4.

, ,
.
, . .
, , , , , ,
.

4.1.

.
( )
, .

, .
.
1.
+ 3 5 = 18.
: + 3 - 5 = 18
+ 3 5 15 = 3, ( + 3)( 5) = 3. 3
, :
1)

+ 3 = 1, 5 = 3 = -2, = 8 ;

2)

+ 3 = -1, 5 = -3 = -4, = 2 ;

3)

+ 3 = 3, 5 = 1 = 0, = 6 ;

4)

+ 3 = -3, 5 = -1 = -6, = 4.

35

4. 4.1.

,
.
.
2. 2 + 1
.
: n.
2 + 1 = n7, . n7 1 = (n 1)(n6 + n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n + 1) = 2. 1,
2, 2 2, :
1) n - 1 = 1, n = 2, n6 + n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n + 1 =
2 = 127, , 2 , 127 ;
2) n 1 = 2, n = 3, n6 + n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n + 1 =
1093 = . 1093 , (3, 1093)
.
3) n 1 = , n = + 1 3, n6 + n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n
+ 1 n + 1 3, .
4) n 1 = 2, n6 + n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n + 1 = 1,
n6 + n5 + n4 + n3 + n2 + n = 0.
n = 0 n = -1, , 0 1
.
3. 2 + 1
.
: 2 + 1 = 2, 2 - 1 = ( + 1)( - 1) = 2.
2 2. 2 = 2 2b ( b),
a + b = x. + 1= 2 - 1 = 2b, 2 - 2b = 2.
2b(2-b - 1) = 2. 2b = 2 2-b - 1 = 1, b = 1 a - b = 1.
= 2, b = 1 x = a + b = 3. 23 + 1 = 9 = 32, = 3.
4. n4 + 2n3 + 2n2 + 2n + 1
n.
: n4 + 2n3 + 2n2 + 2n + 1 = n4 + 2n3 + n2 + n2 + 2n + 1
= n2(n2 + 2n + 1) + n2 + 2n + 1 = (n2 + 2n + 1)(n2 + 1) = (n + 1)2 (n2 + 1),
n2 + 1 ,
n2 + 1 = 2. 2 - n2 = 1, . ( - n)( + n) = 1. - n = + n =
1, = 1 n = 0, , n = 0 .

36

4. 4.1.

5. ( + 1)( + 7)( + 8) = 2
. 8
:
(2 + 8)(2 + 8 + 7) = 2. 4
(22 + 16 + 7 - 7)(22 + 16 + 7 + 7) = 42, (22 + 16 + 7)2 - 49 = 42, (22 + 16 + 7)2 (2)2 = 49.
(22 + 16 + 7 2)(22 + 16 + 7 + 2) = 49.
:
1) 22 + 16 + 7 2 = 1 22 + 16 + 7 + 2 = 49;
2) 22 + 16 + 7 2 = 7 22 + 16 + 7 + 2 = 7;
3) 22 + 16 + 7 2 = 49 22 + 16 + 7 + 2 = 1;
4) 22 + 16 + 7 2 = -1 22 + 16 + 7 + 2 = -49;
5) 22 + 16 + 7 2 = -7 22 + 16 + 7 + 2 = -7;
6) 22 + 16 + 7 2 = -49 22 + 16 + 7 + 2 = -1.
,
:

42 + 32 + 14 = 50 4 = 48 2 + 8 9 = 0 = 12;

42 + 32 + 14 = 14 4 = 0 2 + 8 = 0 = 0;

42 + 32 + 14 = 50 4 = -48 2 + 8 9 = 0 = -12;

42 + 32 + 14 = -50 4 = -48 2 + 8 + 16 = 0 = -12;

42 + 32 + 14 = -14 4 = 0 2 + 8 + 7 = 0 = 0;

42 + 32 + 14 = -50 4 = 48 2 + 8 + 16 = 0 = 12.

: (-9, 12); (1, 12); (0, 0);

(-8, 0);(-9, -12); (1, -12); (-4, -12); (-7, 0); (-1, 0); (-4, 12).

,

.

1973. .
: .. : ,
, 1987.
37

4. 4.1.

214.
(,)
+ 2 = 7.
215. 2 2 = 12.
?
216. (,) :
) 2 7 = 2 ;
b) x4 y4 = 15 ;
c) 6x2 13xy + 6y2 = 4 ;
d) x2 + 6y = y2 + 4x + 10 .
217. (,)
+ 2 = 7.
218. n = n4 + 4 .
219. n n2 + 2n + 13
.
220. 2 - 5 + 62 = 3 ?
221. n 5 + 1 = n2 .
222. n
8n2 + 10n + 3?
223. 5
.
224.
= 9 cm.
225. 3 + 1 = 3 ?
226. , b bc + b = + c + 3.
227.
3 - 3 = - 2 ?
228. n m :
) 22 + 1 = n5 ;
b) n4 + n2 + 1 = p ;
4
4
) n + 4m = p .
229. , z , ( + z)2 = 2 - 2 + z2
. .
230. ,
+ + = 232 .

38

4. 4.1.

231. m , 2 + 2 + 2 m m m =
1 m . .
232. ( + 1) = 4(+1)

.
?

233. , > ,
1 1 2
+ =
. ( - 1931.)
x y p
234. 21,
. .
? ( 1971.)
1 1 1
235. + = .

