Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

MC LC

NI DUNG TIU LUN......................................................................................... 1. M bi...........................................................................................................3 2. Ni dung.......................................................................................................4 2.1. Lch s ca Thc phm chuyn gene hay bin i gene (GMF-genetically modified food)..........................................................................................................4 2.2. nh ngha................................................................................................5 2.3. Ti sao phi sn xut thc phm bin i gene........................................6 2.4.Qui trnh chuyn gene vo thc phm........................................................7 2.4.1. Phng php chuyn gene vo t bo thc vt.................................7 2.4.2. Phng php chuyn gene vo t bo ng vt................................9 2.4.3. Cc phng php nhn bit v cu trc phn t ca thc phm bin i gene (TPBG)..................................................................................................11 2.5. Li ch v nhng lo ngi v GMO..........................................................12 2.5.1. Li ch ca GMO............................................................................12 2.5.2. Nhng lo ngi v GMO...................................................................15 2.5.3. Phng hng gii quyt nhng lo ngi v GMO..........................17 2.6. Thc trng cy trng chuyn gene Vit Nam v trn th gii.............19 2.6.1. Tnh hnh pht trin cy trng chuyn gene Vit Nam.................19 2.6.2. Tnh hnh pht trin cy trng chuyn gene trn th gii................23 2.7. Thc phm bin i gene v vn an ton v siunh thc phm...........29 2.7.1. Thc phm bin i gene v s nh hng ca n n h thng vi sinh vt trong h thng tiu ha.............................................................................29 2.7.2. Thc phm bin i gene v vn c t sinh ra trong thc phm bim i gene ........................................................................................................30 Nhomac169@gmail.com 1

Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

2.7.3...Thc phm bin i gene v cht gy d ng trong thc phm.......32 2.7.4...Thnh phn dinh dng trong thc phm bin i gene.................34 2.8. Mt s sn phm bin i gene tiu biu................................................35 2.8.1. Ng bin i gene t tiu dit su...................................................35 2.8.2. C chua hng chanh.....................................................................37 2.8.3. La..................................................................................................38 2.8.4. Mt s cy bin i gene khc........................................................39 2.8.5. Mt s sn phm t ng vt chuyn i gene................................39 3. Kt lun......................................................................................................43 TI LIU THAM KHO....................................................................................45 PH LC..............................................................................................................48

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Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

NI DUNG TIU LUN

1. M BI Chng bao lu na, khi bc vo siu th, ta c th chn mt bn l nhng thc phm bnh thng (ngy cng t i v ngy cng t ) cn bn kia l nhng thc phm bin i gene GMF (genetically modified foods) h, gi r, mt th go ghp gene ngi hay mt lai bp ghp gene vi khun S tin b ca khoa hc tht ng kinh ngc (mt loi sa d ghp gene nhn to ra o gip siu nh sng bn khng lng, mt loi gene sa pht sng ghp vo heo heo pht sng, ri gene vi khun Bacillus thuringenesis ghp vo bp (Bt corn) c kh nng chng su b), v l nhng ng dng ca hn mt thp nin nghin cu v ng dng cng ngh sinh hc ni chung v cy trng chuyn gene ni ring trn th gii m ra trin vng ln cho loi ngi trong vic gii quyt cc vn an ninh lng thc mi trng v bo v sc kho con ngi. Hin nay, dn s th gii tng ln qu 6 t ngi v d kin s vt qu 12 t ngi sau 50 nm ti. Vn cung cp lng thc, thc phm cho nhn loi l mt vn rt ln. Trong cc gii php c nhiu nc quan tm l vic m rng vic nghin cu v trin khai cc loi thc phm bin i gene. Thc phm bin i gene l mt hng nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc nhm p ng c nhu cu ngy cng tng v mt s lng v cht lng lng thc. Mt s thc phm xut hin t thp k 90 ca th k trc vi cc cy nh la m, u tng, ng, c chua... Nhomac169@gmail.com 3

Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

Tt c cc ng dng ca cng ngh bin i gene nhm gii quyt rt nhiu vn nng ca x hi ngy nay, ng thi gp phn gii quyt nhiu tn tht trong nng nghip hng nm ca cc quc gia. Tuy nhin, mt sau ca n cn l bc mng cn c vn ra bi hng lot cc cu hi ln c t ra bi cc nh chuyn mn, chc trch v c bit l ngi tiu dng: s bin i di truyn cc cy trng c gy tai hi cho bn thn chng v lu di? Thc phm sn xut t cy bin i gene c an ton khng? Hu qu s nh th no i vi con ngi nu s dng lu di? Cy trng chuyn gene c lm gim tnh a dng sinh hc, c tiu dit cc cn trng c li, c lm tng c di? C lng ht c cc hu qu ca vic a cy trng chuyn gene vo mi trng? Vn nhim di truyn th sao? Nhng gene chuyn vo cy trng, c th chuyn sang ngi hay cc ng vt khng? V mt o c, vic ch ng bin i cc sinh vt sng quanh ta l ng hay sai? v ang c k hoch qun l thc phm bin i gene hay cha? V c th ni, y l mt vn rt nng v nhiu tranh ci bi tnh thi i, y l nguyn nhn su xa dn nhm chng em bt tay vo tm hiu vi ch : Thc phm bin i gene. Tuy cn hn ch v thng tin nhng mong qua y c th gip cc bn c v c bit cc bn thch nghin cu, sinh vin cc nghnh sinh hc thc phm c mt ci nhn tng quan v vn ny trn rt nhiu ngun thng tin khc nhau. 2. NI DUNG 2.1. Lch s ca Thc phm chuyn gene hay bin i gene (GMFgenetically modified food) Lch s pht trin cng ngh gene ca thc vt chc chn c rt nhiu s kin quan trng. y ch nu ln nhng mc c ngha c bit nhm lm r s pht trin rt nhanh ca lnh vc ny: Nm 1970, vi khun t Agrobacterium tumefaciens c s dng lm Nm 1980, ln u tin ADN ngoi lai (transposon Tn7) c chuyn vo phng tin vn chuyn ADN. thc vt nh A.tumefaciens, tuy nhin Ti-plasmid vn cha c thay i. Nm

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Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

1983, nhiu nhm nghin cu bin i T-AND (mt on gene ca Ti-plasmid) v a ADN ngoi lai vo, to ra tnh khng mt s cht khng sinh. Ti-plasmid (Tumor inducing plasmid) l mt dng ADN vng nm ngoi nhim sc th vi khun, c kh nng nhn bn c lp nm trong vi khun A.tumefaciens. Chnh plasmid ny chuyn vo t bo thc vt cc vt cht di truyn gy bnh u cho cy. Trn Ti-plasmid c on T-ADN (tumor ADN) c gii hn bng b phi v b tri. Trnh t nucleotid ca b phi v b tri tng t nhau. T-ADN l mt on c kch thc 25kb cha cc gene tng hp opine v on ny s c chuyn vo t bo thc vt gn vo b nhim sc th ca t bo cy ch v gy ra bnh u cy. Nh vo kh nng ny m T-ADN c s dng chuyn cc gene mong mun vo thc vt theo mc ch ca con ngi. Nm 1984, bin np bng t bo trn (protoplast) ng c thc hin. Nm 1985, ln u tin cy bin i gene c m t c tnh khng thuc Nm 1987, phng php bin np phi sinh hc c s dng. Nh phng

dit c. Mt nm sau, ngi ta thnh cng trong vic to ra thc vt khng virus. php ny m s bin np thnh cng cc cy mt l mm quan trng nh la (1988), ng (1990) v la m (1992). Cng trong nm 1987, c chua v thuc l khng cn trng lm cho cng ngh gene t c mt bc pht trin quan trng hn. Mt thnh cng quan trng khc l iu khin c qu trnh chn c chua, sau ny c tn l FlavrSaver. Nm 1989, khng nhng thnh cng trong vic chuyn cc gene m ha cc khng th vo thc vt, m ngi ta cn to nn cc sn phm gene ny nh mong mun. Kt qu ny m ra mt kh nng hon ton mi m cho vic sn xut vaccine v c kh nng chng bnh thc vt. Nm 1990, thnh cng trong vic to ra cy bin i gene bt dc c, T nm 1991, thnh phn carbohydrate ca thc vt c bin i v khng c kh nng to ht phn. nm 1992 l cc acid bo. Cng nm , ln u tin thnh phn alkaloid mt loi c c ci thin Nhomac169@gmail.com 5

Thc phm bin i gene -

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

Nm 1994, c chua Flavr SavrR l cy trng u tin bin i gene v qu Nm 1998, trn th gii c 48 ging cy trng chuyn gene v sn phm Nm 1999, cy la bin i gene c a ra vi 7 gene c bin np. Thc phm chuyn gene hay bin i gene (GMF - genetically modified

ca n c a ra th trng. c th trng ha. 2.2. nh ngha food) l thc phm c ch bin t cc c th sinh vt chuyn i gene (GMO genetically modified organism). c th l ng vt hay thc vt mang cc gene ti t hp chuyn vo mt cch nhn to nh cng ngh sinh hc thay i mt s phn t ADN nh cc loi ng cc, rau c, tri cy, gia sc, cho ra nhng phm cht mong mun nh: tng kh nng chng c di, chng su bnh hay tng hm lng dng cht
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So snh gia lai ging thng thng v cng ngh sinh hc thc vt

Ging nhau: c hai u c cng mt mc tiu l to ra cc ging cy trng

c cht lng cao vi nhng c tnh c ci thin gip chng pht trin tt hn v ngon hn.
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S khc bit l cch thc thc hin mc tiu trn: Lai ging truyn thng

i hi s trao i hng ngn gene gia hai cy c c tnh trng mong mun. Trong khi , nh Cng ngh sinh hc hin i, chng ta c th la chn mt c tnh mong mun v chuyn ring n vo ht ging. S khc bit gia hai k thut ny l rt ln. 2.3. Ti sao phi sn xut thc phm bin i gene Dn s tng cng vi s pht trin th ha v mc thu nhp ngy cng cao nhiu nc ang pht trin, dn n nhu cu v cc sn phm t tht, sa v trng c tnh s tng khong 2% /ngi. Tnh n nm 2020, nhu cu trn ton th gii i vi cc sn phm t tht cng s tng hn 55% so vi mc tiu th hin ti, m phn ln l cc nc ang pht trin.

