi
naxatebiT
miniSneba
paterni
sakvanZo
sityvebi
pirveli aso
gaSifvra
konteqstis
miniSneba
ubrundeba
gamotovebul
adgilebs
xelmeored
kiTxulobs
Tavisuflad
kiTxulobs
gamoTqmiT
kiTxulobs
sityva-sityviT
igebs
SeuZlia
interpretacia
iyenebs naswavl
strategiebs
komentarebi
gaSifvra: + mudmivad
zogjer
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Hill, Bonnie Campbell, and Cynthia Ruptic. Practical Aspects of Authentic Assessment. Norwood. Mass.: Christopher-Gordon Publishers, 1994, pp. 110, 112. Copyright 1994 by Christopher-Gordon Publisher. yvela ufleba daculia.
456
TariRi da
saTauri
komentarebi
aTvisebuli unarebi
da strategiebi
Tavisuflad
varaudis doneze
gageba
faqtobrivi
gageba
Sefaseba
457
Tavi 16
moswavle
mkiTxveli
TariRi
gTxovT, gaecnoT Tqveni Svilis yvela namuSevars, maT Soris monaxazebsa da komentarebs. Tqvens winaSea namuSevris yvela `etapi~ - dawyebuli monaxazidan, damTavrebuli
saboloo produqtiT. yovel maTgans axlavs maswavleblis da moswavlis komentarebi
Temis da weris procesis Sesaxeb. aseve, naxavT kiTxvarebs, sadac moswavle Tavad afasebs
weris sust da Zlier mxareebs.
Cven gvjera, rom moswavleebi yvelaze ukeT TviTon afaseben sakuTar namuSevars,
Tumca kiTxvarebi maT namuSevris naklovanebebsa da Rirsebebze dafiqrebaSi exmarebaT.
saqaRaldis gacnobis Semdeg daelaparakeT Svils namuSevrebis Sesaxeb. amasTan,
gTxovT ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT Semdeg kiTxvebze pasuxs:
reblad?
yyra zogadi rCevebi SegiZliaT SemogvTavazoT mTeli klasis weriTi unarebis ganviTarebisTvis?
yysxva ra komentarebi an rCevebi gaqvT?
judiT uoren liTlma (Judith Warren Little) erT-erTi intervius dros ganacxada (Sparks
1993), rom personalis ganviTarebis yvelaze mZlavri saSualeba iqneboda maswavlebelTa jgufis oTaxSi Sekreba da moswavleTa namuSevrebis gacnoba. misi azriT, moswavlis faqtobrivi
saqmianobis Rirsebebis SedarebiTa da masze msjelobiT, maswavleblebi standartebis Sesaxeb
sakuTar warmodgenas ganiviTareben; amas garda, isini CaerTvebian msjelobaSi imis Sesaxeb,
Tu swavlis romeli strategiebi gamoiyenon moswavleTa specifikuri unarebis ganviTarebisTvis.
Cveni gamocdileba cxadyofs, rom msgavs situaciaSi maswavleblebi erTad ayalibeben
swavlis strategiebs. moswavleTa naSromebis koleqtiuri Semowmebisas maT Soris avTentikuri da nayofieri saubrebi imarTeba, rac maTi namdvili TanamSromlobis sawindari xdeba.
moswavleTa namuSevrebis portfolioebi organizebuli formis nedli masalaa amgvari kolegialuri muSaobisa da saswavlo gegmis ganviTarebisTvis. safuZvliani iqneba vivaraudoT,
rom moswavleTa portfolioebis gamoyenebas maswavlebelTa Soris kolaboraciuli muSaobis xelSewyoba SeuZlia. es namdvilad sasargeblo gamocdileba iqneba im skolebisTvis, romlebic kolaboraciuli kulturis Seqmnas cdiloben.
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. The Free Press, a division of Simon & Schuster from Kathryn Howard in Testing For Learning: How New Approaches to Evaluation Can Improve American Schools by Ruth Mitchell. Copyright 1992 by Ruth Mitchell, p. 112.
458
Sefaseba
swavlaSi
sakmarisia Tu ara kiTxvebis/sakiTxebis raodenoba imisTvis, rom SemTxveviTma Secdomam xeli ar SegviSalos moswavlis codnisa da unarebis SemowmebaSi?
459
Tavi 16
formacias ver awvdis. es ucnobi kriteriumebis nakrebis mixedviT maTi Svilebis Sefasebis
bundovani indikatorebia. metic, is normaluri ganawilebis mrudze maTi Svilebis `mdebareobas~ asaxavs; mxolod imas uCvenebs, ramdenad warmatebulad gaarTva moswavlem Tavi sxvebTan
SedarebiT da ara mis realur codnas.
moswavlis moRvaweobis Sedegebi mSoblebisTvis unda moicavdes portfolios, kiTxvarebs, rubrikebs da calkeul komentarebs. am saxiT miwodebuli angariSi xels Seuwyobs mSoblebis aqtiur CarTulobas Svilis swavlebis procesSi.
aRiarebulia, rom bavSvebi ukeT swavloben, rodesac mSoblebi skolis Tanamoazreebi da
partniorebi arian. es SeuZlebelia, Tu mSoblebs ar eqnebaT informacia imis Sesaxeb, ra da
rogor unda iswavlon maTma Svilebma. swored aseve ukukavSiri da avTentikuri Sefasebis
safuZvelze warmodgenili angariSi mSobels specifiur informaciasa da gasaRebs sTavazobs,
raSi da rogor daexmaros Svils. niSnebis sistemaze agebuli verc erTi Sefaseba ver qmnis
warmatebuli swavlisTvis ase mniSvnelovan ojaxisa da skolis TanamSromlobas.
niSnis sistemaze uars mxolod imitom ar amboben, rom umaRles saswavlebelSi Casabareblad aucilebelia skolis niSnebis furclis wardgena. saSualo skolaSi klasis ranJireba
da niSnebiT Sefaseba mxolod umaRlesi saswavleblis moTxovnis gamo grZeldeba. marTlac
asea es Tu ara? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema alfi konma (Alfie Kohn 1995) scada:
`Cems bolodroindel naSromze muSaobisas - `dasja jildoTi~ - werili mivwere
harvardis da braunis misaRebi komisiis Tavmjdomareebs, sadac vekiTxebodi: `ganixilavdnen Tu ara ganacxads iseTi skoladamTavrebulisgan, romelsac niSnebiT
Sefasebis nacvlad Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxis mixedviT hqonda Sefaseba?~ pasuxad momweres, rom isini siamovnebiT iReben aseT studentebs, radgan am SemTxvevaSi maT gacilebiT meti informacia aqvT moswavleze, vidre mSrali quliT - 3.6
Sefasebisas. saxelmwifo skolebSi es sakiTxi kidev ufro rTulad dgas, sadac
fsevdoargumenti aseTia: `iZulebulebi varT bavSvebs swavlis interesi movuspoT,
radgan umaRlesi saswavlebeli ase iTxovs~. Tu CauRrmavdebiT, saqme kidev ufro
rTulad aris (Kohn 1995).
460
Sefaseba
Semdeg is iseTi angariSebis modelebs warmogvidgens, romlebic detalurad aRwers moswavlis saqmianobas. am procesSi is samgvar monacemebs gamoyofs: miRwevis done, namuSevris
xarisxi da progresi:
miRwevis done moswavlis saqmianobis srulyofilebaze mianiSnebs. namuSevris xarisxi
moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli produqtis xarisxis sazomia. progresi ukumimarTulebiT izomeba. is SeiZleba mravalwliani kontinuumis gaswvriv sqemis saxiT warmovidginoT, ase rom me-3 klasels ecodineba sakuTari miRwevebi me-5 da (zogjer) me12 klasis standartebis mimarTac, zustad ise, rogorc es gvxdeba saqmianobis iseT
sferoebSi, rogoricaa: yvinTva, Wadraki da orkestri.
damoukidebeli
safuZvlad udevs saqmianobis yoveli donis zusti aRwera sxvadasxva klasisTvis, romelic mocemulia mSoblebisaTvis gankuTvnil broSurebSi.
angariSTa aseTi sistemis Seqmnas uamravi Zalisxmeva da dro sWirdeba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu is moicavs broSuras mSoblebisTvis, sadac aRwerili iqneba saqmianobis magaliTebi
yovel doneze da maswavleblis komentarebi imis asaxsnelad, rogor pasuxobs naSromi an magaliTi mocemul dones. sanam raRac axalsa da sasargeblos ar gamovcdiT, mis saWiroebas ver
vxvdebiT da rac ufro sasargebloa, miT ufro vrwmundebiT, rom mis gareSe cxovreba SeuZlebelia. zogierTma kritikosma, SesaZloa, aseTi pozicia gulubryvilod miiCnios, radgan
461
Tavi 16
sjeraT, rom adamianTa umravlesoba yovelTvis iol gzas irCevs: Sefasebis tradiciul
sistemas. Cveni azriT, mSoblebs, rogorc
wesi, damatebiTi monacemebis mopoveba surT,
rom Svilebs warmatebul saqmianobasa da
maRali standartebis miRwevaSi daexmaron. aseTi monacemebi mxolod maSin gaxdeba xelmisawvdomi, rodesac Sefasebisa da angariSis sistemebs avTentikuri fesvebi eqneba.
moswavle: jon do
saqmianobis done: wera: semestri (2/93 6/93)
4 Txzuleba, leqsebi
6 analitikuri naSromi
1 kvleviTi naSromi
4 testi wakiTxuli masalis
mixedviT
Sefasebis kriteriumebi
Rirseba: cocxali ideebi (3.6)
naklovaneba: gramatika (2.3)
miRweva: koncentrireba
(2.4-dan 3.2-mde)
yvela kriteriumi
Sefasebulia 5 baliani
sistemiT: 5 umaRlesi
Sefasebaa
frCxilebSi mocemulia
moswavlis saSualo Sefaseba
Janri
Rirseba: damajerebeli
naklovaneba: analitikuri
mniSvnelovani progresi:
aRweriTi
1. SefasebaTa kriteriumi (Sefasebis saSualo maCvenebeli xuTive ZiriTadi kriteriumis mixedviT): 3.6 (5dan)
2. yvelaze rTuli kriteriumi: `namuSevris gadaxedva
srulyofilebis misaRwevad~: 2.6 (5-dan)
Ed.,1994 A.S.C.D. Yearbook. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1996. pp. 173-174. Copyright
1996 by the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. yvela ufleba daculia.
462
Sefaseba
inglisuri wera
Sefaseba A
iyenebs furcelze aRniSvnebs.
akopirebs `sityvebs~ myisieri garemos
simboloebidan.
Sefaseba B
kargad uWiravs fanqari/pasta.
wers sakuTar saxels.
Sefaseba F
narativi Seicavs Sesavals, gavrcobasa da
gadawyvetas logikuri TanamimdevrobiT.
rTuli winadadebebi mTavari da
damokidebuli: iyenebs orives, moqmedebiT
da vnebiT gvars.
asworebs marTlweris, punqtuaciuri,
gramatikuli Secdomebis umravlesobas
sxvebis nawerebSi.
Sefaseba H
leqsika adasturebs, rom esmis sityvis
orazrovneba da sxva niuansebi.
mniSvnelobas zustad gamoxatavs.
SeuZlia sakuTari naSromis redaqtireba
da gadaxedva leqsikis, teqstis wyobisa da
Sinaarsis dasaxvewad.
Sefaseba I
Tavisuflad wers rogorc mokle pasaJebs,
ise vrcel naSromebs kargad nacnob Temebze.
ostaturad da efeqtianad SeuZlia gavrcoba
standartuli, tradiciuli formebis miRma.
463
Tavi 16
Semajamebeli mosazrebebi
ar gadaamlaSoT!
Sefasebis sakuTari sistemebis variaciulobisa da avTentikurobis mcdelobisas alfi
koni (Alfie Kohn 1995) gvafrTxilebs:
`ar gadaamlaSoT! aseTia pirveli rCeva avTentikuri Sefasebis gzaze. rac ufro mets
fiqrobs moswavle imaze, Tu rogor asrulebs davalebas, miT ufro naklebad ainteresebs, ras asrulebs. es rCeva Sefasebis yvelaze mravalferovani, azriani, moswavleze orientirebuli midgomebis SemuSavebisasac ki unda gaviTvaliswinoT.
mTeli im drois manZilze, romelsac moswavle saklaso oTaxSi sxvadasxva saqmianobas
andomebs, unda davicvaT kiTxvisgan `rogor vakeTeb?~ miuxedavad imisa, vityviT Tu
ara uars moswavlis saqmianobis `gazomvaze~, potenciuri problema TviTSefasebisa
(`ras gamoavlens es Sefaseba, gonieri var Tu suleli?~) rCeba. kargad unda gvesmodes nebismieri saxis Sefasebis mniSvnelobis gadaWarbeba. ara mxolod imitom, rom
Sefaseba uZluria asaxos moswavlis realuri saqmianoba, aramed imitomac, rom Sefasebis mniSvnelobis xazgasmas moswavleTa yuradReba saqmianobaze gadaaqvs da Sinagani motivacia ecema~.*
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Kohn, Alfie. From DeGrading: Basic Questions About Assessment and Learning. Audiotape 95-3213. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1995.
464
Sefaseba
465
Tavi 16
Sefasebis Sedegebi
Sefaseba yvelaze mZlavri saSualebaa maswavleblisTvis, rom moswavleebs, mSoblebsa
da sazogadoebas sakuTari prioritetebi gaacnos. ufro specifikur doneze moswavleebs,
maswavleblebsa da mSoblebs naTeli warmodgena eqmnebaT, mocemuli kursis an modulis
warmatebis kriteriumebze. swored es sicxade aZlevs saSualebas moswavleebs (maswavlebelsa
da mSoblebsac), rom Zalisxmeva saqmianobis kriteriumebis Sesatyvisad warmarTon. sawinaaRmdego midgomaa iseTi testireba, romlis drosac moswavleebma winaswar ar ician savaraudo
sakiTxebi.
avTentikur Sefasebas SesaZloa Zalze didi gavlena hqondes maswavleblis saqmianobaze da
skolis Sesaxeb moswavleebis warmodgenaze. pirvel rigSi, SesaZlebelia gaizardos moswavleTa motivacia. magaliTad, Tu moswavleebs iseTi mniSvnelovani davalebis mixedviT afaseben, rogoric aris monacemebis Segroveba narCenebis gadamuSavebis danaxarjebisa da sargebelis Sesaxeb da Semdeg sakuTari mosazrebis dacva, isini sxva konteqstSi SeZenil codnasa
da unarebs gamoiyeneben (SeniSvnebis Cawera, informaciis mravalgvari wyaroebis gamoyeneba,
nagavsayrelisa da nagavsawvavis ekologiuri Sedegebis wvdoma).
maswavleblebi iZulebulni arian, rac SeiZleba srulyofil da integrirebul swavlebas
mimarTon. mravali maswavlebeli rTuli davalebis Sedgenisas sakuTar Tavs ekiTxeba: `ra
cvlilebebi unda Sevitano saswavlo gegmasa da swavlebis strategiebSi, rom moswavleebma
warmatebiT SeZlon am davalebebis Sesruleba?~ Tu testirebis mizania problemis gadaWris
mizniT moswavleTa aRweris, analizis da kvlevis unarebis Semowmeba, maSin maswavlebelma maT
am unarebis ganviTarebis Sesatyvisi gamocdileba unda SesTavazos.
rTuli davalebebis Sefasebac ufro integrirebuli saswavlo gegmis Seqmnas moiTxovs. ra
Tqma unda, realur cxovrebiseul situaciebTan dakavSirebuli amocanebi kros-disciplinuria. magaliTad, dasabuTebis dawera qalaqis
sabWosTvis policiis axali ofisis dafinanrTuli davalebebis Sefaseba ufro integrire
sebis Taobaze ekonomikis, samoqalaqo ganabuli saswavlo gegmis Seqmnas moiTxovs.
Tlebis, sociologiisa da inglisuri enis
integracias moiTxovs.
da bolos, rogorc baroni (Baron 1991) wers, avTentikurma Sefasebam TviT swavlis procesi
unda gaaumjobesos:
`efeqtiani davalebebis mizania saSualeba misces moswavleebs ufro codnis siRrme
gamoavlinon, vidre moculoba da kavSirebi daamyaron danawevrebul codnasa da unarebs Soris. efeqtiani davaleba moswavles mTliani suraTis warmodgenis saSualebas aZlevs. dRes moswavleTa codna Zalze danawevrebuli da daukavSirebelia. maT
ar aqvT sakuTari codnis organizebis mdidari kognituri qseli, swrafad aviwydebaT
naswavli. rodesac moswavles mTlian problemaze fiqris stimuli aqvs, rogorc es
srulyofili kvlevis dagegmvisa da Catarebis dros xdeba, maTi codna ufro mTliani
da myari xdeba~ (gv. 310).
