9.

xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

400

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

   


  
   

  
   


C xqsWLRi FyLRiLi Li[, zqs zLRi' sLRi'{Li, [R V. N]LiRLRiV

kss xqsWLRi @-c@y VVNRP sVgRiy gRisVs sryLiR V. Bj sVky[
@sRLjiLixms[R VTLij. BLiRV[ 129 @RVRVV DyLiVV. VL`iAs[s xqs'@
'RyV, GRV |msR xqsWLS[ Bj GRsj. C lLiLiRV xqsWLS[ NRPWy
xqsRLRiryLRiV][ Ljigjis RVVy ssLSV DyLiVV. C xqsWLRi 9s z
RWN`P RLiRRWR NSxmso sxtsQR WsV ssLjirLij. ks }msLRiV, RWN`P
RLiRRWRNRPV ss N]LiRLRiV xqsd xmsaSyxmsLi (f) sVLjiRVV ys
@LigkiNSLSs xqsLi[j Li Bs*TLij. C xmsRLi 104s ARV`[ DLij. Bj
xqsWLRi @-c@y (8) @sRLRiNRPV 7 xqsLisR=LS RLRiVyR
@sRLjiLixms[R VTLij. Bj xqsWLRi @cLS@", @s NRPWy @sRVRVLij. C
xmsRLi sVVR ARV`[s[ DLij. LS@"RVs c @Li[ ssVVNTP, LSzRLi,
xqsLiLiR Li [NPR FsLi. RWN`P sVky sVLiT 350 \sV RWLRiLi[
xmsbPsWRL iR jaRP[ DLij. s\s (Byzantine), \ZNPQQxqss RNRPsLji
zLSNPT RVqs (Hiraclius), @W 'AsVL`i, Fy=xLis @lLi[RW\|ms yT
[R VsNTP xqsyV [xqsVyRs zqs, \sxmssNRP sVV'xsV` ('xqs'@xqs)
yLjis RWN`P RgiR LRi FsRVL][ys RVVR xqsy yLixmso[LiVVLi,
@NRPTNTP syLRiV.
1. * @ RLRixmsn QosVLiT sVLjiRVV

ARVs xmssNRP RLRixmsn QosVLiT (J saS*xqsVLS!)

dsVLRiV
IRLiTNRP
[xqsVNRPVs
x\yLSR NRPV (sVVztsQNPR V)][ FsLi
xqsLiLiR Li[R V @s xmsNRPLiRRV][Lij.1

F
E
D
C
B
A

J

I
H
G

1. LS@"RVs: @Li[ Fs xqsLiLiR Li [R sLi. C ARV`V @sRLjiLixms[R VTsxmsVRV

\sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) '@d (LRi'j.@.sV) 9s z[ 'x sxqssVWxLi[ C sxtsQR WV
xmsNRPLiRsVs xmsLiFyLRiV: 1) xmsV NRP'@ (\RV) RVW jLigRiLRiV\ xmsROTPQ
('Rymns) [R VNRPWRRV. 2) C xqsLisR=LRiLi (9 z[) RLRiVyR G sVVztsQNP` NRPWy
\RV ('x)NRPV LSNRPWRRV, 3) G @saS*xqsV][\ s[ IRLiTNRP DLi][, yLji VR
gRiRVso xmspLji @[VsLRiNRPV saS*xqsFyRLi][ ssxLjiLiRRLi LRiVgRiVRVLij. ('xqs.V'Lki
sVLjiRVV 'xqs.sVVzqsLi). A 9s z 'xNPR V @WN`P 'zqsk (LRi'j.@.) @dsVL`igS DLiTLji.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

401

   


  
   

2. NSsos (J sVVztsQNRPVLS!) dsVLRiV

N
M
L
K
yVgRiV
s
sLRiNRPV
C
1
[aRPLi[ }qs*RgS LRigRiLiT. NSs
dsVLRiV @ (bPORPQ) sVLiT
S
R
Q
P
O
RzmsLiRVN][[LRis
VxqsVN][LiT
.
Z

YX

WV

UT
sVLjiRVV saRPRVLigS, @!





xqsRLRiryLRiVsV @ssWsLiFyV










[ryRV.



3. sVLjiRVV @ sVLjiRVV ARVs
_
^
]
\
[

xmssNRP RLRixmnsQosVLiT |msR x2 L][s
xqsLRi*
sWssNTP
xmsNRPs
d
c
b
a
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[RVRV][Lij: ""saRPRVLigS, @
sVLjiRVV
ARVs
xmssNRPNRPV,

i
h

g
f
e
x\yLSRNRPV][,
FsLi
xqsLiLiRLi [RV. NSsos dsVLRiV (J

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n
m
l
kj
sVVztsQNRPVLS!) xmsaSyxmsxmsT[, @j dsV
s[VVZNP[. NSs dsVLRiV ssVVV\[, dsVLRiV
t
s
r
qp
@ (bPORPQ) sVLiT RzmsLiRVN][[LRis
VxqsVN][LiT.''
sVLjiRVV
xqsR
z
yx

w
v
u
LRiryLRiVNRPV
yNRPLRi\sVs
bPORPQ
(sjLiRR)
sVsRs[
yLRis
V
_

~}

|
{
sszmsLiRV.
1. RWRLiT, 8:58. C ARV`, sVVzqs Li][ [zqss IRLiTNRPsV, Lizmss sVVztsQNRPVsV
D b[ PLi DLij.
2. RsV 'xc@NRPL`i: @Li[ 10s "c'x jssVs 'xqs'{ ' 'xkxqsV y*LS
VxqsVLij. FsLiRVNRPLi[sA L][ 'NRPV y sVyzqsN`PsV xmspLji [R Vszqs
DLiVLij. @j 'x @'qsgRiL`iNRPV sxmsRLi. @lLi[RW yxqsVV, 'DsVLSsV s x
('xx @'qsgRiL`i) @s[yLRiV. ksNTP sLigS "c'x sWxqsLi[ Ljilgi[j |msR x
(x' @NRPL`i). 9s " 'x aRPVNRPyLRiLi L][ s}qs 'x c@NRPL`i @s[ ysNTP FsLi
AyLRiLi [R V. ('xqs.V'Lki, sLi. 4655, 'xqs.sVVzqs Li, sLi. 982 sVLjiRVV Lji", sLi.
957.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

402

   


  
   

4. NSs G x\y LSR NRPV][\s[ dsVLRiV
d

c
b
a
`

IRLiTNRPV [xqsVN]s DyL][, yLRiV dsVNRPV

G sxtsQR VLi[s V [xmsLi [R VNRP, dsVNRPV
j
i
h

g
f
e
slLi[NPR LigS FssLjiNUP xqsRVLi [R VNRPVLiy
DLi[! yLji IRLiTNRPsV ys gRiRVso sLRiNRPV

p
o
n
m
l
k
xmspLji RVLiT. saRPRVLigS, @

w

v
u
t
s
rq



\sd gRiyLjis }mssVryR V.
1

|

{

z
y
x
5. BNRP sztsQRsWryV gRiTFLiVVs
RLRiVyR x\yLSRNRPVsV, FsNRPR


~
}
]LjiNTP[ @NRPR sjLiRLiT. 2 sVLjiRVV





yLjis xmsVN][LiT3 sVLjiRVV RVVsVVLiT
sVLjiRVV xms sWVsR yLji\ZNP
F~LiDLiRLiT.4 NSs yLRiV xmsaSyxmsxmsT,






ssW' ryzmsLi, 'NS` B}qs, yLjis yLji















sWLSs sj|msLiT. 5 saRPRVLigS,








@ ORPQsWbdPVRV, @FyLRi NRPLRiVxmsyR.
1. z aRPNRPLi[s LRi, "cLiVVR, "c'z sVLjiRVV sVV'xLRisV sV sztsQR
sWryV. C sWry[ RVVR Li sztsQR Li. Bj '@LRiV[ BryLiNRPV sVVLiRVsVLiT sxqsW
Ds AyLRiLi. RWRLiT, 2:194 sVLjiRVV 217. BcNRP{qs"L`i (LRi'x) BNRPR (C ARV`[)
sztsQR sWryV @Li[ C xmsNRPsRLRiVyR yVgRiV sV @Li[ 10s "c'z sVLiT
10s LRid'@c@ys sLRiNRPV, @s @yLRiV.
2. 'x LiR sV xqsLjix R V[ ZNP[s Li yLji][s[ FLSy Fssl\ Li[ dsV\|ms yT[ryL][! RWRLiT,
2:190c194, (BcNRP{qs"L`i). dsV][ RVVR Li [}qsyLji][ @ (xqsV.y.) sWLiR Li[ FLSRLiT.
Fss\lLi[ dsV][ sL][yV [R VL][, yLji][ FLSRsR V. ` @Li[, dsVLRiV sVVzqs LiV @LiVVDLiT,
BRLRiVNRPV aSLiRVVRLigS GNRP \szqsyLiRLi, xqsRR LRiLi @LiVVs BryLisV [j xqsW DLi[, dsV
sWLiR Li[ ALiNSV |msRVRW, dsV R s, sWs, FyNRPV s gRigjiLiRg][lLi[yLji][, yLRiV
sWsVNRPVs[ sLRiNRPV, [y sLRiWLiR[ sLRiNRPV [}qs R LRiRVVR Li. RWRLiT, 4:91. @Li[ AR
xqsLiLRiORPQ N]LRiNRPV [}qs FLSLi `. RWRLiT, 60:8c9.
3. \kVgS [xqsVN]sLiT.
4. yLji LSNRPFNRPR\|ms NSxms |msLiT. dsV @sVsV [s[ yLjis NRPRss*NRPLiT. yLji
syxqs xqs sV NS|msVN]s DLiRLiT.
5. RWRLiT, 2:256. "R LRi sxtsQRVLi[ sLiRLi [R V.' @Li[ Fss*Ljids NRPWy BryLi
{qs*NRPLjiLiRsNTP sLiRLi [R VNRPWRRV.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

   


403

6. sVLjiRVV

x\yLSR NRPV
(sVVztsQNPR V)[ Fss\y ds aRPLRiVN][Lij [,[
@RRV @ gRiLiys (VL`iAssV)
sssNTP @RsNTP aRPLRiV Bso*. RLRiVyR
@Rss, @Rs N]LRiNRPV xqsVLRiOTPQR \sVs xqs sNTP
[LiR V. Bj FsLiRVNRPLi[! yxqsysNTP, yLRiV
(xqsRLi) RVs xmsV.1
7. x\yLSR
(sVVztsQ)NRPVNRPV
@][ sVLjiRVV ARVs xmssNRP][
IRLiTNRP Fs ryRLi NSgRiRV?
sVzqs ` @c'x LSsV sR dsVLRiV IRLiTNRP
[xqsVNRPVs yLji][ Rxms! yLRiV RsV
(IRLiTNRP\|ms) zqsLRiLigS DsLiR sLRiNRPV
dsVLRiV NRPWy ys\|ms zqsLRiLigS DLiRLiT.
saRPRVLigS, @ \sd gRiyLjis
}mssVryRV.
8. (yLji][ IRLiTNRP) Fs ryRLi
NSgRiRV? FsLiRVNRPLi[ yLRiV dsV\|ms
FyLi
sz}qs,
yLRiV
dsV
LiRVy*s gSds, IRLiTNRPsV gSds
FyLiRLRiV. yLRiV ZNP[sLi [
sW][s[
sVsV
xqsLi][xts
QxmsLRiVxqsVyLRiV, NSs yLji xXRRWV
sWRLi
sVsV
@xqszLiRV
NRPVLiVyLiVV sVLjiRVV yLji[ @s[NRPVV
@s[RVVV (FnyzqsWs) DyLRiV.

  
   

C
B
A

H
G
F
E
D

L
K
J
I

R
Q

P
ON

M

X
W
V
UT

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Y

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\
[


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c

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h
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kji

l

1. \|ms ARV` dsV][ RVVR Li [xqsVs xqsRLRiryLRiV sxtsQR VLi[ @sRLjiLixms[R VTLij. C
sL][R V\s xqsRLRiryLRiV[ Fss\y dsV aRPLRiV N][Lij [ @RsNTP aRPLRiV Bs*LiT. @RRV
dsV][ DLiT dsV sVLiRys sVLjiRVV BryLisV RgiR LRisVLiT RWzqs VL`iAssV ss sVVzqs Li
NSsRV. @RRV VL`iAssV ssRLRiVyR NRPWy BryLi {qs*NRPLjiLiRNRPVLi[s@Rss, @RsNTP
RRs[ xqs sNTP xmsLixmsLiT. @RRV sVVzqs Li NSNRPVy xqslLi[. dsVLjis aRPLRixmso xmssV
xmspLji [xqsVN][LiT. @RRV Rs Ryxqs sNTP [lLi[LiRsLRiNRPV ys FyLRiORPQ dsV R R.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

404

   


  
   

9. yLRiV @ xqsWNRPV(ARW`)sV

@RLRiNRPV sNRPLiVVLi, xmssV ARVs
q
p
o
n
m

sWLRiLi sVLiT ALiNRPxmsLRiVxqsVyLRiV.
x
w

v
ut

s
r
saRPRVLigS, yLRiV [}qs xmssVV
FsLi][ dsR\sVss!



{

z
y
10. yLRiV G saS*zqs sxtsQRVLi[

cb

a
`
_
~
}
|
NRPWy
LiRVy*s
gSds,
IRLiTNRPsV
gSds

FyLiRLRiV!
g

f
e
d
BVsLiylLi[,
xRVsV




@NRPsVLisyLRiV.

k
j
i
h
11. NSsos yLRiV xmsaSyxmsxmsT,
ssW' ryzmsLi, 'NS` B}qs! yLRiV dsV

o
n
m
l
yLjiNRP
rRLRiVV.
sVLjiRVV
VxqsVN][gRiyLjiNTP, s[VsVV sW


t
s
r
qp
xqsWRssV,
C
sRLigS



v

u
xqsxtsxmsLRiVxqsVysVV.