3, ,
3. . (36. 1973.)
236. (, )
( + 2)4 4 = 3. ( 1974.)
237. 2(2 2) = 1978, .
( 1978.)
238.
( ) . ( 1978).
239. (, ) 3 2 + 1 = 2. (41. 1978.)
240. = + + 1. (
1987.)
241. q 2 - 2q2 = 1. (
1990.)
242. + 3 = 10. (
1991.)
243. 1991
. ( 1991.)
39

4. 4.1.

1 1 1
= (n N)
x y n
, n . ( 1991.)

244.

245. n n3 n + 2n = 1992? (
1992.)
246. 22 2 = 2 + 1994.
( 1994.)
247. n 2 7,
. ( 1993).
248. 222...222
.
( 1996.)
249. (, , z) + + z = 0 3 +
3 + z3 = -18. ( 2000.)
250. n 2n + 1 3n + 1
. 5n + 3 . ( 1996.)
251. n
n2 + 2n + 1997 . ( 1997.)
252. , z
1
= 0, xyz . ( 1997.)
x+ y+z
253. n
n2 + 2n + 2000 . ( 2000.)
254. m .

(, ) 22 + 11 + 122 + 4 + 5 + 6 =
2m. ( 1999.)

255. n , n5 + n4 + 1= p.
256. , z
( )3 + ( z)3 + (z )3 = 6.

40

4. 4.2.

257. a, b, c d ab + cd = 14

ac + bd = 11?
258. , n m :
) 1! 2! ... 99! 100! = n! m2 ;
b) 1! 2! ... (k-1)! k! = n! m2 .

4.2.


. = ,
= N +

P
. N ,
Q

P
, Q .
Q

, Q

.
6.
2 + 2 3 = 6.
: 2 + 2 3 = 6
2 + 2 6 = + 3 = ( + 3), :
1) = -3, 2 + 2 6 = -3, ( + 3) = 0, = 3
;
2) - 3, =

x 2 + 2x 6
3
= x1
.
x +3
x +3

:
2.1) + 3 = 1 = -2, = - 6 ;
2.2) + 3 = 1 = -4, = -2 ;
2.3) + 3 = 3 = 0, = - 2 ;
2.4) + 3 = -3 = -6, = -6.

41

4. 4.2.

7. (, )
( + ) = , .
: ( + ) = = = ( ).
:

1) = , 2 = 0, = 0, ;
2) , =

px
px p 2 + p 2
p2
=
=p+
.
x p
x p
xp

3) 2 - ,
, , :
3.1) = 1 = + 1, = 2 + ;
3.2) = = 2, = 2 ;
3.3) = 2 = 2 + , = + 1.9
, 2,
3, 5, ... .
. 9
8.

.
: xy = 10 + .
10 + = ( + )2 9 + ( + ) = ( + )2. 0,
( + ) 0, ( + ) :
9x
+ 1 = + .
x+y
d,
b 1 = d 9 0 = bd 9.
9d
9

+ 1 = ( + b ) d .
+ 1 = ( + b)d
+b
( + b)d

9
( + b)
+b

, :
9

42

4. 4.2.

1) + b = 1, 9 + 1 = d. ,
+ b = 1 , 0, = 1, b = 0. d = 10,
, d 9.
2) + b = 3, 3 + 1 = 3d. ,
.
3) + b = 9, + 1 = 9d = 9d 1. 1 9,
1 = d = (9d 1)d 9, d = 1. = 8 b = 1.
81 (= (8 + 1)2).
9.
.
?
:
. , .
, : 1000 + = 3. 0,
y
1000 + = 3y .
x
, = ( ). 1000 + = 3,
(3 1) = 1000. , 100, 3 300,
3 - 1 299. 1000 299 1000
500, :
1) 3 - 1 = 1000, 3 = 1001, , 1001
3.
2) 3 - 1 = 500, 3 = 501, = 167. 3 - 1000 = 2,
= 334.
3167334 = 167334.

259. 3 + 33 + 333z = 2006
.
260.
a2 + 2
1.
a 1
43

4. 4.2.

261.
( + 1)2 = 243.
262. + 7 3 = 23, .
263. 2 = 3 + 10.
264.
13 .
265.
4

+ = + 9 .
266. 3 + 11 = 2000. ,
. .
267. (, )
5 + 9 = 127.
268.
o ?
269.
.

270.
. ( 1974.)
271.
(n n ),
(n + 5 m ).
. ( 1991.)
272.

x 3 + 3x 2 x 10

x+2

. ( 1993.)
273. 100 ,
102,
203, 304? ( 2001.)
274. , 2 , 5 .
100 100 ? ( 2000.)

44

4. 4.3.

275. : + 1 = 3 + .
?
276.
?
277.

n3 + 5
n2 + 1

n .
278. , (, , z)
z = ( + + z).

4.3.


.

. ,
, .
10.
2
2 -1.

4 + 2006 =

: 4 + 2006 = 22 1
(2 1)2 + (1003)2 = 0
0 0,
: 2 1 = 0 = 0. , : (1, 0)
(-1,0).
11.
: 4 + 4 = 62 + 142 53.
: 4 + 4 = 62 + 142 53
(2 3)2 + (2 - 7)2 = 5.
5 1, 4,
:
45

4. 4.3.

1) (2 3)2 = 1 (2 - 7)2 = 4. , 2 3 = 1 2 - 7 = 2.
2 = 2 2 = 5
2 = 4 2 = 9, (, ) {(2,3);
(2, -3); (-2, 3); (-2, -3)}.
2) (2 3)2 = 4 (2 - 7)2 = 1. 2 3 = 2 2 - 7= 1.
2 = 8 2 = 6
.