466
Sefaseba
standartebi
1920 wels standartizebuli testebis gamoyenebis gavrcelebaze dakvirvebisas gamoCenili Jurnalisti uolter lipmani (Walter Lippmann) werda: `Cven moswavleebisa da maswavleblebis iseT Taobas aRvzrdiT, romelTac ar eqnebaT imis rwmena, rom sustebsac SeuZliaT
warmatebulebi gaxdnen~. is marTali iyo.
standartizebuli testebi normalur ganawilebas qmnis da ar warmoadgens im `standartebs~, romlis miRweva yvela moswavles SeuZlia. gansazRvrebis mixedviT, normalur ganawilebas yovelTvis unda hqondes qveda naxevari da am farglebSi unda iyos qveda standartuli cxra (standartuli cxra aris testirebis qulebis cxra danayofian skalaze asaxvis
meTodi, sadac 5 saSualo maCvenebelia, xolo 2 standartuli gadaxra. red. Sen.) lipmanma
ganWvrita rom aseTi standartizebuli testebi aucileblad gamoiwvevda moswavleTa daxarisxebas, rasac, Tavis mxriv, Sedegad sakuTar gonebriv SesaZleblobebze dabali warmodgenis mqone warumatebeli moswavleebi mohyveboda. Sefasebis sistemis struqtura da mis miRma
arsebuli Sexeduleba gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis araTanabari ganawilebis Sesaxeb, Tavisi
arsiT SeuTavsebeli iyo yvela moswavlis warmatebis ideasTan da man mravali adamiani gaswira sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebisa da warumateblobisTvis.
avTentikur Sefasebas lipmani testirebis iseT formad miiCnevda, romelic yvelas aZlevs
warmatebis SesaZleblobas. am SemTxvevaSi standartebi, anu finiSis xazis mdebareoba da forma yvelasTvis naTelia da perioduli ukukavSiri da TviTSefaseba yvela moswavles TviTkoreqciisa da warmatebis gzis dasaxvis saSualebas aZlevs.
avTentikuri Sefaseba moswavleebs im rukas sTavazobs, romelic maT swavlebis miznebisa da
standartebisaken mimavali gzebis gansazRvraSi exmareba. isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZleben aseTi rukis warmatebiT gamoyenebas, Tu daijereben, rom Secdoma swavlis SesaZleblobaa
da ara maTi araadekvaturobis dadastureba (Dweck 1991). avTentikuri Sefaseba filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT srulyofil swavlas utoldeba, radgan is stimuls aZlevs saqmianobis
konkretuli kriteriumis miRwevis Zalisxmevas. aseTi Sefaseba im maswavlebelTan erTad, romelic maRali da dadebiTi molodinebis Setyobinebebs sTavazobs Tavis moswavleebs, qmnis
garemos, sadac skolis struqturaSi yvela moswavlis maRal doneze swavlis SesaZleblobis
rwmena mefobs. Tu namdvilad gvsurs, rom yvela moswavle XXI saukunis moTxovnebisTvis movamzadoT, swored am ori komponentis gaerTianebaze unda vizrunoT.
ra moxdeba Semdeg?
am TavSi mocemul suraTsa da skolaTa umravlesobaSi arsebul mdgomareobas Soris Zalian didi sxvaobaa. mis Sesamcireblad saWiroa, rom maswavlebels didi dro hqondes dagegmvisTvis, arsebobdes konkretuli klasebis maswavlebelTa an safakulteto jgufebi, rac
mxolod zogierT skolaSia. Cveni rCeviT, saWiroa dinjad individualurad an kolegasTan
erTad dawyeba da erTdrouli muSaoba administratorebTan, raTa maT Sexvedrebze dro
dauTmon swavlebis iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa moswavlis namuSevris Sedareba nimuSTan.
gTavazobT ramdenime sasargeblo rCevas:
1. Zal-Rone ar daiSuroT, rom moswavleebs cxadad gaacnoT yoveli mniSvnelovani
Temisa da davalebis warmatebiT Sesrulebis kriteriumebi da nimuSebi. dro ar dainanoT imis asaxsnelad, ras niSnavs warmatebuli saqmianobis modelebi.
2. waaxaliseT moswavleebi warmatebuli saqmianobis kriteriumebis gamoyenebiT regularulad CaerTon TviTSefasebasa da TanatolTa SefasebaSi.
467
Tavi 16
3. gadaxedeT Sefasebisa da Canawerebis warmoebis sakuTar meTodebs. ecadeT gaamravalferovnoT repertuari. iyenebT Tu ara erTwuTian intervius an zepir prezentacias imis dasadgenad, miaRwies Tu ara moswavleebma dasaxul mizans? saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi iyenebT Tu ara pirdapir dakvirvebas an kiTxvarebs moswavlis progresis
Sesaxeb Canawerebis saWaarmoeblad?
4. SeiswavleT asakis Sesabamisad demonstrirebis SesaZleblobebi zemoT aRwerili
meTodebis moswavleTaTvis gasacnobad.
5. SeqmeniT da srulyaviT portfolio, rogorc moswavlis WeSmariti saqmianobis
(TviTSefasebis CaTvliT) amsaxveli rTuli nakrebi.
avTentikuri Sefaseba maSin moxdeba, rodesac maswavleblebi da administratorebi dagegmaven dros moswavleTa namuSevrebis Sesadareblad da Camoayalibeben iseT rubrikebs, romelic, maTi SexedulebiT, codnis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtebs gansazRvravs.
468
danarTi
ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Kallick, Bena, and Ross Brewer. Exemplars: A Teachers Solution. Volume 1 nos. 4-12. Underhill, Vermont: Exemplars, 1994
Sefaseba
23
45
konteqsti
Cven viswavleT gamravleba, vivarjiSeT zepir operaciebze, visaubreT sxvadasxva strategiaze. am davalebiT mindoda gamego, icodnen Tu ara Cemma moswavleebma gamravlebis miRma
arsebuli Teoria da ara mxolod operaciis sizuste.
davalebis mizani
am davalebiT gavigeb, ician Tu ara moswavleebma gamravlebis arsi, misi Sesruleba da ramdenad sxartad azrovneben.
rCevebi
SegiZliaT es davaleba gamravlebis testSi CarToT. is amtkicebs azrs, rom algoriTmi
unda gavigoT da ara davizepiroT.
471
Tavi 16
sanimuSo masala
aranairi
savaraudo pasuxebi
am davalebis amoxsnis Zalian bevri xerxia, ai ramdenime maTgani:
22X45+45
24X45-45
11.5X90
22.5X46
rubrikebi da niSnulebi
gamoucdeli
moswavle iyenebs araSesatyvis koncefciebs. fiqrobs, rom gamravlebisTvis mimatebis
strategiac gamodgeba. maTematikuri msjeloba mcdaria.
axalbeda
amoxsna arasrulia. moswavle poulobs miaxloebiT, magram ara zust pasuxs. misi midgoma
nawilobriv sasargebloa, garkveulwilad pasuxamde midis, magram sruli pasuxi ar aqvs mocemuli.
praqtikosi
moswavles Rrmad esmis amocana. iyenebs im strategias, romelsac amocanis amoxsnamde mihyavs da logikurad xsnis sakuTar arCevans.
eqsperti
moswavlem amocanis amoxsnis mravali gza icis, rac Rrma codnis maCvenebelia. mas aqvs
Sesatyvisi maTematikuri koncefciis gansazRvris unari.
avtori
kler forsetma es davaleba vermontis StatSi merion krosis skolaSi SeimuSava. kleri
vermontis maTematikuri portfolios komitetis wevria. is Statis mravali skolis konsultanti, maTematikis sakonsultacio komitetis wevri da maTematikuri portfolios samuSao
jgufis wevria.
472
Sefaseba
gamoucdeli
473
Tavi 16
axalbeda
474
Sefaseba
praqtikosi
475
Tavi 16
eqsperti
476
Sefaseba
abaJuris SefuTva
6-8 klasi
amocana
saras dedas saras dabadebis dRisTvis nayidi lampis SefuTva surs. lampis simaRle
abaJuris CaTvliT 26 duimia, xolo sigane 8 duimi. ra zomis unda iyos is yvelaze
patara qaRaldi, romliTac saras deda lampis SefuTvas SeZlebs? (miniSneba: lampa advilad tydeba, ase rom, sasurvelia, jer yuTSi Caidos.)
konteqsti
es davaleba SeiZleba mivceT perimetris da farTobis mcodne moswavleebs, Tumca es codna aucilebeli ar aris amocanis amoxsnisTvis. problemas ar aqvs erTi konkretuli pasuxi,
moswavleebma SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinon abaJuris zoma da Tavad gadawyviton, gamoiyeneben Tu
ara lampis zomis yuTs.
davalebis mizani
davalebiT gavigebT, aqvs Tu ara moswavles farTobisa da perimetris Sesaxeb sabaziso
codna da SeuZlia Tu ara misi gamoyeneba konkretul situaciaSi. ufro maRal doneze is
gviCvenebs moswavleTa msjelobas, romelic mocemul konkretul gamoTvlebs scildeba.
477
Tavi 16
abaJuris SefuTva
rCevebi
davaleba unda Sesruldes praqtikulad SesafuTi qaRaldiTa da yuTiT. SefuTva SeiZleba
win uZRodes amocanis amoxsnas da amoxsnis gzebis moZebnaSi exmarebodes moswavleebs an mohyvebodes amoxsnas, raTa moswavleebma SeZlon problemis gadaWris gzis Semowmeba da saWiro
cvlilebebis ganxilva.
sanimuSo masala
marTxkuTxa yuTi da SesafuTi qaRaldi
savaraudo pasuxebi
zogadi pasuxis gamosaTvlelad simaRles davamatoT 8 duimi, raTa 4 duimiT davfaroT
zeda nawili wina mxridan, xolo 4-iT qveda nawili ukana mxridan. amrigad, qaRaldis sigrZe 34
duimi iqneba. siganis gamosaTvlelad 4 unda gavamravloT 8-ze, yuTis yvela gverdis siganeze.
amrigad, yuTis zomaa 34 duimi X 32 duimze. zogierTma moswavlem, SesaZloa, nawilobrivi SefuTva SemogvTavazos an ufro didi zomis yuTis gamoyeneba lampis usafrTxod SesafuTad. da
bolos, zogierTma moswavlem SeiZleba moifiqros, rom lampis abaJuri ufro farToa, vidre
misi Ziri da misi calke yuTSi SefuTva gadawyvitos.
rubrikebi da niSnulebi
gamoucdeli
amocanis amoxsna adasturebs, rom moswavles gamoTvlebis gamocdileba aqvs, magram ar
icis, rodis unda gamoiyenos is. ar iTvaliswinebs, rom lampis zeda da qveda mxare sxvadasxva
zomisaa.
478
Sefaseba
abaJuris SefuTva
axalbeda
bundovnad xsnis werilobiT an naxatiT problemis gadawyvetis gzas.
praqtikosi
adasturebs amocanis siRrmiseul wvdomas. naTlad gadmoscems msjelobas da adasturebs
vizualuradac.
eqsperti
moswavles kargad esmis amocana da iTvaliswinebs lampis abaJuris zomasac. yovel nabijs
mkafiod xsnis werilobiT da gvTavazobs amoxsnis alternatiul gzasac. iyenebs maTematikur
enas da naxatebs. axsna da naxatebi martivi wasakiTxi da gasagebia. mocemulia realur cxovrebaSi gamoyenebis magaliTebic.
avtori
dina serafini snelvilis (jorjiis Stati) saSualo skolis me-8 klasis maswavlebeli.
479
Tavi 16
gamoucdeli
480
Sefaseba
axalbeda
481
Tavi 16
praqtikosi
482
Sefaseba
483
Tavi 16
eqperti
484
Sefaseba
485
Tavi 16
486
Sefaseba
487
Tavi 16
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494
17
saswavlo gegmis
Seqmna
rogor SevqmnaT da mivusadagoT
moswavleebs maqsimalurad efeqtiani saswavlo gegma?
uwyvetoba
Tanamimdevroba
integracia
swavlis miznebi gviCvenebs, Tu ra mimarTulebiT miviwevT win da risi miRweva gvsurs. swavlis gamocdileba gvaswavlis, Tu ra unda gavakeToT am miznebis misaRwevad, saswavlo gegma
ki gveubneba, rogor unda movawesrigoT miznebi da swavlis gamocdileba erTiani Sedegis
misaRebad.
miznebi
+
swavlis gamocdileba
+
Sefaseba
+
dizaini
=
saswavlo gegma
saswavlo gegmaSi xdeba miznebis, Sinaarsisa (mniSvnelovani informaciis) da swavlis gamocdilebis organizeba. kargi saswavlo gegmis Sesadgenad miznebis SerCevis, Sinaarsis gamoyofisa da swavlis Sesabamisi gamocdilebis SerCevis unari ar kmara, mTavaria, saswavlo
gegmaSi am yvelafris organizeba. aseve mniSvnelovania Sesaswavli masalis xarisxi da siRrme. kargi dizaini TavisTavad axdens gavlenas. maswavlebelma unda icodes, ras niSnavs kargad organizebuli saswavlo gegma. man, rogorc saswavlo gegmis momxmarebelma, bazarze
`konkurent~ saswavlo gegmebs Soris arCevanis gakeTeba unda SeZlos, saamisod ki kargisa
da cudis garCeva unda icodes. saswavlo gegmis ganxorcieleba maqsimalurad moiTxovs mis
miRma arsebuli dizainis gagebas Sesatyvisia Tu ara vadebi da arCevani.
zogjer Tavad maswavleblebs sTxoven saswavlo gegmis dizainis Seqmnasa da imis axsnas, Tu
ras akeTeben iseT jgufebSi, rogoricaa mSoblebisa da skolis komiteti. swored amitom CavrTeT swavlebis parametrebSi, saswavlo gegmis Seqmnisa da organizebis Sesaxeb sabazo codna.
dizaini im ufro didi Zalisxmevis erTgvari monaxazi, im gamocdilebaTa jamia, romelic
moswavles mocemuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT aqvs. is swavlebis farTo modelia da moicavs
moswavlisa da maswavleblis saqmianobas, masalebsa da sivrcis mowyobas. am modelebis kargad konstruireba maswavlebels saswavlo gegmis iseTi maRali donis miznebis miRwevaSi ex-
497
Tavi 17
ZiriTadi
swavlis gamocdilebis Tanamimdevruli organizeba ise, rom yoveli axali gamocdileba naswavls emyarebodes da Semdgomi codnis safuZvels qmnides.
integraciis
498
literatura
Gagne, R.M, and L.J. Briggs. Principles of Instructional Design. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
1974.
Taba, H., M. C. Durlin, M. C. Prenhul, and A. A. McNaughton. A Teachers Handbook for Elementary Social
Studies. 2d ed. Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1971.
Tyler, R. Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949.