12. sVLjiRVV yLRiV IRLiTNRP
[zqss RLRiVyR sVd RsV

{
z
y
x
w
xmssWsV LigRiLi [}qs! sVLjiRVV
dsV RLSs @ssWsxmsLji}qs, @Li

~
}
|
xqsRLRiryLRiV yRVNRPV][ dsVLRiV
RVVRLi[RVLiT. saRPRVLigS, yLji






xmssWV ssVRgjiss

NSso.




xaS C sRLigS\sy yLRiV




sWsVN][sRV!1






13. GdsV? Fss\lLi[ RsV xmssWsV





LigRiLi[zqs, xqsLi[aRPxLRiV (sVNS sVLiT)





sRg]s sLRiLiVVLiyL][! s
VLjiRVV
1. Fss\lLi[ IRLiTNRP [zqss RLRiVyR RsV IRLiTNRPsV LigRiLi [ryL][ sVLjiRVV dsV
R LSs @ssWsxmsLRiVryL][, @Li xqsRLRiryLRiV][ RVVR Li [R VLiT.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

405

sVVR ylLi[, dsV][ RgRiso ALRiLiLiyL][

,1


@Li yLji][ dsVLRiV RVVRLi [RVLS?
GdsV? dsVLRiV yLjiNTP RVxmsRVRVyLS?
yxqsysNTP dsVLRiV saS*xqsV[ @LiVV[, ZNP[sLi
@NRPV
sWRs[V
R
VxmsRLi
dsVNRPLRisLi.
14. yLji][ RVVRLi [RVLiT. @
dsV [R Vy*LS yLjis bPOTPQryRV sVLjiRVV

yLjis @ssWsLiFyV [ryRV. sVLjiRVV
yLjiNTP xmsNRPWLigS dsVNRPV xqsRVLi
[ryRV. sVLjiRVV saRP*zqsLis xms
xXRRWsV RLRiVryRV;
15. sVLjiRVV yLji xXRRW[s
N][ys RWLRiLi[ryRV. sVLjiRVV @!
ysV N][Ljis yLji xmsaSyFys
@LigkiNRPLjiryRV. sVLjiRVV @ xqsLRi*RV,
sV ss[RyxmsLRiVRV.
16. GdsV? @ dsV[sVLiT (Rs
sWLRiLi[) FLS[ ylLisL][ sVLjiRVV c
@, ARVs xmssNRP sVLjiRVV saS*xqsVV
Rxms c BRLRiV ss*Ljids RsV Axms
sVRVVgS
[xqsVN][s
ylLisL][,
VxqsVN][s[ sVsV sR |msRyRs
@sVNRPVLiVyLS? sVLjiRVV @ dsVLRiV
[xqsVsRLiy gS FsLRiVgRiVsV.

   


  
   

C
B
A



F
E
D

J
I
H
G

L

K

Q
PO

N
M

Y
X
W
VU

TSR

Z





`
_
^
]
\
[

e
d
c
b
a

k
j
i
h
g
f

q
p
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m
l

t

s
r

1. xaS BNRPR V\lLixtsvV RsV IRLiTNRPNRPV sLRiVR LigS dsc'V''@ yLjis RLixmssNTP,
dscN`P yLjiNTP ][R Ts sxtsQR VLi }msL]sTLij. dsc'V''@ c sVVzqs Li xdm sn V,
sVLjiRVV dscN`P c V\lLixtsv xdmsn V. \sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) sVLjiRVV sVNS sVVztsQNP`
V\lLixtsv sVR : "xmsj xqsLisR=LS sLRiNRPV c yLji sVR sVLjiRVV yLji xdm sn ][ NRPWy
c RVVR Li [R VNRPWRRV sVLjiRVV yLji][ FLS[ yLjiNTP xqsRVLi NRPWy [R VLSRV.'
@s[, IRLiTNRP DLisV. Bj 6s z[ x\RW[Ljigjis IRLiTNRP.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

406

   


  
   

17. x\yLSR NRPV

(sVVztsQNPR V)V,

y
x
w

v
u
ysVV xqsRLRiryLRiVsVs ryORPQ sVxqsW,
@ sVzqsRVsV sLRi*zLiRsNTP
~}|{z
(}qss[RVsNTP) @L>RiVVNSLRiV. @Li
yLji NRPLRiV sLRiQ\sVFyLiVV sVLjiRVV
cba

`_
yLRiV sLRiNSgji[ aSaRP*RLigS DLiLRiV.


hgfe
d
18. saRPRVLigS @sV @LisV

m
l
k
j
i

jys saRP*zqsLi[yLRiV, ssW'sV
ryzmsLi[ yLRiV, 'NS` B[ yLRiV,


q
p
o
n
@NRPV Rxms sVlLis*LjiNUP RVxmsRs
yLRiV sWRs[V @ sVzqs `sV
u
t
s
r
sLRi*zLiy.
BLi
ylLi[
|
{
zy

x
w
v
sWLiR RLRi+NRPR*Li
F~Lijs
yLRis
1
AbPLiRsRV! (3/8)







~
}
19. * GdsV? 'x sVLjiRVV 'DsW





N]LRiNRPV s[ yLjiNTP dsLRiV yxmss
sVLjiRVV
sVzqs `
@c'xLSsVsV







sLRi*zLiRs, dsVLRiV @sV sVLjiRVV
@LisVjys saRP*zqsLi, @







sWLiR Li[ FLS[ ysNTP xqssWsLigS








sxqsVyLS? @ RgiR LRi, yLRiV (C
lLiLiRV xmsOSQ yLRiV) xqsLjixqssWsVV NSLRiV.2







1. \sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) xmssRsLi: "INRPs[ dsVLRiV INRP sQQNPT s xqsNRPsVLigS sVzqs `NRPV sxqsW DLi[j
RW}qs, @Rs saS*rysNTP ryORPQ Li Bs*LiT.' (Lji", R{msn =L`i 'xqsW. @`cf).
VL`iAs[ BNRPR NRPWy @(xqsV.y.)sV @LisVjys saRP*zqsLis RLRiVyR [R V
szqss xmssV[ ssW', ys RLRiVyR 'NS` @s }msL]syLiVV. sVL]NRP 'xkq s"
sVVRz msn @\z DLij. @WcN`P 'zqsk (LRi'j. '@.) @yLRiV: "@ ][R V, s[s V @Li
yLji][ RxmsNRP FLSRVysV, Fss\lLi[ ssW' sVLjiRVV 'NS` sVR [ R Li RWxmsoyL][!'
@Li[ ssW' [ryLiR V NSs 'NS` Bs*ysNTP ssVNRPLis[ryL][! (RWRLiT, 9:5).
2. C ARV` @sRLjiLixms[R VTs xqsLiRLSs gRiVLjiLi, 'xqs' (LRi'j.'@>sVsV) sVR
sVzqs sds[ aRPVNRPyLRiLi sVLiL`i RgiR LRi Ljigjis C xqsLixtsQ NSLRiLi @LiLRiV. INRP
'xqsd (LRi'j.'@.) @LiLRiV: ""s[sV BryLi {qs*NRPLjiLis RLRiVyR y RXztsQ[ @s

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

407

   


  
   

sVLjiRVV @ RVLSLiR V\s xmsNRPV

xqsyLiR Li RWxmsRV.
20. saRP*zqsLi, @ sWLiR Li[





sxqs FLiVVs yLjiNUP sVLjiRVV RsV






R sxqsLixmsRVsV FysV ssWgjiLi
FLSTs yLjiNUP, @ RgiR LRi @RVs
R









ryssVVLij. sVLjiRVV @LiylLi[

D
C
B
A
ryxmsn Li (sRVLi) F~Li[yLRiV.1
21. yLji xmsVso yLjiNTP, Rs
J
I
H
G
F
E
RLRixmnsQosVLiT NSLRiVs sVLjiRVV



K
xmsxqssRsV sVLjiRVV aSaRP*R rVgRi
xqs*LRisy aRPV yLRisV BxqsVyRV.

R
Q
P
ON


M
L

22. yLRiLiRV[ aSaRP*RLigS NRPNSLi



U

T
S
DLiLRiV. saRPRVLigS @ RgRiLRi g]xms
xmsxmnssVVLij.

Z
YXWV
23. J saS*xqsVLS! dsV RLiTyRV

^
]\[
sVLjiRVV dsV rRLRiVV xqsRLRiryLSsNTP
saS*xqsLi\|ms FyysRs}qs, dsVLRiV yLjis
d
cba`_
}qszRVVgS [xqsVN][NPR LiT. dsV[ yLji\sxmso
sVVlgi[ylLi[ (yLjis dsV }qszRVVgS
i
h
g
f
e
[xqsVNRPVs[[ ylLi[) RVLSLRiVV.2



j
NRPLi[ DR sV\sVs NSLRiLi 'NRPV 'sV'sV yxmsRLi. '' lLiLi][ @RsV @LiLRiV: ""y
RgiR LRi sVzqs` @c'xLSLi }qss[RVRLi.'' sVWRs @RsV @LiLRiV: ""@ (xqsV.y.)
sWLiR Li[ ` [R VRLi. '' C 'xkqs" NRPRNRPVRV sWsWs sc{tsQLi` (LRi'j.'@.) s[sV
AL][ sV'@ ssW' RLRiVyR s \sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs)NRPV C sxtsQR VLi FysV.
@xmsVRV C ARV` @sRLjiLixms [R VTLij, ('xqs'{ ' sVVzqs Li, NTPy @ BsWLRi ,
xmsn @xts< QR {mns xqsd). @ (xqsV.y.)sV @LisVjys saRP*zqsLis
RLRiVyRs[ @ (xqsV.y.) sWLiR Li[ ` {qs*NRPLjiLiRRVRVLij. CsWs [s[ FsLiR
g]xms NSLRiLi [zqsy ys xmnsRLi aRPWss[V. saS*xqsVs ` xqsLRi*NSLS[ g]xmsj.
C sxtsQR VLi ks RLRiVyR Ds ARV`[ xqsxts QLigS DLij.
1. RWRLiT, 'xqs.V'Lki, xmsoc4, 'x. 48, 54.
2. zLRi` sVLjiRVV ` sxtsQR VLi[ dsVLRiV, dsV rRLRiV sVLjiRVV RLiRV }mssVsV
LSss*NRPLiT. yLRiV dsV }qszRVV NS[LiR V. yLRiV dsV][ sVLigS ssxLji}qs, sVsV

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

   


408

24. yLji][

B @sV: ""dsV
RLiTyRV, dsV NRPVsWLRiVV, dsV
rRLRiVV, dsV xqsxyxqsVV (@'*), dsV
LiRVsoV,
dsVLRiV
xqsLiFyjLis
AzqsFyxqsVV,
sVLiRgjiry[VsWss
RVxms[ dsV yFyLSV, dsVNRPV
{msNRPLRi\sVs dsV syV c @ NRPLi[,
ARVs xmssNRP NRPLi[ sVLjiRVV ARVs
sWLRiLi[ FLSRLi NRPLi[ c dsVNRPV FsNRPVs
zmsRV\sVs\s[, @ Rs dLRiVsV
zLRiRLi [}qssLRiNRPV sLkiOTPQLiRLiT
.
sVLjiRVV @ @s[RVV\s yLjiNTP
xqsyLRiLi RWxmsRV.''1
25. yxqsysNTP BjsLRiNRPV y RVVR
LRiLigS[ (dsVLRiV N]j sVLij Dy) @
dsVNRPV sRVLi [NPR WLSRV. sVLjiRVV 'x \ss
(RVVR Li) L][ dsV xqsLiLi dsVNRPV gRiLRi*
NSLRisVLiVVLij. NSs, @j dsVNRPV G sR LigSsW
xmssNTPLS[R V. sVLjiRVV WsV saS\sVsj
@LiVVsxmsNUP dsVNRPV BLRiV\ZNPFLiVVLij.
RLRiVyR dsVLRiV ssVRWzms FyLjiFRWLRiV.2

  
   

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dsV BryLi R LSs FyLiRLisVLiT AxmsNRPVLi[, yLji][ sVLigS ssxLjiLiRLiT. NSs

yLRiV sVsV BryLi N]LRiZNP[ j }qs, yLjis dsV }qszRVVgS sLiRNRPLiT. (RW.
3:28, 60:8-9).
1. \sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) xmssRsLi: ""FssLji[[\s[ y FyVyW A @ (xqsV.y.)
][R V. dsV[ G INRPRV NRPWy sVV@"sVs NSRV, FsLiR sLRiZ\ NP[ @RRV Rs RLiT,
Rs xqsLiysLi sVLjiRVV BRLRiVLiRLjiNRPLi[, ssV ('xqs'@xqs) FsNRPVsgS }mssVLiR][!''
('xqs'{ ' V'Lki, NTPy @ CsWs, 'x LRixqsW ('xqs'@xqs) sVs CsWs;
'xqs'{ ' sVVzqs Li, NTPy @cCsWs).
2. 'x\ss, sVNS sVLjiRVV 'yRVmns sVR xmsLRi*y[ Ds INRP s[R V (yj). @NRPR
xy's
sVLjiRVV xqs"dmsn @s[ lLiLiRV gRiyLRiV DLi[yLRiV. yLRiV
sVsR [ sxmsoVV. yLRiV sVVzqs LiNRPV sLRiVR LigS FLSRsNTP, RVVR RRWLkiV
[xqsVyLRis VxqsVN]s \sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs), 12,000 |\ qssNRPV][, sVNS sRVxmso

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

409

   


  
   

26. RLRiVyR @ Rs xmssNRPQ\|ms

sVLjiRVV saS*xqsV\|ms xmsaSLiR zqss

@sRLjiLixms[aSRV. sVLjiRVV dsVNRPV





NRPszmsLiRs (\sRWR) RsV jLizms






xqsR LRiryLRiVsV bPOTPQLiyRV.1 sVLjiRVV
B[ xqsRLRiryLRiVNRPV Li[ xmsxmnsLi.







27. A RLRiVyR NRPWy @ ysV
N][LjisyLji xmsaSyFys @LigkiNRPLjiryRV.
H
G
F
E
D
C
B
A

sVLjiRVV @ ORPQsWbdPVRV, @FyLR

i

N

M
L
K
JI
NRPLRiVxmsyR.