.
.
12.

2
2
+ + = 1.
: 2 22 + 2 + 22 = 2 2 + ( + )2 + 2 = 2.
2, 1, 0,
:
1) 2 = 1, ( + )2 = 1 2 = 0. = 0, 2 = 1,
(1, 0) (-1, 0).
2) 2 = 1, ( + )2 = 0 2 = 1. + = 0, | | = 1 | | = 1,
(1, -1) (-1, 1).
3) 2 = 0, ( + )2 = 1 2 = 1. = 0, 2 = 1,
(0, 1) (0, -1).
: (1, 0); (-1, 0); (1, -1); (-1, 1); (0, 1);
(0, -1).

. .
13.
11 .
: abc . Ka abc =
100 + 10b + c = 11(9a + b) + a b + c,
11 b + c.
46

4. 4.3.

a b + c = a2 + b2 + c2, . a2 + b2 + c2 a + b
c = 0. 2 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 2a +
2b 2c = 0 a2 + b2 + c2 + (a 1)2 + (b + 1)2 + (c 1)2 = 3.

0, 1. abc ,
1, = 1.
b 0, b + 1 1 b = 0 b + 1 = 1.
a2 + b2 + c2 + (a 1)2 + (b + 1)2 + (c 1)2 = 1 + 0 + c2 + 0 + 1 +
(c 1)2 = 3, :
1) = 0 ( 1)2 = 1.
2) = 1 ( 1)2 = 0.
100 101.
,
abc 11 a2 + b2 + c2. 0 a2
+ b2 + c2 10, a, b c 3,
10.
: 100, 101, 102, 103, 110, 111, 112, 120, 121, 122, 130, 200, 201,
202, 210, 211, 212, 220, 221, 300, 301 310.
11
100 101.

279. x y :
) x2 + y2 = 0 ;

b) x2 + y2 = 1 ;

c) x2 + y2 = 2 ;

d) x2 + y2 = 3 ;

) x2 + y2 = 4 ;

f) x2 + y2 = 10.

280. x y
x2 + y4 = 2x - 1?

281. 4x2 + y2 = 12x + 4y 12.

282. x4 + y2 + 2y = 1, .
283. x, y, z x2 + 4y2 + z4 = 2x - 20y - 23?
47

4. 4.3.

284. 2 + q2 = r , p, q r
? ?
285. 2 + 2 + z2 + + + z = 1
.
286. 2 + 2 + z2 + + + z = n.
n : )
; b) .

287. 2 + 2 = + .

(7. 1941.)
288. , b

2 + b2 + 2 + 3 < b + 3b + 2. ( 1965.)
289.

:
+ = zt z + t = xy. (29. 1966.)
290. : 2n (n

n 3) 72 + 2,
. (48. 1985.)
291. 2 + 2 = 1990

. ( 1990.)
292. ( > ),

+ , , : 245. ( 1992.)
293. (m, n)

n3 + 1
. (35. 1994.)
mn 1

294. 2 + 2 + z2 = + z + z.
. ( 1995.)
295. 222...222
.
( 1996.)
296. 1, ... 1998 12 + ... + 19972
= 19982 . . ( 1997.)

48

4. 4.3.

297. : + + z = 3
3 + 3 + z3 = 3. ( 2002.)
298. 2m2 + n2 = 2mn + 3n.
( 2003.)
299. , , z t
2 + 2 + z2 + t2 = ( + z + t). ( 2004.)
300. 2
6 + 132 = 100. ( 2005.)

301. 2 + 2 + z2 = 2006
?
302. 12 + 22 +...+ 20002 = 2(1 + 2 +...+ 2000) 1999.
1, 2, ... 2000.
303. 2 + q2 = r (q > 5) ,
r = 10 + 3 (). .
304.
2 + 2 + z2 = , , z .
305. 12 + 22 + ... + 2 = 12 ... = 2006
?

4.4.


. ,
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, .
14.
?

49

4. 4.4.

: abcd .
abcd = (a + b + c + d ) 4 . 54 < 1000 abcd < 104,

5 < + b + c + d < 10. , + b + c + d 6, 7, 8 9. 64 = 1296,

74 = 2401, 84 = 4096 94 = 6561,
2401 = 74, 9.
15.
.
: ab .
ab = 10 + b = a3 + b2. ab = 10 + b 99 a3 + b2 99,
1 4. 10 3 = b2 b
(10 2) = b(b - 1). b(b - 1),
, , (10 2) .

. (10 2) 0, 10 2 0, .
3. 3 = 2. (10 2) =
b(b - 1) = 12, b = 4. , 24 ( = 23 + 42).
, 90
, .
, .
16.
.
: :
1) , = 2, = 1.
2) 10 + = 2 + 2,
(10 - ) = ( -1). ( - 1) ,
. {2, 4, 6, 8} (10 - ) 18 24,
.
3) , 100 + 10 + z = 2 + 2 +
z . 100 + 10 + z = 2 + 2 + z2 381 = 243, = 1 = 2.
2

3.1) = 1, 100 + 10 + z = 1 + 2 + z2
99 + 10 + z = 2 + z2. 99 > z2 10 > 2,
.

50

4. 4.4.

3.2) = 2, 200 + 10 + z = 4 + 2 + z2.

200, 200,
.
4) 3 ,
10-1, 100,
10-1 100, 10-3 , ,
3.
17. , b, c, d

1
a2

1
b2

1
c2

1
d2

= 1?