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Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

Nhu cu i vi cc loi thc n ng cc cng s tng theo, 3%/nm cc nc ang pht trin v 0,5%/nm cc nc pht trin. Tnh trung bnh, to ra 1kg tht th cn khong 3kg thc n chn nui lm t ng cc v 1kg sa th cn khong 1kg thc n tng ng. m rng din tch canh tc m khng gy nhng tc ng bt li i vi mi trng l rt hn ch nn vic sn xut cc loi thc phm hay thc n chn nui t ng cc cn phi tng nng sut. Theo tnh ton, n gia thp k ti, th gii s c 8-10 t ngi, yu cu tng lng thc, thc phm phi t tc tng trng t nht 40%, l iu kh hin thc trong tnh trng sn xut nh hin nay. Do sn xut thc phm bin gene tng nng sut, sn lng v cht lng ca thc phm l ht sc cn thit. Nhng tnh trng c a vo GMO C 12 loi c cp php sn xut thng mi ti M v nhng tnh trng mi (a vo thng qua k thut gene) c chia lm 6 nhm. Tnh trng Khng cn trng (BT) Loi thc vt Ng, khoai ty, c chua, bng Ng, u tng, bng, Khng thuc dit c Khng virt Lm chm qu trnh chn qu Tng sn lng du iu khin th phn c ci ng, la, ht ci du, cy lanh B, khoai ty, u C chua Ht ci du, u tng Ng, rau dip xon Ngun gene Vi khun t Mt s loi vi khun, cy thuc l (gene c bin i) Vi rt thc vt C chua, vi khun t, hoc vi rt Cy nguyt qu hoc u tng Vi khun t

2.4. Qui trnh chuyn gene vo thc phm:

K thut chuyn gene, ghp gene l k thut a mt gene l (mt on ADN, ARN) vo t bo vt ch lm cho gene l tn ti cc plasmid trong t bo Nhomac169@gmail.com 7

Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

ch hoc gn b gene t bo ch, tn ti v ti bn cng vi b gene ca t bo ch. Gene l trong t bo ch hot ng tng hp cc protein c hiu, gy bin i cc c im c hoc lm xut hin nhng c im mi trn cc c th chuyn gene. 2.4.1. Phng php chuyn gene vo t bo thc vt: c hai phng php

Chuyn gene gin tip:

Chuyn gene nh virus v phage. Chuyn gene nh vi khun: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Agrobacterium rhizogenees. chuyn mt gene c c tnh tt vo t bo thc vt, ta ch cn chn gene vo gia on T-ADN ca vi khun Agrobacterium ri tin hnh nui cy vi khun vi cc t bo hay m thc vt trong cc iu kin thch hp. V d :Chuyn gene gin tip thng qua vi khun Agrobacterium tumefaciens. A.tumefaciens l loi vi khun gy bnh khi u thc vt sng trong t. Trong lnh vc bin np gene, n c s dng lm vect c bit chuyn cc gene ngoi lai vo thc vt, nhm to ra nhng thc vt mang gene c cc c tnh mong mun. Hin nay c rt nhiu k thut chuyn gene khc nhau vo t bo song k thut chuyn gene bng vi khun Agrobacterium tumerfacien vn c ng dng rng di l nh nhng u im sau. Khng i hi dng c c bit S lng bn copy thp v n nh th h con chu D thao tc invitro, d lm y l k thut n gin, chi ph thp thc hin vic chuyn gene nh vi khun ngi ta s dng k thut a l. To cc a l ca thc vt cn chuyn gene sau x l cc a l trong dung dch vi khun A.tumefaciens mang cc plasmid cha gene mong mun c thit k li trong vi chc pht, trong dung dch c b sung acetosyringone tng Nhomac169@gmail.com 8

Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

cng kh nng hot ho gene vng vir qua thc y thm qu trnh chuyn gene. Sau giai on ny ra sch l bng dung dch khng sinh cefotaime dit ht khun. Nui cy a l trn mi trng ti sinh v to cy. Chn lc cc cy mang gene chuyn vo qua s pht hin cc gene b ch th. Pht hin cc gene chuyn vo qua phn tch ADN v nh gi s th hin ca gene qua biotest.

Chuyn gene trc tip: da vo hin tng vt l v ha l chuyn

gene c tnh tt vo vt liu di truyn ca t bo hay ca m thc vt.Vi phng php ny cc nh khoa hc phi s dng nhiu cch khc nhau nh dng ha cht, to xung in, s dng sng bn gene, tim trc tip ADN vo nhn. bo. Chuyn gene trc tip bng phng php in di. K thut s dng sng bn gene: y l phng php ph bin c p K thut bin np qua protoplast: Sau khi tch, protoplast c x l nh bng siu m c hin din ca ADN ngoi lai. Sng siu m gip ADN i vo t

dng thnh cng chuyn gene trc tip vo thc vt. Nguyn tc l phi to mt lung kh y cc vin n c kch thc nh mang cc gene mong mun (cc vin n ny thng c lm bng Au hoc volfram). Chng c v = 1300 m/s xuyn qua cc lp t bo, m xm nhp vo geneom thc vt. u im ca phng php ny l c th chuyn gene vo nhiu i tng (t bo, m, m so), tn xut thnh cng kh cao ( cy mt l mm). Hn na vic thit k vector kh n gin. Tuy nhin khi ti sinh cy li d b th khm. K thut chuyn gene bng vi tim: Phng php ny s dng vi tim nh, knh hin vi v cc vi thao tc. Cc vi tim chuyn vector mang gene vo protoplas hoc cc t bo n (cha hnh thnh v cng). Phng php ny c u im l a c cc gene chnh xc vo t bo song phng php ny mi ch thnh cng ng vt. K thut chuyn gene qua ng phn: Phng php ny cn c xem l phng php chuyn khng qua nui cy m. y l phng php li dng ng phn chuyn vector mang gene i cng t bo sinh dc c (tinh t) kt hp Nhomac169@gmail.com 9

Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

vi t bo trng to hp t mang gene ngoi lai c chuyn vo. Sau , hp t s pht trin thnh ht. Ht ny mm v pht trin thnh cy chuyn gene v c di truyn cho cc th h sau. Chuyn gene qua ng phn tt nht thc hin ngay sau khi qu trnh th tinh xy ra non, nhng t bo sinh dc ci cha kp phn chia. Nu lm c nh vy s chuyn gene s c thc hin i vi mt t bo sinh sn ci (trng) duy nht v sau khi ti sinh cy s trnh xut hin th khm. i. 2.4.2. Phng php chuyn gene vo t bo ng vt Phng phap DEAE-dextran: DEAE-dextran l mt polycation (co th la polybrene, polyethyleneimine v dendrimers). y la tac nhn hoa hoc u tin c s dng chuyn ADN vao t bao ng vt nui cy. Phng phap s dung ky thut calcium phosphate: c bt u 1973, y la k thut v cung co gia tr i vi cac nghin cu chuyn gene vao cac t bao sma nui cy va ang c s dng nhiu chuyn cac dong gene vao t bao ng vt. Phng phap chuyn gene qua liposome: Vao thp nin 1980, liposome Phng phap vi tim: Nguyn tc ca phng phap vi tim la mt lng nhn to a c s dng a ADN vao t bao. nh ADN c tim trc tip vao nhn t bao phi trn hoc t bao nguyn vn mt cach c hc di kinh hin vi y la phng php c hiu qu nht va c s dng rng ri nht to ng vt chuyn gene. K thut chuyn gene bng sc nhit: dng nhit to ra nhng bin

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Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

S dng cac phng php ny, cc gene chuyn c chiu di trn 50 kb ca virus, sinh vt tin nhn, thc vt, ng vt khng xng sng hoc ng vt c xng sng c th c chuyn vo gene ca ng vt c v v chng c th c biu hin c t bo sinh dng v t bo sinh sn.

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Thc phm bin i gene Phng php chuyn gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

nh vector virus: Vao nm 1974, ln u tin cac nha khoa hc phat hin thy rng, sau khi tim ADN ca retrovirus SV40 vao khoang phi ca tui phi chut, ADN nay co th c tm thy sau o trong cac t bao ca chut trng thnh. Tuy phc tap nhng hiu qua chuyn gene cao. Phng phap chuyn gene

bng cch s dng t bo gc phi: nhng t bao a c bin np gene l ngi ta a no vao phi khac giai on phi nang to ra ng vt chuyn gene th khm. 2.4.3 Cc phng php nhn bit v cu trc phn t ca thc phm bin i gene (TPBG) Vic nhn bit TPBG: rt cn thit i vi nhiu ng dng nh nh gi mc sch ca ht ging hay i vi vic bt buc dn nhn thc phm mt