R
Q
P
O
28. J saS*xqsVLS! saRPRVLigS,
x\yLSR (sVVztsQ)NRPVV @xmsLjiaRPVRVV
W
V
UT

S
(s=). 2 NRPsVNRP C xqsLisR=LRiLi RLRiVyR

\[
Z

Y
X
yLRiV sVzqs` @c'xLSsV xqsdsVFysNTP

18c19 jy RLRiVyR 8s z, xtsQy* s[yLji|\ ms yT[R VysNTP sLiR V.

sVVzqsLiNRPV RsV xqsLiLi N]LiRsLRiNRPV gRiLS*sNTP NSLRisVsoRVLij. Bj
@(xqsV.y.)NRPV sRRV. aRPRVsoV yyxmso 4,000 sVLij DLiLRiV. aRPRVso
NRPV yN][[NRP sVVzqs Li \|qssNRPVV ssVjLjigji FyLjiFrygRiVyLRiV. ZNP[sLi \ sxmssNRP
('xqs'@xqs), N]LiRLRiV sVVzqs Li][ V sVgjiFyLRiV. \ sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) FyLjiF[V
yLjis AxmssNTP ZNP[NPR Vs[ryLiR V. RLRiVyR @RsV ('xqs'@xqs) '@qs (LRi'j.'@.)][ yLjis
zmsssVs @LiLRiV. @RsV |msR |msR ZNP[NRPV s[R VVLis, zqsgiR VxmsT N]LiRLRiV Ljigji sryLiR V.
A Ds ylLi[ \ LRi|qs^ LS][ RVVR Li[zqs @ (xqsV.y.) @sVgRixLi][ sRVLi
F~LiRVyLRiV. aRPRVsoV RsV AzqsFyxqsVds sT FyLjiFyLRiV.
1 . NRPszmsLiRsRsV @Li[ \sRWRsV, @ (xqsV.y.) xmsLiFyRV. G
sR LigS\s[ D'x` RVVR Li[, (RWRLiT, 3:124c125) sVLjiRVV `
RVVR Li[ (RWRLiT, 8:9), xmsLiFy][!
2 . sxqsVs: @Li[ @saS*xqsVV, @aRPVRVV, @aRPV VV, @xmsLjiaRPVR VV, sVVLjiNTPyLRiV,
sWsVV, NRPxtsvV @s[ @LSVyLiVV. C @xmsLjiaRPVR R aSLkiLRiNRPLigS gSds, [NPR
sWszqsNRPLigS gSds, [NPR lLiLiRW gSds NSsRV. aSLkiLRiNRPLigS FsLiRVNRPLi[syLRiV \ LigjiNRP [NRP
NSNRPXy @xmsLjiaRPVR R RLRiVyR sj gS xmsLjiaRPVR R @sLiRNRP FsRLi. sWszqsNRPLigS,
FsLiRVNRPLi[syLRiV G\ZNPNRP ALSR VRV, xqsLRi*xqsXzts QNPR LRi, xqsLRi*FxtsQNPR VRV @LiVVs @
(xqsV.y.)sV sR BRLRiVsV GdsV [R V[s yLjis @ (xqsV.y.)NRPV ry NRPLiRRLi.
C aRPLi VL`iAs[ C ARV`[s[ IZNP[ryLji sLij.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

410

   


  
   

LSNRPWRRV.1 sVLjiRVV INRPs[ dsVLRiV [sVNTP
a
`
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]

RVxmsT[! @ N][Lji[, Rs
@sVgRixLi][ sVsV xqsLixmssVVgS
i
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gf


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[RVgRiRV! saRPRVLigS, @


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xqsLRi*RV, sV ss[RyxmsLRiVRV.
29. @sV sVLjiRVV @LisV
r
q
p
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m
jys saRP*zqsLiRs; @ sVLjiRVV

y
x
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ARVs xmssNRP s}tsQjLiss, sztsQRsVs

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sLiRs; xqsRRLSs RsV RLRiLigS
{qs*NRPLjiLiRs gRiLiRxms][ c yLRiV
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xqs*RVLigS
RsV
[RV][

j

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'RW2 B [T DLi[ sLRiNRPW
c
3
FLSRLiT.

p
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30. sVLjiRVV RVWRVV 'D'\L`i
@ NRPVsWLRiVRs @LiLRiV. 4 sVLjiRVV
ut

sr

q
1. sVVzqss[VRLRiVV 'xLRisV xqsLjixR V[NPT LSNRPWRRV. C A 9s z[ sLij. NSs
yLRiV BRLRi sVzqs `[ xmss[bPLiRsRV. DyxLRiNRPV \ sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) xqs"sWsV
scAry" (LRi'j.'@.)sV, @RRV BryLi {qs*NRPLjiLiRNRP sVVLiRV sVzqs ` @scsds[ INRP
xqsLisNTP \kgS NRP DLiyLRiV.
2 . 'RVRVs: VL`iAs[ BR IZNP[ryLji sLij. 'RW @Li[, sVVzqs s[V
RLRiV][ BrydsVRV xms VR*Li sxqsWV[}qs xmssV. ksNTP NSLRiV: 1) yLRiV sj gS
'NS` LiRLRiV, 2) yLjiNTP BrysVRW xms VR*Li[ `, @Li[ BryLi R LRi
LRiORPQN]LRiNRPV FLSRLi sj NSRV, 3) yLji ARLRiORPQ LRiVN]LRiNRPV.
C NTPLiR }msL]s yLjiNTP 'RW[R V. 1) {qsQV, 2) RVVNRPsRVxqsV=NRPV LSs xmsoLRiVxtsvV,
3) sXR VV, 4) yj gRixqsVV sVLjiRVV sNRPLigRiVV, 5) R LRis[R V, gRiVLRiVsoV, sVVsVV,
6) Fss\lLi[ ` (sVLki RW) N]LRiNRPV zqsR xmsRyL][ yLRiV.
3. `sV C sR LigS NRPWy ssLjiLiyLRiV: @ (xqsV.y.) sWLiR Li[ FLSRLi,
@Li[ xqsys sVLjiRVV yss @sVxqsLjiLi[ yLjis (sVVzqs LisV) LRiOTPQLiRsNTP [}qs
R LRiRVVR Li. Bj xms sVVzqs Li VVNRP sj . (RWRLiT, 2:190c194).
4. [sRVsV (Babylonians) RVWRVsV, sRg] s RLRiVyR yLRiV (RVWRVV)
fLS`sV N][[RWLRiV. @j C L][ Ds zqs [NPT , yss Ljigji syLRiV 'D'\L`i
'@.xqs. (Ezra). @Rs[ C L][ AyLRiLi[ Ds RVWRsVys ryzmsLiyLRiV,
(Encyclopedia Brittanica, 1963, volc9, p.15). @Rss[ RVWRVV
@xy'A NRPVsWLRiVRLiLRiV.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

\ZNPQQxqssoV sV{qs' (NUPxqsV) @

NRPVsWLRiVRs.
Bs
yLRiV
RsV
[][ @s[ sW[. BLiRNRPV xmspLRi*xmsoixqsR
LRiryLRiVV
xmsNTPs
sWs[
yLRiV @sVNRPLjixqsVyLRiV. @ yLjis
sbPLixms[RVVgSNRP! ylLiLiR sWxqsgjiLixms
(xqsRLi sVLiT sVLRiLixms) RVRVyLRiV!
31. yLRiV
(RVWRVV sVLjiRVV
\ZNPQQxqss oV) @ sV sR RsV RVWR
sVyyLRiV(@' LRiV)sV
sVLjiRVV
(\ZNPQQxqss ) xqsyxqsV (LRiVsV)sV sVLjiRVV
sVLRisV NRPVsWLRiV\s sV{qs'(NUPxqsV)sV RsV
xms VsoVgS [xqsVNRPVyLRiV. 1 yxqsysNTP,
yLRiV IZNP[ INRP \ys sWRs[V
ALSj Liys AzmsLiRyLRiV. ARVs
(@) Rxms sVL]NRP ALSR Q\sLi [R V.
ARVs yLRiV ryNRPLi[ yNTP @dRVRV.
32. yLRiV @ [s (BryLisV)
RsV [][ (Ej) ALRig][LiR VRVyLRiV, NSs
@ @ NSss*RV; xqsRLRiryLRiVNRPV
@j FsLiR @xqsxNRPLRi\sVy, ARV
s Rs
[s xmspLji [zqsdLRiVyRV.
33. x\yLSR (sVVztsQ)NRPVNRPV @j
FsLiR @xqsxNRPLRi\sVy, Rs xmssNRPNRPV
sWLRiRLRi+NRPy*ds sVLjiRVV xqsRRLSds
B xmsLizms, yss xqsNRP R LS dsVR
xmsLixms[zqs (AjNRPR s)syRV
ARVs (@)[V!2 (1/2)
1. RWRLiT, 3:64.
2. RWRLiT, 3:19 sVLjiRVV 61:8c9.

   


411

  
   

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gRiLi: 10

412

   


  
   

34. * J saS*xqsVLS! saRPRVLigS,

d
c
b
a
`
ysVLij
RVWR
sVyyLRiV
(@'LRiV)V sVLjiRVV \ZNPQQxqss xqsyxqsV
h
g
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(LRiVsV)V xmsr~RVsV @NR
PsV

l
k
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i
xmsRRVy*LS ss[xqsVyLRiV sVLjiRVV

q
p

o
n
m
yLjis @ sWLRiLi sVLiT
ALiNRPxmsLRiVxqsVyLRiV. sVLjiRVV Fss\lLi[

t
s
r
sLiT LigSLSs NRPWR, yss @
sWLRiLi[ LRiV|msL][ yLjiNTP yNRPLRi\sVs
y
x

w
v
u
bPORPQ gRiRs[ yLRisV sszmsLiRV.

35. A jssVVs yss (A sLiT

LigSLSs) sLRiNSgji[ NS ys][ yLji

sVRVLRiV dsVR, xmsNRP dsVR sVLjiRVV
dsxmso dsVR yRV s[RVRyLiVV. 1
(@xmsVRV yLji][ B @sRVRVLij):
""BRLiy
dsVLRiV
dsV
N]LRiNRPV
NRPWRVNRPVs[,
NSsos
dsVLRiV
NRPWRVNRPVs yss RsRWRLiT.''
36. saRPRVLigS,

s xqsLi
@ RgRiLRi xmssLiRV sV
sWRs[V.
Bj
WsWNSaSV
xqsXztsQLis jsLi sVLiT @
gRiLiRLi[ yRVT DLij. y[
yVgRiV sztsQR (sWryV).2 B[ xqs\lLis
RLRiLi. NSsos y[ (A yVgRiV
z sWry[) dsVNRPV dsVLRiV @yRVLi

~

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1. RWRLiT, 3:180 BLiNS RWRLiT, 'xqs'{' V'Lki, xmsoxqsNRPLic2, 'xkq s" sLi. 486.
2. sztsQR sWryV z aRPNRPxmso LRi, "cLiVVR, "c'z sVLjiRVV sVV'xLRisV
(7,11,12 sVLjiRVV 1s sV).

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

   


413

[xqsVN][NRPLiT.1 x\yLSR NRPV][

(sVVztsQN`P) @LiRLRiW NRPzqs FLSRLiT. G
sRLigS @LiVV[ yLRiLiRLRiW NRPzqs dsV][
FLSRVRVyL][! sVLjiRVV saRPRVLigS,

s
@ \sd gRiyLji][s[ DLiR
2
VxqsVN][LiT.
37. saRPRVLigS, ssV ssVNRP
sVVLiRV
[R VLi
(s{qsD")
xqsRLRiryLRiLi[ @Rsxmso [xts Q[V!
yss xqsRLRiryLRiVV sWLiR Q xts Qy*sNTP
gRiVLji[R VRVRVyLRiV. yLRiV yss INRP
xqsLisR=LRiLi R LRixqssVRLi [xqsVNRPVLiLRiV
sVL]NRP xqsLisR=LRiLi s}tsQj LiRVNRPVLiLRiV. C
sR LigS yLRiV @ s}tsQj Lis (s)
xqsLisV RsVNRPV @sVgRiVLigS sWLRiVN]s
@ s}tsQj Lis yss R LRixqssVRLi
[xqsVNRPVLiVyLRiV. yLji RVuyLSV yLjiNTP
sV[x LiR \sVssgS NRPszmsxqsVyLiVV. sVLjiRVV
@ xqsRLRiryLRiVNRPV xqsyLiR Li
RWxmsRV.

  
   

 FED C B A
 K      J I H G
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 [ ZY XWV
 ` _ ^]\


cb a

1. z s NRP RLiRVs sxmsNSLRiLi DLij. @Li[ z xqsLisR=LRiLi

yLiRsWs xqsLisR=LRiLi. Bs xmsNRPXzqsR \sVs sV sVLjiRVV xqsLisR=LSV. dss
@sVxqsLjiLiRsNTP NRPV |ms [ @sxqsLRiLi [R V. kss LRisV'ys DxmsyryV
sVLjiRVV 'x s[LiR Vs[LiR V VVRVso[ sryLiVV. xmsxmsLiRLi[ FsNRPR Dy, xmsV
xms VVRVso[ DxmsyryV, xmsLiRVgRiV [xqsVNRPVLiLRiV. yLiRs 29.5 L][j
sVLjiRVV yLiR xqsLisR=LRiLi 354 L][j. xqsWLRisWs xqsLisR=LRiLi][ Bj 11.25
L][V RNRPVs. ks s xms 34 yLiRsWs xqsLisR=LSNRPV @Li[ 12,036
jyNRPV INRPryLji 'x @[ jssVVs sVd sxqsVLij. sVVztsQNP` @LRiVV,
yLiRsWs xqsLisR=LSs xqsWLRisWs xqsLisR=LRiLi][ xqsLji|mssNTP @j NRPsWrys
[lLi[yLRiV. C ARV` RLRiVyR BryLi xtsQLik RV`[ xqsWLRisWs xqsLisR=LRiLi
sVLjiRVV @ xqsLji|msLi LRiR V [R VyLiVV.
2. RWRLiT, 2:193, 8:73.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

414

   


  
   

38. J saS*xqsVLS! dsVZNP[sVLiVVLij?  i h g f e d

dsV][: ""@ sWLRiLi[ RVV[LRiLiT.''

 o n m l k j
@s zmssxmsoRV dsVLRiV WsVNTP @RVN]s
FRVylLi[sV? GdsV? dsVLRiV xmsLRi[NSs
 t srq p
sR, Bx[NRP sRLi][s[ RXzms
xmsRRRVNRPVyLS? NSs Bx[NRP sR
 y xw v u
xqsVLi, xmsLRi[NPR (sR xqsV sVVLiRV)
 ~ } | { z
FsLi][ @Q\sVsj!1
 
ba ` _
39. dsVLRiV RVV[LRiNRPF[, ARVs 
dsVNRPV yNRPLRi\sVs bPORPQsV sjryRV.
sVLjiRVV dsVNRPV RVVgS sVL]NRP s dsV  f e d c
rysLi[ ryR V. sVLjiRVV dsVLRiV ARVsNRPV  k j i h g
FsLi sxtsQLi NRPgjiLiR[LRiV. 2 sVLjiRVV
 q p o nml
@ xmsk [RVgRi xqssVLRiVRV.