: ,
, 1 < a b c d. Ta je

1
d2

1
c2

1
b2

1
a2

4
d2

1
a2

1
b2

1
c2

1
d2

=1

4
a2

a2 4, a = 2, 1.

3
3

. b2 4, b = 2.
2
4 b
d
b
c
d
2
1
1
2
2
, c2 4, o c = 2.
O

+
=
2
2
2
2
4 c
d
c
d
2

d = 2, a = b = c = d = 2.
18. , , z
! + ! = z!?
: ! + ! = z! ! 1 ! 1,
< z < z. ! + ! = z! = z(z 1)...( + 1)( - 1)...321 =
z(z 1)...( + 1)!.
! = z(z 1)...( + 1)! ! = ! ( z(z 1)...( + 1) 1).
:
1) < , ! < !, ;
2) = , z(z 1)...( + 1) 1 = 1, z(z 1)...( + 1)
= 2 z = 2. = = 1.
3) > , 2 ! = ( - 1)...( + 1) ! =
! (z(z 1)...( + 1) 1).

51

4. 4.4.

! ( - 1)...( + 1) = (z(z 1)...( + 1) 1.

, , .
= = 1 z = 2.
19. 2 + + 2 = 22
.
: :

1)

3
2

1 ,

1
1
1
1
1
+
= 1 . 2 2,

.
2
2

2

1
2

1
1
3
+
=1
, 2 3,
2
2

= 1. = 1, = - 1, .
2) 1 ,
.
20. (x, y, z) a
, z, + z + z - z = 2.
:

, .
:
1) = 1, + z + z - z = + z = 2,
(1, 1, 1) .
2) = 2, 2 + z + 2z - 2z = 2 - z + 2z = 2.
z - 2 - 2z + 4 = ( - 2)(z - 2) = 2, :
- 2 = 1, z - 2 = 2 - 2 = 2, z - 2 = 1. (2, 3, 4) ;
(2, 4, 3) ; (3, 2, 4) ; (3, 4, 2) ; (4, 2, 3) ; (4, 3, 2).
3) > 2, > 2 z > 2, : z 3,
z 3z z 3z.
3z 3 + 3z + 3z, z + z + z 2 = + z + z - z
0, .
21.
2 + = 4 + 3 + 2 + .

52

4. 4.4.

: ,
,
. 4 1
42 + 4 + 1 = 44 +
43 + 42 + 4 + 1. (2 + 1)2 = 44 + 43 + 42 + 4 + 1 = 44 +
43 + 2 + 32 + 4 + 1 = (22 + )2 + ( + 1)(3 + 1). (2 + 1)2 =
44 + 43 + 42 + 4 + 1 = 44 + 2 + 4 + 43 + 82 + 4 - 52 - 3 =
(22 + + 2)2 52 3.
, (22 + )2 + ( + 1)(3 + 1) = (2 + 1)2 = (22 + + 2)2 (52 + 3).
:
1) = - 1, 2 + = 0, = 0 = -1.
2) - 1, ( + 1)(3 + 1) > 0. 52 + 3 > 0
, (22 + )2 < (2 + 1)2 < (22 + + 2)2.
(22 + )2 (22 + + 2)2
(22 + + 1)2, (2 + 1)2 = (22 + + 1)2. (2 + 1)2 =
44 + 43 + 42 + 4 + 1 = (22 + + 1)2 = 44 + 2 + 1 + 43 + 42 + 2 + 1,
2 2 = 0, . 0 2:
2.1) = 0, 2 + = 0, = 0 = -1.
2.2) = 2, 2 + = 30, = 5 = -6.
: (0, -1); (-1, -1); (0, 0);
(-1, 0); (5, 2); (-6, 2).

308.
.
309.
.
310.
? (, ) ?
311.
?
312. , z,
?
313. p, q r , p4 + q4 = r4
. .
53

4. 4.4.

314. , b n,

a + bb + ccc = n 4 . ?
315.
. ?
316.
.
317.
?
318. ,
?
319.
, ?
320. (, )
- 3 = 4 - 16.
321. 4 + 23 + 2 11 + 11 = 2,
.
322. n ,
4 n2.
323. : 11! + ... + ! = 4 .
?
324. (, )
: 10 + 11 = + 2000.
325. 1, 2, ... 2006
12 + 22 +...+ 20062 = 2040. 1, 2, ... 2006.
326. , b, c, d, : 2 < b < c < d < .
1
1
1
1
1
2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 .
a
b
c
d
e

1
1
+
= 1
x 2 xy y 2
. ( 1952.)

327.

328.
(26. - 1963.)
54

z zx
+
+
= 3.
y

4. 4.4.

329. (
) 2 10 22. (10. 1968.)
330. (, ) -
( + 2)4 4 = 3. ( - 1974.)
331. b . 2 + b2 + b
q r. (, b) q2 + r =
1977. (19. - 1977.)
332. n
( - 1)! + 1 = n. ( 1980.)
333. (, )
3 + 2 + 2 + 3 = 8(2 + + 2 + 1). ( - 1980.)
334. 3 3 = + 61. (15.
1981.)
335. 6 + 33 + 1 = 4 . ( 1981.)
1 1 1
1
+ + =

x y z 1983
. ( 1983.)

336.

337. , b, c, d,
1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + = 1 , a : 2 < < b b <
a b c d e
c < d < . ( 1995.)
338. , b, c
1
1
1
+ +
= 1. ( 1996.)
ab bc ca
339. (5 + 1)2 = abcd
, . (
1996.)
340.
3 3 = + 25. ( 2000.)
341. (n) , (n) n.
n (n) + (n) = n. ( 2002.)
342. 31 .
,
.
? ( 2003.)
55

4. 4.4.