499
18
saboloo miznebi
interaqtiuli swavleba
saswavlo gegmis arCeva da masalebi
faruli saswavlo gegma
saboloo miznebi
aswavlebelTa umetesobas raRac konkretulis gadacema surs axali TaobisTvis. am garkveuli, ZiriTadi miznis miRweva bavSvebTan urTierTobis safuZvelze
xdeba.
es miznebi mravalnairi SeiZleba iyos _ bavSvebisTvis wignis siyvarulis Canergva, kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTareba, sxva adamianebisadmi TanagrZnobis unaris ganviTareba. mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ra sagans aswavlis maswavlebeli, misi ZiriTadi mizani yovelTvis vlindeba
yoveldRiuri praqtikuli swavlebis procesSi.
is gamonaklisi maswavleblebi, romelTa swavlebis miRma ufro didi mizani imaleba, sakuTar Tavs usvamen kiTxvas: `yvelaze metad ras veli Cemi moswavleebisgan? wlis bolos,
rodesac davSordebi maT, ra minda Tan waiRon Cveni urTierTobis gamocdilebidan?~ marTalia, aseTi miznebi yoveldRiur davalebebSi da gakveTilebSi ar Cans, magram is maswavleblis
yvela moqmedebidan gamosWvivis.
qvemoT moyvanilia ZiriTadi miznebis magaliTebi:
`rodesac Cemi moswavleebi damtoveben wlis bolos,
503
Tavi 18
sasurvelia, rom ZiriTadi miznebi maswavlebelTa jgufs aerTianebdes. aseT SemTxvevaSi maTi realizeba ufro swrafad da advilad
iqneba SesaZlebeli. aseve SeiZleba mTliani
skolis gaerTianeba raime miznis garSemo.
saWiroa Seiqmnas Sesabamisi ganwyoba da klimati mTels saswavlo sistemaSi da skolis SenobaSi. aseTi skolis Seqmna advilad da swrafad ar xdeba, Tumca misi Seqmna sruliad realuria.
am TavSi, klasSi da gakveTilebze gamovlenil ZiriTad miznebze visaubrebT.
interaqtiuli swavleba
ZiriTadi mizani gansazRvravs swavlebis mimarTulebas, safuZvels da imavdroulad maswavleblis gzamkvlevic aris. is xazs usvams calkeuli parametrebis mniSvnelobas. am nawilSi
ganvixilavT rogor gansazRvravs saboloo mizani parametrebis arCevas. Cven mxolod erT
saboloo mizans SevexebiT da, Sesabamisad, arCevnis mxolod erT nakrebs ganvixilavT. imedi
gvaqvs, rom mkiTxveli Tavisi pirovnuli Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare airCevs parametrebis
repertuars.
davuSvaT, maswavleblis ZiriTadi mizania, rom wlis bolos moswavleebs aramarto esmodeT adamianTa gansxvavebuloba, aramed ufro tolerantulebi gaxdnen. am SemTxvevaSi man
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios saklaso garemos parametrs. misTvis moswavleTa iseTi erTobis Camoyalibeba, romelic inkluziurobas aRiarebs, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iqneba. misi survili iqneba moswavleebs swavlis gansxvavebuli stilis Sesaxebac
Seuqmnas warmodgena da gaagebinos, rogor moqmedebs is (swavlis stili) moswavleTa qcevaze
da sxvadasxva amocanebis mimarT damokidebulebaze. maswavlebeli zedmiwevniT gaacnobs moswavleebs swavlis gansxvavebul stils, rogorc sakuTars, ise Tanatolebisas da sakuTar
Tavsa da sxvebs Soris gansxvavebebis dafasebas da pativiscemas mosTxovs.
swavlebis is modelebi, romlebic gansxvavebul moswavleTa jgufur muSaobas iTvaliswinebs, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iqneba aseTi maswavleblisTvis. is xSirad gamoiyenebs
sicxadis parametris calkeul strategiebsac, romelic gansxvavebul moswavleTa erTobliv
muSaobas, urTierTdaxmarebas iTvaliswinebs.
SesaZlebelia saswavlo Sinaarsis imgvarad struqturireba, rom man xazi gausvas adamianTa
gansxvavebulobis Temas. magaliTad, aqtivobaSi `dRis ambebi~ SesaZlebelia aqcenti msoflioSi momxdar im movlenebze gakeTdes, sadac rasobrivi an eTnikuri gansxvavebebis pativiscema
an upativcemuloba gamovlinda. moswavleebi am ambebs gancxadebebis dafaze gaakraven an saklaso diskusiisTvis gamoiyeneben.
SesaZlebelia aqtivobaTa ise dagegmva, rom gansxvavebuli SesaZleblobebis mqone moswavleebma erTmaneTs daxmareba SesTavazon proeqtebis an davalebebis Sesrulebisas.
maswavleblisTvis mniSvnelovani iqneba pirovnuli urTierTobis damyarebis parametric. maswavlebeli, romlis survilia gansxvavebulobis dafaseba da pativiscema, iseT garemos Seqmnis, sadac yoveli moswavle Tavs Rirseulad da maswavleblis mxridan aRiarebulad
igrZnobs. misTvis Rirebuli iqneba samarTlianobis, pativiscemisa da aqtiuri mosmenis principebis gamoyeneba yvela moswavlesTan, gansakuTrebiT ki gansxvavebulebTan (fizikurad an
gonebrivad uunaroni, swavlis uunaroni an rasobrivi umciresobebi).
garda calkeuli parametrebis farglebSi arCevanisa, romelic zemoT ganvixileT, saboloo miznebi gavlenas axdens saswavli gegmis sakiTxebis da masalis arCevazec da swavlebis
gzazec.
504
saboloo miznebi
rasistuli qceva
antirasistuli qceva
aqtiuri
pasiuri
am wignSi rogorc rasistuli, ise antirasistuli aqtorebi da qmedebebi rasizmis gacnobierebisa da masTan brZolis konteqstSi ganixileba.
maswavleblis mier SerCeuli sakiTxavi masala mis ZiriTad mizans unda emsaxurebodes.
wignebis SerCevaSi did daxmarebas gagiwevT araCveulebrivi bibliografia (Development
Studies Center 1994).1 Tu maswavleblis mizania moswavleebSi swavlis siyvarulisa da codnismoyvareobis dakmayofilebis unaris gaRviveba, is, albaT, intervius aRebis unarebs aswavlis
bavSvebs, radgan swored intervius saSualebiT SegviZlia gavigoT, ra surs adamians. maswavlebeli aseve moindomebs, rom moswavleebs biblioTekis, eleqtronuli da internet wyaroebis gamoyeneba aswavlos. es unarebi uSualod emsaxureba saboloo miznis miRwevas, Tumca,
1 Developmental Studies Center K-8 Curriculum Materials Catalog. 2000 Embarcadero, Suite 305, Oakland, Calif . 94606)
* ibeWdeba nebarTviT. Beverly Daniel Tatum and Andrea AYvazian, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts.
505
Tavi 18
saklaso realobebi
socialuri realoba
socialuri realoba exeba adamianTa Soris urTierTobas. Cven SegviZlia gamovikvlioT
sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi jgufur dinamikis, normebis, rolebis, molodinebisa da interpersonaluri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb. socialuri realoba mudmivad arsebobs, miuxedavad imisa,
vmonawileobT Tu ara masSi. moswavleebis erTiani jgufuri muSaoba qmnis Zalze gansxvavebul
socialur realobas, romelic iTvaliswinebs normebs, rolebs da interpersonalur transaqcias.
pirovnuli realoba
yvela Cvengans aqvs pirovnuli realoba,
rac gulisxmobs Cvens reaqciebs da grZnobebs. Cveni imedebi, SiSebi, ocnebebi da miznebi, garkveulwilad, obieqturi droiTa da
adgiliT ganisazRvreba. yovel moswavles,
gakveTilis msvlelobisas, pirovnuli Sinagani grZnobebi aqvs. es grZnobebi rTuli, cvalebadi da realuria. yoveli adamianis pirovnuli grZnobebi am adamianis pirovnul realobas qmnis.
506
saboloo miznebi
moraluri realoba
klasSi arsebuli moraluri realoba gulisxmobs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa simarTle
da sicrue, movaleoba, samarTlianoba, valdebuleba. isini SeiZleba gamovlenili iyos maswavleblis qcevaSi, klasis normebsa da procedurebSi, moswavleTa Sefasebebsa da arCevanSi.
aseTi koncefciebi nebismier klasSi arsebobs, miuxedavad imisa, maswavlebelma icis Tu ara
maTi arseboba. zogjer Tanamedrove saswavlo gegmaSi moraluri sakiTxebi saswavlo gamocdilebis wina planze dgas (Shaftel and Shaftel 1967; Lickona 1972, 1991).
politikuri realoba
politikuri realoba exeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa Zalaufleba, gavlena da marTva.
politikuri realobis ganxilvis procesSi ismeba kiTxvebi: vis aqvs Zalaufleba? rogor
xdeba gavlenis moxdena? vis mimarT da vis mier? rogor xdeba gadawyvetilebebis miReba? vin
axdens gavlenas movlenaTa ganviTarebaze? rogor aiyoliebs an aiZulebs erTi adamiani (maswavlebeli an moswavle) meore adamians ganaxorcielos garkveuli qceva? vin wyvets, ra moxdeba Semdeg? ra codna aqvT moswavleebs maTi rolis Sesaxeb ZalauflebasTan mimarTebaSi?
507
Tavi 18
seboben da swavloben. es SeiZleba iyos rogorc saklaso oTaxi, ise mTliani skola. aseTi
swavleba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes qvecnobierad an maswavleblis mier. orive SemTxvevaSi misi
ganxorcieleba xuTive realobis WrilSi xdeba.
winaswar ganzraxuli swavlebisas, zogi maswavlebeli Riad da dawvrilebiT saubrobs, Tu
ra ideebi aqvs socialur, pirovnul da fsiqologiur gegmasTan dakavSirebiT, ufro iSviaTad, moralur da politikur gegmasTan dakavSirebiT. mas naTlad gaazrebuli da Camoyalibebuli mizani aqvs, romelic CamoTvlili xuTi realobidan erT-erTs ukavSirdeba. romelime
realobisadmi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba da misi xazgasma vlindeba am realobis da misi obieqturobis winaswar gaazrebaSi.
maswavleblis aseTi gamokveTili realobebi vlindeba rogorc mTlian saswavlo garemoSi,
ise konkretuli moswavleebisadmi mis damokidebulebasa da urTierTobaSi.
508
saboloo miznebi
509
literatura
Gower R.R, and M.B. Scott. Five Essential Dimensions of Curriculum Design. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall
Hunt, 1977
Lickona, T. Educating for Character. New York: Bantam Books, 1991
Lickona, T. A Strategy for Teaching Values. Pleasantville, N.Y.: Guidance Associates, 1972.
Saphier, Jon and John DAuria. The Core Value Process: Bringing Vision to School Improvemnet. Carlisle
, Mass: Research for Better Teaching, 1993.
Shaftel, G and F. Shaftel. Role Playing for Social Values. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall, 1967.
Stanford, G. Developing Effective Classroom Groups. New York, Hart Publishing, Co. 1977.
Tatum, Beverly Daniel and Andrea Ayvazian. Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Mass.
19
farTod gaRebuli
WiSkari
profesiuli ganviTarebis
kulturis amaRleba, romelic
maswavlebelTa kvalificirebis
optimalur pirobebs gulisxmobs.
xovrebaSi Zalian iSviaTad iqmneba optimaluri pirobebi, Tumca saskolo cvlilebaTa da maswavleblis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb Catarebulma bolodroindelma kvlevebma
cxadyo, rom konkretuli pirobebi xels uwyobs skolis sistemis yvelasTvis ase
sasurvel gaumjobesebas. pirvel yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, rom skolis sistemis ganviTarebis
mZlavri sawyisi etapia maswavleblis SesaZleblobebis zrda codnis safuZvelze (Saphier
1994). am TavSi gavaSuqebT da ganvixilavT maswavleblis swavla-ganaTlebisTvis arsebiT Svid
pirobas.
1. maswavlebeli Tavad aanalizebs sakuTar gamocdilebas. swored es aris is ZiriTadi
piroba, romelic xels uwyobs maswavleblis profesiul ganviTarebas.
2. skola exmareba maswavlebels rogorc kolegiuri struqturis, ise pirovnuli
damokidebulebisa da urTierTobis xelSewyobiT.
3. swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis baza agebulia iseT sferoebze, rogoricaa Sesruleba, repertuari da Sesabamisoba da ara `efeqtian qcevaze~.
4. uzrunvelyofilia maswavleblis zrdisa da swavlis xelSemwyobi yvela faqtori.
5. arsebobs sistemuri da sxvadasxvagvari wvdoma profesiuli codnis or saxeobaze:
a) individualuri da kolegebis praqtikuli codna
b) swavlebis Sesaxeb sajaro kvlevebze dafuZnebuli codna.
6. profesiuli codna da informacia moswavleTa moTxovnilebebis Sesaxeb unda aisaxos maswavleblis arCevanSi swavlebis Sinaarsisa da procesis Sesaxeb.
7. skolis xelmZRvanelTa qmedeba unda Seesabamebodes da xels uwyobdes zemoT CamoTvlil eqvsive pirobas.
ufro vrclad ganvixiloT yoveli piroba.
1.
mravali mecnieri (Edwards 1994; Darling-Hammond and McLaughin 1995; Wildman and Niles
1987) eTanxmeba im mosazrebas, rom swavlebis gaumjobeseba maswavleblis mier sakuTari gamocdilebis TviTanaliziT iwyeba. aseT cvlilebebs rom Rrma da xangrZlivi xasiaTi hqondes,
maswavlebeli CarTuli unda iyos `swavlebis, Sefasebis, dakvirvebisa da refleqciis konkretul amocanaSi, romelic naTels hfens swavlisa da ganviTarebis process (Darling-Hammond
and McLaughin 1995). miuxedavad amisa, profesiuli ganviTareba, rogorc wesi, garedan
mxolod gaazrebuli, cxovrebiseuli gamoc
daxmarebas efuZneba, romelic maswavledileba aqcevs adamians daxvewil profesion
belma unda miiRos da gamoiyenos sakuTar
alad.
praqtikaSi. jon edvardsi (John Edwards
1995) wers, `personalis momzadebisa da menejmentis treiningebi im gulubryvilo Sexedulebas emyareba, rom Tu maswavlebels axal
codnas mivawvdiT, is SeZlebs sakuTar azrovnebisa da praqtikis Secvlas. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis aseTi midgoma gamosavali ar aris. mxolod gaazrebuli, cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba aqcevs adamians daxvewil profesionalad. adamiani sakuTari Tavis, saqmianobisa da
513
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azrovnebis SemecnebiT swavlobs. mxolod TviTanalizis Semdeg iwyebs ganviTarebaze mizanmimarTul muSaobas~.
sakuTari gamocdilebis SeswavlisTvis aucilebelia garkveuli unarebi, kerZod:
(1). dakvirvebis da analizis instrumentebi, romelic arazedapirulia (moicavs zusti
informaciis miRebas, moswavleTa gamoyenebas monacemTa wyarod da bundovani azris
mkafiod gamoxatvas) da 2) kognituri wvrTnis unarebi (Costa and Garmston 1994).
TviTganaTlebisTvis aucilebelia damxmare struqturebis xelSewyoba, raTa maswavleblebma awarmoon saWiro dakvirveba, wvrTna da monacemTa analizi. amisTvis aucilebelia
oTxi arsebiTi urTierTdamokidebuli faqtori:
1. struqturebi. maswavleblebs SeuZliaT erTad imuSaon iseT struqturebSi, rogoricaa saswavlo jgufebi, saklaso da fakultetis Sexvedrebi da seminarebi.
2. dro. aseTi struqturebis moqmedebis dro dadgenilia da/an Casmulia maswavleblis
samuSao grafikSi.
514
3. administraciuli mxardaWera. maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganaTlebis aseTi mxardaWera sagrZnobi da realuri unda iyos.
4. pirovnuli mxardaWera. yovel maswavlebels, skolaSi Tu mis gareT, hyavs momTxovni
megobari, romelic dainteresebulia misi profesiuli zrdiT.
eqsperimentebisa da maswavlebelTa TviTganviTarebis xelSesawyobad SesaZlebelia specialuri struqturebis Seqmna, magaliTad skolis masStabiT saswavlo jgufebi an safakulteto jgufebi. skolebis umravlesobaSi ukve moqmedebs Sesabamisi struqturebi: fakultetis
kreba, ganyofilebis kreba, paraleluri klasebis kreba da gundis kreba. TviTganviTarebasa
da winsvlas xSirad warsulis gadmonaSTebi da moZvelebuli modelebi uSlis xels. Zvel
CveulebebTan brZolisas mniSvnelovania administraciisa da xelmZRvanelobis Tavdadeba.
Cven dawvrilebiT visaubreT im gansakuTrebuli ideebisa da strategiebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xels uwyoben skolaSi TanamSromlobis garemos Seqmnas. Rrmad gvwams, rom am wignis
mkiTxvelebic iseTive SemoqmedebiTebi arian, rogorc ganaTlebis mravali muSaki, romlebmac Zalisxmeva ar daiSures `rogor~ kiTxvaze pasuxisaTvis axali ideebis mosawodeblad.
maswavlebelTa TviTganviTarebisTvis saWiro droisa da struqturebis uzrunvelsayofad,
aucilebelia skolis liderTa saqmiani Tavdadeba, rac dRes savsebiT ucxoa skolis struqturuli modelisaTvis. am Tavdadebis xelSewyobis erT-erTi gza gaxlavT misi moTxovna administratorTa wvrTnisa da sertificirebis procesSi. sxva sityvebiT Tu vityviT, skolis
administratorTa Sefaseba unda moxdes maTive institutSi kolegialobis xelSewyobis unaris mixedviTac.
am saqmeSi mniSvnelovani komponentia pirovnuli xelSewyoba. xelSewyobaze metis gakeTeba
SeuZlia iseT megobars, romelic drodadro dainteresdeba maswavleblis winsvliT da Semdeg
daxmarebas SesTavazebs; es msubuqi biZgis formaa. es sasicocxlo TvisebaTa erTgvari kombinaciaa adamiani, romelsac ainteresebs Seni winsvla, zrunavs Senze da TviTSefasebis stimuls gaZlevs. kargi xelmZRvaneli am TvisebaTa
gansaxierebaa.
liderma unda uzrunvelyos maswavleblis
TviTganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli dro da
wignis erT-erTi avtori qalaqis tipis
dasaxlebaSi seminars atarebda e.w. `persostruqtura
nalis ganviTarebis~ sakiTxebze. aseTi seminarebis wamyvanTa umravlesobis misia, rogorc wesi, asocirdeba sistemis masStabiT wvrTnas,
saswavlo gegmis danergvas an programis SemuSavebas. sakmaod iSviaTad vxvdebiT SemTxvevebs,
rodesac personalis ganviTarebis sakiTxebze momuSave adamianebi individebis profesiul
zrdaze zrunaven. Cveni azriT, saqmianobis saTanadod dagegmvis SemTxvevaSi am adamianebs
yvelaze metis gakeTeba SeuZliaT maswavlebelTa SesaZleblobebis amaRlebis TvalsazrisiT.