ts r
40. INRPs[ dsVLRiV @RsNTP (xmssNRPN PR V)
xqs R VLi [R VNRPF[ GLi xmsn LS*[R V! (@
@RsNTP RxmsNRP xqs R VLi [ryR V). G  y x w v u
sR LigS\s[, xqsRLRiryLRiVV @Rss  ~ } | { z
FyLRi][sxmsoRV, @ @RsNTP xqs R VLi
       
[aS][! @xmsVRV @RsV BR Lji[ lLiLiRs
yTgS (r"L`i) gRiVx [ DsxmsVRV @RsV Rs
   
][ys (@WcN`P)][: ""dsso RVMxmsRNRPV,
   
saRPRVLigS, @ sVs][ DyRV!'' @s
1. RWRLiT, 'xqs'{' V'Lki, xmsoxqsNPR Lic4, 'xkqs" sLi. 53.
2. BNRPR 9s z xtsQy* s[ Ljigjis RWN`P RLiRRWR xmsrys s DLij. Li\s
(Byzantine) RNRPsLji, \ZNPQQxqss o\s, zLSNPT RVqs, sVVzqs LiNRPV sLRiVR LigS
RVVR xqsyV sVVRV|msyR V. NSsos sVV'xsV` ('xqs'@xqs) NRPWy
RVVR xqsyV sVVRV|msyLiR V. @j NRPxmssaS*xqsVNRPV FsLi][ R NRPLRiLigS DLiVLij.
@xmsVRV C ARV` @sRLjiLixms[R VTLij. \ sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) sVVzqs Li][,
\ZNPQQxqss osV FsRVL][ssNTP RWN`P s, @NRPR 20 L][VLiT, Z\ NPQQxqssoV RVVysNTP
LSsLiRVNRPV Ljigji s[ryLiR V.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

415

@yRV. 1 @xmsVRV @ ! @Rs\|ms Rs

RLRixmsn QosVLiT sVsaS+Lis @sRLjiLixms[aSRV.
@Rss dsVNRPV NRPszmsLiRs (\sRWR)
R][ xqs R VLi[zqs xqsRLRiryLRiV
sWsV NTPLiRxmsLRiyRV. sVLjiRVV @ sW
xqsy xqsL][*sR\sVs[. sVLjiRVV @
xqsLRi*aRPNTP s VLiRVRV, sV ss[R yxmsLRiVRV. 
41. [NRPgS\sy xqslLi[, [NPR LRiVsogS\sy
xqslLi[ RVV[LiR LiT. sVLjiRVV dsV xqsLixmsR][
sVLjiRVV dsV Fy][ @ sWLiR Li[
FLSRLiT. INRPs[ dsVLjij VxqsV N][giR gji[,
Bj dsVZNPLi][ DR s V\sVsj.
42. @j ]LiRLRigS ]LjiZNP[ Li sVLjiRVV
xqsV #\sVs xmsRWLi @LiVV[ yLRiV RxmsNRP
dssLi s[yLRiV. NSs yLjiNRPj (RWN`P)
xmsRWLi y NRPxts \sVsjgS (RWLRi \sVsjgS)
@szmsLiLij. NSsos yLRiV @ \|ms
xmssWLi [xqsW @LiVyLRiV: ""s[VsVV
LSgRizqs [ DLi[ RxmsNRP dsVsLi s
DLi[yLRisVV.'' (C sR LigS @R sWT) yLRiV
RsVsV ysVV yaRPsLi [xqsVNRPVLiVyLRiV.
sVLjiRVV yLRiV @R sWRVRVyLRis
@ NPR V gS VxqsV.2

   


  
   

  
   
  
   
  

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b

j
ih

g

1. NUP. aRPNRPLi 622, (xmssNRP xmsRs xmsryjLiRTs yyxmso 13s xqsLisR=LRiLi)[, sVV'xsV`
('xqs'@xqs)sV RLixmssNTP, sVNS sVVztsQNPR VV @Rs BLi dsVjNTP, LSs[ xms gRisVLiT INRP
RVVsNRPV RRWLRiV[zqs xmsLixmsoyLRiV. @ (xqsV.y.) A][, \ sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) yLji dsVR
RVsVV sxqsLRigS, yLjiNTP NRPVsVNRPV sxqsVLij. A RLRiVyR @RsV ('xqs'@xqs), @WN`P
(LRi'j.'@.)][ xqs RVV[Lij , r"L`i N]LiR gRiVx[ sVWRVL][V ygRiVyLRiV. sVVztsQNPR VV
yLjis sRVNRPVLiW gRiVx\|ms sLRiNRPV [LiR VyLRiV. NSs sVVztsQNPR VV yLjiR Ljis NRPsVg]s[NPR FyLRiV.
@j yLjiR LRiV gRisVsryLiR V. AxqsLiRLRiLi[ \sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) @WN`P (LRi'j.'@.)][ C
sWV @LiLRiV, ('xqs'{ ' V'Lki).
2. FsLiRNSLi, LiR WLRi xmsLiNSLi, y RWLRixmso xmsRWLi NSsLi s NRPxmssaS*xqsVV,

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

416

43. (J xmssNS!) @ ssV

   


  
   

p
o
n
m
l
k

sVsLiRVgSNRP! xqsRsLiRVsL][ dsNRPV

xqsxtsQLi
NSNRPsVVLi[
sVLjiRVV

tsr

q
@RsW[ ylLisL][ dsNRPV RVNRP sVVLi[,
yLjis (ssVNRP DLiRsNTP) FsLiR
VNRPV
x

wvu






@sVsVsyso?1
44. @sV sVLjiRVV @LisV
|
{
z
y
jys saRP*zqsLi[yLRiV, RsV xqsLixms

`
_
~
}
sVLjiRVV RsV FysV ssWgjiLi
(@ sWLiR Li[) FLSRLi sVLiT

dc


b
a
RzmsLiRVN][ssNTP FssRW @sVsV
@RgRiLRiV. sVLjiRVV \sd gRiyLRiV


h

g
f
e
FssL][ @NRPV gS VxqsV.




45. sxqs=Li[xLigS,
@sV

l
k
j
i

sVLjiRVV @LisVjys saRP*zqsLiRs
ylLi[, ssVNRP DLiRsNTP @sVsV
p
o
n
m
@RVgRiVyLRiV. sVLjiRVV yLji xXRRWV

t
s
r
q
xqsLi[xLi[ sVVsgji DyLiVV. NSsos
yLRiV RsV xqsLi[[ xmsT EgjixqsRV



w

v
u
RVyLRiV.2 (5/8)
{s saS*xqsLi gRiyLRiV, sVLjiN]LiRLRiV FsyLji yxqsV(R W)V, Fs[ WNRP ryNRPVV
zms \sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs)sV, ssVNRP DLiT FssNTP @sVsV @RVgRiVyLRiV. \ sxmssNRP
('xqs'@xqs) @sVsV NRPWy BryLiR V. A xqsLiRLRiLi[ Bj sVLjiRVV ks RLRiVyR ARVRVV
@sRLjiLixms[R VyLiVV.
1. RWRLiT, 24:62.
2. C `[ Fys[ sxtsQR VLi[ sVVzqs Li yVgRiV sLSV GLRiyLiVV: 1) xqsxXRRVLi][
sLis[ `NRPV zqsR xmsR yLRiV; 2) sVVR xqsLiN][Li sLis[ zqsR xmsRyLRiV; 3) sXR VV,
L][giR VV sVLjiRVV xmsRWxmso LRiVV [syLRiV c dsLjis @ (xqsV.y.) ORPQsVLiyRV
c RWRLiT, 9:91c92; 4) ZNP[s Li rsVLjiRsLi s FyssyLRiV. dsLRiV xmsaSyxmsxmsT
ORPQsWxms N][LiR gS yLji ORPQsWxms RLRiVyR @LigkiNRPLjiLiRRVRVLij. dsLRiVgSNRP WNRP ryNRPVV
zms ssVNRPDLiTFLiVVs NRPxms saS*xqsVV NRPWy DyLRiV.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

   


417

46. * sVLjiRVV INRPs[ yLRiV RVV

[LSs N][LjiDLi[ RxmsNRP ys\ZNP yLRiV
RVVRrysVgjis zqsRxmsLRiRVN]s DLi[yLRiV,
NSs yLRiV RVV[LRiLi @NRPV BxtsQLi
[RV, NSsos yLjis szmss[aSRV. sVLjiRVV
yLji][: ""NRPWL]s DsyLji][ dsVLRiV NRPWy
NRPWL]s DLiRLiT!'' @s xmsTLij
.
47. INRPs[ yLRiV dsV][ NRPzqs sy
dsV[ NRPRV Rxms sVlLi[dsV @jNRPLi
[}qsyLRiV NSRV. sVLjiRVV dsV sVR

DxmsRsLi (zmnsR) lLi[ZNPLiRsNTP ds
xmsRVyV
[}qsyLRiV.
sVLjiRVV
dsV[ N]LiRLRiV yLji (NRPxmssaS*xqsV)
N]LRiNRPV, sWV ss[yLRiV (yLji gRiWy
yLRiVV) DyLRiV. sVLjiRVV @NRPV
RVLSLRiV gRiVLjiLi gS VxqsV.
48. (J xmssNS!) yxqsysNTP yLRiV
BLiRNRPV sVVLiRV NRPWy NRP[s (zmnsRsV)
xmsoLi, ds NSLSsV RNTPLiRVV
[RVg][LSLRiV.
sLRiNRPV
xqsRLi
zLRiRsVLiVVLij. sVLjiRVV @
sLRiRVLi xqsxtsQsVLiVVLij. sVLjiRVV yLRiV
ks @xqszLiRVNRPVyLRiV!
49. sVLjiRVV yLji[: ""yNRPV (ssVNRP
DLiRsNTP) @sVsVsso*! ssV G
sWRLi xmsLkiORPQNRPV gRiVLji[RVNRPV!'' @s @s[
yLRiV NRPWy DyLRiV. yxqsysNTP, yLRiV
(B @sVsV N][Lji) xmsLkiORPQNRPV
gRiVLji@RWLRiV! sVLjiRVV saRPRVLigS,
xqsRLRiryLRiVsV
sLRiNSgj
i
RVVN][sVsj.

  
   

{
z
y
x



~
}
|

E
D
C
B
A

I

H
G
F

N
M
L
K
J

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P
O




V
U
T
S
R



\
[
Z
YX

W

`
_
^]

c

ba

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

   


418

50. (J xmssNS!) INRPs[ dsNRPV s[VV

NRPgji[ yLjiNTP R NRPVgRiVRVLij. sVLjiRVV

ds\|ms AxmsRs}qs yLRiV: ""s[VsVV
sVVLiRVgSs[ gRiRxmsysVV!'' @s @LiW
xqsLi][xtsQxmsRVRW sVLRiFyLRiV.
51. yLji][ B @sV: ""@ sW
N]LRiNRPV yzqsLij Rxms sVlLi[dsV sWNRPV
xqsLisLiRRV. ARVs[ sW xqsLiLRiORPQNRPVRV.
sVLjiRVV saS*xqsVV @ dsV[ ssVNRPLi
DLiRVN][y!''
52. B @sV: ""dsVLRiV sW sxtsQRVLi[
sLkiOTPQxqsVsj lLiLiRV s[V\s y[ INRP.
@ xqs*RVLigS dsVNRPV bPORPQ sj ryy, [y
sW [R V y*LSy? @s s[VsVV
sLkiOTPQxqsVysVV. NSsos dsVLRiW sLkiOTPQLiRLiT,
saRPRVLigS s[VsVV NRPWy dsV][FyV
sLkiOTPQxqsVysVV!''
53. B @sV: ""dsVLRiV dsV (xqsLixmsRsV)
BxtsQxmspLRi*NRPLigS LRiV[zqsy, [y BxtsQLi
[NRPVLiy LRiV[zqsy @j dsV sVLiT
{qs*NRPLjiLiRRRV. 1 saRPRVLigS, dsVLRiV
@s[RVVV (FnyzqsWs).''
54. sVLjiRVV yLji sLSLi (RLiy)
{qs*NRPLjiLiRRNRPVLiy FssNTP NSLRiLi,
yxqsysNTP yLRiV @ s V sVLjiRVV ARVs
xqsLi[aPR x LiR V LRixqsLjiLiRRLi sVLjiRVV
ssW' N]LRiNRPV FsLi][ rsVLjiRsLi][ Rxms
LSNRPFsRLi sVLjiRVV @LiVVxts QLi][ (@
sWLiR Li[) LRiV|msRs[V!2
1. RWRLiT, 2:264, 4:38.
2. RWRLiT, 'xqs.V'Lki, xmsoc1, 'x. 626.