343. (, b) ,
a2

. (44. 2003.)
2ab 2 b3 + 1
344. 2 + 1 .
(22. 2005.)

345. 1, 2,... 1 < 2 < ... < ( 2).

1
x 12

1
x 22

+ ... +

1
xk2

= 1 .

346.
?
*

, , .
,
, .
, ( )
.

4.5.


,
,
()
()
.
22.
2 + 4 = 555...555 ( 555...555 n
).

56

4. 4.5.

: :
1) n = 1, 2 + 4 = 5, . = 1, = 1.
2) n 2, :
2.1) = 2 ( ), 2 + 4 = 42 + 4 = 4(2 + ) =
555...555, .
2.2) = 2 + 1 ( ), 2 + 4 = 42 + 4 + 1 + 4 =
555...555, 42 + 4 + 4 = 4(2 + + ) = 555...554. , 2(2 + + ) =
277...77. , ,
.

= = n = 1.
23.
.
: ab .
ab = 10 + b = (a + b)2. 10 + b = + b + 9 = (a + b)2, 9 = (a +
b)(a + b 1). (a + b) (a + b 1)
, 9 ,
. :

1) ab = 25, , 25 (2 + 5)2 = 49 ;
2) ab = 49, 49 (4 + 9)2 = 169 ;
3) ab = 64, , 64 (6 + 4)2 = 100 ;
4) ab = 81, , 81 = (8 + 1)2 = 92.
24. 2 + 2 + z2 = 2007
.
: 2, 2, z2 2007, , ,
,
:
1) = 2m + 1, y = 2n + 1 z = 2k + 1 (m, n, k Z).
2 + 2 + z2 = (2m + 1)2 + (2n + 1)2 + (2k + 1)2 = 4m2 + 4m + 1 + 4n2 + 4n + 1 +
4k2 + 4k + 1 = 2007. 4m(m + 1) + 4n(n + 1) + 4k(k + 1) = 2004.
4 m(m + 1) + n(n + 1) + k(k + 1) = 501.
m(m + 1), n(n + 1) k(k + 1) ,
, , 501 .
57

4. 4.5.

2) = 2m, y = 2n z = 2k + 1. 2 + 2 + z2 =
(2m) + (2n)2 + (2k + 1)2 = 4m2 + 4n2 + 4k2 + 4k + 1 = 2007.
4m2 + 4n2 + 4k(k + 1) = 2006.
2 2m2 + 2n2 + 2k(k + 1) = 999.
, ,
.
2

25.
.

2 + 2 = 21999

: 21999 , 2 2
, :
1) , . = 2m + 1 y = 2n + 1 ( m, n ).
2 + 2 = (2m + 1)2 + (2n + 1)2 = 4m2 + 4m + 1 + 4n2 + 4n + 1 = 21999.
4m(m + 1) + 4n(n + 1) = 21999 2 = 2(21998 1),
2m(m + 1) + 2n(n + 1) = 21998 1. ,
, .
2) , . = 2m y = 2nb, b , m n 1000.
2 + 2 = (2m)2 + (2nb)2 = 22m2 + 22nb2 = 21999,
:
2.1) m > n 1, 22m2 + 22nb2 =22n(22m - 2n2 + b2) = 21999.
22m - 2n2 + b2 = 21999 - 2n. (22m - 2n2 + b2) ,
21999 - 2n , .
2.2) m = n, 22m2 + 22nb2 =22n(2 + b2) = 21999, .
2 + b2 = 21999 - 2n. 21999 - 2n 2,
:
2.2.1) n 998, 21999 - 2n 4.
b , 2 + b2 4 2,
.
2.2.2) n = 999, 2 + b2 = 21999 - 1998 = 2, = b = 1,
= = 2999.
2.3) 1 m < n, 22m2 + 22nb2 =22m(2 + 22n 2m b2) = 21999
2 + 22n 2m b2 = 21999 2m. (a2 + 22n-2m b2) , 21999 2m
, .
, = = 2999.
58

4. 4.5.

345. 2 + 2 = 999...999 ( 1)
.
346. 2 + 42 = 1000?
347. 2 22 +8z3 = 3
.
348. 22 52 = 7
349. 192 + 2 = 2?
350. 2 1 = 2.
351. 2 + = 1026?
352. ! + 2 =
123456789.
353. 1 p q
p + q = 3.
354. ,
! + 1 = 2.

355. 11
. (2.
1960.)
356. 2 + 2 = 1990
. ( 1990.)
357. 2 + 2 + z2 = 1980 . (
1980.)
358. 1991
. ( 1991.)
359. (, )
2 1992 = 2. ( 1992.)
360.
?
( 1992.)
59

4. 4.5.

361. m n m2 + n n2 + m
? ( 1999.)

362. ,
! + ! = 2.
363. 4 = 2 + 2 + 54321.
364. , q r . 2p + 3q = 5r.
365. 2 + 2 = 22, 3 + 5 = 23, 3 + 13 = 24, 3 + 29 = 25, 3 + 61 =
26, ... + q = 2, p q ,
, . 2
?
*

(), 2,

, , .

4.6.


= ,
. ,
3, 4 1,
.
=
=
.
26. q
+ q = q2 40.
: + q = q2 40 ,
+ 40 = q2 q = q(q - 1).
,
2, + 40. = 2,
q(q 1) = + 40 = 2 + 40 = 42, q = 7.
60

4. 4.6.