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Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

s quc gia. V th nhiu k thut phn tch v ang c pht trin p ng nhu cu ny. Vic pht hin v nghin cu TPBG: phi tin hnh hai mc Bc th nht ( mc thp) l pht hin c hay khng. Mun chuyn mt gene no vo nng sn th trong chui gene s c on gene ni. Pht hin on gene ni tc l thc phm c chuyn gene. Bc hai th phi trang b on gene chun (on gene primer) so snh v bit c h a gene g vo, nh gene tng cng chuyn ho ng hay gene khng su c thn Vic pht hin GMO v dn xut ca n c th c thc hin nh s nhn bit phn t (ADN, ARN hoc protein) m nhng phn t ny c ngun gc t gene c chn (hoc gene c bin i). C ba phng php xc nh GMO l: Phng php khuych i da trn c s nucleotid: + Phng php da trn c s ARN. + Phng php da trn c s AND. Phng php da trn c s protein. Phng php da trn c s pht hin hot tnh enzym. Cho n nay cc phng php chnh pht hin GMO v cc dn xut ca GMO ch yu da trn vic pht hin ADN pht trin, trong khi ch mt vi phng php c pht trin pht hin protein hoc ARN. Tuy c nhiu k thut khc nhau nhng mi k thut li c tnh c hiu v mt hn ch ring ca n. 2.5. Li ch v nhng lo ngi v GMO 2.5.1. Li ch ca GMO i vi cy trng: Khng su b: Thit hi ma mng do su b gy ra ht sc ln, dn n cnh ngho i, cc kh i vi nng dn cc nc ang pht trin. Mi nm, phng trnh su bnh, nng dn thng phi s dng hng tn thuc tr su ha hc. Thc phm b nhim thuc tr su rt c hi, gy nn nhng hu qu nghim trng i vi sc khe ngi tiu dng. ng thi, d lng rc thi nng nghip t thuc Nhomac169@gmail.com 13

Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

tr su v phn bn cng gp phn lm nhim ngun nc, t gy tc ng khng tt cho mi trng. Thc phm bin i gene (TPBG) nh ng Bacillus thurigensis ( B.t) c th gip chng ta loi tr thuc tr su ha hc, nh h thp gi thnh nng sn. Chu thuc tr c: tr c cho mt s loi cy trng, nng dn thng s dng mt lng ln cc loi thuc tr c khc nhau. Tuy nhin, phng php ny i hi nhiu thi gian v tin bc m bo rng thuc tr c khng lm hi n cy trng ln mi trng. Do vy, cy trng s c bin i gene tng sc khng i vi thuc tr c. Nh , nng dn ch cn phun mt loi thuc thay v nhiu loi nh trc, gim bt tn hi n mi trng. Chu dch bnh: Bnh ca cy trng do rt nhiu loi virus, nm v vi khun gy ra. Cc nh sinh hc thc vt ang c gng to ra nhng loi cy trng chuyn gene c sc khng i vi mi loi bnh. Chu lnh: Sng gi t ngt c th ph hu nhng cy ging nhy cm. Mt loi gene chng gi rt ly t c nc lnh c cy vo mt s cy trng nh thuc l v c chua. Vi gene ny, cy trng c th chu c nhit thp m trc kia chng khng th no chu ng c. Chu hn, chu mn: V dn s th gii ngy mt tng cao, t ai s dng cho mc ch lm nh ngy cng ln lt t ai nng nghip. p ng nhu cu v t ai, nng dn buc phi canh tc ngay c nhng vng t vn khng ph hp vi vic trng cy. To ra cy trng c kh nng chu ng thi k hn hn di ngy hoc lng mui cao trong t v nc ngm s gip ch rt nhiu cho nng dn. Dinh dng: cc nc ngho, vn suy dinh dng l hin tng ht sc ph bin v ngi dn thng ch da vo mt loi cy trng duy nht lm thc n, chng hn nh go. Tuy nhin, go khng cha lng cht dinh dng cn thit cho c th. Nu c chuyn i gene, go s cha nhiu vitamin b sung v khong cht hn, b p cho vic thiu ht cht dinh dng. Chng hn, ti cc quc gia ang pht trin, m do thiu vitamin A l cn bnh rt hay gp. Cc Nhomac169@gmail.com 14

Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

nh nghin cu thuc Vin Khoa hc cy trng Thu S to ra c ging la "vng" cha lng vitamin A cc cao v ang chun b to ging la cha nhiu st. Tuy nhin, do phong tro phn i TPBG ang lan mnh Chu u, hai ging la ny c rt t kh nng n c vi cc nc ngho i. Dc phm: Chi ph sn xut thuc men v vaccine thng rt ln, hn na iu kin bo qun cc nc ngho li khng c tt. Trong khi , cc nc ny li c t l bnh tt rt cao. Do vy, gii nghin cu quc t ang tm cch sn xut loi vaccine n c, c trong c chua v khoai ty. Nh , chng s d vn chuyn, bo qun v qun l hn vaccine tim truyn thng. u im ca vic gy t bin gene: trng. trin. Ci thin cht lng thc phm, lm tng gi tr dinh dng hoc c nhng i vi mi trng: cy trng chuyn gene khng ch n thun l thc phm, chng cn gp phn gim bt nhim t ai v nc ngm trn th gii, ng thi lm sch t b nhim kim loi nng. Li ch kinh t: Thc phm bin i gene em li cho ta ngun li ch v cng to ln nh: gim c chi ph s dng thuc tr su, chi ph nhp khu mt s thc phm vi gi thnh cao lm thc n gia sc Tng nng sut cy trng dn n tng li nhun kinh t thu c t nng nghip Sn lng cy trng chuyn gene cao hn rt nhiu so vi cy trng cha bin i p ng c nhu cu ngy cng cao v tnh trng thch hp cho cng ngh ch bin. To li nhun kinh t v x hi, gim bt i ngho cc nc ang pht To cc ging cy c nng sut cao, cht lng tt, bo m an ton ngun m bo n nh a dng sinh hc. S dng hiu qu ngun nguyn liu t bn ngoi cho nng nghip v mi lng thc, thc phm trong ton cu.

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Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

lng thc, v vy mt s quc gia s gim mt cch ng k chi ph nhp khu lng thc t cc nc khc. i vi Vit Nam hin nay, vi cy bng thng, mt v cn n 16 - 17 ln phun thuc tr su, trong khi vi cy bng khng su th khng cn phun thuc khng su, m ch dng thuc khng bnh. Nh vy, gi thnh s r hn nhiu so vi gi bng nhp khu. y vn khng cn l thch hay khng thch na, nu th trng Vit Nam khng chp nhn cy bng chuyn gene th mi mi chng ta s vn phi nhp 95 98% nguyn liu. Cng nh vy, cy u tng trung bnh cn phun thuc 6-7 ln/v. Hin nay, chng ta vn phi nhp mt lng ln thc n gia sc. Nu ng dng bin i gene vi cy ng th Vit Nam c th s c thm 9.100 t ng do nng sut tng 10% v gim ton b chi ph s dng thuc tr su trn ng rung. Vic nghin cu sn xut cc ging cy trng, vt nui chuyn gene thc s l mt c hi pht trin v l cng c mnh thc y nn kinh t. Ai ng ngoi cuc lc ny th s b mt c hi v ko t nc i chm li. M, vic s dng cy trng chuyn gene lm gim khong 46,4 triu pound thuc tr su nm 2003. Vic s dng bng B.t Trung Quc lm gim khong 78.000 tn thuc tr su nm 2001. Cy trng khng thuc dit c cng c p dng nhiu ti M. Mt nghin cu v cc tc ng ca cy trng chuyn gene i vi mi trng v kinh t sau 9 nm c canh tc (1996 2004) cho thy vic ng dng cy trng chuyn gene l gim lng thuc tr su cn phi s dng khong 172 triu kg, v lm gim cc tc ng ln mi trng khong 14%. 2.5.2. Nhng lo ngi v GMO Bn cnh nhng li ch, GMO cng t ra nhiu vn lo ngi cho nh sn xut ln ngi tiu dng. Nhng lo ngi vn xoay quanh cc yu t nh mi trng, sc khe, kinh t Lin quan n vn ny th phe i lp cng a ra nhiu quan im chng li GMO. Hy hoi mi trng:

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Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

Nhng vn t ra l gene c a vo c nh hng i vi cy nhn gene, nh hng ln cc sinh vt khng phi l sinh vt cn dit trong mi trng khng? Cy chuyn gene c tn ti trong mi trng lu hn bnh thng hoc xm chim nhng ni c ng mi khng? Kh nng gene pht tn ngoi mun t cy chuyn gene sang loi khc v nhng hu qu c th. e da th gii sinh vt: mt cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc ng trn tp ch danh ting Nature chng minh rng phn hoa ca ng B.t. l nguyn nhn lm tng t l t vong ca su bm cha. Su bm cha khng n ng m n l bng tai, tuy nhin gi s mang phn hoa ng B.t. rc ln cy bng tai khin cho su cht sch. Vn l chng ta khng th to ra c cht c B.t. ch git nhng cn trng c hi, ng thi bo v cn trng v hi c. Cho n nay, cuc tranh ci v ng B.t vn cha ng ng. Mt dn chng c th khc l rng Trung Quc trng GMO khng c thm thc vt di chn cy GMO. Chuyn gene sai mc ch: Mt trong nhng iu khin nhiu ngi lo lng l cy trng chuyn gene s dn chuyn gene vt tri sang cho cc ging cy khc khng c bin i. Chng hn, phn hoa ca GMO pht tn xa hn 21 km, gy nh hng ln cc loi thc vt khc, to ra siu c, lm cho nng dn tn nhiu kinh ph cho vic s dng thuc tr c. Gim hiu qu thuc bo v thc vt: Do mt s loi su tr nn min dch i vi thuc tr su DDT (nay b cm s dng), nhiu ngi t lo ngi rng cn trng ri cng s khng c B.t hoc cc loi cy trng chuyn gene chng su bnh. Cng ngh sinh hc l mt n lc kim sot "su" trong thin nhin nhng sc mnh tm thi kim sot l o. V d, mt nng dn ti Ottawa trng ba loi khc nhau ca ht ci du TPBG n t ba nh sn xut hng u th gii (Monsanto Roundup, Cyanamid's Pursuit, v Aventis 'Liberty). Lc u, ng vui mng thy ng cn phi s dng t tn km cht dit c. Nhng ch trong vng ba nm, "superweeds" thc hin trong cc gene ca tt c ba loi cy! iu ny cui cng buc ng phi s dng thuc dit c khng ch nhiu hn, nhng sn phm nguy him hn rt nhiu. Nhomac169@gmail.com 17

Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

GMO nh hng n s sng ca nhng loi sng xung quanh chng, qu trnh o thi cht c, tiu dit ln nhau sinh tn gia tng, gy nhim nng mi trng gn nh hng n sc khe con ngi
-

Kh nng gy d ng: rt nhiu tr em M v chu u b cc triu

chng d ng nguy him n tnh mng do lc v mt s loi thc phm bin i gene gy ra. C th khi gene c a vo cy trng to ra cht gy d ng mi ln nhng ngi mn cm. Mt d n ghp gene ca lc Brazil vo tng b hu b v chnh quyn lo s rng sn phm mi s gy d ng.
-

To ra ngun thc phm c kh nng khng khng sinh: gy ri lon qu Gim kh nng sinh sn: Trong cuc tho lun v thc phm cc nh khoa

trnh tiu ha trong c th con ngi, lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm.
-

hc nhn nh n bin i gene c lin quan n mi e da gim kh nng sinh sn. Trong thi gian 20 tun, cc nh khoa hc o cho nhng ch chut th nghim dng loi ng bin i gene. Kt qu thu c l t l sinh sn ca nhng ch chut sau thi gian n ng bin i gene gim hn. Gio s Jurgene Zentek, gio s ca H Vienna (o) cng l trng nhm nghin cu v n bin i gene nhn nh kt qu ban u cho thy loi thc n ny c nh hng n sinh sn ca chut. Theo ng Zentek y l mi lin kt trc tip gia thc n bin i gene v kh nng sinh sn ca loi chut. T cc kt qu ny, cc nh nghin cu cho rng lng thc thc phm bin i gene trn th trng hin nay l mi e da khng nh n sc khe con ngi. Vn kinh t: Vn t ra l vic trng TPBG c thc s gip tng trng kinh t hay khng? a TPBG ra th trng l mt qu trnh tn km v mt nhiu thi gian. Hin nhin, cc cng ty cng ngh sinh hc - nng nghip lun mun m bo li nhun cho khon u t ca mnh. Rt nhiu cng ngh bin i gene thc vt mi v nhiu ging cy bin i gene c cp bng sng ch. V vy, hin tng vi phm bn quyn l mt vn ln ca ngnh nng nghip. Vic cp bn quyn cho Nhomac169@gmail.com 18

Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

ging cy mi s lm tng gi ht ging, khin cho cc nc ang pht trin khng kh nng nhp khu ging mi. Do , khong cch giu - ngho gia cc nc ngy cng tr nn rng hn. S xut hin ca TPBG lm cho cc cng ty sn xut ht ging phi thay i chin thut kinh doanh, dn n tnh trng cnh tranh gay gt v s ra i ca hng lot cy, ht TPBG nh hng n nhim gene. Vic s dng TPBG m khng dn nhn cng lm cho ngi s dng thiu thng tin dn n lo ngi khi la chn sn phm Cng ngh kh khon a gi sn phm ln cao V d: da hu hnh vung c gi t 20 99 usd/ngi. Hay vic M tng thua l 1,6 hay 1,2 t la v khng tiu th c TPBG th trng Chu u v Thi Lan, ch bn c 1% trong mi my ngn tn tri cy c tr v.
2.5.3. Phng hng gii quyt nhng lo ngi v GMO

ng trc quan im c nu ra bi phe i lp, cc nh khoa hc cng nh cc c quan, t chc c trch nhim a ra nhng lp lun khc phc nhng vn nu trn.

Vn mi trng:

Do gene c chuyn t cy ny sang cy khc qua ng th phn nn chng ta c th to cy khng c phn hoc phn khng cha gene bin i. Nh , qu trnh th phn s khng xy ra, ng thi cn trng v hi nh su bm cha c n phi phn hoa cng khng b tn li. Vic c di c th nhn c gene khng thuc ca la, tr thnh siu c v khng th dit ni, trn thc t, hin tng t bin c, pht trin kh nng khng thuc l hon ton bnh thng, vn xy ra trong t nhin, ch khng ch ti khi c sinh vt bin i gene. i vi thc vt bc cao, vic gene ca cy ny "pht tn" sang cy kia ch c th xy ra thng qua th phn cho, v ch khi chng cng loi, hoc rt gn loi vi nhau. Trong lch s tin ha, cha bao gi cc loi xa nhau c th trn ln gene vo nhau c. Th gii hin c ti 50 60 triu ha cy trng chuyn gene, m cha c trng hp no c ghi nhn l gy nh hng ti mi trng. Nhomac169@gmail.com 19

Thc phm bin i gene

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Gii php khc l to vng m xung quanh khu vc trng cy bin i gene. Chng hn, chng ta trng ng khng bin i gene quanh cnh ng ng B.t. nhng s khng thu hoch ch ng trong vng m y. Cn trng c li hoc v hi s c dn sang vng m, su b s c php ph hoi ng khng bin i gene. Do , chng s khng c kh nng khng li thuc tr su. Hin tng truyn gene sang cho c v cy trng khc cng khng xy ra na, bi v phn hoa khng th theo gi vt qua khi vng m. Theo tnh ton, vng m thch hp s c chiu rng khong 6 - 30m. Vn sc khe: Cng ty Monsanto, mt trong nhng cng ty sn xut thc phm bin i gene an ton a ra nhn nh thc phm bin i gene l loi thc phm an ton cho sc khe con ngi v n c kim nghim trong cc phng th nghim ca cc cng ty cng ngh sinh hc, trong c cng ty Monsanto. i vi vn ny, khoa hc a ra mt gii php s dng mt s cng ngh nh: to ra ht ging c kh nng t kt liu, cng ngh hn ch s dng gene hay cng ngh trit sn ht cy. Tc l a mt gene vo ht cy chuyn i gene, khi cy trng c thu hoch, mi ht mi u khng c kh nng ny mm. Tm li, ngoi vic gy d ng i vi nhng ngi c c a yu th cho n nay TPBG vn an ton cho ngi s dng. Tuy nhin, cc nh nghin cu khoa hc vn khng ngng tm kim cc gii php ti u nht i vi cy trng chuyn gene tng ngy c th a TPBG vo i sng con ngi m khng li bt c hu qu no.

Vn kinh t:

Nhng vn nu trn nu c gii quyt s h gi thnh sn phm, tng nng sut v sn lng cng nh cht lng th ko theo nhng vn kinh t cng s c gii quyt. 2.6. Thc trng cy trng chuyn gene Vit Nam v trn th gii
2.6.1.

Tnh hnh pht trin cy trng chuyn gene Vit Nam

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Thc phm bin i gene

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Theo tin s L Th Thu Hin, mt trong nhng chuyn gia hng u ca VN v thc phm v cy trng chuyn gene, hin nay lnh vc nghin cu to sinh vt bin i gene, nghin cu chuyn gene vo cy trng ang c tip cn, u t v trin khai nghin cu, ng dng vi s ch trng c bit. Nhiu gene qu c gi tr nh tng nng sut, cht lng, kh nng chng chu c phn lp v nghin cu nhm chuyn vo cy trng to nn nhng ging l tng. Nhng vn thit k vector cng nh hon thin cc quy trnh ti sinh cy khi u cho nghin cu chuyn gene cng nhn c s quan tm ca nhiu nhm tc gi. Nhiu phng php chuyn gene khc nhau nh phng php bn gene, phng php s dng vi khun A. tumefaciens c p dng thnh cng trn hng lot i tng cy trng quan trng nh la, c chua, c tm, u xanh, c ph, thuc l, khoai lang. Cc nghin cu lin quan n cy trng bin gene tp trung ti Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam (trc y l Trung tm Khoa hc t nhin v Cng ngh Vit Nam) v B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn. Trong , ti Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam, cc nghin cu cy trng chuyn gene ch yu c tin hnh cc phng th nghim ca Vin Cng ngh sinh hc v Vin Sinh hc nhit i. Ti Vin Cng ngh sinh hc, hng nghin cu cc ging cy trng chuyn gene c y mnh ngay t cui nhng nm 1990. Cc cn b ca vin tin hnh thu nhp v phn lp c nhiu ngun gene qu c gi tr nng nghip nh gene chu hn, lnh la: gene cry, gene m ha protein bt hot ho ribosome (RIP) cy mp ng v gene m ho a-amylase ca cy u c ve c hot tnh dit cn trng; gene khng b h khoai lang ca vi khun Bt; gene m ho protein v ca virus gy bnh m vng cy u c bit, Vin thc hin ti Cng ngh chuyn gene cy trng, trong gene x khng bnh bc l do vi khun la. Hin nay, trong Chng trnh khoa hc cng ngh sinh hc ang phi hp cng mt s vin nghin cu sinh hc khc ti Vit Nam tin hnh ti KC04 - 13: chuyn gene vo cy hoa, cy bng v cy Nhomac169@gmail.com 21