  
   

hg

f
e
d

m
l
k
j
i

r
q
p
o
n

u

t
s

|
{
z

y
x
w
v


c
b
a
`_

~
}

e

d

k


j


i
h
g
f

q
p
o
n
ml

v
u
t
s
r

|

{

z
yx

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}



9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

   


419

55. NSsos yLji zqsLjixqsLixmsRVgSds, yLji

xqsLiysLigSds, ssV AaRPLRiLi[ xmsRss*

NRPWRRV!1 saRPRVLigS, @ yss
yLjis Bx[NRP sRLi[ bPOTPQLiRg][LRiV
RVyRV. sVLjiRVV yLRiV xqsRLRiryLRi
zqs[s[ RsV FysV N][[yLRiV.
56. sVLjiRVV yLRiV saRPRVLigS, s[VsVV
dsV][s[ DysVs @\|ms xmssWLi
[xqsVyLRiV. NSs yLRiV dsV][ [LRiV.
yxqsysNTP yLRiV dsVNRPV RVxmsRVRVyLRiV.
57. INRPs[ yLjiNTP G\y AaRPRVLi
gSds, gRiVx gSds [y R yRVN][ssNTP
GNSLiR xqsLi gSds ]LjiNTP[, yLRiV ]LiRLRigS
xmsLRiVlgi @LiRV[ yNRPVLiLRiV.2
58. sVLjiRVV (J xmssNS!) yLji[
N]LiRLRiV yyV (xqsR`) xmsLi[
sxtsQRVLi[
ds\|ms
@xmssLiRV
3
sWxmsoRVyLRiV. yssVLiT yLjiNTP N]LiR
Bs*T[ xqsLi][ztsQryLRiV. NSs yssVLiT
yLjiNTP
Bs*RNRPF[
N][xmsgjiLiRV
NRPVLiLRiV!
59. sVLjiRVV
INRPs[
@
sVLjiRVV ARVs xmssNRP yLjiNTP Bs
ys][ yLRiV RXzmsxmsT: ""@[V
sWNRPV yV! @ Rs @sVgRixLi][

  
   

D
C
B
A



J
I
H
G
FE

O
N
M
L
K

S

R
Q
P

W
V
U
T

\
[
Z
Y
X

^

]

b
a
`
_

g
f
e

d
c

j

i
h

o
n

m
l
k

v

u
t
s
r
q
p

{
z
yx
w

a
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~
}
|

ed

c
b

1. RWRLiT, 20:131 sVLjiRVV 23:55c56. BLiNS RWRLiT, 3:178 sVLjiRVV 8:28.

2. C ARV` NRPxms saS*xqsVsV gRiVLjiLi DLij. yLjis gRiVLjiLi BLiNS RWRLiT, 4:142,
9:67 sVLjiRVV 29:11. (VL`iAs @sRLRiNRPsVLi[ Bj xaS NRPxmssaS*xqsVsV
gRiVLjiLi ss sVVsVVR ARV`).
3. RWRLiT, 2:263c264.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

420

sWNRPV BLiNS y BryRV sVLjiRVV

ARVs xmssNRP NRPWy (BryRV).
saRPRVLigS, s[VsVV @s[ s[RV
NRPVLisVV!'' @s xmsNTP DLi[ (@j
yLjiZNP[ gRiVLi[j!) (3/4)
60. *

   


  
   

i
h
g
f


n
m
l

k
j

o

saRPRVLigS,
yyV

s
r
q
p
('xqsR`)
ZNP[sLi
RWLiRV

v
u
t
sLRiV}msRNRPV sVLjiRVV RWLiRs
2
}msRyLjiNTP, ('NSRV) ssLS\|ms

z
y
x
w
sRVVNRPVQ\s yLjiNTP sVLjiRVV FssLji
xXRRW\s[
(BryLi
\sxmsoNRPV)
ANRPL<jiLiRszqs DLi][ yLjiNTP, sxqs
~
}
|
{
ssVVNTP N]LRiNRPV, VVgRixqsVQ\s yLji







N]LRiNRPV, @ sWLRiLi[ (F[VyLji)
N]LRiNRPV sVLjiRVV ryLRiV N]LRiNRPV. Bj







@ sLRiLiVVLis INRP sj. sVLjiRVV



@ xqsLRi*RV, sV ss[NRPsLiRVRV.
61. sVLjiRVV yLji[ N]LiRLRiV xmssNRPsV





RsV sW][ R NRPgjiLi[ yLRiVyLRiV.








yLRiLiLRiV: ""BRsV (xmsVRV sWV)
1

1. BNRPR xqsR` @Li[ 'NS` @s @LiR Li. FsssVj (8) LRiNS yLRiV dsNTP
xNRPVyLRiVV: 1) xmsn QoLSNRPV; 2) sVryNUPsNRPV; 3) 'NS` FgRiV[R VsNTP
sRVVNRPVQ\s yLjiNTP; 4) FssLji xXRRWsV BryLi \ sxmsosNRPV ANRPL<ij LiRszqsDLi][
yLjiNTP; 5) sVVzqs Li sxqs ssVVNTPN PT ; 6) VVgRixqsVQ\ s yLjiNTP; 7) @ sWLiR Li[
sVLjiRVV 8) ryLRiVNRPV c yLRiV }msRyLRiV NSNRPVy c xmsRWLi[ DsxmsVRV
[sVNTP gRiVLji@LiVV[ yLjiNTP By*.
2. xmsn dLRiVs: @Li[ GdsV AyRVLi [s LiRVNRPV Rs sysxqsLSNRPV BRLRiV\|ms AyLRixmsT
DLi[yRV. ByLRiV sj [NPR RWLiRsRV.
sV{qssVs: N]LiR AyRVLi gRiyRV NSs @j @Rs sysxqsLSNRPV xqsLjiFRV. @RRV
BRLRiV][ RWLiRVNRPV ssVNRPLis[ryR V. Rs ry*sWsLi[ DLiRV. ByTNTP
yT ORPQV RWzqs By*. ('xqs'{' V'Lki, 'xqs'{' sVVzqsLi).

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

421

   


  
   

ss[yRV.''1 B @sV: ""@RsV ss[j dsV

s[VVZNP[! @RsV @sV saRP*zqsryRV
sVLjiRVV saS*xqsVsV ssVVyRV sVLjiRVV





dsV[ saRP*zqsLis yLjiNTP @RsV NSLRiV
sVWLji.'' sVLjiRVV @ xqsLi[aRPxLRiVsNTP






R NRPgjiLi[ yLjiNTP yNRPLRi\sVs bPORPQ







DLiVLij.
62. (J saS*xqsVLS!) sVsV

C
B
A
xqsLi][xtsQ|mssNTP yLRiV dsV sVVLiRV

F
E
D
@\|ms xmssWV [xqsVyLRiV.
yxqsysNTP yLRiV saS*xqsV[ @LiVV[,

K
J
I
H
G
@sV sVLjiRVV ARVs xmssNRPsV
2
xqsLi][xts|mss[V yLji RR.

M

L
63. GdsV? @sV sVLjiRVV ARVs

R
Q

P
O
N

xqsLi[aPR xLRiV
sL][jLi[
ysNTP,
saRPRVLigS! gRigRi sVLi[ sLRiNSgji bPORPQ

W
V
U
T
S
DLiRds, @[ @Rs aSaRP*R syxqssVds,

\
[Z

Y
X
yLjiNTP RVy? Bj FsLiR g]xms
@ssWsLi!

_

^
]
64. RsV xXRRW[ Ds
(LRixrysV) xqsxtsQLigS RV[[}qs
c
b
a
`

VsLi xqsWLRi yLjiNTP sLRiVRLigS

h
g
f
e
d
@sRLjiLixms[RVRVRVLi[sWss, C
NRPxmssaS*xqsVV
RVxmsRVRVyLRiV.

n
m
l
k
ji
yLji][ @sV: ""dsVLRiV FsgRiy RVLiT,
dsVLRiV (RVxmsRVRVLiRs) RVxmsRV

r

q
p
o
RVs sxtsQRWs, @ RxmsNRP
RV|msyRV.''
1. RWRLiT, 9:74.
2. RWRLiT, 4:80 sVLjiRVV 3:31.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

422

   


65. dsso yLjis @Tgji[ yLRiV RxmsNRP:

  
   

u
t
s
""s[VsVV ZNP[sLi NSZOP[QFysNTP sVLjiRVV
xmsLjirysNTP sWRs[V B sWRV
{
zy

x
w
v
RVysVV.'' @s xqssWyssVryLRiV.
yLji][ @sV: ""GdsV dsVLRiV @][




_
~
}
|
sVLjiRVV
ARVs
xqsWRs][

a

`
(ARVRV][) sVLjiRVV ARVs xmssNRP][
s[N][Li [xqsVyLS?

f



e
d
c
b
66. ""BNRP dsVLRiV ryNRPVV xmsNRPLiT,

l
k
j
i
hg
yxqsysNTP dsVLRiV saRP*zqsLis RLRiVyR
xqsys LRixqsLjiLiyLRiV.'' dsV[ N]LiRLjis

p
o
n
m
s[VsVV ORPQsVLiy BRLRiVsV RxmsNRPVLiy
bPOTPQrysVV, FsLiRVNRPLi[ yxqsysNTP yLRiV

s

r
q
@xmsLSRVV.1
67. NRPxms saS*xqsV\s xmsoLRiVxtsvV
v
u
t

sVLjiRVV NRPxmssaS*xqsV\s {qsQV
{
z
yx

w
@LiRLRiW IZNP[ N][sNRPV LijsyLRiV! yLRiV
@RLSs A[bPryLRiV. sVLjiRVV RLSs

~
}
|
s}tsQjryLRiV.2 sVLjiRVV RsV [RVsV






(s[VVsVLiT) AxmsoNRPVLiLRiV. yLRiV
@sV sVLRiFRWLRiV, NSsos
ARVs NRPWy yLjis sVLRiFRWRV.3




saRPRVLigS,
C
NRPxmssaS*xqsV[




@s[RVVV (FnyzqsWs).


68. sVLjiRVV
NRPxmssaS*xqsV\s





xmsoLRiVxtsvNRPV sVLjiRVV NRPxmssaS*xqsV\s
{qsQNRPV sVLjiRVV xqsRLRiryLRiVNRPV,




1. RWRLiT, 4:98.
2. RWRLiT, 3:104, 110, 114; 9:71, 112 sVLjiRVV 22:41.
3. RWRLiT, 45:34.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

423

   


  
   

@ sLRiNSgji ygSsLi [aSRV.

yLRiLiRV[ aSaRP*RLigS DLiLRiV. @[
yLjiNTP Rgjisj. sVLjiRVV @ yLjis







aRPzmsLiyRV (zxtsQLjiLiyRV). sVLjiRVV

D
C
B
A

yLjiNTP FsRgRis bPORPQ DLiVLij.

I
H
G
F
E
69. (dsVLRiV NRPWy) gRiLis dsV
xmspLki*NRPVsLiyLRiV. yLRiV dsV NRPLi[


L
K
J
FsNRPVs sLiRVV, R ssLiRVV
sVLjiRVV @j NRP xqsLiysLi gRiyLRiV. yLRiV

O
N
M
RsV gRixmso HzNRP xqsVsV

S
R
Q
P
@sV sLiyLRiV. dsVLRiV NRPWy dsV
xmspLji*NRPVV @sV sLisV dsV gRixmso

V
U
T
HzNRPxqsVsV @sV sLiyLRiV. yLRiV

Z
Y
XW
xmsTsVsLi sLiR y][xmsyy[ dsVLRiV
NRPWy xmsyLRiV. BLi yLji NRPLRiV

_^

]
\
[
Bx[NPR Li[s W sVLjiRVV xmsLRi[NPR Li[s W
sLiR sVsoyLiVV. sVLjiRVV BLi yLRiV! c

b
a
`
dslLi[ suysNTP gRiVLji@[V yLRiV.

h
g
f

e
d

70. GdsV? yLji xmspLki*NRPV gSR yLjiNTP
@LiR[y? sW' yLji, 'A`,
m
l
k
j
i
xqs"sVW`,1 B{sV yLji,2 sV`RVs

p
o

n
(xtsv'H) xms 3 sVLjiRVV RNTPLiRVV
[R VTs xms ('W`) yLji (gSRV






sr

q
4
@LiR[y)? yLji xmssNRP V yLji sR NRPV

wv

u

t
xqsxtsQ\sVs (xqsWRsV) dxqsVN]ssyLRiV.
1. sW', x` sVLjiRVV 'ry' ('@\zsV xqs.) gSR N]LRiNRPV RWRLiT, 7:59c79.
2. B{sV ('@.xqs.) yLRiV, [sRVsVV.1100 xqsLisR=LSV NUPxqsV aRPNSsNTP
sVVLiRV yLRiV @{qs=LjiRVs y*LS @xmsRVLi F~Lij yaRPsLi [RVyLRiV.
3. sV`RVs xms gSRNRPV RWRLiT, 7:85c93.
4. r][s V sVLjiRVV g]sWLSV, W'` ('@.xqs.) xms sgRiLSV. RWRLiT, 7:80c-84,
11:69c83.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

424

   


  
   

@ yLjiNTP @yRVLi [R VRRV
|{zyx

N][[RV NSs, ylLi[ RsVNRPV ysVV @yRVLi
[xqsVNRPVLiW DyLRiV.


`

_
~
}



71. sVLjiRVV saS*xqsV\s xmsoLRiVxtsvV
d
c
b
a

sVLjiRVV
saS*xqsV\s
{qsQV

h
g
fe
INRPLjiN]NRPLRiV }qszRVV. yLRiV RLSs
A[bPryLRiV ([jryLRiV) sVLjiRVV @RLRiLi
sVLiT s}tsQjryLRiV (yLjiryLRiV) sVLjiRVV
l

k
j
i
ssW'sV ryzmsryLRiV sVLjiRVV sjysLi

o
n
m
('NS`) ryLRiV sVLjiRVV @NRPV

t
sr

q
p
sVLjiRVV ARVs xmssNRPNRPV s[RVV\
DLiLRiV. BLi yLjis[ @

z
y
x
wv

u
NRPLRiVryRV. saRPRVLigS, @
xqsLRi*aRPNTPsVLiRVRV, sV ss[RyxmsLRiVRV.



|

{
72. sVLjiRVV @ saS*xqsV\s



~
}
xmsoLRiVxtsvNRPV sVLjiRVV saS*xqsV\s {qsQNRPV
NTPLiR NSVsV xmsszLi[ xqs*LiR sy






ygSsLi [aSRV. @NRPR yLRiV aSaRP*RLigS





DLiLRiV. sVLjiRVV aSaRP*R\sVs xqsVVs
A xqs*LiR sy[, yLji N]LRiNRPV xmsLjiaRPVR







syryV DLiLiVV.1 ys NRPLi[
sVLiLij yLjiNTP Li[ @ xmsxqssR.