(ra araCveulebrivi iqneba gamocdili maswavleblebisaTvis, Tu maT winsvlis, wvrTnisa da
sakuTari gamocdilebis gaziarebis SesaZlebloba miecemaT.)
3.
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ar arsebobs saukeTeso strategiebi, saxelmZRvanelo wesebi an formulebi, romlebic gvikarnaxebs romeli strategia romel situaciaSi unda gamoviyenoT (Tumca zogierTi ganzogadeba da wesi axalbedebs sawyis etapze garkveulwilad exmareba). aucilebelia gvqondes
unar-CvevaTa repertuari da ara mxolod erTi meTodi swavlebis yoveli sabaziso funqciis
Sesasruleblad. aseve aucilebelia am repertuaris gafarToebaze zrunvac.
es Sexeduleba pedagogiuri codnis bunebaze arsebiTia kolegialuri, Ria, riskis gaweviT
savse garemos Sesaqmnelad. samwuxarod, pedagogikis `efeqtianobis~ Sesaxeb gabatonebuli
Sexeduleba xels uSlis maswavleblis mier riskis gawevasa da swavlis survils. am Sexedulebis mixedviT arsebobs garkveuli `efeqtiani qcevebi~, romelic ganapirobebs kargad
swavlebas. es efeqtiani-araefeqtiani midgoma xels uwyobs maswavlebelTa winaaRmdegobriv
diskusiebs saswavlo situaciebis marTvis Sesaxeb. winaaRmdegobrivs, radgan maTi azriT
SeuZlebelia gansxvavebuli gamocdilebis an Sexedulebis siswore. swavlebis efeqtianobis
Sesaxeb am Sexedulebis meore Sedegi is gaxlavT, rom is arc ki uSvebs swavlebis Sesaxeb diskusiis arsebobas imis SiSiT, rom vinmes SeiZleba gansxvavebuli azri hqondes. gansxvaveCarCoSi: maswavlebloba inteleqtualurad
buli midgomebis Sesaxeb diskusiebis Sekveca
rTuli da momTxovni profesiaa.
am Sexedulebis mesame Sedegia. `kargia, Tuki
es gza SenTvis warmatebulia, magram es Cemi
stili ar aris~, ai ris Tqma sCveviaT adamianebs. warmatebuli swavleba stilze ki ara Sesabamisobaze, bavSvisadmi, situaciisa da saswavlo gegmisadmi Sesabamisobaze aris damokidebuli.
4.
profesiuli codnis Sesaxeb Sexedulebis _ `saqmianoba-repertuari-Sesabamisoba~ _ gaziareba kolegebis mier imis safuZvels qmnis, rom maT Riad isaubron problemebze da erTmaneTs gaacnon strategiebi. miuxedavad amisa, ar arsebobs garantia, rom kolegialoba da
eqsperimentebi skolis normad iqceva. raRac ufro metia saWiro.
maswavleblebis kolegialuri Sexvedrebi da TviTganaTleba (1-li punqti), ra Tqma unda,
xels uwyobs maT winsvlas. warmovidginoT, rom maswavleblebi iseTi pirovnebis xelmZRvanelobiT muSaoben, romelic Tavisi saqmis erTguli, patiosani muSakia da swavlebis axali
strategiebis ZiebiT aris dainteresebuli. is exmareba maswavleblebs kolegebTan da moswavleebTan wamoWrili problemebis gadaWraSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi maswavleblis profesiuli
zrdis Sansi kidev ufro metad izrdeba. maswavlebelTa Sexedulebebi mtkicdeba ara marto
maTi yoveldRiur gamocdilebaTa da moswavleebTan urTierTobiT, aramed maTi pirovnuli
rwmenis da varaudebis meoxebiTac. Sexedulebebis gadafaseba xdeba maSin, rodesac maswavlebels surs sxva TvaliT Sexedos Tavis pedagogiur Sexedulebebs da sxva mcodne adamianTan
imsjelos maT Sesaxeb. saWiroa ndobiT aRWurvili piri, romelic pativiscemiT da gagebiT
moekideba maswavleblis rwmenas da Sexedulebebs pedagogiuri gamocdilebis Sesaxeb. skolis
struqturaSi aseTi adamianis gamoCena maswavlebelTa profesiuli zrdis garantiaa.
maswavlebelTa rwmenis, faseulobebisa da varaudebis ganxilva Suqs hfens Cvens codnas am
rwmenebis siZlierisa da simtkicis Sesaxeb, radgan `pirovnuli ganwyoba... maswavleblad gaxdomis safuZvelia~ (Lortie 1975). maswavlebelTa samyaro simtkices ara mxolod yoveldRiuri
gamocdileba da moswavleebze zrunva ganapirobebs, aramed bavSvebis, swavlebisa da swavlis
Sesaxeb maTi pirovnuli Sexedulebebi da varaudebic. cvlileba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba,
rodesac maswavleblebi mzad arian am varaudebis gaziarebisa da ganxilvisaTvis. amisTvis
saWiroa maswavlebels sjerodes, rom kolegebi pativiscemiT moekidebian am varaudebs da
erTgvari pirdapirobac am Zveli varaudebisa da Sexedulebebis eWvqveS dayenebisTvis. am SemTxvevaSi, mosalodnelia Zireuli cvlilebebi maswavlebelTa praqtikaSi. edvardsi (Edwards
516
1994) wers: `sferos sirTulisa da imis gamo, rom mravali mas Zalze piradulad miiCnevs, mniSvnelovania wavaxalisoT adamianebi, rom maT meti gaigon sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb
da gaacnobieron misi gavlena maTsave azrovnebasa da saqmianobaze. gamocdileba cxadyofs,
rom ndobis mopoveba jgufis sifrTxiliT formirebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba da Tu aqtivobebi
Riad mimdinareobs, adamianTa umravlesoba mzad aris gadaxedos sakuTar msoflmxedvelobas~.
Cvens mier Camoyalibebul am struqturaSi sakuTari Sexedulebebis Seswavla TviTganaTlebis elementi xdeba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, maswavleblis ganviTarebis safuZvelia.
amgvari TviTganaTleba kolegebTan TanamSromlobiT xdeba. profesiuli gamocdilebis Sesaxeb am Zalze faruli Sexedulebebis gamomzeureba mtkivneuli procesia. miuxedavad amisa,
am saSiS teritoriaze Sesvla cvlilebisa da winsvlis yvelaze mZlavri instrumentebis mopovebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
frenk paxaresma (Frank Pajares 1992) Tavi mouyara maswavleblis Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb kvlevis yvelaze dasabuTebul Sedegebs:
axalbeda
Sexedulebebi
Sexeduleba
gadamwyvet rols asrulebs amocanis gansazRvrasa da im kognituri instrumentebis SerCevaSi, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba am amocanis interpretacia,
dagegmva da gadawyvetilebis miReba; amrigad, is gadamwyvet rols asrulebs qcevis
gansazRvraSi da codnisa da informaciis organizebaSi.
Sexedulebebi mZlav gavlenas axdens aRqmaze, magram isini realobis bunebis arasaimedo megzuri SeiZleba iyos.
swavlebis
SesaZlebelia, rom moswavlis swavlis Sesaxeb monacemebma da swavlebis gamocdilebis TviTanalizma iseTi kognituri disonansi Seqmnas, rom maswavleblisTvis sakuTari Sexedulebebis gadamowmebis safuZveli gaxdes? SesaZlebelia, kolegebisaTvis moswavleTa misamarTiT
sakuTari miznebisa da maTi miRwevis gzebis gaziarebam axleburi xedva Camogviyalibos da
repertuaris gamdidrebis survili gagviCinos?
Cveni azriT, am SexedulebaTa Seswavlis gareSe nebismieri cvlileba zedapiruli iqneba. arsebiTad, SexedulebaTa arcodna sasargeblo pedagogiuri gamocdilebis gadacemis
warumateblobis erT-erTi mizezic ki xdeba, miuxedavad am gamocdilebis Sesaxeb dawerili
statiebisa da Catarebuli seminarebis raodenobisa.
5.
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518
calkeul maswavlebelTa pirad praqtikul codnis uzarmazar resursTan erTad, aseve unda
vaRiaroT da gamoviyenoT swavlebisA strategiebisa da unarebis is udidesi baza, romelsac
edvardsi (1994) sajaro codnas uwodebs. es aris wignebidan, seminarebisa da kursebis saSualebiT miRebuli zogadi codna sferos Sesaxeb. codnis bazis ararsebobis Sesaxeb farTod
gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis gamo maswavlebelta umravlesobam ar icis swavlebis mZlavri
strategiebis arseboba. `ukeTesi swavlebisaTvis kvlevisa~ da am wignis avtorTa mizani iyo
xelmisawvdomi gagvexada swavlebis Sesaxeb es mdidari codna. aucilebelia, rom maswavleblebma gaigon am bazisa da masSi arsebuli repertuarebis arseboba da sakuTari repertuari
gaafarTovon axali strategiebisa da azrovnebis axali gzebis swavliT.
wignSi mocemulia repertuarTa arsi. raki universitetma da kolejma uari Tqves swavlebis Sesaxeb profesiuli codnis sacavis funqciis Sesrulebaze (rogor rolsac isini asruleben arqiteqturis, iurisprudenciisa da medicinisaTvis) aRar arsebobs iseTi adgili,
sadac gavigebT pedagogikis Sesaxeb imas, rac jer ar viciT. veravin Seqmnis gonivrul kurss
TviTganviTarebis Sesaxeb, Tu ar ecodineba, ra aris saswavli: am wignSi mocemulia Cveni kolegebis piradi praqtikuli codna da sajaro codnis repertuaris sqema.
nebismieri praqtikosi maswavleblisaTvis, gamocdilebisa da kompetenturobis miuxedavad, wigni sakmaris masalas moicavs swavlebis Sesaxeb yoveldRiurad wamoWril sakiTxTa axali sasargeblo instrumentebisa da midgomis gzebis Sesaxeb. ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom wigni TviT codnis bazis struqturasac moicavs da aRiarebs, rom misi Semqmnelebi praqtikosebi
iyvnen. misi nayofieri gamoyeneba dafuZnebulia profesiul gansjaze da ara universaluri
kanonebis gamoyenebaze. profesionali maswavleblisaTvis swavlebis swavla usasrulo procesia. Tu swavlebis TamaSis saxelwodeba misadagebaa, rogorc amas 1-li Tavidan moyolebuli
vacxadebT, maSin yovelma Cvenganma mudmivad unda izrunos repertuaris gamdidrebaze gansxvavebuli moswavleebis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad.
fakultetis wevrebisTvis sistematurad da regularulad xelmisawvdomi unda iyos
sajaro codnis bazis strategiaTa repertuari. es moiTxovs codnis bazis racionaluri
kategoriebis mixedviT organizebul, mudmivad ganaxlebad `rukas~. aseTi sqema aqvs yovel
namdvil profesionals sakuTari profesiuli codnis organizebisaTvis. swored swavlebis
amgvari rukis SeTavazeba iyo am wignis daweris mizani. ruka aadvilebs konkretuli adamianis
pirovnuli SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebul da naklebad ganviTarebul mxareebs da axalbeda
da gamocdili praqtikosebisaTvis adgens jer kidev Sesaswavl sakiTxTa `menius~.
axalbeda da gamocdili maswavleblebi sxvadasxvagvarad swavloben. damwyebs ufro metad
wesebze agebuli xelmZRvaneloba sWirdeba (Dreyfus and Dreyfus 1986). maTTvis ufro sasargebloa imis codna swavlebis ra parametrebze gaamaxvilon yuradReba da ra repertuari iswavlon muSaobis pirvel wlebSi. kompetenturi maswavlebeli metwilad sakuTari gamocdilebis
analizis saSualebiT swavlobs da Tavad akeTebs arCevans imis Sesaxeb, ra Seiswavlos Semdgom. is, rogorc wesi, intuiciis, aqtiur eqsperimentirebisa da dialogis Sinagani procesis
meSveobiT viTardeba. urTierToba sajaro codnis bazasTan da misi gamoyeneba maswavleblis
profesiuli zrdis kvalobaze icvleba. ucvleli rCeba zogierTi ram: repertuaridan axali
sakiTxebis, swavlebis gansxvavebuli modelebis, disciplinis gansxvavebuli modelebis, axsnis axali instrumentebis swavlis survili. ufro farTovdeba mosazrebebi imis Sesaxeb,
rogor Camouyalibos moswavleebs saklaso sazogadoebis mSeneblobisa da klasis cxovrebis
Tanaziarobis survili, rogor Seuwyos xeli riskis gawevas da Tavdajerebulobas es mudmivi sakiTxebia. arc erTma Cvenganma maT Sesaxeb imdeni ar icis, rom swavlaze uari Tqvas.
wignSi mocemuli swavlebis arc erTi parametri fantaziis nayofi ar aris; yoveli maTgani nebismieri saklaso oTaxis mudmivad Tanmdevi da moswavleTa swavlaze pasuxismgebeli
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Tu calkeuli maswavlebeli TviTon irCevs ganviTarebis kurss, maTi wvlili damakmayofilebeli iqneba da uzrunvelyofs am kursis gatarebas.
personalis ganviTareba skolis sistemas unda emyarebodes, fakulteti gadawyvetilebas unda iRebdes mimarTulebisa da am mimarTulebiT savali gzebis Sesaxeb.
centralizebuli
codna
520
gonebas ar daeyrdnon zRva masalis arsebobis pirobebSi. is, Tu ra da rogor unda iswavlos
maswavlebelma sajaro codnis am bazidan, mxolod da mxolod misi piradi saqmea.1
Cveni azriT, maswavleblis mier sakuTari muSaobis Seswavla mas problemebis gansazRvrisa
da im kiTxvebze pasuxis moZebnis stimuls aZlevs, romelTa pasuxebis povna sajaro codnis
bazaSi SeiZleba. arsebiTad, am saxis Zieba gansazRvravs TviT maT stumrobasac sajaro codnis
bazaSi.
am ori mosazrebis dakavSirebiT im azramde mivdivarT, rom maswavleblis arCevans ra
iswavlos da ra miumatos sakuTar repertuars ganapirobebs (1) moswavleTa saWiroebebi da
(2) profesiuli codnis bazaSi arsebuli xelmisawvdomi informacia.
vildmani da nilsi (Wildman and Niles 1987) weren:
`iseT garemoSi, sadac maswavleblebi Tavad akontroleben sakuTar azrovnebiT procesebs, maTi moqmedeba moswavleebzea orientirebuli. sawinaaRmdego suraTs viRebT, Tu mas garedan karnaxoben `ra~ da `rogor~ kiTxvebze pasuxs. roca maswavlebeli sakuTari saWiroebebiT xelmZRvanelobs, is `rogor~ kiTxvas sakuTari azrovnebis
sayrden wertilad iyenebs. `ra gavlenas axdens Cemi saqmianoba moswavleebze?~ maswavlebelTa dialogebis mosmenisas, aSkara xdeba, rom isini sakmaod did dros uTmoben calkeul moswavleebze fiqrs. swored es `moswavleze orientirebuloba~
aris mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba, romelic unda gvaxsovdes, roca maswavleblis azrovnebis xelSewyobaze vzrunavT. bunebrivi interesebisa da instinqtebis ugulebelyofas, SesaZloa, arasasurveli zewola mohyves, Tuki maswavleblebs aiZuleben
swavlebis maTeuli koncefciebisagan gansxvavebuli da ararelevanturi mosazrebebis, teqnikisa Tu kvlevis Sedegebis ganxilvas.