Thc phm bin i gene

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lm nghip, nhm nng cao sc chng chu vi su bnh v iu kin ngoi cnh bt li. Ngoi ra, trong khun kh cc n hp tc trong nc v quc t, nhng vn nghin cu tng cng tnh chu hn v chu mn cy la bng cng ngh bin i gene, chuyn gene khng virus m vng vo cy u , chuyn gene cry v gene chu hn vo cy bng v ang c trin khai hiu qu vi mt s loi cy bin i gene trng th nghim nh knh. Nhng cng trnh trong phng th nghim Ti Vin Sinh hc nhit i, s dng phng php chuyn gene thng qua vi khun A. tumefaciens hoc phng php bn gene, cc nh khoa hc to c cc cy thuc l, la, u xanh, ci bng, ci xanh v cy c tm bin i gene mang gene cry khng cn trng, gene khng thuc dit c. Hin nay, vin ang thc hin vic chuyn gene vo cy thn g s dng vi khun A. tumefaciens chng EHA 105 cha Ti-plasmid ITB mang gene cry khng cn trng, gene bar khng thuc dit c v gene ch th gus. Ti B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn, L Tun Ngha v cng s chuyn gene gus v gene khng kanamycin vo c chua; Phan T Phng v cng s thnh cng trong vic s dng phng php gin tip qua vi khun t A.tumefaciens chuyn gene vo cy Arabidopsis. Cng chnh nhm tc gi ny, nm 1998 cng b kt qu chuyn gene Xa 21 vo ging la Vit Nam s dng sng bn gene. Gn y, nhm nghin cu ca ng Trng Lng tin hnh thit k vector v chuyn gene cry vo cy ci bp. Cc nghin cu chuyn gene khng thuc dit c v khng bnh kh vn vo ging la DT 10, DT 13; gene khng bnh bc l vo ging la VL 902; gene khng su t vo ci bp CB 26; gene cry. Gna.,Xa 21 v gene m ho B-caroten vo la Indica v ang c trin khai vi nhng kt qu kh quan. T nm 1994 n nay, nh cc bin php v chnh sch khuyn khch, u t hiu qu, cng ngh sinh hc nc ta ngy cng pht trin mnh m. T nm 1990, Chng trnh cng ngh sinh hc quc gia c cp kinh ph cho cc d Nhomac169@gmail.com 22

Thc phm bin i gene

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n nghin cu ng dng cng ngh sinh hc, c bit trong ci tin ging cy trng v k t nm 1995 cho cc d n nghin cu v vic pht trin cng ngh chuyn
gen. T nm 2001, Chnh ph u t 3 d n/ ti nghin cu sinh vt bin i gene. Nhng d n/ ti ny lin quan n nhiu cy trng quan trng ca Vit

Nam. Bn cnh , mt s phng th nghim cng ngh sinh hc v ang c Nh nc u t trang thit b hin i v trin khai cc k thut c bn ca cng ngh gene nh phn lp v xc nh trnh t gene, thit k v bin np gene vo t bo vi sinh vt, ng vt, thc vt, nghin cu biu hin gene Tuy nhin, nhng cy trng ny mi ch tn ti quy m th nghim v ch th nghim. Hin nay, chng ta cha c quy ch cho vic tin hnh th nghim cc cy trng ny ng rung. Bn cnh cc cy trng chuyn gene c nghin cu trin khai trong nc ang ch th nghim, mt s cy trng du nhp vo nc ta c th l sn phm ca cng ngh chuyn gene. Hin nay, cha c c quan no thng k, nh gi y tnh trng nhp khu cc sinh vt chuyn gene v sn phm ca chng s dng trong nng nghip, cng nghip thc phm, dc phm. nc ta, cng ngh sinh hc c xem l ngnh quan trng. Ngh quyt s 18/CP ca Chnh ph ngy 11.3.1994 ch r: "...Cng vi cc ngnh cng ngh mi nhn khc (cng ngh thng tin v cng ngh vt liu mi), cng ngh sinh hc s gp phn khai thc ti u cc ngun lc ca t nc phc v pht trin sn xut, nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca nhn dn v chun b nhng tiu cn thit v mt cng ngh cho t nc tin vo th k 21". Do chng ta cha c vn bn php l qun l thng nht trn c nc nn cc hot ng nghin cu, ng dng, bo qun sn xut, xut nhp khu, vn chuyn sinh vt chuyn gene ni chung v cy trng chuyn gene ni ring cha qun l hay gim st c. Nhng quy nh ca Vit Nam v thc phm bin i gene

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Thc phm bin i gene

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Cc quy nh ca b Y t Vit Nam v sn phm thc phm bin i gene c php lu thng v tiu th trn th trng:
-

An ton i vi sc khe con ngi. Ghi nhn sn phm theo quy nh. Tun th ch kim tra nh k theo quy nh hin hnh. Vit Nam cng cng b tiu chun i vi sn phm bin i gene sn xut

trong nc v xut khu:

-

Trong nc: Ngoi thc hin cc quy nh v cng b tiu chun sn phm

i vi thc phm bin i gene theo quy nh hin hnh, t chc, c nhn sn xut, kinh doanh thc phm bin i gene phi cung cp thng tin sau: + Tn ca sn phm bin i gene. + Tn gene c chuyn vo sn phm: mc ch, v tr, c im, tnh n nh ca gene c cy vo.
+ C chng nhn an ton. + Khng gy d ng. + Khng to ra c t nh hng ti sc khe ca con ngi. + Thnh phn dinh dng v cc cht. + Tnh n nh ca gene cy vo. -

Nhp khu: Thc phm bin i gene nhp khu phi tun th theo cc quy

nh hin hnh ca php lut v thc phm nhp khu v cng b tiu chun sn phm ti B Y t (Cc An ton v sinh thc phm). Ngoi ra bn xut khu phi cung cp nhng thng tin sau:
+ Xc nhn khng c nguy c d ng (gene cy vo c ngun gc an

ton).
+ Xc nhn khng c nguy c to ra c t. + Bo co xc nhn thnh phn dinh dng so vi thc phm thng. + Xc nhn tnh n nh ca gene c cy vo (qua th h th 6). + T l Protein hoc ADN b bin i trong thc phm.

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Thc phm bin i gene

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+ Tn gene c cy vo: mc ch, v tr, c im v tnh n nh ca gene thay th. Trng hp gia nc xut khu v Vit Nam c Cng c tha nhn ln nhau v thc phm bin i gene th thc hin theo Cng c . Vn bt buc ghi nhn i vi thc phm bin i gene Cc ni dung cng b trn nhn phi v tr sao cho khi quan st c th nhn bit d dng v c trnh by mt cch r rng, d hiu, d c bng mt thng cng vi kch thc v khong cch gia cc ch phi hp l, c ch ti thiu bng c ch ca tn thnh phn. Thc phm bin i gene tng ng vi thc phm thng v thnh Thc phm qua ch bin: + Protein b bin i cn d li trong sn phm: Bt buc ghi nhn. + ADN b bin i cn d li trong sn phm: Bt buc ghi nhn. + Protein b bin i khng cn d li: Khng bt buc ghi nhn. + ADN b bin i khng cn d li: Khng bt buc ghi nhn. Thc phm bin i gene khc thc phm thng v thnh phn, gi tr
2.6.2.

phn, gi tr dinh dng, hm lng cc cht.

dinh dng, hm lng cc cht. Tnh hnh pht trin cy trng chuyn gene trn th gii n thng 12/2008, c 61 nc ph chun 677 sn phm bin i gene v cho xut hin trn th trng, trong khong 40% sn phm c ph chun t Chu . Trn 25 quc gia trng hn 125 triu ha cy trng chuyn gene Hin trng - xu hng pht trin cy trng chuyn gene trn th gii Cng ngh sinh hc c nhng bc tin nhy vt gp phn mang li nhng thnh tu to ln cho loi ngi. Nm 2006 c ghi nhn l nm u tin ca thp nin th hai ca vic thng mi ha cy trng chuyn gene 2006 2015. Nm 2006, din tch ton cu cy trng chuyn gene tip tc tng cao vt ngng 100 triu ha (250 triu mu Anh), khi ln u tin hn 10 triu nng dn (10,3 triu) ti 22 nc canh tc cy chuyn gene, cao hn so vi 90 triu ha v 8,5 triu nng Nhomac169@gmail.com 25

Thc phm bin i gene

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dn ti 21 nc nm 2005. T l chp nhn cao cha tng thy l minh chng cho s tht v s tin tng ca hng triu nng dn nh v ln vo cy trng chuyn gene cc nc cng nghip v ang pht trin. Mi mt nm qua (1996 - 2006), mt cch ngoi l, din tch cy chuyn gene ton cu tng hn 60 ln trong 11 nm u tin thng mi ha, lm cho cy trng chuyn gene c coi l k thut cy trng c chp nhn nhanh nht trong lch s hin i. S gia tng 12 triu ha hay 30 triu mu Anh gia nm 2005 v 2006, l s gia tng cao th hai trong 5 nm tr li y, tng ng vi t l tng trng hng nm l 13% trong nm 2006. ng ghi nhn l hn mt na (55% hay 3,5 t ngi) dn s ca 6,5 t ngi sng ti 22 nc c canh tc cy chuyn gene trong nm 2006 to ra li nhun mt cch ng k. C th l 90% nng dn ngho t cc nc ang pht trin, tng c thu nhp t cy chuyn gene (Trung Quc 6,8 triu nng dn v n - 2,3 triu). Cng hn mt na (52% hay 776 triu ha ca 1,5 t ha) din tch t trng trn th gii ti 22 nc nm 2006 canh tc cy chuyn gene. Mt ct mc lch s cng c ghi nhn trong nm 2006 tng din tch gieo trng cy chuyn gene trong 11 nm, t 1996 n 2006 vt qua mc 500 triu ha (577 triu ha). lin minh chu u, Ty Ban nha tip tc dn u trng hn 60.000 ha cy chuyn gene trong nm 2006. Din tch cy ng chuyn gene ti 5 nc cn li (Php, Cng ha Czech, B o Nha, c v Slovakia) tng 5 ln t 1.500 ha nm 2005 ln khong 8.500 ha. Cy u nnh chuyn gene vn gi l cy chuyn gene ch yu nm 2005, t 58,6 triu ha (chim 57% din tch cy chuyn gene ton cu), tip theo l cy ng (25,2 triu ha 25%), cy bng (13,4 triu ha 13%) v cy ci du (4,8 triu ha 5%). Ging c alfafa khng thuc tr c, l loi cy chuyn gene lu nm u tin c a vo trng vi din tch 80.000 ha Hoa k v ging bng khng thuc tr c RR@ Flex c a ra vi din tch 800.000 ha Hoa K v c. Nm 2006, cc ging u nnh, ng, ci du v c alfalfa khng thuc tr c tip tc chim u th vi 68% hay 69,9 triu ha, tip theo l ging khng su BT Nhomac169@gmail.com 26