@[ A g]xms ryxmsn Li (sRVLi).
73. J xmssNS! xqsRLRiryLRiV][

D
C
B
A

sVLjiRVV NRPxmssaS*xqsV][ FLSRV
sVLjiRVV yLjixms NRPhjisLigS ssxLjiLiRV.
I
HG

F
E
sVLjiRVV yLji AaRPRVLi sLRiNRPs[V. sVLjiRVV


N

M
L
KJ
@j @R gRisVrysLi.
1. RWRLiT, 38:50. '@`: @sRLRi xmsNSLRiLi C aRPLi sVVsVVR |\ ms ARV`[ sLij.
'@`, @Li[ aSaRP*R\sVs @s @LRiLi.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

74. ""s[VsVV

gRiLi: 10

425

GdsV
(RVsW)
@s[R V!'' @s yLRiV @\|ms
xmssWLi[zqs @LiVyLRiV. NSs yxqsysNTP
yLRiV xqsRLRiryLRixmso sW @yLRiV.
sVLjiRVV BryLisV {qs*NRPLjiLis RLRiVyR
yss LRixqsLjiLiyLRiV. sVLjiRVV yLjiNTP
@ryR Q\sVs yss [R VRRVNRPVyLRiV.
@ sVLjiRVV ARVs xmssNRP, (@ )
@sVgRixLi][ yLjis xqsLixmssVVgS
[aSLRis[ NRPy! yLRiV C sR LigS xmsdNSLRiLi
[xqsVyLRiV. BxmsV\y yLRiV xmsaSyxms
xmsT[ @j yLjiZNP[ s[VV. sVLjiRVV yLRiV
sVLRiF[, @ yLjiNTP Bx[NPR Li[s W
sVLjiRVV xmsLRi[NPR Li[s W, yNRPLRi\sVs bPORPQ
sj ryR V. sVLjiRVV WsV[ yLjiNTP G
LRiORPQNPR VRV gSds xqsRVNRPVRV
gSds
DLiRRV.(7/8)
75. * sVLjiRVV yLji[ (N]LiRLRiV) C
sRLigS @\|ms xmssWLi [}qsyLRiV
NRPWy DyLRiV: ""ARVs (@) Rs
@sVgRixLi][ sWZNP[sV xmsryjLiy s[VsVV
RxmsNRP ysLi [rysVV sVLjiR
VV
xqsR*QQLRisV\sV DLisVV.''
76. NSs @ Rs @sVgRixLi s
yLjiNTP (RsLi) xmsryjLisxmsVRV, yLRiV
zmszqsyLjiRsLi xmsRLji+Li, RsV (ygS
sLi)
sVLiT ssVVV\ sVLRiFyLRiV.
77. A zmsRxms yLRiV @ ][ [zqss
ygSsLi xmspLji[R VsLiRVNRPV, @xqsRLi xmsNTP
sLiRVNRPV, ARVsV NRPVxqsVNRPVs[ (xmsosLRiVys)
jsLi sLRiNRPV, ARVs yLji x XRRW[


NSxmsLi yVNRPVs[V [aSRV.

   


  
   

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9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

426

78. GdsV? yLji gRiVxms LRixryV

   


  
   

sVLjiRVV yLji LRixxqs xqssW[RsV,

@NRPV Vxqss yLjiNTP RVy?





sVLjiRVV saRPRVLigS, @ @g][RLRi





sxtsQRWds zq sosyRV.
79. sVsxqsWQQLjigS
xqsLi][xtsQLi][

(@
sWLRiLi[)
ysLi[}qs





saS*xqsVsV sLijLi[ yLjids sVLjiRVV
RsVaRPsV Rxms sVlLi[sV Bs*sNTP




[syLjis FsgRiy [}qsyLjids, @
FsgRiyNTP gRiVLji[ryRV. sVLjiRVV yLjiNTP









yNRPLRi\sVs bPORPQ DLij.












80. (J xmssNS!) dsso yLji (NRPxms
saS*xqsV) ORPQs WxmsN]LRiNRPV s[R VNRPVy, [y
G
F
E
D
C
B

A

yLji ORPQs WxmsN]LRiNRPV s[R VN][NPR FLiVVy
INRP[ c BLiNS dsso \Qr yLiR V yLji ORPQs Wxms

M
L
K
J
I
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N]LRiNRPV s[R VNRPVy c @ yLjis
S
R
Q
PO

N
ORPQsVLiRRV. 1 FsLiRVNRPLi[ yxqsysNTP yLRiV
@sV sVLjiRVV ARVs xmssNRP s V

Y
X
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T
LRixqsLjiLiyLRiV.
sVLjiRVV
@



\

[
Z
@s [ R VV\s xmsNRPV xqsyLiR Li RWxmsRV.2




81. (RWN`P RLiRRWRNRPV FNRPVLiy)
ssVNRP AgjiFLiVVs yLRiV, ysVV @
_
^
]
xqsLi[aPR x LiR Vs sLi ss sL][j Li

d
c
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(RsVBLiR [)
NRPWLRiVLiT
sLiRVNRPV
xqsLi][xtsQxmsyLRiV. sVLjiRVV yLRiV RsV

h
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R sxqsLixmsRV][ sVLjiRVV RsVFy][
1. \ s xmssNRP sVVxsV` ('xqs'@xqs) Rs aRPRVsosV ORPQsVLiRsVs @ (xqsV.y.)sV
FyLij LisV V'Lki, sVVzqs Li sVLjiRVV BRLRiV 'xqs'{ ' 'xkq s"y*LS VxqsVLij.
2. RWRLiT, 76:3.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

427

   


  
   

@ sWLiR Li[ FLSRs @xqsz LiRV

NRPVyLRiV. sVLjiRVV yLRiV BRLRiV][: ""C
po

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ds\sVss[T [ sNRPLiT!'' @s @yLRiV.


x
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ksNRPLi[ FsNRPVs s[T gS DLiVLij.'' @j


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yLRiV @LiR Li[xqsVNRPVLi[ FsLiR gRiVLi[j !


82. NSsos BxmsVRV yLjis N]LiR ss*



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sso* sVLjiRVV yLji NRPLRiNRPV xmsxmsn LigS
(sVVsVLiRV) yLjiNTP FsLi][ GR*szqs DLij
.

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83. NSsos (J xmssNS!) INRPs[
@
ssV
Ljigji
yLji
i
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(NRPxmssaS*xqsV)[ INRP sLiR Li yLji sR NRPV

m
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dxqsVN]sF[! sVLjiRVV yLRiV ssV (sVL]NRP
RLiRRWRNRPV) FssNTP @sVsV
s
r
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@Tgji[! yLji][ @sV: ""dsVLRiV y][ G
sWRLi RVV[LiR sR V! sVLjiRVV y
y
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v
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xmsORPQs VVs aRPRVso][ FLSRsW sR V!
yxqsysNTP dsVLRiV sVVR NRPWL]s


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DLiRsNTP Bxts QxmsyLRiV, NS dsVLRiV ssVNRP








DLiTFLiVVs yLji][ (BLiR [s[) NRPWL]s




DLiRLiT.''








84. sVLjiRVV
yLji
(NRPxms
saS*xqsV)[ Fss\lLiy sVLRi}qs, @RT








ssW'[ y' NRPWy dsso G
sWRLi [RVNRPV sVLjiRVV @Rs g][LkisR













NRPWy sRNRPV.1 saRPRVLigS, yLRiV
1. C ARV` NRPxms saS*xqsV yRVNRPVRV '@V scD\sV gRiVLjiLi @sRLjiLixms[R V
TLij. NSs C A NRPxmssaS*xqsVLiRLjiNUP sLjixqsVLij. '@V scD\
sVLRiLisxmsoRV @Rs NRPVsWLRiVRV '@V (LRi'j.'@.) \ sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) RgiR LjiNTP
s, @Rs ('xqs'@xqs) @Ligkis, Rs RLiTNTP NRPxmsn sgS ]TgjiLiRsNTP @RVgRiVyLRiV
sVLjiRVV @Rs ('xqs'@xqs)][, Rs RLiT ssW'[ y' [R VsVs NRPWy N][LiR VyLRiV.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

428

   


  
   

@sV sVLjiRVV ARVs xmssNRPsV

LRixqsLjiLiyLRiV.
sVLjiRVV
yLRiV
@s[RVVV (FnyzqsWs)gS Ds






zqs[s[ sVLRiLiyLRiV.




85. sVLjiRVV yLji zqsLjixqsLixmsRV






sVLjiRVV yLji xqsLiysLi ssV AaRPLSsNTP








gRiVLji[R V ss*NRPWRRV. saRPRVLigS,
@! y][ C xmsxmsLiRLi[ yLjis





bPOTPQLiyds
sVLjiRVV
yLRiV
xqsRLRiryLRiVVgS Ds zqs [s[ yLji





FysV N][[yds xqsLiNRPLiyRV.1
86. sVLjiRVV:
""@sV







saRP*zqsLiRLiT. sVLjiRVV ARVs xmssNRP ][





NRPzqs (@ sWLiR Li[) FLSRLiT!''
2
@s xqsWLRi @sRLjiLixms[R VTsxmsoRV,






yLji[s R ssLiRVV ds][: ""ssVNRP DLi[
yLji][
NRPWL][ssNTP
sVsV







sT|msV.'' @s @sVsV N][LSLRiV.
87. yLRiV,
ssNRP
DLiTF[V
E
D
C
B
A

yLji][ DLiRsNTP BxtsQxmsyLRiV. yLji

J

I
H
G
F
xXRRVdsVR sVVR s[RVTsoLij,
3
NSsos yLRiV @LRiLi [xqsVN][[LRiV.

L

K
\ sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) Rs @Ligkis, BryLiR V. 'DsVL`i (LRi'j.'@.) Azmsy, ssNRPVLiy
ssW'[ y' NRPWy [ryLiR V. A RLRiVyR C ARV` @sRLjiLixms[R VTLij.
('xqs'{' V'Lki, R{msn =L`i xqsWLRi @`cf sVLjiRVV 'xqs'{' sVVzqs Li, NTPy
zqsFny` @csVVyzmsn ds s @'NSsVxsV). BNRPR sVL]NRP sxtsQR VLi saRPRsV[V
[sVLi[: Fss\[ s\sVs saS*xqsVRV NS][ @Rs sWORPQLi N]LRiNRPV FsLiR |msR yLRiV FyLiR s
[zqsy @j @LigkiNRPLjiLiRRRV.
1. RWRLiT, 9:55, 3:178 sVLjiRVV 8:28; C ARV` yyxmso 9:55 sWjLjigSs[ DLij.
2. RWRLiT, 47:20.
3. RWRLiT, 7:100c101.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 10

429

88. NSs, xmssNRP sVLjiRVV @Rs][

FyV saRP*zqsLis yLRiV RsV

zqsLjixqsLixmsR][ sVLjiRVV RsV Fy][
(@ sWLRiLi[) FLSyLRiV. sVLjiRVV
@Li yLjiNTP @s s[V DyLiVV.
sVLjiRVV @Li ylLi[ ryxmnsLi
F~Li[yLRiV.
89. @
yLjiN]LRiNRPV
NTPLiR
|qs[V xmsszLi[ xqs*LiR syV
zqsR Li[zqs
DLiyRV,
yLRiLiRV[
aSaRP*RLigS DLiLRiV. @[ g]xms sRVLi.
90. sVLjiRVV ryNRPVV }ms FsyLji
yxqsV(RW)V1 NRPWy s ssVNRP
DLiTFssNTP @sVsV @TgSLRiV.
sVLjiRVV C sRLigS @ sVLjiRVV
ARVs xmssNRPNRPV @yV zmssyLRiV
NRPWLRiVLiTFRWLRiV.
R*LRi[ xqsR
LRiryLRiVNRPV
yNRPLRi\sVs
bPORP
Q
DLiRgRiRV.
91. {sVV

   


  
   

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sVLjiRVV
yjgRixqsVV sVLjiRVV xmsRWxmso


i

h
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LRiVV [syLRiV, INRPs[ @NRPV
sVLjiRVV ARVs xmssNRPNRPV yxqsysNTP
n
m
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saS*xqsFyRV\ DLi[ yLji\|ms (`NRPV

t
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p
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sNRPVLi[)
FsLi
sLiR[RV.
xqssV\|ms NRPWy FsLi sLiR[RV.
y
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sVLjiRVV @ ORPQsWbdPVRV, @FyLRi
NRPLRiVxmsyR.


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1. @c@'@LSV @Li[, FsyLji yxqsV(R W)V. C xmsysNTP BLiNS RWRLiT, 9:97, 98,
99, 101,120, 33:20, 48:11,16 sVLjiRVV 49:14.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

92. sVLjiRVV

gRiLi: 10

430

Fss\lLi[ dssRNRPV
s yxyV N][LjisxmsVRV dsso
yLji][: ""y RgRiLRi dsVNTPs*sNTP G
yxsLi [RV.'' @s xmsNTPsxmsVRV,
LRiV [RVsNTP RsV RgRiLRi GdsV
[RV NRPy! @s[ LiR][ NRPdsLRiV
NSLRiVRW LjigjiFRWL][, @Li
yLji\|ms NRPWy FsLi sLiR[RV.
________

   


  
   


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9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 11

431

93. (*) NSs yxqsysNTP RssLiRV\

NRPWy, ssVNRP NRPWLRiVsyLji][ DLiRsNTP

BxtsQxmsT, ssV @sVsV @Tlgi[yLji\|ms
RxmsNRP sLiRgRiRV. @ yLji
xXRRW dsVR sVVR s[zqsDyRV,
NSsos (ysVV Fg]V N]s[[sV[) yLjiNTP
RVRV.1
94. dsVLRiV (RWN`P RLiRRWR sVLiT)
sVLRi yLji sR NRPV ss RLRiVyR NRPWy
yLRiV (NRPxmssaS*xqsVV) dsV][ RsV ryNRPVV
VRVyLRiV. yLji][ @sV: ""dsVLRiV ryNRPVV
xmsNRPLiT, s[VsVV dsV sWsV ssVsVV.
@ sWNRPV dsV sXyLiRLi
zmssoyRV. sVLjiRVV @ sVLjiRVV
ARVs xqsLi[aRPxLRiVRVP dsV xmssLRissV
NRPs|ms gRiLRiV, RLRiVyR dsVLRiV @g][RLRi
sVLjiRVV g][RLRi sxtsQRWV FsLRiVgRiVs
ARVs (@) \sxmsosNRPV sVLRiLixms
RyLRiV, @xmsVyRVs dsVLRiV [xqsWD
s
ys gRiVLjiLi dsVNRPV VxmsoyRV.''
95. (J saS*xqsVLS!) dsVLRiV yLji
sRNRPV sVLRi ss RLRiVyR yLjis sR
|mss (dsVLRiV yLji\|ms RLRi
dxqsVN][gRiWRRs), yLRiV dsV sVVLiRV
@ }msLRiV][ xmssWV [ryLRiV.
NSsos dsVLRiV yLji sVLiT ssVVVV NRPLiT.
saRPRVLigS, yLRiV @aRPVRVV (sWsLi
sLi yLRiV). yLji syxqsLi sLRiNRPs[V.
@[ yLRiV ALjiLis ys xmnsRLi.