Cven SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom saWiroa, dauyovnebliv SevudgeT saqmes, vimuSavoT moswavleebTan, ganvixiloT mimdinare sakiTxebi da am konteqstidan ganvsazRvroT sabazo codnis
ra nawilebi gvWirdeba. amrigad, SesaZlebelia maswavlebelTa piradi praqtikuli codnisa da
sagnis Sesaxeb sajaro codnis bazis gamoyeneba. magaliTad, meeqvseklaselTa maswavleblebi
aRmoaCenen, rom bevri moswavle did informacias iRebs, magram erTmaneTTan ver akavSirebs
garkveul sakiTxebs. erT-erTi maswavlebeli danarCenebs SesTavazebs ufro detalurad
Seiswavlon grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi da praqtikulad gamoiyenon, raTa moswavleebs
maTi saSualebiT aswavlon SeniSvnebis Cawera. sami maTgani grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebis
erTdRian seminars eswreba, Semdeg ki qmnian kolegebisaTvis Semswavlel jgufs erTmaneTis
saqmianobaze dakvirvebisa da ukukavSiris mizniT, rac saSualebas aZlevT erTmaneTs daexmaron grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebis gamoyenebis SeswavlaSi.
es magaliTi gviCvenebs, rom maswavleblis mier swavlis mimarTulebis arCevas ganapirobebs meeqvseklaselTa mimdinare saWiroebebis analizi. aRsaniSnavia, rom erT-erTma maTganma
pedagogikis sajaro codnis bazidan icis grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebis Sesaxeb da mis
detalur Seswavlas sTavazobs kolegebs.
1 mrCevlis an sxva adamianis pirdapiri Careva sWirdebodes arCevanis gasakeTeblad. ver avarCevT ra viswavloT,
Tu ar viciT saWiro masalis arseboba. damwyebi maswavleblisTvis sasargebloa zedamxedvelis an mrCevlis
xelmZRvaneloba, romelic mas strategiaTa Seswavlis Tanamimdevrobas SeurCevs klasis menejmentisa da
konkretuli sagnis pedagogikuri teqnikis TvalsazrisiT.
Cven gamocdili maswavleblebi gvyavs mxedvelobaSi. unda vaRiaroT, rom axalbeda maswavlebels, SesaZloa,
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni azriT, sasurvelia axalbedebs pirdapir vurCioT saswavli sakiTxebi, problemaze orientirebuli swavlis mniSvnelobis aRniSvnac gvsurs. rogorc wesi, damwyebi maswavlebeli sakuTar
problemebs mrCevelTan an zedamxedvelTan arCevs; es problemebi SesaZloa maTi profesiuli swavlis aTvlis
wertili iyos.)
521
Tavi 19
Cven darwmunebulebi varT, rom profesiuli winsvla codnis Sida da gare wyaroebis erTobliobiT miiRweva. swored calkeulma maswavlebelma Tu maswavlebelTa jgufma unda gaakeTos gaazrebuli arCevani imis Sesaxeb, rodis da sad gamoiyenos es ori wyaro.
amrogad, maswavlebelTa profesiuli ganviTarebisTvis optimaluri piroba iqneba, Tu:
ra unda gaakeTos skolis xelmZRvanelobam zemoT CamoTvlili eqvsive principis gaTvaliswinebisa da maT Sesatyvisad moqmedebis mizniT? Cven viziarebT xelmZRvanelobis am amocanisadmi midgomis edgar Sainiseul (Edgar Schein 1985) formulas. misi azriT, kulturuli
normis warmatebuli Secvlisas (romelic maSin xorcieldeba, roca skola kargi saswavlo
garemo xdeba zrdasrulebisTvis) axali normis mimarT xelmZRvaneloba Semdegnairad moqmedebs:
acxadebs
aCvenebs
agebs
icavs
ajildoebs
`gacxadeba~ nebismier garemoSi Semdegi normebis dacvis mniSvnelobas niSnavs: kolegialuri qceva, TviTganaTleba, sajaro codnis bazis xelmisawvdomoba da maswavleblis Tavisufali arCevani. rogorc wesi, skolis liderebi saswavlo wlis dasawyisSi acnoben TanamSromlebs am normebs da xels uwyoben maT dacvas. mniSvnelovania axali normis Sesatyvisi leqsikis
mudmivi gamoyeneba. saWiroa is skolaSi dialogis ganuyofeli nawili gaxdes.
`aCvene~ gulisxmobs xelmZRvanelis mier axali normis Cvenebas. man SeiZleba TviTganaTleba, kolegebis jgufSi swavla an sajaro codnis baza (informaciis moZieba, seminari an
konferencia) airCios axali normis detalurad Seswavlis mizniT.
`ageba~ gulisxmobs struqturebisa da jgufebis Seqmnas da erToblivi muSaobisaTvis
saWiro drois gamoyofas. magaliTebisaTvis SegiZliaT ixiloT kingisa da safieris naSromi
(King and Saphier, ibeWdeba). erT-erTi gza SesaZlebelia iyos mudmivi Semcvleli maswavleblis daqiraveba mxolod im maswavlebels Semcvlelad, romelic kolegebis saqmianobas akvirdeba. aseTi Semcvleli SeiZleba iyos kompetenturi, pensiaze gasuli maswavlebeli, romelic sakuTar gamocdilebas SesTavazebs moswavleebs da maT codnas gaafarTovebs saswavlo
gegmaSi arasaskolo Temebis CarTviT. kidev erTi magaliTia maswavlebelTa erTad momuSave
tradiciuli jgufebi (Tanner, Canady, and Rettig 1995). gakveTilebis cxrilis ise dagegmva, rom
xeli SevuwyoT maswavlebelTa erTad swavlis dros, did energias gamoaTavisuflebs maTi
profesiuli ganviTarebisaTvis.
`dacva~ erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi normaa, radgan roland bartis (Ronald Barth, Personal
Communication 1984) TqmiT, skolaSi yovelTvis moiZebneba cvlilebebis xelSemSleli `anti-
522
sxeulebi~. maswavleblebi, romlebic riskis fasad gadawyveten SexedulebaTa sakuTari sistemebis gaziarebas, daculi unda iyvnen sarkazmis, dacinvis da gakicxvisagan. am funqciis
Sesruleba mxolod `mcveli direqtoris~ an fakultetis xelmZRvanelis sazrunavi ar aris,
magram maT unda Cauyaron safuZveli.
`dajildoeba~ mravalgvarad SeiZleba: xelmZRvaneli xelmisawvdoms xdis resursebs
fakultetis im wevrebisTvis, romlebic riskaven, Riad saubroben da TviTganaTlebis qcevas
gvTavazoben personalis ganviTarebis mizniT; mowonebas gamoxatavs; kolegebisaTvis codnisa da gamocdilebis gaziarebis SesaZleblobebs qmnis im maswavleblebisTvis, romlebmac
raRac axali iswavles.
roca Cveni sazogadoeba seriozulad moekideba maswavlebelTa ganaTlebas, anu roca Cveni
moqalaqeebi da profesionalebi dainaxaven moswavleTa miRwevebze maswavleblisaTvis ganaTlebis pirobebis Seqmnis gavlenas, maSin am pirobebis Seqmna skolis administratorTa wvrTnis, licenzirebis, sertificirebis, Sefasebisa da mudmivi ganaTlebis ganuyofeli nawili
gaxdeba. sagulisxmoa, rom am Tavs arCevanis rolis Sesaxeb im mosazrebiT vamTavrebT, rom
saWiroa mtkice saskolo kulturis gaZRolis Seswavla.
523
Tavi 19
literatura
Barth, Roland. Personal communication, 1984.
Costa, Arthur L., and Robert J. Garmston. Cognitive Coaching: A Foundation for Renaissance Schools.
Norwood, Mass.: Christopher Gordon, 1994.
Darling-Hammond, Linda, and Milbrey W. McLaughlin. "Policies That Support Professional Development in an Era of Reform." Educational Leadership (April 1995).
Dreyfus, H, L., and S. E. Dreyfus. Mind over Machine. New York: Free Press, 1986.
Edwards, John. "Thinking, Education and Human Potential." In J. Edwards, ed., Thinking: International Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Melbourne: Hawker Brownlow Education, 1994.
Guskey, Tom. Audiotape interview with Dennis Sparks, National Staff Development Council, 1995.
Joyce, Bruce R., and Beverly Showers. Student Achievement Through Staff Development. White Plains,
N.Y.: Longmans, 1995.
King, Matthew, and Jon Saphier. Strengthening School Culture. Carlisle, Mass.: Research for Better
Teaching, in press.
Knowles, Malcolm S. The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species. 3d ed. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co.,
1984.
Leiberman, Ann. "Practices That Support Teacher Development." Educational Leadership (April 1995).
Lortie, Dan C. School-Teacher. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.
Murphy, Carlene. "Study Groups Foster Schoolwide Learning." Educational Leadership 50, no. 3 (November 1992).
Pajares, Frank. "Teachers' Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning Up a Messy Construct." Review of Educational Research 62, no. 3 (Fall 1992).
Saphier, Jon. "Bonfires and Magic Bullets." Carlisle, Mass.: Research for Better Teaching, 1994.
Shein, Edgar. Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985.
Tanner, Brenda, Robert L. Canady, and Michael D. Rettig. "Scheduling to Maximize Staff Development Opportunities." Journal of Staff Development 16, no. 4 (Fall 1995).
Wildman, Terry M., and Jerome A. Niles. "Reflective Teachers: Tensions between Abstractions and
Realities." Journal of Teacher Education (July-August 1987).
524
20
maswavleblis
Sexedulebebi
inteleqtisa da bavSvebis
swavlis unaris Sesaxeb
TviT swavlis Sesaxeb
maswavleblisa da swavlebis
Sesaxeb
skolisa da ganaTlebis Sesaxeb
maswavleblis Sexedulebebi
m wignis mizania swavlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis baza ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxados maswavleblisTvis. Cveni azriT, amisaTvis saWiroa swavlebis mravalmxrivi
sistemis Seqmna, romelic mzamzareul receptebze ar iqneba agebuli. aseTi sistema
swavlebis praqtikas kategoriebisa (romelsac Cven parametrebs vuwodebT, mag., sicxade) da
qvekategoriebis (gaaqtiureba da Sejameba) saxiT awesrigebs. SesaZloa, savsebiT marTebulad
ikiTxoT: ra adgili ukavia am wignSi Tavs Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb, romlis mizania TiToeuli
parametris farglebSi arsebuli strategiaTa repertuarisa da azrovnebis formebis gamoxatva?
pasuxi aseTia: wigni `gamocdili maswavlebeli~ TviT maswavleblis swavlasac exeba da,
imedi gvaqvs, misTvis resursis rolsac iTamaSebs. bavSvebis, swavlebisa da swavlis, skolis
(adgilis, sadac zogi Tavisi nebiT dadis swavlisaTvis, zogs ki _ aiZuleben) Sesaxeb garkveuli Sexedulebebi arsebobs. darwmunebulebi varT, rom ramdenime konkretuli Sexeduleba
(Cveneuli) maswavleblis swavlis Sesaxeb arsebiTia da maT gareSe maswavlebeli ver SeZlebs
TviTgamoxatvas. erT-erTi aseTi Sexeduleba codnis bunebasa da TviT swavlebas exeba.
Tu migvaCnia, rom swavlebis Sesaxeb codnis realuri baza ar arsebobs, saqmianobis gaumjobesebis mcdelobisas advilia, daveyrdnoT sakuTar intuicias. aseve advilia imis Tqma,
rom skolebis gaumjobesebas mxolod gamocdili specialistebis moxmobiT SevZlebT. `nebismieri unariani adamiani SeZlebs amas, Tu Sinaarsi ecodineba~. es mcdari Sexeduleba swavlebis Sesaxeb codnaze xels uSlis maswavlebels iswavlos. miuxedavad amisa, is farTod aris
gavrcelebuli da xSirad maRali tribunidanac ki moismenT.
kidev erTi Sexedulebis mixedviT, swavlebis Sesaxeb realuri codna mxolod gamocdilebis gziT, TavisTavad dagrovili codnaa, romelic damoukideblad an sxvebTan erTad
fiqris saSualebiT yalibdeba. erTaderTi Rirebuli codna TanatolebTan interaqtiuli
fiqris gziT Cndeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom es Sexeduleba gamocdilebaze dafuZnebul codnas
emyareba, is ugulebelyofs wina TavSi aRweril yvelsaTvis xelmisawvdom saerTo codnas da
maswavleblis swavlis process arasrulyofilad warmogvidgens. ra Tqma unda, sul araraobas arasruli sjobs, magram srulze uaris Tqmis mizezi ara gvaqvs.
kidev erTi mcdari Sexedulebis mixedviT, pedagogiuri codna `efeqtiani qcevebisgan~
Sedgeba. es swavlebis swavlis bunebas sxvaTa miTiTebebiT ostaturad swavlebis amocanad
akninebs. karg maswavleblobas mxolod `efeqtiani qcevebis~ daswavla da maTi gamoyeneba ver
uzrunvelyofs. Cven sakmaod vrclad ganvixileT aseTi Sexedulebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi.
meore mxriv, Tu vTvliT, rom maswavleblis Sroma inteleqtualurad kompleqsuri, rTuli
da momTxovnia da sxva profesiaTa msgavsad misi codna repertuarsa da misadagebas emyareba,
527
Tavi 20
farTod vuRebT karebs profesiul dialogs; am SemTxvevaSi wina planze iwevs kolegebTan
erTad situaciur-konkretuli sakiTxebis kvleva da saerTo codnis bazaze axali strategiebisa da azrovnebis axali gzebis SemuSaveba.
aba, wuTiT dafiqrdiT: ratomaa esoden rTuli maswavlebelTa krebebze Tu sxva saxis
Sexvedrebze maTi warmatebuli ideebis da gamocdilebis Riad gaziareba? Tu `efeqtianobis~ paradigmisa gvjera, maSin SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom arsebobs am sakiTxisadmi midgomis
ori xerxi _ efeqtiani da araefeqtiani (an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, naklebefeqtiani). vTqvaT,
Cemi gamocdilebisagan gansxvavebul `warmatebul gamocdilebas~ miziarebT. `efeqtianobis~
Sesaxeb Cemeuli warmodgenis mixedviT, usityvo daskvna aseTia: an Tqven xarT marTali, an
me da uxerxul mdgomareobaSi vgrZnob Tavs, radgan meubnebiT, rogor gavakeTo is, rasac
araswored vakeTeb. meore mxriv, Cveni skolis kulturaSi swavlebis sirTulis Sesaxeb arsebuli Sexedulebisa da profesiuli codnis am wigniseuli xedvis gamo, Tqvens mier SemoTavazebul `warmatebul gamocdilebas~ saintereso alternativad ganvixilav da ara miTiTebad.
amrigad, warmatebuli maswavleblisTvis erT-erTi arsebiTi Sexeduleba TviT profesiuli
codnis bunebas Seexeba, kerZod, imas, rom codnis buneba emyareba repertuarsa da misadagebas
da ara efeqtian qcevas.
wina TavSi warmogidgineT zogierTi mosazreba Sexedulebebisa da qcevis interaqciis
Sesaxeb. qcevas Sexedulebebi gansazRvravs, romlebic xSirad ucnobia da cvlilebis mimarT
medegi. adamianis Sexedulebebis Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia gavigoT swavlebis axali midgomebis mimarT misi damokidebuleba da motivacia.
modiT, swavlis Sesaxeb maswavlebelTa ramdenime ZiriTadi Sexeduleba ganvixiloT, romelic, SesaZloa, aucilebeli iyos swavlebis swavlisadmi cnobismoyvareobis gasaRviZeblad.
Sexeduleba inteleqtisa da
bavSvebis swavlis unaris Sesaxeb
1. `Sen SegiZlia gaxde gonieri. swavlas pirvel rigSi Zalisxmeva da efeqtiani
strategiebis gamoyeneba gansazRvravs. `inteleqti~ ar aris swavlis unaris
fiqsirebuli Tandayolili SezRudva. yvela bavSvs SeuZlia rTuli akademiuri masalis maRali standartis mixedviT aTviseba (Howard 1993).
aseTi Sexedulebis mqone maswavleblisgan ramdenime pirdapir Sedegs unda movelodeT,
kerZod, misi azriT, misi pasuxismgeblobaa:
528
maswavleblis Sexedulebebi
gadaxedos. es gadaxedva moicavs rogorc strategiebis, aseve akademiuri disciplinis maswavleblis rolis gaerTianebas; sxvadasxva moswavlis swavlis stilis Sesatyvisi swavlebis
modificirebis valdebulebas; moswavleTaTvis maRali dadebiTi molodinebis matarebeli
Setyobinebebis repertuaris ganviTarebas.
zogierTma mecnierma (Gould 1983) dokumenturad daasabuTa inteleqtis Sesaxeb Cveni
unikaluri da SezRuduli Sexedulebis naRvliani istoria Tavisi samwuxaro SedegebiT moswavleTaTvis. wigni ar gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom ufro detalurad davamtkicoT sawinaaRmdego mosazreba, kerZod, rom inteleqtis ganviTareba SesaZlebelia da rom efeqtiani
Zalisxmeva da kargi strategiebi akademiuri warmatebis arsebiTi determinantebia. mkiTxvelebs mxolod am Sexedulebis momxreebs SevTavazebT (Howard 1993, 1995; Resnick 1995). Cveni
azriT, gonierebis bunebis Sesaxeb Sexeduleba da misi samani (Tu usamanoba) repertuaris
gamdidrebis mZlavri stimulia maswavleblisTvis. profesiuli ganviTarebiT seriozulad
dainteresebul adamians SeuZlia SexedulebaTa am sistemis gamoyeneba, Tu surs sruli Tavisufleba misces sakuTar energias da yvela moswavlis warmatebuli swavlebis SesaZlebloba
ganiviTaros.