Thc phm bin i gene

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vi 19,0 triu ha (19%) v cc ging cy chuyn gene xp chng (chu c c thuc tr c v khng su) chim 13,1 triu ha (13%). Cc ging chuyn gene xp chng l nhm ging tng trng nhanh nht ti 30% gia nm 2005 v 2006, so vi 17% i vi nhm khng su v 10% i vi nhm khng thuc tr c. S tc ng tch ly ton cu ca cy chuyn gene t nm 1996 n 2005 em li li nhun thun cho nng dn trng cy chuyn gene l 27 t USD (13 t USD i vi cc nc ang pht trin v 14 t USD i vi cc nc cng nghip). lm gim tng lng thuc tr su t nm 1996 n 2005 l 224.000 tn hot cht, tng ng vi vic gim 15% trong tc ng mi trng xung quanh ca s dng thuc tr su i vi cc loi cy trng trn. Trong 13 nm (1996 2008), s nc trng cy trng chuyn gene ln ti con s 25 - mt mc lch s - mt ln sng mi v vic a cy trng chuyn gene vo canh tc, gp phn vo s tng trng rng khp ton cu v gia tng ng k tng din tch trng cy trng chuyn gene trn ton th gii ln 73,5 ln (t 1,7 triu ha nm 1996 ln 125 triu ha nm 2008). Trong nm 2008, tng din tch t trng cy trng chuyn gene trn ton th gii t trc ti nay t 800 triu ha. Nm 2008, s nc ang pht trin canh tc cy trng chuyn gene vt s nc pht trin trng loi cy ny (15 nc ang pht trin so vi 10 nc cng nghip), d on xu hng ny s tip tc gia tng trong thi gian ti nng tng s nc trng cy chuyn gene ln 40 vo nm 2015.

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Thc phm bin i gene

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Thc trng s dng thc phm bin i gene EU

Chnh ph cc nc EU cho rng, trong khi cha c cc bng chng xc nh v tnh an ton ca cc GMO, tm thi cm trng cy v nui gia sc bin i gene trn lnh th chu u. Mc phn ng ca cc Chnh ph EU rt khc nhau. Mt s nc chu u c quy nh cho cc sn phm bin i gene. Mt cuc iu tra nm 2002 cho thy, 97% ngi tiu dng chu u mong mun cc sn phm bin i gene c dn nhn r rng, 80% hon ton khng thch sn phm bin i gene. Tuy nhin, sau khi 133 nc thng qua Ngh nh th Cartagenea, xut hin mt s xu hng tch cc trong vic pht trin v thng mi cy trng v sn phm bin i gene. Cc nc u nht tr l khng s dng cc gene khng sinh lm cc ch th chn lc cho cy trng chuyn gene. Cc nc chu u cui cng ng nhp khu sn phm bin i gene ca Hoa K, vi iu kin tt c cc sn phm ny phi c dn nhn. Theo cc nc chu u, ngi tiu dng c ton

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Thc phm bin i gene

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quyn la chn xem c nn mua sn phm bin i gene hay khng, v do cc sn phm bin i gene phi c dn nhn. Tuy vy, vic s dng TPBG cc nc EU vn l vn gy tranh ci. y ban chu u cng vi cc vin, c quan quc gia tin hnh cc cuc thm d kin ngi tiu dng hng nm tm hiu kin i din v xc nh khuynh hng v cc ch s chung. Phn ln ngi tiu dng vn cn ngn ngi v TPBG, tuy nhin vn chp nhn vic nghin cu v canh tc cc cy trng chuyn gene. Nhng cuc thm d gn y cho thy, thi ngi tiu dng thay i, khong mt na ngi tiu dng chp nhn TPBG, c bit l khi li ch ca ngi tiu dng v mi trng c th lin kt vi sn phm TPBG. Nm 2007, 80% ngi c phng vn khng ph phn vic s dng GMO trong nng nghip v li ch mi trng. Nhiu ngi tiu dng dng nh khng cn lo ngi n ri ro tim tng ca GMO i vi sc khe v khng ch ng lng trnh cc sn phm GMO trong khi mua bn.

Mt cuc thm d kin ca cc nc EU v vic s dng sn phm GMO c tin hnh vo thng 11-12/2007 c th hin nh sau:

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Thc phm bin i gene

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Theo cuc iu tra ny cho thy, phn ln ngi chu u tuyn b phn i vic s dng GMO (58%), trong khi c khong 21% ng h, cn khong trn 9% ni rng h cha bao gi nghe ni v GMO. Mc phn i GMO khc nhau cc nc. Nc phn i mnh m nht l Slovenia (82%), Cyprus (81%). Nc ng h cao nht l Malta v B o Nha (28%). Vic phn tch thnh cng nht ca cuc thm d ny l tm hiu c cc kin phn i hay ng h c lin quan n mi quan tm ca dn chng hoc thiu thng tin v vic s dng GMO nh sau:

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Thc phm bin i gene

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2.7. Thc phm bin i gene v vn an ton v sinh thc phm Vn an ton ca thc phm bin i gene c nh gi trn nhiu yu t. Trong , c mt s yu t quan trng nh: Vi sinh vt c t Cht gy d ng

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Thc phm bin i gene Thnh phn dinh dng.

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

Ngoi ra, nh gi an ton ca gene c chuyn, cc nh khoa hc cn quan tm n ngun gc ca gene. Gene phi c ngun gc an ton i vi ngi tiu th. c t v cht gy d ng u c nghin cu trn cc i tng chuyn gene trc khi a ra thng mi ho. Ngoi ra, s tng tc gia protein ca gene chuyn v protein ca vt ch cng c nghin cu nhm loi b nhng trng hp tng tc gy thay i c tnh sn phm ca gene chuyn. Cui cng, thc phm c ngun gc t ADN ti t hp cn c nh gi, so snh vi thc phm c truyn cng loi. 2.7.1. Thc phm bin i gene v s nh hng ca n n h thng vi sinh vt trong h thng tiu ha Theo nh mt s nghin cu c thc hin t khp ni trn th gii, cc nh nghin cu u c chung mt kt lun, gene khng khng sinh trong thc vt chuyn gene c phn hy rt nhanh trong ng tiu ha ca ng vt. Mt nghin cu ti phng th nghim vi sinh vt hc, thuc trng i hc Leed, vng quc Anh cho thy s tn ti ca gene khng khng sinh trong ng tiu ha ca gia cm, c nui bng thc phm bin i gene l khng lu hn so vi cc gene khc. S lo ngi ca ngi tiu dng cn lin quan n vn cc gene c bin i c trong thc phm s chuyn vo vi sinh vt v to nn cc chng vi sinh vt khng thuc, iu ny gy nguy hi rt ln n sc khe con ngi. Da trn mt s hoi nghi va nu, mt s nh khoa hc tin hnh nghin cu gene betalactamase - mt trong nhng gene khng khng sinh thng c dng trong k thut to ra thc vt chuyn gene, nhm lm cho cy trng thch nghi vi iu kin sng chu nhiu tc ng c hi ca vi sinh vt hn. Nhm nghin cu ny nui g bng thc n l ng thng thng (khng chuyn gene) v ng chuyn gene, sau theo di qu trnh phn hu ca gene beta-lactamase trong ng tiu ho ca chng. Kt qu cho thy, trn gene betalactamase kiu di c mang im nhn bit ca enzyme PstI, trong khi gene betaNhomac169@gmail.com 32

Thc phm bin i gene

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lactamase trn ng chuyn gene li khng c im nhn bit ny, nn gene betalactamase kiu di c pht hin thy trn hu khp ng tiu ho ca g nui bng thc n khng chuyn gene. Kt qu ny cho php khng nh rng cc gene c tc dng khng khng sinh tn ti rt nhiu trong c th ng vt. i vi g c nui bng thc n chuyn gene, th pht hin c gene kiu di (cha im nhn bit PstI) trong sut h thng tiu ho, trong khi gene beta-lactamase c ngun gc t thc n chuyn gene (khng cha im nhn bit PstI) khng pht hin c c tn ti g, m li tn ti ng tiu ha ca mt s ng vt khc. Nh vy, sau khi c bin i, gene beta lactamase khng cn gy hi i vi vi sinh vt trong ng tiu ha na. Ta thy, trn c th ng vt cc gene khng khng sinh b phn hy th khi con ngi s dng ng vt c nui bng thc phm bin i gene lm thc n, th h vi sinh vt tt cho ng tiu ha ca con ngi vn c m bo an ton. Vi vy, khng nguy hi gi n sc khe ngi tiu dng. Tuy y l mt nghin cu c thc hin trn c th ng vt nhng cng c mt ngha rt ln i vi vn an ton trong vic s dng thc phm. 2.7.2. Thc phm bin i gene v vn c t sinh ra trong thc phm bim i gene c t xut hin trong thc phm bin i gene l vn rt ng quan tm. Tuy nhin, khng phi ch c thc phm bin i gene mi c c t m ngay c thc phm c trng theo phng php truyn thng cng c cha mt hm lng c t kh cao. Tm hiu song song 2 loi thc phm: thc phm truyn thng v thc phm bin i gene, qua c th tr li c cu hi v vn an ton ca thc phm bin i gene. cng l vn c ngi tiu dng c bit quan tm. i vi thc phm bin i gene: c 2 gi thit c cc nh khoa hc nu ra t bin thm on trong k thut chuyn gene: trong qu trnh thc hin k thut di truyn, gene mi chuyn vo lm h hng hay gy t bin mt hoc vi gene khc ca thc vt - do mt qu trnh c tn gi l t bin thm on. Vic Nhomac169@gmail.com 33