   


  
   

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1. dsLRiV ARV` 86,87[ }msL]sR NRPxmssaS*xqsVV.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 11

432

96. dsVLRiV yLji][ LSxmsys, yLRiV

(NRPxms saS*xqsVV) dsV sVVLiRV

xmssWV [xqsVyLRiV. INRPs[ dsVLRiV
yLji][ LSxmsTy, saRPRVLigS, @
@s[RVVV (Fnyzqsds) @LiVVs xms][


LSxmsRRV.1
97. FsyLjiyxqsV(RW)V
xqsR
LRiryLRi sVLjiRVV NRPxms saS*xqs
sxtsQRW[ @ NRPhjisVV. yLRiV
@ Rs xmssNRPQ\|ms @sRLjiLixms[zqss
(RLRi) sRVsWV @LRiLi [xqsVNRPVs[
WgRiR [syLRiV.2 sVLjiRVV @
xqsLRi*RV, sV ss[NRPsLiRVRV.
98. sVLjiRVV FsyLjiyxqsV(RW)[
N]LiRLRiV ysVV (@ sWLRiLi[)
LRiV[zqss yss RLiRVgRigS sLi[
yLRiVyLRiV. (J saS*xqsVLS!) dsVLRiV
AxmsR[ NRPVN][ys yLRiV FsRVLRiV
RWxqsVyLRiV. (NSs) yLjis[ AxmsR RVV
NRPVLiVLij. sVLjiRVV @ xqsLRi*Li
ss[yRV, xqsLRi*RV.3
99. sVLjiRVV FsyLjiyxqsV(RW)[
N]LiRLRiV @sV @LisVjys
saRP*zqsLi[ yLRiVyLRiV.4 yLRiV ysVV (@

   


  
   

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1. \sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) RWN`P RLiRRWR sVLiT Ljigji ss RLRiVyR, yLRiLiy ZOP[Qs VLigS
Ljigji sLij RWzqs NRPxmssaS*xqsVV, ysVV ssVNRPxqsVsVs sLRiWzmsLiRg][LSLRiV. A
xqssVRVLi[ \|ms sVWRV ARVRVV (94c96) @sRLjiLixms[R VyLiVV.
2. FsLiRVNRPLi[syLRiV sgRiLS sVLiT RWLRiFyLiy[ DLiRLi ss @ (xqsV.y.)
sVLjiRVV ARVs (xqsV.y.), xmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) sWV ss[LiR V.
3. dsLRiV sVVR LRiNSsNTP Lijs R WV.
4. dsLRiV lLiLi][ LRiNSsNTP Lijs sVLi saS*xqsVV.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 11

   


433

sWLRiLi[) LRiV[}qsj, RsVNRPV @

rysys sVLjiRVV xmssNRP FyLRissV
[NPR WLRisNTP
ryRsLigS
[xqsVNRPVLiVyLRiV. yxqsysNTP @j yLjiNTP
RxmsNRP rysys [NRPWLRiVRVLij.
@ yLjis Rs NSLRiVLi[NTP
[LiR VN][giR RV. saRPRVLigS! @
ORPQsWbdPVRV, @FyLRi NRPLRiVxmsyR.
100. sVLjiRVV
sxqs
ss
sVVL`i[ sVLiT sVLjiRVV @y=LRiV
(sVky yxqsV)[ sVLiT, xmsxmsRsVLigS
sVVLiRLis[zqss (BryLisV {qs*NRPLjiLis)
yLji][s W sVLjiRVV xqsxXRRVLi][ yLjis
@sVxqsLjiLis
yLji][s W,
@
xqsLi][xtsQxmsyRV. sVLjiRVV yLRiV NRPWy
ARVs][ xqsLi][xtsQxmsyLRiV. sVLjiRVV yLji
N]LRiNRPV NTPLiR |qs[V xmsszLi[
xqs*LiR sysV zqsR xmsLji DLiyRV. yLRiV
y[ aSaRP*RLigS NRPNSLi DLiLRiV.
@[ g]xms ryxmsn Li (sRVLi).
101. sVLjiRVV dsV RVV xmsNRP
DLi[ FsyLjiyxqsV(R W)[ N]LiRLRiV
NRPxms saS*xqsVVyLRiV. sVLjiRVV (xmssNRP)
sgRiLRiLi (sVky sVVss*LS)[ NRPWy
(NRPxms saS*xqsVV) DyLRiV.1 yLRiV RsV
NSxmsLi[ yVN]s DyLRiV. NSs (J
xmssNS!) dsso yLjis FsLRiVgRiso.2 s[VsVV

  
   

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1. sVky sVVss*LS sVVR }msLRiV RVqs"Lji. 622 NUPxqsVaPR NRPLi[ sVV'xsV` ('xqs'@xqs)
sxqs ss RLRiVyR @j sVksRVsd c xmssNRP sgRiLRiLigS, A RLRiVyR sVky
sVVss*LSgS NRPWy zmsVsRV][Lij.
2. BNRPR xqsxts Q\sVs aRP][ \sxmssNRP sVV'xsV` ('xqs'@xqs)NRPV @g][R LRi sLi [R s
saRPRxmsLRiRTLij.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 11

434

yLjis FsLRiVgRiVysVV. s[VsVV yLjiNTP lLiLixmso

bPORPQs V sj LiRgRisVV. RLRiVyR
yLRiV
|mnsWLRibPORPQ \sxmsoNRPV sVLRiLixmsRyLRiV.
102. sVLjiRVV BRLRiVV, RsV
FyFysV IxmsVNRPVs yLRiVyLRiV. yLRiV
RsV xqsyLSs BRLRi FyxmsNSLRiLi][
NRPFyLRiV.1 @ yLjis RxmsNRP 2
ORPQsVryRV!
saRPRVLigS,
@
ORPQsWbdPVRV, @FyLRi NRPLRiVxmsyR.
103. (NSsos J xmssNS! ) dsso yLji
xqsLixmsR sVLiT ysLi (xqsR)
dxqsVN]s, ys][ yLji FyxmsssWRsLi
LiVV sVLjiRVV yLjis xqsLixqsLjiLiRV.
sVLjiRVV yLji N]LRiNRPV (@)sV
FyLij LiRV. sVLjiRVV saRPRVLigS, ds
FyLiR sV yLjiNTP sVsaS+Lis NRPgjiryLiVV.
@ xqsLRi*Li ss[yRV, xqsLRi*RV.
104. GdsV? yxqsysNTP @ Rs
yxqsV xmsaSyFys @LigkiNRPLjiryRs
sVLjiRVV yLji yy(xqsR`)sV
{qs*NRPLjiryRs
yLjiNTP
RVy?
saRPRVLigS, @! ARVs sWRs[V,
xmsaSyFys @LigkiNRPLjiLi[yRV, @FyLRi
NRPLRiVxmsyR.

   


  
   

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~
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1. dsLRiV DR\sVs NSLRiLi [NRPVLiys[ ssVNRP DLiTFLiVVs saS*xqsVV. dsLRiV FsLiRVNRPV

RsVs Ljigjis FyFys IxmsVNRPVyLRiV. dsLji xqsyLSLi[ BLiRNRPV sVVLiRV Ljigjis
RVVy[ FysLi. dsLji FyxmsNSLRiLi @Li[ RWN`P RVVysNTP FNRPVLiy DLiRLi.
BLiNS RWRLiT, 'xqs'{' V'Lki, xmso.6, 'x.196.
2. '@ry: @s xmsRLi @x (xqsV.y.)NRPV xqsLiLij Li s}qs, Be hopeful with Allah,
ssVV, AbPLiRV @s[ sLi BxqsVLij. INRPs[ sWssosNTP xqsLiLij Li DLi[ Be
conscious or Be afraid, gRiR, GsW, xaS @s[ sLi BxqsVLij.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 11

435

   


  
   

105. sVLjiRVV (J xmssNS!) yLji][

@sV: ""dsVLRiV (dsVxmss) [xqsW DLiRLiT,
@ ARVs xmssNRP sVLjiRVV




saS*xqsVV dsVLRiV [xqsVs xmssVV
RWxqsVyLRiV. RLRiVyR dsVLRiV RxmsNRP








@g][RLRi sVLjiRVV g][RLRi sxtsQRWsV








FsLRiVgRiV ARVs (@) sRNRPV Ljigji

xmsLixmsRgRiLRiV. @xmsVyRVs dsVLRiV








[xqsW sos NRPLRisV gRiVLjiLi dsVNRPV






RV[ryRV.''




106. sVLjiN]LiRLRiV @ A






(dLRiV) N]LRiNRPV s[ DyLRiV. ARVs







yLjis
bPOTPQLiRsWsRV,
[y
ORPQsVLiRsWsRV! sVLjiRVV @







xqsLRi*RV, sV ss[NRPsLiRVRV.




107. sVLjiRVV (NRPxms saS*xqsV[)
N]LiRLRiV (saS*xqsVNRPV) s NRPgjiLiR
D
C
B
A

sNTP, xqsRLRiryLRi \sLjis (xmsLRiR

G
F
E
sNTP) sVLjiRVV saS*xqsVsV sRkRV
sNTP, @ sVLjiRVV ARVs xqsLi[aRP


J
I
H
xLRiVs][ BLiRNRPV sVVLiRV FLSTs

P
O

N
M
L
K
yLRiV F~LiDLiRsNTP, INRP sVzqs`
sLjiLiyLRiV. sVLjiRVV yLRiV: ""sW

VU

T
S
R
Q
D[aRPLi s[VV [RVLi Rxms sVlLi[dsV
NSRV!'' @s gRi xmssWV NRPWy
[xqsVyLRiV.1 NSs yLRiV yxqssLigS
[

Z
Y
X
W
1. ''LRi gRiNRPV Lijs INRP sVky yxqsVRV @W'AsVL`i Z\ NPQQxqss oRsoyRV.
@RRV 3s z[ Ljigjis Dx` RVVR Li[ sVNS V\lLixtsvNRPV xqsRVxmsT, A
RVVR Li RLRiVyR zqsLjiRWNRPV FyLjiFyRV. @RRV \ s\ s RNRPsLji zLSNPT RVqssV
sVky\|ms RLiRRWR [R VsNTP FR=zryR V. sVky\|ms yLRiV LSNRPWRRs
\sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs), yLjis FsRVL][ssNTP RWN`PNRPV RVV[lLi[ xqssVRVLi[
@RT @sVRLRiVV s: ""s[VsVV sVkycV sVR INRP sVzqs ` sLjiLiysVV.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 11

436

   


  
   

@xqsRyRVs
@
ryORPQ
sVxqsVyRV.

a
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\
108. ds
ssRW
ys[
(ssW'NRPV) sRNRPV. sVVR L][

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sVLiT[V
\sd
AyLRiLigS
ryzmsLiRTs sVzqs[ dsNRPV (ssW'NRPV)

n
m
lk

j
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sRsNTP
Rgjisj.
@LiRV[
xmsLjiaRPVRVV NSg][lLi[ yLRiVyLRiV. sVLjiRVV
t
s
rq

p
o
@ xmsLjiaRPVRVV NSg][lLi[ yLjis


v

u
}mssVryRV.



109. GdsV?
Fss\[ @

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RVLiRV gRi RVNRPVV sVLjiRVV
ARVs {ms, xmsoyRV dsVR Rs
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(sVzqs`) NRPys NRP][[, @RRV
ZaP[xtsvy? [NRP Rs NRPRxmso xmsoyRVsV,

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c
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sLRiRNRPV NRPWFLiVV ys NTPLij gRiLi


k
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dgS Ds sj IRVs NRP[yy? @j
ys][ xqs sLRiNSgji[NTP N]VN]s

q
p
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ml
FRVLij. sVLjiRVV @ RVLSLRiVNRPV
xqsyLRiLi RWxmsRV.


s

r

FLiVV (yLRiV RsFLiVV) sLiRsLRiNRPV,
y
x
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yLRiV NRPs NRPRLi yLji xXRRW[

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110. yLji xXRRWV sVVNRPQ\

NRPRV xmsoxqsW DLiVLij. sVLjiRVV

@ xqsLRi*RV, sVss[RyxmsLRiVRV.
(1/8)



dsVLRiV s @LiRV[ ssW' [LiVVLiRLiT.'' @s N][LiR VyLRiV. \ sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs):

""RWN`P sVLiT ss RLRiVyR srys V.'' @s @LiLRiV. A xqsLiRLRiLi[ RWN`P
sVLiT Ljigji ss RLRiVyR C ARV`V @sRLjiLixms[R VyLiVV. \ sxmssNRP
('xqs'@xqs) RLRiVyR yss xmsRg]ryLiR V. FsLiRVNRPLi[sA sVzqs ` sLS ORPQ Li
saS*xqsV sVR [ R yV xmsoLiRRs[V DLisV.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 11

437

   


  
   

111. * saRPRVLigS, @ saS*xqsV

sVLiT yLji FysV yLji xqsLixmsRsV






N]yRV. NS saRPRVLigS, yLjiN]LRiNRPV
xqs*LiR sVVLij. yLRiV @ sWLiR Li[ FLST






(RsV aRPRVsosV) RLixmsoyLRiV sVLjiRVV
RLixmsRyLRiV. sVLjiRVV Bj fLS`, BLi






sVLjiRVV VL`iAs[, ARVs (@ )





[zqss ygSsLi, xqsRQ\sVsj. sVLjiRVV Rs







ygSys sLRis[LiR Li[ @ s V
sVLisyRV FssRV? NSsos dsVLRiV







ARVs][ [zqss yFyLSsNTP xqsLi][xtsQ








xmsRLiT. sVLjiRVV B[ A g]xms sRVLi.1
112. (dslLi[ @ sVVLiRV) xmsaSyxms

B
A

xms[yLRiV, ARVssV ALSj Li[yLRiV,

D
C
xqsVLi[ yLRiV, (@ sWLiR Li[)
2
xqsLiRLjiLi[ yLRiV (DxmsyryV [}qsyLRiV).

F
E
ARVs xqssj [ sLilgi[(LRiVNRPW'D [}qs)yLRiV,
ryuyLigRiLi(xqs) [}qsyLRiV, R LRisVVsV
I

H
G
A[bPLi[yLRiV sVLjiRVV @R LRisVVsV
M
L
K
J
s}tsQj Li[yLRiV3 sVLjiRVV @ sj Lis


R

Q
P
ON
x R VsV FyLi[yLRiV NRPWysV sVLjiRVV
saS*xqsVNRPV aRPV yLRi Vxmso.