3. swavla varirebs im xarisxiT, ra xarisxiTac kmayofildeba moswavleTa Semdegi moTxovnilebebi: CarTuloba, gavlena, kompetencia, Tavdajerebuloba.
amrigad, raki maswavlebeli iseT fsiqologiur da kognitur garemos qmnis, romelsac
udidesi gavlena aqvs imaze, ras da rogor Seiswavlian moswavleebi, misi profesiuli pasuxismgeblobaa gaazrebulad Seqmnas iseTi garemo, sadac yovel moswavles warmatebis miRwevis
Tanabari Sansi eqneba. aseTi garemo xasiaTdeba Semdegi TaviseburebebiT: erTianoba, urTierTmxardaWera, gambedaoba da maRali donis azrovneba. maswavlebeli mxolod sakuTari
disciplinis warmomadgeneli rodia, is moswavleTa maswavlebelicaa.
529
Tavi 20
5. maswavleblis profesiuli unari moiTxovs codnis sxvadasxva bazis sistematur da mudmiv Seswavlas.
codnis es baza moicavs maswavleblis codnis mudmiv gamdidrebas iseTi sakiTxebiT, rogoricaa (1) Sinaarsi; (2) pedagogika; (3) konkretuli Sinaarsis swavlebis codna; (4) bavSvebi
da maTi gansxvavebebi; (5) efeqtian organizaciebSi individTa qceva; (6) mSoblisa da sazogadoebis CarTuloba. me-2 sakiTxi `pedagogika~ moicavs saswavlo gegmis Seqmnasa da dagegmvas.
zemoT CamoTvlili sakiTxebi interaqtiuli swavlebis unarTan erTad maswavleblis codnis
arsebiTi Semadgenelia.
amrigad, maswavlebelma ise unda gaafarToos profesiuli ganviTarebis koncefcia, rom
es sferoebi moicvas da sakuTari repertuaris maTze agebis gzebi ipovos.
7. Cvens sazogadoebaSi rasizmi arasasikeTo gavlenas axdens feradkanian moswavleTa miRwevebze, rasac unda davupirispirdeT aqtiuri antirasistuli
swavlebiT.
rasizmi uxilavia TeTrkanianebisaTvis, radgan isini rogorc dominanturi jgufi
`TeTrkanianTa privilegiebiT~ sargebloben (McIntosh 1993) _ maRaziebSi rigSi ar dganan,
RamiT quCaSi seirnobisas policia ar aCerebT, ufro swrafad da advilad iReben sesxs an
kredits da aTasobiT sxva uxilavi privilegia, romelic maT, rogorc `normalurebs~ aqvT.
rasizmis kulturuli da institucionaluri manifestaciebi, rogorc stereotipi, maxinji
forma an dasavleT evropisgan gansxvavebuli kulturis xarvezi skolis saswavlo prograSi
darCa.
amerikuli Sexeduleba inteleqtis, rogorc Tandayolilis, ucvlelisa da ganmsazRvrelis Sesaxeb problemas qmnis. is rasizms erwymis da dekadaSi erTxel naTlad gamoxatul auxsnel Sexedulebas (Jensen 1969; Murray and Herrnstein 1994) amkvidrebs, rom feradkanianebi (gansakuTrebiT afro-amerikelebi) naklebgonierni arian, vidre TeTrkanianebi. es feradkaniani
530
maswavleblis Sexedulebebi
moswavleebisadmi maswavleblis gansxvavebul damokidebulebas iwvevs (Rist 1970) da TviT moswavleebs Soris mowyvladobis stereotips (Steele 1992) ayalibebs realurad arasaxarbielo
saqmianobas iseT situaciaSi, sadac rasa SeumCnevlad ayenebs eWvqveS unars.
maswavleblebs am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb srulyofili ganaTleba sWirdebaT. Cven yvelas
gvWirdeba informacia da gamocdileba, romelic feradkaniani adamianebis Sesaxeb Cveni (TavisTavad nagulisxmevi) Sexedulebisa da sazogadoebis mier am Sexedulebis ganmamtkicebeli
tradiciebis introspeqciis saSualebas mogvcems. am yvelaferTan erTad, Cven kulturulad
relevanturi swavlebis (ix. Tavi saklaso oTaxis klimatis Sesaxeb) danergva gvWirdeba.
SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma SexedulebaTa zemoxsenebul sistemas sxva Sexedulebebic miamatos.
CvenTvis misaRebia nebismieri Sexeduleba, romelic xels uwyobs maswavleblis qcevas cnobismoyvareobis, urTierTgaziarebis, codnis bazis farglebis gafarToebis da repertuaris
gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT. Cveni mizania ara SexedulebaTa saboloo nakrebis gansazRvra,
aramed Semdeg kiTxvaze pasuxi: `rogor CamovayaliboT Sexeduleba, romelic xels Seuwyobs
maswavleblis swavlas da daexmareba maT skolis kulturis gacnobierebaSi?~ am kiTxvaze pasuxis gareSe profesiuli swavla (da skolis progresi) aradamakmayofilebelia.
Cveni wignis yvela mkiTxvels am kiTxvaze da mis pasuxze dafiqrebas vurCevT. da bolos,
kidev erT mosazrebas SemogTavazebT.
maswavleblis swavlasa da Sexedulebebze zemoqmedebis yvelaze mZlavri saSualeba, SesaZloa, maswavlebelTa Sesavali programebi iyos. muSaobis pirveli sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
yalibdeba damwyebi maswavleblis Sexedulebebi swavlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli codnis, misi
bunebis, kolaboraciuli muSaobis, moswavleTa swavlis bunebis, sakuTari rolis aRqmis,
skolis ekosistemaSi sakuTari adgilis Sesaxeb. SexedulebaTa Camoyalibebasa da ganmtkicebas Semdegi faqtorebi ganapirobebs: avtoritetTa mier SeTavazebuli modelebi, xelmZRvanelTa azri, kolegebis daxmareba, skolis administratorisgan miRebuli Setyobinebebi gulaxdilobisa da daxmarebis Taobaze da profesiul zrdaSi skolis Tanadgoma da mxardaWera.
aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni azriT, maswavleblis ganviTarebis SesaZlo alternativebSi Sesavali programebi prioritetuli iqneboda. kerZod, Cveni azriT:
1. bevr Tavdadebul xelmZRvanels gadavcemdiT zrdasrulTa ganviTarebis Sesaxeb
codnas, dakvirvebisa da wvrTnis, SexvedraTa Catarebis unar-Cvevebs da, pirvel
yovlisa, profesiuri swavlebis codnis safuZvlebs. maT axalbeda maswavleblisTvis kviraSi sami saaTis ganmavlobaSi xelsayreli momentebis gamoyenebis swavlebas
davavalebdiT, raTa axalbedebs zemoTaRwerili Sexedulebebis CamoyalibebaSi daxmarebodnen.
2. gadavxedavdiT xelmZRvanelTa (anu skolis direqtorTa) Camoyalibebis process im
mizniT, rom mas kolegialobis, eqsperimentirebis da codnis bazis gafarToebis myari kultura moecva. movamzadebdiT, davexmarebodiT da SevafasebdiT liderebs
amgvari xelmZRvanelobisTvis saWiro unar-Cvevebis TvalsazrisiT.
531
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literatura
Gould, Stephen Jay. Mismeasure of Man. New York: W.W. Norton, 1981
Herrnstein, Richard J. and Charles Murray. The Bell Curve. New York: Free Press, 1994.
Howard, Jeff You Cant Get There From Here. Daedalus 24, no. 4 (Fall, 1995): 85-92
_____. The Social Construction of Intelligence. Lexington, Mass: Efficacy, Inc., 1993
Jensen, Arthur R. How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement? Harvard Education
Review XXXIX (Winter, 1969): 1-123
McIntosh, Peggy. White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack. Peace and Freedom (JulyAugust, 1989): 10-12.
Resnick, Laurence. From Aptitude to Effort: A New Foundation for Our Schools Daedalus 124,
no. 4 (Fall 1995): 55-62.
Rist, Ray. Student Social Class and Teacher Expectations: A Self-fulfilling Prophecy in Ghetto
Education. Harvard Educational Review 40, no.3 (August, 1970): 411-451.
Steele, Claude. Race and Schooling of Black Americans. The Atlantic Monthly (April, 1992): 68-78.
532
indeqsi
wigns orgvari saZiebeli aqvs: saxelTa saZiebeli da avtorTa saZiebeli. saxelTa saZiebelSi warmodgenilia wignSi ganxiluli yvela sakiTxi. avtorTa saZiebelSi mocemulia wignSi
moxseniebuli yvela avtori da naSromi. abreviatura `Sen.~ gverdis cifrebTan aRniSnavs
sqolioSi Camotanil SeniSvnas.
saxelTa saZiebeli
a
abstraqcia
aRwera, 19;
doneebi, saswavlo gamocdilebaSi, 396
administratori, skolis, 514-515, 523
avTentikuri Sefaseba. ix. Sefaseba
avtoriteti, ignorireba, 140-141
azrobrivi xati, Semoqmedeba, 187-188
azrovnebis rukebi, 191
akademiuri swavlis dro, 70, 72
akademiuri unarebis transferi, 223-224, 225
akademiuri CarTulobis dro, 73-75
alternatiuli Sefaseba. ix. Sefaseba
analogiebi, gamoyeneba, 255
arastruqturirebuli swavleba (swavlebis odeli),
255-256
araswori aRqma, Tanaziaroba, 183-185
araswori qceva
mizezebi da Sedegebi, 109;
Sedegebi sicxadis, 112;
miwodebis, 113-114, 115-116;
araefeqtiani, 116-117;
SerCeva, 113-114;
aTi mizezi, 107;
ix. aseve jiuti moswavleebi
araweriTi davalebebi, 346-347
artefaqtebis CanTa (TamaSi), 329-330
asoebiT Sefaseba, 290-291, 292, 460-461
atribuciis Teoria, 287-288, 289, 341
aqtebi
Tanaziaroba, 28-29;
gafrTxileba, 27-28;
Sewyveta, 25-27;
Sesatyvisi qcevis waxaliseba, 112-113;
Cabma, 28;
proceduruli, 400-401;
miRweva, 29;
ix. aseve unarebi
aqtivobebi, saklaso
miznis axsna, 197-198;
miznebi, 363, 368-370
aqtiuri areebi klasSi, 59
aqtiuri monawileoba (swavlis principi), 225
aqtiuri mosmenis unari, 316-317
aqtiuri moswavlis modeli, 56
b
bundovani terminebi, 192, 193
g
gacnobis aqtivobebi, 329-330
gagebaze mimarTuli kiTxvebi, 180-181, 182
gadasvla
sacobebis Tavidan acileba, 44;
kognituri, 205;
ideaTa Soris, 204;
axal aqtivobaze, 43-44;
aqtivobis, tempis an donis cvlilebis Sesaxeb
miniSneba, 204
gadafarva, unarebis, 40-41
gakveTilis dagegmva, 43, 370-371.
ix. aseve saswavlo gegmis Sedgena
gakveTilis dasruleba Sejamebis gareSe (swavlis
principi), 235
gameoreba (swavlis principi), 235
gameoreba, 235
gameorebis teqnika, 113
ganmamtkicebeli cxrili, 203
ganmtkiceba (swavlis principi), 227-228
ganmtkicebis Teoria, 127-128
garegani jildo, 228
garegnoba, 315
garemos msgavseba (swavlis principi), 220- 221
garemoSi gamoyeneba (swavlis principi), 224
gasasvlelebi saklaso oTaxSi, 59
gasaSualoebuli Sefaseba, 290-291
gafrTxileba (sxva saqmianobaze gadasvlamde), 43-44
gafrTxilebis formebi, 27-28
gonebrivi warmosaxva, 187-188
grafikuli winmswrebi aqtivobebi, 189-192
ganmamtkicebeli cxrili, 203;
miznebis Sesaxeb fiqris saSualeba, 369
`gagebis Semowmeba~, 180, 281-282
`gakveTilebis Semdeg datoveba~, 114
`gamocanebi~ aqtivoba, 332
533
gamocdilim aswavlebeli
d
dabali moswrebis moswavleebi
gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba, 298;
standartebis da molodinebis amaRleba, 294;
efeqtiani Zalisxmevis swavleba, 299;
monitorigni, 295
dabneva
dazustebis instrumentebi, 187-192;
axal da naswavl masalas Soris, 222;
xelaxla swavlis jgufebi, 291, 292;
meTodi `Sewyvite Cemi swavleba~
prevenciisTvis, 342-343;
maswavleblis reaqciaTa nakrebi, 180-182;
ix. aseve sicxade
dadasturebis aqtivobebi, 330, 331
dadebiTi magaliTi, 251-252
dadebiTi molodinis damokidebuleba, 112-113, 271272
davalebis analizi, 229
davalebis resursebi, 389
davalebis rveuli, rogorc Sefasebis meTodis
surogati, 446-447
davalebisTvis saWiro dro, 69-75
dakvirvebis unari, 514
damatebiTi kiTxvebi, 281-282
damokidebulebis miznebi, 371
daostatebis miznebi, 364-365, 367-368, 368-370
daJineba (simtkice), 115-116, 272
daskvna, 235, 401
daskvniTi wuTebi, 75-76
dasja, 114, 141-142, 143
daxmareba, moTxovnisas, 336, 340-341
dajgufeba, 293-296, 402-403
dajildoebis sistema, 117
disciplina, 107-168
araswori qcevis mizezebi, 107-111;
molodinebi da Sedegebi, 112-119;
moswavleTa kontroli da gavlena, 119-124;
modelebis Sesabameba moswavleTa
saWiroebebisadmi, 157-166;
disciplinis modelebi
qcevis modifikacia, 126-129;
logikuri Sedegebi, 140-146;
pirovnuli gavlena, 136-140;
realobiT Terapia, 146-151;
TviTanalizi, 129-136;
Semajamebeli cxrili, 166;
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna, 151-157;
maswavleblis roli, 158-159;
savarjiSo, 171-173;
simtkice da araswori qceva, 110-111;
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 167-170;
ix. aseve araswori qceva; jiuti moswavleebi
disciplinis damrRvevi moswavleebi. ix. araswori
qceva
donis gansazRvra, 181-183
534
e
emociuri empaTia, 179-180
emociuri asociaciebi, uaryofiTi, 221
empaTia, 179-180, 185-186
epizoduri Canawerebi Sefasebis mizniT, 452, 454-457
erToba, gancdis Camoyalibeba, 121, 327-335
sxvebis aRiarebiT, 329-330;
jgufis identobis SeqmniT, 331-332;
socialur unarebTan dakavSirebuli
aqtivobebiT, 332-334;
konfliqtis gadaWris swavlebiT, 334-335;
saklaso Sexvedris strategiis gamoyenebiT,
121-123;
Tanamimdevruli aqtivobebis gamoyenebiT, 123124
esse, 441-442
efeqtiani Zalisxmeva, miewereba, 299-300
`efeqtiani qceva~, 528
v
varjiSi (swavlis principi), 229, 344
verbaluri ganmtkiceba. ix. ukukavSiri
verbaluri qceva. ix. metyveleba
verbaluri Sejameba, 232-234
vertikaluri sivrce saklaso oTaxSi, 59
z
zepiri gamokiTxva, 257-258
zepiri moxseneba, 446-447
zeswavla, 229
zneobrivi realoba klasSi, 507
zogadi azrovnebis unar-Cvevis miznebi, 365, 367, 368
zogadi Sexeduleba, 277
T
Tavazianoba (maswavleblis), 315
Tavdapirveli asociaciebi, araswori, 221
Tavisufali saklaso Sexvedrebi, 121
TamaSi `bingo adamianebi~, 329-330
TamaSi `ipoveT adamiani, romelic~, 329-330
TanagrZnoba (swavlis principi), 225
Tanaziarobis aqtebi, 28-29
indeqsi
Tanaziarobis (aRiarebis) aqtivobebi, 330, 331
Tanaziarobis toni, 225
Tanamimdevroba (swavlis principi), 226-227, 344