Thc phm bin i gene

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xut hin cc t bin thm on ny s dn n s h hi v di truyn. t bin gene trong k thut chuyn gene lm thay i qu trnh iu ha, gy nh hng n qu trnh sn xut c t. V vy, hm lng c t m thc vt sn xut ra c th tng cao. Trng thi stress thc vt: nu thc vt c gy bin i bng k thut di truyn, nhm gy nh hng ln qu trnh trao i cht bnh thng ca thc vt th bn thn n s trong trng thi stress, v thc vt trong trng thi stress c th to ra lng c t cao hn. i vi thc phm truyn thng Trong qu trnh lai ging, chn ra mt ging mi c kh nng khng bnh, nhng li khng loi b c cc gene iu khin sn sinh ra c t. V vy, bn thn chng vn t sinh ra c t. Nhiu thc vt c mang mt on ADN t nhin c kh nng di chuyn. nhng iu kin nht nh, nhng on ADN ny s "nhy" ra khi v tr ca n v gn vo mt mt v tr ngu nhin khc trong h ADN ca thc vt v hin tng ny c th gy ra hiu ng "t bin thm on" nh xy ra vi k thut chuyn gene. Qua cc nghin cu v an ton ca thc phm bin i gene, v so snh n vi thc phm c lai to chn ging qua nhiu th h, ta thy c hai phng php u c c t. Tuy nhin, nhng suy on trn i vi thc phm bin i gene ch l nhng gi thit nu ra thng qua nhng nghin cu thc t trn cy trng lai to, chn ging mi. Trn th trng hin nay vn cha pht hin c bt k thc vt chuyn gene no c kh nng gy nh hng n sc khe con ngi bng cch to c t. m bo sc khe cho ngi tiu dng v h tr cho vic theo di din bin ca thc phm bin i gene, t chc Thuc v Thc phm Hoa K (FDA) khuyn co cc nh pht trin thc vt chuyn gene cn nh gi hm lng c t t nhin cng nh cht i khng dinh dng trong thc vt chuyn gene v so snh cc thng s ny vi thc vt khng chuyn gene cng loi. Nhomac169@gmail.com 34

Thc phm bin i gene

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2.7.3. Thc phm bin i gene v cht gy d ng trong thc phm Thc phm bin i gene ch c nguy c gy d ng khi n c cha mt hoc nhiu protein m khng c trong thc phm cng loi bnh thng. Ngi ta c bit quan tm nu thc phm bin i gene c cha protein ca mt thc phm khc m bit trc l c kh nng gy d ng. Nu chng may protein chuyn vo thc phm bin i gene li l yu t gy d ng trong thc phm thng thng th rt c th thc phm bin i gene cng gy d ng. Chng hn nhng ai d ng vi lc Brazil, th rt c th cng d ng vi u tng chuyn gene c cha mt protein t lc Brazil. Ngoi ra, nu chuyn mt protein t vi khun vo thc vt, th thc vt c th gy ra nhng bin i lm cho n khng ging nh khi n trong vi khun, vn ny c th nh hng n kh nng gy d ng ca protein . C mt qu trnh c chng minh l c kh nng to ra protein gy d ng, l qu trnh Glycosyl ha, mt qu trnh cho php phn t protein gn kt vi cc phn t ng. Hn na, s lng protein c to ra cng nh hng n kh nng gy d ng ca n, mc d hu ht cc protein chuyn vo thc vt chuyn gene c tng hp mc rt thp. Tuy nhin khng phi thc phm bin i gene no cng gy d ng, c mt s thc vt chuyn gene khng to ra mt protein mi no, th chng khng c kh nng gy d ng. V d: c chua Flavr-Savr T nm 1992, FDA khuyn ngh (nhng khng bt buc) nhng nh pht trin thc phm bin i gene nn nh gi nguy c gy d ng vi thc phm bin i gene m h to nn, nht l khi thc phm c cha mt protein ca mt thc phm khc bit l c kh nng gy d ng. D vic nh gi ny l khng bt buc v mt php l, nhng cho n nay hu ht cc nh pht trin thc phm bin i gene, u gi sn phm ca h i nh gi kh nng gy d ng. T chc FDA cng gi rng nu khng c bng chng khng nh rng thc phm bin i gene khng gy d ng th sn phm phi c dn nhn hoc l khng c a vo th trng tiu dng. Vic nh gi kh nng gy d ng ca thc phm bin i gene Nhomac169@gmail.com 35

Thc phm bin i gene

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Nu protein chuyn gene bt ngun t mt thc phm bit l c th gy d ng: Trc tin protein c tch t thc vt chuyn gene v kim tra vi huyt thanh ca bnh nhn b d ng vi thc phm bin i gene ban u bng cc phng php chun xc nh d ng. Nu nh bc th trn l m tnh hoc khng r rng th bc tip theo s l th d ng trn da. Vi php th ny, bnh nhn d ng s c tim mt lng nh protein trn vo di da. Nu vn khng c phn ng d ng vi protein th bc cui cng l th nghim bng cch n thc phm cn gi l php th tiu dng thc phm. Php th ny c tin hnh theo nguyn tc m i, s dng c mu gi (placebo) ln mu tht. Nu tt c cc php th trn u m tnh trn nhng ngi c th trng d ng vi thc phm cao th c th kt lun l thc phm bin i gene s khng c nguy c gy d ng. H thng phng php ny, s pht hin ra cc trng hp thc phm bin i gene c gy d ng hay khng. V th, c th ngn chn n xm nhp vo th trng tiu dng. Nu protein chuyn gene c ngun gc t mt thc phm him khi gy d ng Nu c huyt thanh ca bnh nhn b d ng vi thc phm bin i gene Tuy nhin, v l loi thc phm him khi gy d ng nn c th s khng c th thc hin bc th nh trn. huyt thanh . Trong trng hp ny, thc phm s c nh gi kh nng gy d ng theo qui trnh dnh cho nhm thc phm cha r kh nng gy d ng. Nu protein chuyn gene c ngun gc t sinh vt khng r v kh nng gy d ng. D on kh nng gy d ng ca mt thc phm khi cha c bnh nhn d ng l rt kh khn. Hin cha c mt phng php th nghim no, c th xc

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Thc phm bin i gene

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inh c kh nng gy d ng trong thc phm bin i gene cng nh thc phm thng thng. Mt phn tch cho thy, trc khi mt protein ca lc Brazil c chuyn vo u tng th cc th nghim trn ng vt cho thy rng protein s khng gy d ng trn ngi. Hu ht cc cht gy d ng u c mt s c im chung nh kch thc nh, bn nhit, axt, v khng mn cm vi enzyme tiu ha. y l cc c tnh c cho l cn thit cho mt cht gy d ng c th xm nhp vo h tun hon m khng b phn hy hay bin i. Mc d khng phi protein no c c tnh nh trn cng c th gy d ng, nhng nu mt protein mi ca thc phm bin i gene c mt trong nhng c tnh trn hoc c cu trc ging vi nhng protein c bit l c gy d ng th FDA s coi protein l mt cht gy d ng tim n v s c nhng qui nh ph hp. Tuy nhin, trong tng lai cc cht gy d ng s c hn ch ng k 2.7.4. Thnh phn dinh dng trong thc phm bin i gene Theo cc nh nghin cu, tt c cc phng php nhn ging thc vt, d truyn thng hay chuyn gene u c kh nng thay i dinh dng ca sn phm hoc c nhng thay i ngoi d kin v nng , hm lng cc cht c ch dinh dng. Cy chuyn gene c th gip tng ln mt s thnh phn dinh dng nht nh. Chng hn, cy la l cy lng thc quan trng nht ca nhn loi, nhng la c nhc im c bn l khng cha vitamin A v c carotene. Do nhng gia nh n ch yu bng go s b thiu vitamin A, hu qu l gy vim mng mt, lu di b kh mt, m lo... Th nhng khi dng cng ngh gene, cc nh khoa hc to ra ging la cha vitamin A, ht go ca n c mu vng, gi l la vng. Nh vy, nh k thut gene ngi ta c th to ra cc cy c gi tr dinh dng cao. nng cao vn an ton thc phm v m bo sc khe cho ngi tiu dng.

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Thc phm bin i gene

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Tuy nhin, cy bin i gene c th gy nhng nguy c thnh phn dinh dng. Phng php ny c th gy ra s thay i cc thnh phn nh: protein th, cht bo th, carbonhydrat th... lm thay i hm lng protein, to cc protein bt thng, cc cht khng dinh dng (phytase, cht c ch trypsin...) Do , trc khi a thc phm bin i gene ra lu thng trn th trng, cn phi nh gi mc nguy c ca chng v cng vic kim nghim tnh an ton ca thc phm bin i gene phi c thc hin nghim ngt bi cc c quan t chc c lp vi cc nh sn xut, m bo hn ch n mc thp nht nhng nh hng ca loi thc phm ny ti sc kho ngi tiu dng. 2.8. Mt s sn phm bin i gene tiu biu 2.8.1. Ng bin i gene t tiu dit su i vi Su n r Su n r l mt trong nhng loi cn trng ng s nht i vi cc rung ng M v chu u. Theo c tnh ca cc chuyn gia nng nghip, thit hi hng nm m chng gy ra mi nm ln ti hng t USD. Khi b su n r (u trng ca b cnh cng) tn cng, r ca ng bin i gene gii phng mt hp cht dng kh ra mi trng xung quanh. Khi tip xc vi cht kh ny, l su s ri vo tnh trng mt mi. Theo quy lut t nhin chng s bc vo giai on thnh trng d cha n thi im thch hp. Hu qu l l su s cht. Cc nh khoa hc ca i hc Neuchtel tm ra gene c kh nng to ra ho cht ni trn loi cy oregano. H cy gene vo ng chng t sn xut ra ho cht.