X
W
V
U


T
S
113. @ NPR V ryNRPLi[ yLRiV
(sVVztsQNPR VV), RgiR Lji LiR Vso\y, yLRiV
\

[
Z
Y
sLRiNRPyxqsVs sQQNPR Q \sVs RLRiVyR NRPWy,

c
b
a

`
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]
xmssNRPN PR V sVLjiRVV saS*xqsVNRPV yLji
4
ORPQs Wxms\ZNP FyLij LiRLi RgRiRV.


g

f
e
d
1. RWRLiT, 'xqs.V'Lki, xmso.c4, 'x. 352, xmsoc5, 'x.377, sVLjiRVV xmsoc3, 'x. 3462.
2. ysVLij yRV C aRPLi "ryLiVV'xs'sV "ryLiVVsVWs'gS [j LiyLRiV.
@Li[ DxmsyryV [}qsyLRiV @s.
3. BVsLi yNSsNTP RWRLiT, 3:104, 110, 114; 9:71 sVLjiRVV 22:41.
4. RWRLiT, 28:56.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 11

438

114. sVLjiRVV B{sV Rs RLiT

   


  
   

k
j




i
h

ORPQs Wxms N]LRiNRPV FyLij LiLij ZNP[s Li

@RsV Rs (RLiT)][ [zqss ygSsLi
p
o
n


m
l
ss[.1 NSs @RsNTP, Rs (RLiT)
saRPRVLigS,
@NRPV
aRPRVss
w
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q
xqsxts Q\sVsxmsVRV, @RsV (B{sV)


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@Rss
sRyyRV.
yxqsysNTP
B{sV
ssRVs [ R VR][


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(@sV) @Lij Li[yRV,2 xqsxsbdPVRV.
115. sVLjiRVV INRP NTP xqsyLRiLi

d
c
b
a
`
RWzmss RLRiVyR yLRiV RWLRiLigS DLiR
szqss sxtsQRWsV gRiVLjiLi yLjiNTP
k
j
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h
g
f
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xqsxtsQLigS VxmssLiRsLRiNRPV, @

r
q
p
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ml
yLjis sWLRiQxtsQR*Li[ xmsRs[RVRV.
saRPRVLigS, @NRPV xmssxtsQRVLi


s
gRiVLjiLi gS VxqsV.3



116. saRPRVLigS,
WsWNSaS
{
zy

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rysWj xmsRLi @ZNP[ LiRVRVLij.
ARVs[ ssLRisV B[yRV.




~
}|
sVLjiRVV @ Rxms dsVNRPV s[lLi[ LRiORPQNPR VRV








gSds xqsRVNRPVRV gSds Fss*RW [R V.



117. yxqsysNTP @ xmssNRP s V







sVLjiRVV sxqs ss yLjis
(sVVL`isV) sVLjiRVV @'y=L`isV,



Fss\lLi[
x
NRPxts QNSLi[






xmssNRP sLi DyL][![ @Li yLji
1. B{sV ('@.xqs.) VVNRP C ygSsLi N]LRiNRPV RWRLiT, 19:47c48 sVLjiRVV 60:4. @Rs
FyLiR s N]LRiNRPV RWRLiT, 26:86c87. BLiNS RWRLiT 'xqs'{ ' V'Lki, xmsoc4, 'x. 565.
2. @y*xs: sVXRVxXRRVVRV, ssRVs [ R VR][ (@xysV) @Lij Li[yRV.
3. RWRLiT, 6:131c132. BLiNS RWRLiT, 'xqs'{ ' V'Lki, xmsoc9, 'x.66.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 11

439

   


  
   

sLiRLjids ORPQsVLiyRV.1 yLji[ INRPxmsORPQLi

yLji xXRRWV, yyxmso sNRPR*Li
\sxmsosNRPV sVLRisxmsNUP (xmssNRP sLi







sLRiV), @xmsVRV ARVs yLji
xmsaSyFys
@LigkiNRPLjiLiyRV.







saRPRVLigS ARVs yLjixms FsLi][






NRPsNRPLRiVRV, @FyLRi NRPLRiV xmsyR.





118. sVLjiRVV ssVNRP DLiTFLiVVs
A sVVgRiVLRiVs NRPWy (ARVs
E
D
C
B
A

ORPQsVLiyRV).2 sLRiNRPV saSLigS Ds

J

I
H
G
F
WsV NRPWy yLjiNTP BLRiV\ZNPFLiVVLij.
sVLjiRVV yLji FyV NRPWy yLjiNTP
N
M
L
K
LRisVRWLiVV. @ sVLiT (RsVsV
NSFyRV N][ssNTP) ARVs aRPLRiLi Rxms

U
T
S

R
Q
P
O
sVL]NRP [Rs yLRiV VxqsVNRPVyLRiV.
@xmsVRV ARVs yLji xmsaSyFys

\
[Z

Y
X
W

V
@LigkiNRPLjiLiyRV c yLRiV xmsaSyxms

a

`

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^
]
xmsys. saRPRVLigS, @ sWRs[V
xmsaSyFys @LigkiNRPLjiLi[ yRV, @FyLRi
NRPLRiVxmsyR.
1. RWN`P RLiRRWR NSLi x NRPxts QNSLigS }msL]sTLij. FsLiRVNRPLi[s@j ds\ sVs
FsLiRNSLi; LiR WLRi xmsn V zqsR sVLiVVs NSLi; A xmsRWLi y RWLRixms[aSsj
sVLjiRVV xmsRW rNRPLSV NRPWy y RNRPVs DLi[s.
2. RWN`P RLiRRWR[ Fyss A sVVgiR VLRiV, NRP'@ BsWN`P, sVLSLS B LRid
sVLjiRVV z B 'DsVRW (LRi'j. '@>s VsV) @s[ @sryLRiVV. dsLRiV, |\ ms
ARV` @sRLjiLixms[R V[s LRiNRPV \sxmssNRP ('xqs'@xqs) sVLjiRVV @Rs @sVRLRiV][
zxtsQLjiLixmsT DLiTLji. dsLji xmsaSyxmsLi RW\ L][ RLRiVyR @LigkiNRPLjiLiR
TLij. dsLRiV s [ R VV\s sVVzqs LiV. BLiRNRPV sVVLiRV xms RVVR Li[ FyyLRiV.
RWN`P RLiRRWR[ ZNP[s Li rsVLjiRsLi ss[ Fys [NPR FRWLRiV. yLRiV
NRPxmssaS*xqsVs[ WNRP ryNRPVV xms[R V. (RWRLiT 'xqs'{' V'Lki, NTPy
@ sV'gS, 'gRis` @`cRWN`P. sVVzqs Li NTPy @`cf, 'xkq s
fRV NRP'@ s sWN`P).

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 11

   


440

119. J saS*xqsVLS! @ RVLiRV

RV NRPVV NRPgji DLiRLiT sVLjiRVV

xqsRsLiRV][ DLiRLiT.1
120. sVky xmsoLRiyxqsVNRPV sVLjiRVV
RVVxmsNRP[
DLi[
FsyLjiyxqsV
(R W)NRPV @ xmssNRP s V sR ssVNRP
DLiT FsLi sVLjiRVV RsV FyNRPV
@Rs (\sxmsNRP) Fy\|ms Aj NRPRss*Li
Rgjisxmss NSRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[ @
sWLiR Li[ yLRiV ANRP RxmsVV, (aSLkiLRiNRP)
NRPuyV xqsz }qs, aRPRVso WsV[NPT RWLji
xqsRLRiryLRiV N][Fys lLi[ZNP}qs sVLjiRVV
aRPRVsosVLiT G\y ryj }qs,2 ysNTP
RVVgS yLjiNTP INRP xqsyLRiLi
yRVRNRPVLiy DLiRRV. saRPRVLigS
@ xqssV xmsn ys sLiR xmsLRiRRV.
121. sVLjiRVV (@ sWLiR Li[)
yLRiV LRiV[}qs R sLi N]Li\sVy [y
@j NRP\sVy, [NPR yLRiV (aRPsVxmsT) N]LiR
[R VsV y[ sxtsQR VsVW, @Liy yLji
N]LRiNRPV yRVRNRPVLiy DLiRRV-; yLRiV
[xqsW DLiTs C xqsyLS N]LRiNRPV,
@ yLjiNTP xmsxmsn s xmsryjLiRsNTP.
(1/4)
122. *

sVLjiRVV saS*xqsVLiRLRiW
(FLSsNTP) RVV[LiR Li xqsLjiNSRV.
NSsos yLji[ xmsgRi sVLiT N]LiRLRiV

  
   

f
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zy

x

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1. RWRLiT, 'xqs. V'Lki, xmsoc8, 'x. 116, 117, 118.

2. \ss: attainment, zqsj [NPR ryj LiRRLi. BNRPR C yNRPxmso @LiR Li, aRPRVso sVLiT
G\y dxqsVN][sLi, [NPR yLjiNTP s NRPgjiLiRLi @Li[ yLjis xqsLixLjiLiRLi [y
\kVgS [xqsVN][s Li [y JTLi sRVR sLi F~LiRLi, [NPR @sVLRigRi F~LiRLi.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 11

441

   


  
   

R LRiys
|msLiF~LijLiRVN][s sNTP







FLiVV yLRiV yLji sR NRPV LjigjissxmsVRV






RsV (FyLiR) xmssV | R Lji}qs!
x aS yLRiV NRPWy RsVsV ysVV






(RVLSLiR Li sVLiT) NSFyRVN][giR LRiV.1

E
D
C
B
A
123. J saS*xqsVLS! dsV RgiR LRisVs
xqsRLRiryLRiV][
FLST,
yLjis

I

H
G
F
dsV[s Vs NShjiys gRiz LiRss*LiT.2
sVLjiRVV saRPRVLigS @ \sd gRi

P
O
N
M
LK

J
yLji][ DLiRs VxqsVN][LiT.

R

Q
124. sVLjiRVV INRP xqsWLRi @sRLjiLixms
[R VTsxmsVR yLji(NRPxms saS*xqsV)[
Y
X
W
V
U
T
S

N]LiRLRiV: ""Bj dsV[ FssLji saS*rys
@j NRPLi[zqsLij?'' @s @RVgRiVyLRiV. NSs
`
_
^]

\
[
Z
yxqsysNTP @j saRP*zqsLis yLRiLiRLji
e
d
c
b
a
saS*rys @j NRPLi [xqsVLij. sVLjiRVV yLRiV

f
ys][ xqsLi][xtsQxmsRyLRiV.3
125. NSs FssLji x XRRW[ L][giR

k
j
i
h
g

sVVLi][, Bj yLji sWsLi[ sVLjiLiR
sWys @j NRPLi[xqsVLij. sVLjiRVV yLRiV
p

o
n
m
l
xqsRLRiryLRiVVgSs[ sVLRiryLiR V.4

s

r
q
1. RWN`P RLiRRWR N]LRiNRPV, ALij NRP sVLjiRVV NRP rs VR gRiyLRiLiy RVV[LSs xmsNRPs
[R VT DLisV. FsLiRVNRPLi[s@xmsVRV yLjiNTP INRP g]xms rysWxmso }qss][ RVVR Li [R Vszqs
DLisV, [s][ yLRiV sVky\|ms yT [R VsNTP RVyV [R VVRVLiTLji. NSs @s
RVVy[, @LiRLRiW Fys[ @sxqsLRisVVLiRRV. @LixmsVRV N]LiRLRiV RVVysNTP FNRPVLiy
R LRisLi |msLiF~LijLiRVN][s sNTP FLiVV, Ljigji s RsV FyLiRLi[s xmsNRPV R LRisLi
[j Liy. kss xms[ \sd |msLRiVgRiVRVLij.
2. FsLiRVNRPV ` [R W[ 2:190c194, 22:39, 60:8c9 ARV`[ sLij. BNRPR: "dsV
BLRiVgRiV F~LRiVgRiV[ DsyLRiV dsVNRPV s [NPR WLRiR}qs, sVsV, dsV R LRiLi
@sVxqsLjiLiRLi[ ALiNRPxmsLji}qs, @yLji][ dsVLRiV NRPhjisy*s sQQNPR xm sLRiVxqsW FLSRLiT.' @s
A[aPR sVs*RV][Lij. BLiNS RWRLiT, 48:29 sVLjiRVV 5:54.
3. RWRLiT, 8:2.
4. RWRLiT, 17:82.

9. xqsWLRi @`-f

gRiLi: 11

442

126. GdsV? yLRiV xms xqsLisR=LRiLi

INRPryLji [NRP lLiLiRVryLRiV (R][)

xmsLkiOTPQLixmsRs gRisVsLiRLi[y?
@LiVVy yLRiV xmsaSyxmsxmsRLi[RV
sVLjiRVV gRiVFyhRiLiNRPWy s[LRiVN][sLi
[RV.
127. sVLjiRVV G\y xqsWLRi
@sRLjiLisxmsoR yLRiV INRPLjiNRPLRiV
RWxqsVNRPVLiW (@LiLRiV): ""Fss\y
sVsV RWxqsVyy?'' A RLRiVyR
@NRPT sVLiT sVgS LRiVNRPVLiLRiV.
@ yLjixXRRWsV (xqsyLRiLi
sVLiT) sVLiyRV. FsLiRVNRPLi[
saRPRVsVVgS, yLRiV @LRiLi [xqsVN][[s
sVV.1
128. (J xmsLS!) yxqsysNTP, dsV
sR NRPV dsV[s VLi[ INRP xqsLi[aPR x LiR VRV
(sVV'x s V`) s DyRV;2 dsVLRiV
AxmsRNRPV gRiVLjiNSsLi @RsNTP NRPxts QLi
NRPgjixqsVLij; @RsV dsV s[VV N][lLi[yRV,
saS*xqsV FsR NRPsNRPLRiVRV NRPLRiVsVRVVRV.
129. @LiVVy yLRiV ssVVV\[,
yLji][ @sV: ""yNRPV @ yV!
ARVs Rxms s[lLi[ ALSRdsRVVRV
[RV! s[sV ARVss[ ssVVNRPVysV.
sVLjiRVV
ARVs[
xqsL][*RsV
zqsLixqsysNTP ('@L`<iNRPV) xmsVso.''3

   


  
   

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*****

1. RWRLiT, 8:55.
2. RWRLiT, 50:2.
3. RWRLiT, VL`iAs 7:54 sVLjiRVV 'xqs'{ ' V'Lki, xmsoc9, 'x . 86 sVLjiRVV xmsoc6, 'x . 87.