2
.
27.
.
: xy , 10 + =
+ . 10 2 = (10 )
= 3 = ( - 1)( + 1).
, 6,
. (10 - ) (10 - )
6, = 6 10 - = 6.
2

= 4, 24 = ( 1)( + 1), = 3,
43 = 42 + 33.
= 6, 24 = ( 1)( + 1), = 3,
63 = 6 + 33.

, .
2

28.
.
: ab . 10 + b = 9(a + b).
ab 9,
9. + b 9 18, 10 + b 99 = 81
918 = 162. 162 , 81 = 9 (8 + 1).
,
.

.
10.
29. (, )
! + 5 = 6666.
: 6666 5 1.
! + 5 5 1. 5
5, ! 5 1.
61

4. 4.6.

5 ! 5,
5, 1, 2, 3, 4. 1! = 1 3! = 6
5 1, 5 = 6665 5 = 6660.
: (1, 1333) ; (3, 1332).
30.
. ?
?
: xy = 10 + .
10 + + 10 + = 11( + ) = 2 + =

k2
18 . +
11

2 11 2 < 198.
2 = 121, = 11. + = 11,
: 29, 38, 47, 56, 65, 74, 83 92.
31. 11
..
: z .
100 + 10 + z = 11 ( + + z).
11, 11,
+ z 11.
+ z= 0 + z= 11:
1) + z = 0, = + z.
, 100 + 10 + 10z + z = 11 ( + + z + z).
11 10 + z = 2 + 2z, 8 = z,
= 1, z = 8, = 9. 198.
2) + z= 11, + z = 11,
0 9. + z = 11 + . z 11 (9 + 9 + 9) = 1127 = 297,
2. 0 z 9, + z 11
= 2, z = 9, = 0. , 209
, 209 121 = 1111.

366. 32 + 52 = 345.
367. 2 1 = 2 ?

62

4. 4.6.

368.
! + 2 = 2.
369. abc
abc + bca + cab .

370.
! + 48 = 216.
371.
?
372. , 2 +
2 = 10 1?
373. (, )
! + 2 = 987654.
374.
.
375. 3 + 4 = 4( + 1)
.
376. , z
x y z
,
+ + = m (m ).
y z x

377. -
, . (2.
- 1936.)
378. 5 + 34 532 1523 + 44 + 125 = 33
. (9. - 1946.)
379. 1977
? ( 1977.)
380.
-1. ( 1979.)
381. n

n (n +1)
1 .
2

( 1986.)
63

4. 4.6.

382. a b ab = bbb ( - 1991).

383.
.
? ( - 1994)

1234567891011 = 399*6***
. ( - 1997)
384.

385. (, b) ,

2b + + b b2 + b + 7. (39. 1998.)
386.

, ,
. . ( - 2001.)
387. ,

,
. ( -2001.)
388. p, q r, n,
1 1 1 1

+ + = . ( - 2005.)
p q r n

389. 6 ! = 10?
390. 11

4.7.


.
= , (mod m),
= .

.

64

4. 4.7.

32. , , z
+ + z2 = 8 1?
2

: 0, 1 4
- 8 (). 2 + 2 + z2 0 (0+0+0),
1 (1+0+0), 2 (1+1+0),3 (1+1+1), 4 (4+0+0), 5 (4+1+0), 6 (4+1+1).
7, . 1, ,
.
, , 57,
2007 8-1.
33.
2 3 = 7.

: :
1) = 0, 2 = 8, = 3.
2)

1, 2 = 3 + 7 10, > 3.

2 = 3 + 7 2 0 (mod 4), 3 + 7 0
(mod 4), 3 1 (mod 4), ,
= 2b.
3 + 7 1 (mod 3), 2 1 (mod 3),
, = 2.
22 32b = 7, (2 + 3b)(2 - 3b) = 7.
2 + 3b = 7 2 - 3b = 1.
2 = 4 3b = 3, = 2 b = 1, = 2 = 4 = 2b = 2.
, (3, 0) (4, 2).
34. 1
?

+ 2

+ ... + 14

= 1599

:
16 {0, 1, 2,..., 15}. 2 (mod 16) ( {
0, 1, 4, 9}. 4 0 (mod 16) 4 1 (mod 16).
1 4 + 2 4 + ... + 14 4 16
{ 0, 1, 2,..., 13, 14}, 15. 1599 15
(mod 16), .

65

4. 4.7.

391.

m2 + n 2
= 1981
3

.
392. 3 + 4 = 4( + 1)
.
393. 15
: ) 7; b) 9.
394. , z 4 + 4 = z4 + 3.

395. 193 173 = 50
. (30. 1967.)
396. 1! + 2! + ... + ! = z, , z
z > 1. ( 1975.)
397. 193 842 = 1984.
(47. 1984.)
398. q 2 - 2q2 = 1. (
1990.)
399. 24 2 + 16 .
( 1992.)
400. b 15 + 16b 16 - 15b
.
. (37. 1996.)
401. 2 = 5 4 .
(15. 1998.)
402. A , z 5 + 5 + z5 = 2004
. . ( 2004.)
403. 3 + 4
4 + 3 , 7. . (8.
2004.)

66

4. 4.8.

404. 4 - 7 = n (n n 100).
n
?
405. 2 = 2006 + 4.

4.8.