TanatolTa zewola, 289
Tejirebi, 59
TviTanalizis modeli, 129-136
varaudebi, Rirebulebebi da miznebi, 129-130;
aRwera, 124;
saboloo miznebi, 133-134;
fsiqologiur moTxovnebTan Sesabamisoba, 158;
maswavleblis roli, 133-134;
teqnika, 130-133;
tipuri kandidatebi, 162
TviTanalizis unari, 513-514, 515
TviTgamoxatva, 395
TviTinstruqtaJis swavleba, 132-133
TviTkontroli. ix. TviTanalizis modeli
Tqvi-gaakeTe (swavlis principi), 232-235
i
ignorireba, 110-111
individebis pirovnuli realoba, 506
individualisturi swavlis gamocdileba, 391
individualuri praqtikuli codna, 527
individualuri praqtikuli codna,
maswavleblebis, 518-519
induqciuri azrovnebis modeli (swavlebis), 252-253
induqciuri swavlebis modeli, 248-249
instruqcia, efeqtiani, 196
instruqcia, paternebi, 257-259
instruqtirebis parametrebi, 19-20
inteleqti
Sexedulebebi, 341, 528-529;
miRwevebTan korelacia, 298-299;
Teoriebi, 289;
rasobrivi stereotipebi, 530-531
interaqtiuli swavleba, 70, 72, 73-74
interpersonaluri qcevis molodinebi, 270-271
iumori, 315
informaciis gadamuSavebis realoba saklaso
oTaxSi, 507
informaciis wyaroebi saswavlo gegmisTvis, 388
k
karada, 57
kvlevis unaris wvrTna (swavlebis modeli), 253-254
kiTxvari SefasebisTvis, 448, 451, 452
kiTxvebi
gaazreba, 180-181, 182;
araorazrovneba, 194-195;
damatebiTi, 281-282;
gaxseneba, 180-181, 182;
miniSnebis uzrunvelsayofad, 196
kiTxvebi gameorebisTvis, 182, 183
klasis SigniT dajgufeba, 295
l
labirinTebi, 192, 193
leqcia, 257
leqsikuri unarebi, 226
logikuri Sedegebis modeli, 140-146
gansazRvreba, varaudebi, miznebi, 140-141;
aRwera, 125;
saboloo Sedegebi, 146;
danergva, 142-143;
Seusabamo gamoyeneba, 145-146;
moswavleTa fsiqologiur moTxovnebTan
Sesabamisoba, 158;
dadebiTi programa, 144;
warmatebis winapiroba, 145;
maswavleblis mier Zalauflebis gamoyeneba,
145-146;
tipuri kandidatebi, 162-163
lodinis dro, 280, 283, 284, 340
535
gamocdilim aswavlebeli
m
magaliTebi
aRwera, 430-431;
nakrebebi da nimuSebi, 471-487
magida, 57
marSrutis dasaxva, 199
martivi Tvlis teqnika, 130-131
masalebi. ix. saklaso masalebi
masalis amowurvis miznebi, 363, 368-370
maswavlebeli
Sexedulebebi inteleqtis Sesaxeb, 528-529;
swavlis procesi, 529;
rasizmi, 530-531;
skolis garemo, 530;
pedagogiuri codna, 517, 527-528, 529
kognituri wvrTnis unari, 514;
komunikaciuri qceva, 277-278;
Sexedulebebis, Rirebulebebisa da varaudebis
gamoxatva, 516-517;
SeniRbuli Setyobineba moswavleebisadmi, 296297;
dabali Semosavlebis mqone skolaSi, 298-299;
CarevasTan gamklavebis unari, 42-43;
saklaso sivrce, 56-57;
saqmianobis standartebis dadgena, 273-274;
rutinis standartebis dadgena, 91-92;
gakveTilis moqniloba, 43;
molodinebis Sesabamisoba moswavleTa
SesaZleblobebTan, 118-119, 276;
moswavleebTan urTierTobis meTodebi, 314;
SeniSvna aqtivobidan aqtivobaze gadasvlis
Sesaxeb, 43-44;
aqtivobaTa tempi, 79;
moswavlis araswori qceva, 167, 168;
moswavleebis mier masalis wvdoma, 180, 185;
rutinis gamoyeneba, 92-94;
optimaluri pirobebi, 513, 521-522;
saboloo miznebi, 503-504
pirovnuli miznebis gansazRvra, 370-371;
individualuri praqtikuli codna, 518-519,
527;
pirovnuli urTierToba moswavleebTan, 269,
313-314;
pirovnuli Taviseburebebi, 314-317;
profesiuli ganviTareba, 514-515, 520-522;
TviTanalizis unari, 513-514;
aucilebeli simtkice, 115-117, 272, 273
maswavlebelTa Sexedulebebi. ix. maswavleblebi
maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTnis (mew) modeli,
151-157
kandidatebi, 163-164;
gansazRvreba, varaudi, Rirebuleba da miznebi,
151-152;
aRwera, 125;
saboloo Sedegebi, 156-157;
danergva, 153-154;
536
indeqsi
sicxade, 110, 112;
miRwevebTan korelacia, 277;
rubrikebis Seqmna, 434-435;
standartebisagan gansxvavebuli, 274;
adreul asakSi, 117;
molodinTa Setyobineba, 271-273, 277-297;
standartebis da molodinis Sesabamisoba, 274276;
saqmianobis, 270;
savarjiSo, 305-307;
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 303-304;
maswavlebelTa meryeoba, 118;
maswavlebelTa reaqcia, 287-288;
sami mTavari gzavnili, 269-270
molodini, 44-46
monitoringi, 294-296
mosmenis unarebi, 316-317, 331
moswavle
konceptualuri done, 404-405;
dabneuli. ix. dabneva;
gavlena. ix. moswavlis gavlena;
dabali moswrebis
Sexedulebebi, 298-299;
standartebis da molodinebis gazrda, 294;
efeqtiani Zalisxmeva, 299-300;
monitoringis mqone skolebSi, 295
azrovnebis wesi, 220;
araswori qceva. ix. araswori qceva;
ureaqcioba, 283-285;
fsiqologiuri moTxovnebi, 157, 158, 326;
SeniSvna, 315-317;
jiuti
araswori qcevis mqoneTagan gamijvna, 111;
Sesatyvisi disciplinis misadageba, 165;
fsiqologiuri moTxovnebi, 157, 158;
disciplinis eqvsi modelis Sejameba, 124126, 166
vin ver `Caswvda~, 291, 292
moswavleTa gavlena, izrdeba
araweriTi davalebebis Sesrulebisas, 346-347;
saklaso cxovrebaSi, 119-120;
swavlis stilis gansazRvrisas, 345-347;
instruqciis meTodebze, 342-343;
saklaso oTaxSi TamaSis wesebze, 343-344;
Sedegad mosdevs, 341-342;
swavlis strategiebis gaziarebiT, 344-345
moswavleTa zedamxedveloba, 394-395
moswavleTa Tavisufali azrovnebis xelSewyoba
(swavlis principi), 235-236
moswavleTa `individualuri swavla~, 93-94
moswavleTa konceptualuri doneebi, 404-405
moswavleTa pasuxis dadastureba, 281-282
moswavleTa piradi sivrce, 58
moswavleTa pirovnuli ganviTareba, 255-256
moswavleTa qvedayofa, 44
moswavleTa codnis gaaqtiureba, 200-202, 203
moswavlis CarTulobis dro, 70, 71, 72
motivaciuri parametrebi, 19
moxseneba, 446-447
moxsenebis sistema, 460-461, 462, 463
multimediuri moxseneba, 446-447
m. e. w. ix. maswavleblis efeqtianobis wvrTna
`magiuri wre~, 56
`me~-Setyobineba, 26
`mzardi Zalisxmevis~ ineteleqtis Teoriis momxre,
289-290
`mTliani suraTis~ Sesatyvisi maswavleblis qceva,
198-206
`mocemuli~ inteleqtis Teoria, 289
n
namuSevris nimuSebi SefasebisTvis, 421, 421-424, 426,
430
niSnebiT Sefaseba, 460-461
o
ostaturi swavlis paradigma, 73, 275
p
pasuxebi, reaqcia
Sesatyvisi meTodebi, 284;
SeniRbuli Setyobinebebi, 278-280;
qcevis repertuari, 279-282
paternebi
Sefasebis Sesaxeb moxseneba, 460-461;
moswavleTa portfolios SeqmnaSi
monawileoba, 452-453
pativiscema (maswavleblis mier gamovlenili), 315
pedagogiuri codna. ix. profesiuli pedagogiuri
codna
personalis ganviTareba, 520-522
personalis ganviTarebaze mzrunvelni, 515
pigmalionis efeqti, 276-277, 278, 298
pirdapiri dakvirvebis safuZvelze Sefasebis
meTodi, 442, 444-445
pirdapiri swavleba, 73-75, 258-259
pirveli wuTebi, 75-76, 220-221
pirovnuli gavlenis modeli, 136-139
varaudebi, Rirebulebebi da miznebi, 136;
aRwera, 125;
saboloo Sedegebi, 139;
danergva, 137-138;
fsiqologiur moTxovnebTan Sesabamisoba, 158;
warmatebis winapiroba, 139;
principebi, 137;
tipuri kandidatebi, 162
pirovnuli kontaqti, molodinTa gansamtkiceblad,
272-273
pirovnuli urTierTobis damyareba
maswavleblis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi, 314317;
savarjiSo, 321;
dasabuTeba, 313;
537
gamocdilim aswavlebeli
Semajamebeli gverdi, 319
politikuri realoba saklaso oTaxSi, 507
portfolio, 452-453, 458
problemis gadaWraze mimarTuli amocanebi, 442, 443
proeqtis demonstrireba, 447-448
profesiuli swavlebis codna
Sexedulebebi, 527, 529;
sajarooba, 519-520;
ix. aseve individualuri praqtikuli codna
proceduruli nabijebi, 400-401
J
Jurnalebi SefasebisTvis, 452
r
raodenobrivi miznebi, 231
rasizmi, 530-531
realobiT Terapiis modeli, 146-151
gansazRvreba, varaudi, Rirebuleba da miznebi,
146-147;
aRwera, 125;
saboloo Sedegebi, 151;
danergva, 148-149;
fsiqologiur moTxovnebTan Sesabamisoba, 158;
warmatebis winapiroba, 150-151;
principebi, 148;
tipuri kandidatebi, 163-164
realuroba (maswavleblis), 316
relaqsaciis swavla. ix. TviTanalizis modeli
relaqsaciis teqnika, 131-132
repertuari, 5
riskis gaweva
Sexedulebebi, 336;
waxaliseba, 336-339;
maswavlebelTa mier, 516-517
rTuli amocanis dayofa martiv nawilebad (swavlis
principi), 229
rubrika
gansazRvreba, 421;
magaliTebi, 425, 426, 427, 428-429, 432;
rogor SevqmnaT, 430-431;
warmatebuli rubrikis Taviseburebebi, 431,
433;
saimedooba, 433;
standartebi, 434-435
rutina, 91-94
kognituri, pirovnuli da socialuri swavlis
xelSewyoba, 93-94;
efeqtianobis maqsimizireba, 93-94;
savarjiSo, 97-103;
standartebi da komunikacia, 91-92;
Semajamebeli gverdi, 95;
saxeebi da sasurveli Taviseburebebi, 91
538
s
saabazano, 57-58
saboloo miznebi, 503-509
gavlena saswavlo gegmasa da saklaso
masalebze, 505-506;
gavlena swavlebis parametrebze, 504;
konkretuli moswavlisTvis Sesabamisoba, 508509
sademonstracio adgilebi saklaso oTaxSi, 59
saklaso aqtivobebi
miznebis axsna, 197-198;
miznebi, 363, 368-370
saTamaSo moedani, 58
saklaso aqtivobebis tempi, 76-79
saklaso garemo, 325-351
erTobis gancdis Camoyalibeba, 327-335;
Tavdajerebuloba da riski, 335-341;
swavlasTan korelacia, 326;
moswavleTa kontroli da gavlena, 341-349;
Semajamebeli gverdebi, 353-354;
sami ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli, 328
saklaso erToba. ix. erToba
saklaso TamaSis wesebi, 341-342, 342-344
saklaso masalebi
SerCeva, 505-506;
efeqtiani gamoyeneba, 231;
organizeba, 57, 58;
masStabi, 406
saklaso oTaxis mSvidi (fiqrisTvis gankuTvnili)
nawili, 59
saklaso oTaxis struqtura, disciplinis
problemebi da, 109
saklaso realoba, 506-507
saklaso saqmianobis rutina, 91, 270-271
saklaso sivrce. ix. sivrce
saklaso Sexvedrebi, 332
erTianobis gancdis CamoyalibebisTvis, 121124;
roli realobiT Terapiis modelSi, 149-150
samarTlianoba (maswavleblis), 314
samomavlo gegmebze miniSneba, 204-205
samuSaos pirovnuli relevanturoba, 389-390
sarkazmi, 26Sen., 30
saswavlo gegmis parametrebi, 19-20
saswavlo gegmis Sedgena, 497-498
SerCeva, 505-506;
ix. aseve gakveTilis dagegmva
saqmianoba (moswavleebis)
Sefaseba, 442, 444-446;
Sedegebi, arasaxarbielo saqmianobis, 272-273;
molodini, 269-270;
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi, 288-289
saqmianobis kognituri done, 396-397
saqmianobis miznis orientacia, 289
saqmianobis rutina, 91, 270-271
saqmianobis Sefaseba. ix. Sefaseba
indeqsi
saukeTeso saqmianobis aRiareba, 273
sajaro profesiuli codna. ix. profesiuli
swavlebis codna
semantikuri rukis teqnika, 200-201
sensoruli arxebi, 232, 233, 405-406
sivrce, 55-59
swavlebisaTvis morgeba, 55-57;
savarjiSo, 63-64;
rekomendaciebi gamoyenebisTvis, 58-59;
moswavleTa mier mesakuTreobis gancda, 57-58;
Semajamebeli gverdi, 61
sineqtikis modeli (swavlebis), 255
sicxade (swavlis principi), 225
sicxade, 179-206
kognituri empaTia, 179-180, 185;
Semowmeba, 180-183;
axsnis meqanizmebi, 187-192;
metyveleba, 192-194;
`didi suraTi~, 198-206;
moswavleTa mimdinare codnis gaaqtiureba,
200-202;
`marSruti~, 199;
akavSirebs, 202-205;
ajamebs, 205-206;
savarjiSo, 209-210;
Semajamebeli gverdi, 207-208;
skamebi, 57, 59
skola
administratori, 514-515, 523;
maswavleblis ganviTarebaze zrunva, 514-515;
garemo, maswavleblis Sexeduleba, 530;
liderebi, 522-523;
sivrce fizikuri varjiSisTvis, 58
socialur-emociuri klimati, 325
socialuri daswavlis modeli, 56
socialuri problemebis gadaWris mizniT saklaso
Sexvedra, 122, 123
socialuri realoba saklaso oTaxSi, 506-507
socialuri swavla, 93-94
socialuri unarebis ganviTareba, 332
specialuri adgili klasSi, 57
srulyofis teqnika, 281-282
standartebi
molodinSi Cadebuli, 273-276;
Sefasebis praqtikis, 290-291;
moswavleTa SesaZleblobebisadmi misadageba,
273-274;
rutinis, 91-92;
rubrikebi komunikaciisTvis, 425
standartizebuli testireba, 417-418, 465, 467
stereotipebi, 277, 278, 530-531. ix. aseve
pigmalionis efeqti
stimulis maZiebeli moswavlis modeli, 56
susti adgilebi, 45
swavlaze ganawilebuli dro, 69, 70-71
swavleba transferisTvis (swavlis principi), 223224
539
gamocdilim aswavlebeli
swavlis principebi, 219-236
savarjiSo, 239-241;
moswavleebisTvis gaziareba, 344-345;
24 principis Sejameba, 237-238;
ix. aseve swavlis specifikuri principebi
swavlis Jurnali, 205
swavlis stili, 341-342, 345-346
swavlulTa gundi. ix. xelaxali swavlebis jgufi
sxeulis ena, 180-181
`sityebis mimofantvis~ teqnika, 201-202
`socialuri SeTanxmebis~ strategia, 112, 120
t
tempi, 39-46
koncefciis aRwera, 39;
rva qveparametri, 40;
proceduruli rutinis maqsimizireba, 92-93;
savarjiSo, 49-50;
Semajamebeli gverdi, 47;
ix. aseve tempis specifikuri qveparametrebi
tempi, swavlis
Sexedulebebi, 339-340;
miznebi, 230-231
testebi, 441
testi, standartizebuli, 417-418, 464-465, 467
testi, werilobiTi, 441-442
tkbileulobiT dajildoebis sistema, 117 Sen.