,
. O , , ,
, .
35. 22 + 5 +
2 = 19.
: ,
. 22 + 5 + (2 19) = 0.
1,2 =

25 8( 2 19)
. ( )
4

. , 25 8(2 19) = 2,
, .
, 25 82 + 152 = 2, 2 + 82 = 177. 82 177,
2 4, { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}. = 1 =
4. = 13 = 7.
: (2, 1) (-3, 4), (1/2, 4)
(-9/2, 1) , .
36.
.

2 + + 2 = 22

67

4. 4.8.

: :
1) = 0, = 0.
2) = -1, = 1.
3) = 1, = - 1.
4) {-1, 0, 1}, (1 2)2 + + 2 = 0.

. 2 4(1 2)2 = 2 42 + 44 =
44 32 = 2(42 3) , . = 0
42 3 = 2. 42 2 = 3, (2 + )(2 ) = 3.
= 1 = -1.
{-1, 0, 1}, .
, : (0, 0); (1, -1); (-1, 1).
37.
- ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) = 1? 10
4

: .
,
. , 4 - 1 = ( 1)( + 1)(2 + 1) =
( + 1)( + 2)( + 3).
,
. .
4 - ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) = 1, 4 = ( + 1)( + 2)( + 3) + 1 =
(2 + 3)(2 +3 + 2) + 1 = (2 + 3 + 1 - 1)(2 +3 + 1 + 1) + 1 =
(2 + 3 + 1)2 1 + 1 = (2 + 3 + 1)2. , 4 - (2 + 3 + 1)2 = 0,
( 2 - (2 + 3 + 1))(2 + (2 + 3 + 1)) = 0.
: 2 + 3 + 1 - 2 = 0 2 + 3 + 1 + 2 = 0.
:
1) 2 = 9 4(1 - 2) = 2 2 - 42 = 5. 2 = 9, 2 = 1.
2) 2 = 9 4(1 + 2) = 2 2 + 42 = 5. 2 = 1, 2 = 1.

8 : (0, 1); (0, -1); (-1, 1); (-1, -1); (-2, 1); (-2, -1); (-3, 1); (-3, -1).
10

68

1981. 2. .

4. 4.8.

406. 2 + + 2 = 1 .
407. , z + z2 + 1 = 0
= 3.
408. 2 + + 2 = 22.
409. (, ) 4 + 2 + 2 = 2.
8

410. + + 1 = + 2, .
411. 6 + 33 + 1 = 4.

412. 2 + 2 =
? (27. - 1964.)
413. 2 + 2 = + .
(7. 1941. 1947.)
414. 2 + 3 + 24 .
( 1980.)

4.9.


.
. ,

.
:
(x, y, z, ...) F(x, y, z, ...) = 0,

. ,
,
.

69

4. 4.9.

38. 2 + 2 = z3
.
: = 5, = 10
z = 5, 52 + 102 = 125 = 53. 526+ 1026 = 536 ( ),
(53)2 + (103)2 = (52)3. = 53, = 103 z = 52 .
39.
+ = z4 + t 5 ?
2

: = = z = t = 0 = = z =
t = 1, = 230, = 220 z = 215
t = 212. , = 230 , = 220 , z = 215 t = 212.
: = 30, = 20 , z = 15 t = 212 ( ),
: = 5, = b4, z = b3 t = a2 ...
.
F(x, y, z, ...) = 0
P(m, n), Q(m, n), R(m, n)...
(m, n ) F( P(m,n), Q(m,n), R(m,n), ...) = 0.
m n
.
40. 2 + 2 + 1 = z2
.
: 4n4 + 4n2 + 1 = (2n2)2 + (2n)2 + 1 = (2n2 + 1)2,
= 2n2, = 2n z = 2n2 + 1
.


.
F(x, y) = 0 F(P(x, y), Q(x, y)) = 0, P(x, y) Q(x, y)
. (, ) ,
+1 = P(x, y) = Q(x, y))
.
.

70

4. 4.9.

41. 22 32 = 5
.
: a, b, c d
2( + by)2 - 3(cx + dy)2 = 2x2 3y2 = 5.

222 + 4b + 2b22 322 - 6cd - 3d22 = 22 32

(22 32)2 + 2(2b - 3cd) + (2b2 - 3d2)2 = 22 32.
22 32 = 2, 2b - 3cd = 0 2b2 - 3d2 = -3.
= 5, = 4, 10b - 12d = 0 2b2 - 3d2 = -3.
b = 6, d = 5.
, 2(5 + 6)2 - 3(4 + 5)2 - 22 32 = 5.
= 2, = 1 ,
+1 = 5 + 6 +1 = 4 + 5 .
,
22 32 = 2, 2b - 3cd = 0 2b2 - 3d2 = -3 (
= 5, b = - 6, c = 4, d = -5),
( 2 1),

.

415.

2 = 7 + 2.
416. , 2 + 2 + = z2
.
417. ( 1)2 + ( + 1)2 = 2 + 1 -

.
418. m

(,) 2 (m2 +1)2 = 1.

419. 3 3 =

2 + 2 + (+)2.

71

4. 4.9.

420. m n (1 m 1981, 1 n 1981)

(n2 mn m2)2 = 1 . m2 + n2. (22. 1981.)

3

421. 3 + = n. n

(, ),
.
n = 2891 . (23.
1982.)
422. , z + z + z = 1

. . ( 1990.)

423. (, , z)

3 3 = 2 + 2 + z2.

4.10. ''''
11
, . :12 ''

.
, (. +).
,

(, , ) .

11
12

72

()
, : , 2004, . 53 54.

4. 4.10. ''''

.