u
uaryofiTi magaliTi, 251-252
uzrunvelyofa, 40
ukukavSiri
aqtiuri mosmena, 316-317;
waxaliseba, 340-341;
SeniRbuli Setyobineba, 287-288;
mniSvnelovani Taviseburebebi, 227, 272-273;
verbaluri ganmtkiceba, 228
unarebi
akademiuri, 223-224, 225;
aqtiuri mosmenis, 316-317;
kognituri wvrTnis, 514;
mosmenis, 316-317, 330-331;
dakvirvebis, 513-514;
urTierTgadamfaravi, 40-41;
TviTanalizis, 513-514;
socialuri, 332;
leqsikuri, 226;
ix. aseve qmedebebi
urTierTdamokidebuleba, demonstrireba, 332
usulo sivrce saklaso oTaxSi, 58
uyuradRebo moswavleebi. ix. cudi yofaqceva
f
faruli saswavlo gegma, 93-94, 506-508
fizikuri problemebi, araswori qcevis mizezi, 110
540
fragmentacia, 44
fsiqologiuri moTxovnebi
ierarqiuli organizeba, 159, 160, 161;
daukmayofilebloba da swavlaze gavlena, 326
q
qcevis araorazrovneba, 194-198
qcevis miznebi, 376
qcevis modifikaciis modeli, 126-129
aRwera, 124;
fsiqologiur saWiroebebTan Sesatyvisoba,
158;
tipiuri kandidatebi, 161-162
qmedebaTa paternebi, 19-20
qulaTa rubrikebi. ix. rubrika
y
yuradReba, 25-32
Sesatyvisi qcevis waxaliseba, 112-113;
moswavleTa saWiroebisadmi misadageba, 30, 32;
klasifikacia funqcionaluri orientaciis
mixedviT, 30, 31;
repertuari, 25, 29
yuradRebis gafantva, 59
`yvelganmyofoba~, 40-41, 167
S
Sedegebi (cudi qcevis)
dazusteba, 112-113;
miwodeba, 114, 115-116;
araefeqtiani, 116-117;
SerCeva, 114-115
Sedegebi (cudi qcevis), 273
Sedegebi (kargi qcevis), 117
Sedegebis codna (swavlis principebi), 227
Sedegebis codna (swavlis principi), 227
SeTanxmebis miRwevis savarjiSoebi, 332-334
Semavseblebi, 41-42, 45
Sesabamisobis koncefcia, 5, 516-517;
yuradRebis aqti, 30, 32;
saklaso garemos struqtura, 108;
saklaso Zaladoba, 42-43;
saklaso oTaxis sivrce, 56-57;
disciplinis strategia, 167;
molodinebi, 118-119;
gakveTilis moqniloba, 43;
miniSneba gadasvlis Sesaxeb, 44;
saboloo miznebi, 508-509;
aqtivobaTa tempi, 76-79;
moswavleTa piradi sivrce, 58;
reaqciis teqnika, 280, 283-284;
rutina, 92-93;
standartebi, 273-274;
swavlis gamocdilebis struqtura, 372-373,
394-396, 401-406;
indeqsi
moswavlisa da maswavleblis urTierToba, 314
Sefaseba, 417-468
avTentikuri amocanebis Seqmna, 435-437;
kriteriumebis SemuSaveba, 420-421, 427;
nimuSTa nakrebi da magaliTebi, 471-487;
miznebi, 418-420;
Sedegebi mSoblebisTvis, 459-462;
gadamlaSebis riski, 464;
moswavleTa TviTSefasebis roli, 437-439;
ix. aseve rubrikebi
Sefasebis meTodebis saimedoba, 459
Sefasebis meTodis teqnikuri gamarTuloba, 459
Sefasebis meTodis validoba, 459
Sefasebis praqtika, 290-291
Sefasebis gasaSualeba, 290-291;
cifrebiT da asoebiT Sefaseba, 460-461;
ix. aseve Sefaseba
Seqeba, 282-283, 288
Secdomebi
damokidebuleba, 289, 336;
Sexeduleba, 338-339;
reaqcia, 221, 290
Secdomebi. ix. Secdomebi
Sewyvetisken mimarTuli nabijebi, 25-27
Sejameba, 205-206, 232-234
Sinagani metyvelebis teqnika, 132
Sinagani metyvelebis teqnikis modelireba, 188-189
Sinagani jildo, 228
`SewyviteT Cemi swavleba~ praqtika, 342-343
C
Canawerebi, SemTxveviTi, SefasebisTvis, 452, 454-457
Careva, gakveTilis dros, 42-43
CarTulobis miznebi, 363-364, 368-370
CarTva (Cabma), 28, 29
`CamoSorebis~ strategia, 116, 117, 139-140
`Carli braunis sindromi~, 200-201
w
werilobiTi moxseneba, 446-447
werilobiTi testi, 441-442
werilobiTi Sejameba, 232-234
wesebi
moswavleTaTvis gacxadeba, 112;
saklaso TamaSis, 342-343, 344
wvdomis unaris wvrTnis modeli (swavlebis), 254
wyvilTan asocirebuli swavla, 221
x
xarisxis miznebi, 231
xatebiT (TvalsaCinoebiT) swavlis gamocdileba,
396
xelaxali swavlebis sistema, 292-293, 340-341
xelmeore testireba, 290
xelmZRvaneli, 515, 521Sen.
xelmZRvaneloba, sazomi, 228-229, 394-395
xelmZRvanelobis xarisxi (swavlis principi), 228229
j
jgufis dinamika, swavleba, 332-334
jgufis identoba, Seqmna, 331-332
jgufuri kvleva (swavlebis modeli), 256-257
jildo Sinagani da garegani, 228
jiuti moswavleebi
araswori qcevis mqone moswavleTagan gamijvna,
111;
Sesabamisi disciplinis morgeba, 165;
fsiqologiuri moTxovnebi, 157, 158;
disciplinis eqvsi modelis Sejameba, 124-126,
166
joplinis gegma, 295
h
holi, 58
Z
Zalaufleba
avtoritaruli gamoyeneba, 140-141;
Zalauflebis dabruneba, 119-120;
ararseboba, rogorc araswori qcevis mizezi,
110;
logikuri Sedegebis modelSi, 145-146;
ix. aseve moswavleTa gavlenis zrda
541
indeqsi
avtorTa saZiebeli
a
adamianuri urTierTobebis swavlebis
struqturuli gamocdilebis cnobari, T. 1, gv. 333
amareli, m., Amarel, M., 390
andersoni, l. v., Anderson, L. W., 71
andersoni, s. v., Anderson, C. W., 183
arlini, m., Arlin, M., 43
aronsoni, e., Aronson, E., 332
aspi, d., Aspy, D., 317, 327
b
bairedi, v. n., Bhaireddy, V. N., 325
g
gaa, j. p., Gaa, J. P., 230
galvini, k. .m, Galvin, . M., 198
gamorani, a., Gamoran, A., 294
ganie, r. m., Gagne, R. M., 203
gardneri, h., Gardner, H., 345, 437
gardneri, r., Gardner, R., 206
garmstoni, r. j., Garmston, R. J., 513
d
dakuorTi, e., Duckworth, E., 186, 187
e
edvardsi, j., Edwards, J., 6, 513, 517, 518, 519
evertsoni, s. m., Evertson, . M., 27 Sen., 76, 347, 348-349
eiloni, b., Eylon, ., 183
elsuorTi, p. s., Ellsworth, P. C., 338
engeli, b. s., Engel, B. S., 72
eriksoni, e., Erikson, E., 160,161
543
gamocdilim aswavlebeli
efeqtiani klasebis Camoyalibeba, 123, 329
v
vaineri, b., Weiner, ., 287, 341
vaka, r. t., Vacca, R. ., 300
vaka, j. l., Vacca, J. L 300
van hutoni, r., Van Houton, R., 131
vaswavloT ufro meti, ufro swrafad, 219
vebi, n. m., Webb, N. M., 234
viginsi, g., Wiggins, G., 435, 461
viladri, t., Viladri, ., 232
vini, p. h., Winne, P. H., 57, 195, 227, 397
volfgangi, s., Wolfgang, C., 126, 131, 162, 166
vudi, s., Wood, C., 327, 330, 332
vulfi, d. p., Wolf, D. P., 437, 438, 447, 453
z
zesoli, r., Zessoules, R., 437
i
iageri, s., Yager, S., 334
iakobsoni, j. e., Jacobson, J. E., 276
iamenci, k., Jamentz, K., 434, 436
igani, g., Egan, G., 317
iingeri, r. j., Yinger, R. J., 363
iosi, m., Joos, M., 194
itoni, j., Eaton, J., 183
k
kagani, s., Kagan, S., 331, 341
kaminsi, j., Cummins, J., 350
kanteri, l., Canter, L., 113,115, 116,117
kari, j., Curry, J., 441
karvini, r. l., Curwin, R. L., 112, 115, 117,118, 120
kaseli, p., Cassel, P., 146
kaskovici, d. h., Kaskowitz, D. H., 74
kenedi, r. l., Canady, R. L., 522
kingi, a., King, A., 234
kingi, m., King, M., 435
klarki, s., m., Clark, . M., 4, 361, 363
klarki, j. h., Clark, J. H., 189
klasisa da aRzrdis menejmentis programa, 126, 128,
129
koepeni, a., Koeppen, A., 131
kolaruso, s., Colarusso, C., 108, 402, 403
koleri, a., Coller, A., 71
koni, a., Kohn, A., 460,464
konklini, n. f., Conklin, N. F., 452
konoli, p., Connolly, P., 232
kosta, a. l., Costa, A. L., 235, 279, 283, 513
kremini, l. a., Cremin, L. A., 291
kunini, j., Kounin, J., 39, 40, 167
kuperi, h. m., Cooper, H. M., 277
544
l
lainhardti, g., Leinhardt, G., 73, 74
lamperti, m., Lampert, M., 337
laferti, j. s., Lafferty, J. C., 332
ledermani, j, Lederman, J., 162
ledson-bilingsi, g., Ladson-Billings, G., 350, 351
levini, j. r., Levin, J. R., 226
leiziri, d., Lazear, D., 345Sen.
lendi, m., Land, M.,192, 193
likona, t. a., Lickona, T. A., 507
lini, m. s., Linn, M. C., 183
lipmani, v., Lippmann, W., 466, 467
lorti, d. s., Lortie, D. C., 516
luisi, b. v., Lewis, . V., 57
m
mageri, r. r., Mager, R. R., 376
maiersi, i. b., Myers, I. ., 341
maixenbaumi, d,. Meichenbaum, D 132,162,166
maiheri, j. s., Mayher,J. S., 205, 232
makalei, m. h., McCaulley, M. H., 341
makarTi, b., McCarthy, ., 198, 199, 345
makenzi, r., MacKenzie, R., 234
makintoSi, p., Mcintosh, P., 530
maklaxini, m. v., McLaughin, M. W., 513
maklemi, g., Macklem, G., 329, 331, 332
makmaleni, m., MacMullen, M., 439
maknili, j. d., McNeill, J. D., 201
maktigi, j., McTighe, J., 435
mamCuri, s., Mamchur, C., 342, 346
marqsi, r. v., Marx, R. W., 57, 195, 361
marzano, r. j., Marzano, R.J., 187, 435
maslou, a., Maslow, A., 159,160, 326
maswavlebelTa efeqtianobis wvrTna, 108
mendleri, a. n., Mendler, A. N., 112, 115, 117,118, 120
mehani, h,. Mehan, H., 186
milouni, m. n., Milone, M. N., 345
mitCeli, r., Mitchell, R., 452
miurei, s., Murray, C., 530
moosi, b. s., Moos, B. S., 325
moosi, r. h., Moos, R. H., 325
morou, l. m., Morrow, L. M., 234
mustakasi, s., Moustakas, C., 315
n
naiTi, p., Knight, P., 453
nimuSebi: maswavleblis gadawyvetileba, 432
niumeni, f. m., Newmann, F. M., 349
noulsi, m. s., Knowles, M. S., 520
o
obraieni, p., O'Brien, P., 325
ogbu, j, u., Ogbu,J, U,, 289
ozibeli, d. p., Ausubel, D. P., 203, 348
indeqsi
oliri, p. v., O'Leary, P. W., 124
ouksi, j., Oakes,J, 294, 341
p
palinskari, a. s., Palinscar, A. S., 296
parisi, s., Paris, S., 300
pauki, v., Pauk, W., 234
paxaresi, f., Pajares, F., 517
peki, l., Peck, L., 4, 361
perkinsi, d. n., Perkins, D. N., 224, 232
peroni, v., Perrone, V., 465
petersoni, p., Peterson, P., 180, 361
pigmalioni saklaso oTaxSi, 276
pikeringi, d., Pickering, D., 435
polani, m., Polanyi, M., 15
pophemi, v. j., Popham, W.J., 376
pradli, g. m., Pradl, G. M., 205, 232
presli, m., Pressley, M., 300
r
raseli, d., Russell, D., 221, 235
realobiT Terapia, 146
rendolfi, n., Randolf, N., 315
rendolfi, s. h., Randolf, . H., 347, 348, 349
resniki, h., Resnick, H., 405
resniki, l., Resnick, L., 299, 529
retigi, m. d., Rettig, M. D., 522
riCi, h. l., Rich, H. L., 402, 405
rimi, e., Rim, E., 71
risti, r. s., Rist, R. C., 530
robaki, f. n., Roebuck, F. N., 317
roeleri, l., Roehler, L., 367
rozenSaini, b. v., Rosenshine, . V., 25, 74, 75, 179
rozenTali, r., Rosenthal, R., 276
roui, m. b., Rowe, M. ., 206, 280
rojersi, d. m., Rogers, D. M., 115
ruptiki, s., Ruptic, C., 452
s
saigli, p., Seigle, P., 329, 331, 332
saizeri, t. r., Sizer, T. R., 434, 447, 464
salivani, e. v., Sullivan, E. V., 402
samara, j., Samara, J., 441
samsoni, g. e., Samson, G. E., 417
sarasoni, s., Sarason, S., 117,139,166
saswavlo gegmisa da swavlebis ZiriTadi
principebi, 454
safieri, j. d., Saphier, J. D., 361, 435, 449, 466, 515
svingi, s., Swing, S., 180
silvesteri, r., Sylvester, R., 338
sindti, v. g., Sindt, V. G., 338
skineri, b. f., Skinner; B. F., 228
skola marcxis gareSe, 121, 146, 335
skolis kultura da cvlilebaTa sirTule, 139
skoti, m. b., Scott, M. ., 506
t
taba, h., Taba, H., 248
taileri, r. v., Tyler, R. W., 498
taneri, b., Tanner, ., 522
taneri, l. n., Tanner, L. N., 271
taskeri, r., Tasker, R., 197
terneri, j., Turner, J., 300
toefveri, s. f., Toepfer, C. F., 396
u
uaildmeni, t. m., Wildman, . M., 513, 518, 521
uaiTi, b., White, ., 232, 234
ueili, m., Weil, M., 126, 249
f
fiSeri, s. v., Fisher, C. W., 71, 325
flemingi, m., Fleming, M., 439
fogarti, r., Fogarty, R., 224
fordhemi, s., Fordham, S., 289
freidrixi, g. v., Freidrich, G. W., 198, 203
freizeri, b. j., Fraser, B.J., 325
friki, r., Frick, R., 298
fulvileri, t., Fulwiler, ., 232
fursti, n., Furst, N., 179
545
gamocdilim aswavlebeli
q
qoldueli, j. h., Caldwell, J. H., 71, 72
S
Savelsoni, r. j., Shavelson, R. J., 443, 444, 445
Saini, e., Schein, E., 522
Sauersi, b., Showers, ., 520
Safteli, b., Shaftel, ., 507
Safteli, f., Shaftel, F., 507
Snaideri, v., Schneider, W., 300
Sou, v., Shaw, V., 329
Sunki, d. h., Schunk, D. H., 230
Suri, m., Shure, M., 134,135,136,166
Sutci, u. k., Schutz, W. K., 160, 159, 326
C
Cavesi, r., Chavez, R., 326
Cembersi, b., Chambers, ., 439
Censi, p., Chance, P., 228
Citendeni, e. a., Chittenden, E. A., 390
j
jenseni, a., Jensen, A., 530
joisi, b. r., Joyce, B. R 4, 126, 249, 361, 401, 520
jonsoni, d. v., Johnson, D. W., 327, 331, 343, 335, 390,
391, 392
jonsoni, m. s., Johnson, M. S., 314
jonsoni, r. t., Johnson, R. ., 327, 331, 334, 335, 390, 391,
392
h
haerteli, e. h., Haertel, E. H., 325
haimsi, l., Hymes, L., 166
hali, b., Hull, ., 186
hamondi, r., Hammond, R., 201, 298
hanTeri, m., Hunter, M., 181, 219, 280, 361
hani, a. l., Hahn, A. L., 206
hanti, d., Hunt, D., 402, 404
hanti, j. m., Hunt, J. M., 372
harisoni, a. f., Harrison, A. F., 341
hernStaini, r. j., Herrnstein, R. J., 530
hileri, j. h., Hiller, J. H., 193
hili, b. s., Hill, . C., 452
hirli, d., Hyerle, D. 190
hovardi, j., Howard, J., 298, 341, 529
hopfenbergi, v. s., Hopfenberg, W. S., 294
horvici, p., Horwitz, P., 232
546