, (
) .
, , ,
. , .''
42. 2+2 =3z2..
: = = z = 0.
. (, , z)
=
++ z . 2 + 2 = 3z2
3 (
3 + 1, 3 1, 2 2 3 1,
2 + 2 3 1, 2).
= 31 = 31. 2 + 2 = 9 (12 + 12) = 3z2.
3(12 + 12) = z2, z 3, z = 3z1. 3(12 + 12) = 9z12,
12 + 12 = 3z12. (1, 1, z1)
.
=++z=31+31+3z1= 3 (1+1+
+z1) = 31, 0 < 1 =

< .
3

, .
43. 3+23= 4z3
: = = z = 0. . 13
(, , z)
, . 3 + 23 = 4z3. 3 = 4z3 - 23 = 2(2z3 3). , . = 21. 813
= 4z3 - 23. 2 413 = 2z3 - 3
, = 21. = 21
413 = 2z3 - 813.
13

18. - 1955.

73

4. 4.10. ''''

2 213 = z3 - 413.
z , . z = 2z1.
213 = 8z13 - 413, 2
13 + 213 = 4z13. 1 =

z
.
2

,
2
1 =

z1=

,
2

z
, ,
2
2

+ 2 = 1 (2 + 22 ) = = 1 4z 2 = 4 z
2 2
2
2
2
22
, , , z
2, ,
.
44.

2
( + 1) (2 + 1).

: (2 + 1) px = y2 + 1 (2 + 1) qy
= 2 + 1. D(, ) = d, = d = d. d = 2d2
+ 1 qd = 2d2 + 1. d ( - 2d) = 1
d (q - 2d) = 1, d = 1,
.
px qy = (y2 + 1)(2 + 1) = 22 + 2 + 2 + 1,

2 + 2 + 1
+ + 1. n =

> 2, n = 2 + 2 + 1, x2 - nyx + y2 +1 = 0 (*). (, )

(*)
.
(*) ,
f(x) = 2 - nyx + y2 + 1 = 0. f(ny x) = (ny x)2 ny(ny x) + y2 +1 = n2y2 - 2ny + x2 - n2y2 + nyx + y2 +1 = x2 - nyx + y2 +1 = 0.
, (, ) (*), (ny x, )
(*).

74

4. 4.10. ''''

ny x > 0 , ny x
. f(x) (, ny x),
. f() = 2 - ny + y2 +1 =
(2 n)y2 +1 0. = = 1 , 3 - n 0,
n = 3.
(, ) (ny x, ),
(, ) (3y x, ), (1, 1)
(2, 1), (5, 2), (13, 5),...
(F2n-1, F2n+1), F
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,...( F1 = F2 = 1, F+2 = F + F+1). 14

424. 2 + 2 + z2 =

z .

425. 3 + 23 + 4z3 - 6xyz = 0

( 1948.)
426. 2 + 2 + z2 = 2xyz

= = z = 0 . (12. 1949.)
427. , , z u

2 + 2 + z 2 + u2 = 2xyzu. (12. 1949.)

428. , z 2 + 2 + z2 = 22.

( 1976.)
429. 3 + 33 + 9z3 - 9xyz = 0 -

= = z = 0. ( 1983.)
430. 2 + 2 = 3(u2 + v2).

( 2003.)
431. 2 + 2 + z2 = 2004xyz, ,

z . ( 2004).
14

,
, : , , 2004.

75

4. 4.11.

4.11.
''''

.
:
2 + 2 + + D + E + F = 0 (A, B, C,
D, E, F )
( , ). Ao je (, )
, (, )
= ( ) ( 0).
,
. . 15

45. 32 - 2 = 26
.
:
: = + t ; = + t.
(, ) = (3, 1), = 3 + t; = 1 + t.
3(3 + t)2 (1 + t)2 = 26, t ( t (3 2) + 18 2) = 0.
t = 0 t =
, t =

18 2 3
2 3

18 2
2 3

18 2
2 3

, =

. t = 0

3 2 2 + 9
2 3

= 1, (-5, -7), = 2
(17, 29).

15

76

:
, , 1974.

4. 4.11.
,
=

m
: =
n
18mn m 2 3n 2
m 2 3n 2

3m 2 2mn + 9n 2

m 2 3n 2

46. 2 - 22 + 3 + 4 5 + 3 = 0
.
: (, ) = (1, 0),
= 1 + t; = t. (1 + t)2 2(t)2 + 3(1 + t) t
4(1 + t) + + 5t + 3 = 0.
t ( t (1 22 + 3) + 8 2) = 0. t = 0
t =

8 2
2 2 3 1

8 2 2
2 2 3 1

. =

2 2 + 5 3

2 2 3 1

.
. 16
47. 192 + 5b2 = c2
.
: :
1) = 0, = b = = 0.
2) 0, =

b
=

192 + 52 = 1.
1
3
1 3
(, ) = , = + t = + t
8
8
8 8
(15 + 19)
.
, t =
4 (5 2 + 19)

16

:
: , , 1974, . 50-51.

77

4. 4.11.

5 2 30 19
8 (5 2 + 19)

15 2 38 + 57
8 (5 2 + 19)

= ( 5 2 30 19 );
b = ( 15 2 38 + 57 ) c = 8 (5 2 + 19) , .
. =
:
b =

15m 2 38mn + 57 n 2
n2

c = 8

5m 2 + 19n 2
n2

m
n

5m 2 30mn 19n 2
n2

432. 2 + 22 = 3z2, ,
z .
433. :
2 - 152 = z2; 2 z = z 2; 2 + 32 = 5z2.

78