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Thc phm bin i gene

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Qu trnh th nghim: Trng xen k ng chuyn gene vi ng thng ri th su ln t Nhng con su n gc c th ln cy ng chuyn gene cht sau ba ngy. Ti ma ng tr bng, nhn thy nhng cy chuyn gene c nhiu ht hn, ng thi t l tn thng r thp hn nhiu so vi nhng cy ng thng. Nhm nghin cu khng nh ging ng ca h va t nng sut cao va khng s cn trng gy hi. Ng Bt: Mt nhm chuyn gia thuc H Arizona nghin cu loi ng bin i gene tn l Bt, hin c trng nhiu quc gia. Bt do cng ty Monsanto ca M pht trin, c b sung gene ca vi khun Bacillus thusingenesis (Bt) to ra cc c t mnh trong l v thn. Nhng cht ny s lm cho su hi cht khi cn ph ng. Tuy nhin, s dng ging g ny khng khc g ang dng con dao hai li, v bn cnh tc dng khng su th n cng mang li mt s vn khng mong mun. Tc dng khng su bnh Gene t vi khun Bt lm cho cc m ca ng Bt c i vi cn trng, chng hn nh su bore Chu u, mt loi su hi thng trn trong cung ng, lm cho nng dn kh kim sot chng bng ha cht. Ti M v mt s nc khc, ng Bt phi c trng bn cnh ci gi l ni nng nu ca cc ging ng bnh thng mt chin lc nhm ngn cn trng khng c t Bt. Logic ca chin dch trn rt n gin: nu su hi khng c t Bt trong thn v l cy trn nhng cnh ng ng bin i gene, do chng s giao phi vi su hi khng khng c t trn nhng cnh ng ng bnh thng gn k lm cho kh nng khng c t ca chng b hn ch cc th h su con chc chn s cht nu tn cng ng Bt. Vn t ra: nghin cu mi cho thy gene to c t ca vi khun Bt ang xm nhp vo ng bnh thng cc cnh ng ln cn thng qua phn hoa phn tn xa hng chc mt. G.S Bruce Tabashnik thuc Khoa cn trng, H Arizona, cho bit: Ng bnh thng cnh ng gn k ng bin i gened9uo75c Nhomac169@gmail.com 39

Thc phm bin i gene

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cho l khng cha cc gene Bt. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, vic nhim gene Btcua3 ng bnh thng xy ra mc cao khi gn ng Bt v gim bt khi ra xa khi ng Bt. => Kt lun: Phn hoa t ng Bt ang xm nhp vo ng bnh thng cc cnh ng ln cn v ang to ra c t Bt trong cc ht ng bnh thng. ng ni: y l ln u tin s nhim gene c ghi nhn trong mt cnh ng ng bnh thng nm cnh ng Bt. iu ny lm cho su bnh tng kh nng khng lai95 ng Bt cng nh ch phm thuc tr su Bt. Hiu qu kinh t t ng chuyn gene: Nng sut ca ng chuyn gene cao hn t 8 10 nng sut trung bnh, gim chi ph thuc tr su, gim cng lao ng phun thuc, nng sut vt tri so vi cc ging lai hin ang canh tc. Khng hng n nh mi

trng hay sc khe con ngi do s dng t thuc tr su. => Sau khi xem xt cc u nhc im ca ng khng su th trn 70% s h nng dn u c kin s mua ngay trng nu c trn th trng v c nng sut thu nhp cao hn cc ging ng lai ang trng. Tim nng ca ng chuyn gene Vit Nam kh cao, bi v hin nay mi nm chng ta vn phi nhp t nm n tm trm ngn tn ng lm thc n gia sc. Trong khi nng sut ca cy ng khng su c th cho ti 8 tn/ha, din tch trng ng c nc hin nay l mt triu ha. 2.8.2. C chua hng chanh Cc nh nh nghin cu Israel va lai to c loi c chua bin i gene c hng Nhomac169@gmail.com 40

Thc phm bin i gene

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hoa hng v hng chanh. 82 ngi tham gia kim nghim nhng qu ny so vi nhng qu c chua truyn thng. Trong c 49 ngi t ra rt thch loi qu c chua mi. Nhm khoa hc gia thuc nhm nghin cu Newe Yaar ca Israel to ra qu c chua bin i gene c sc hng hn loi qu bnh thng. T l Lycopene, cht chng oxy ha cho ra mu ca qu t hn hai ln so vi qu thng. Ngc li, chng c nhiu cht terpenoide hn, y l thnh phn cho php qu ti mi lu hn. Qu c chua bin i gene u tin c bn ra th trng M vo nm 1994, nhng b rt khi th trng do khng thu ht c ngi tiu dng. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn cy mt s gene ca c bn vo c chua gip chng chng chu sng tt hn. 2.8.3. La

Ging la "vng"

Cc nh nghin cu Vin Cng ngh khoa hc thc vt Thy S thnh cng trong vic to ra ging la "vng" cha phong ph beta-caroten (vitamin A) v ging la ny c Qu Rockefeller ti tr trin khai mt s nc ang pht trin. Vi ging la ny ngi ta hy vng s cu c nhiu ngi trong s 500 000 ngi b m la trn th gii hng nm. Cy gene ngi vo go Cc nh nghin cu thuc Vin Khoa hc Nng sinh hc quc gia ti Tsukuba, Nht Bn, va a mt gene ly t gan ngi vo go ci thin kh nng tiu ha thuc dit c v cc ha cht cng nghip. Gene trn to ra mt loi enzyme, gi l CPY2B6, c bit hiu qu trong vic ph v nhng ha cht c hi trong c th ngi. iu ng ni l phng php ny gip go c kh nng min nhim i vi 13 loi cht dit c khc nhau. Nhomac169@gmail.com 41

Thc phm bin i gene

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Cc loi cy trng chuyn gene hin nay c a cy gene ca vi khun gip chng chu ng tt hn cc loi cht dit c chng khng c hi khi ngi ta phun thuc dit c di ln cnh ng. Tuy nhin, phn ln cc loi cy trng ni trn ch chu ng c mt loi cht dit c. Vic a gene ngi vo go khin cuc tranh ci v thc phm bin i gene trong gii khoa hc thm gay gt. Nhng ngi ng h cho rng phng php ny mang li nhiu li ch cho mi trng trong khi khng gy ra vn g v mt o c. Gio s Richard Meilan thuc H Purdue Indiana, M, cho rng nhng cy trng c bin i gene bng phng php trn c th dn sch c t trn nhng vng t b nhim. Thm ch, chng c th ph hy nhng cht c hiu qu n ni nhng cy c trng trn vng t ni trn c th n c. Trong khi , nhng ngi phn i cho rng phng php ni trn ang to ra nhng thc n Frankenstein. Sue Mayer, Gim c t chc GeneWatch UK ca Anh, nhn nh: Ti khng tin l s c ngi mun mua loi go ni trn. 2.8.4. Mt s cy bin i gene khc
Nh

Ng ci:
php

phng

chuyn gene, qu trnh lo suy l cy ng ci s chm li... (Ngun: hoahocdoisong.com)

Da hu vung

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GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

u tng: u tng khng thuc tr c c a vo th trng t

1996. Ging u tng ny c trng rng ri c cc nc nh Argenetina, Brazil, Nam Phi, n v Trung Quc. 2.8.5. Mt s sn phm t ng vt chuyn i gene Do h thn kinh ca ng vt nhy cm hn nhiu so vi thc vt, do nu chuyn i gene trn ng vt d gy sc, ng vt c th cht khi a gene l vo c th chng. Vic thc hin chuyn i gene trn ng vt rt hn ch nhng cng c mt s thnh tu ng ch . ng vt chuyn gene cung cp sa ngi Nh cc gene ngi lp ghp vo b gene ca mnh, nhng con chut bin i gene ln u tin sn xut ra lactoferrin. Ban u, cy gene ngi vo nhng con chut c ri cho chng giao phi vi chut ci, theo di th h chut con u tin v nhng con ci khi chng sinh sn. Kt qu phn tch cho thy sa ca chng cha lactoferrin, mt loi protein ch c trong sa ngi. Lactoferrin l cht c bit ch c trong sa m bo v tr khi cc vi Lactoferrin l mt cht khng sinh t nhin v n rt hu ch i vi tr em Mc ch ca nghin cu: Sn xut sa cha lactoferrin v thuc t loi protein ny Chit lactoferrin t sa v s dng protein ny pha ch vo cng thc Sa chut rt giu protein v c th suy ra hm lng protein chuyn gene cng rt cao. Sa m cha t 4-5g lactoferrin trong mt lt. Sa nhng con chut bin i gene li cho nhng 160g/l. Th nhng khng th bin chut Nhomac169@gmail.com 43 trng, vi khun gy bnh trong khi h min dch ca chng cha pht trin. c h min dch yu.

sa bt cho tr em.

Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

thnh con vt cung cp sa hng ngy cho con ngi. Vt sa chut tt nhin phi v cng t m. Phi gy m chng, v dng mt bm c bit ht sa t chic v t hon ca chng. a c ra quy m cng nghip trc ht phi chn nhng con vt c kch thc ln nh th, d v b. Cc dc phm t sa th Nhng con th ghp gene ngi c vt sa trn quy m cng nghip ti cng ty sinh hc Pharming c c s H Lan. Sa th cha protein ngi c dng bo ch thnh mt loi thuc mi iu tr bnh angioedema do di truyn, mt bnh ri lon mu him gp c th dn ti vic sng phng cc m ca c th. Cc dc phm t sa d Nu ch dng lm thuc th sn lng (ca protein) cn thit ch c gii hn. Cn c lng lactoferin lng ln a vo cng thc sa bt tr em th cn lng ln hn nhiu. Mun t c lng lactoferin ln th b s phi nhp cuc. Pht trin n b chuyn gene th khai thc lactoferin t sa ca chng th ch cn t 2 n 3 nm l c th p ng c quy m cng nghip. Ngoi ra cn c phng n pht trin n d chuyn gene v cho rng c th rt ngn hn na thi gian a vo cng nghip. u im ln nht ca d l thi gian mang thai ca chng ch bng na thi gian mang thai ca b. Hn na, d t n tui c th vt sa c nhanh hn b n 3 ln. Chng t b bnh tt hn v d b bnh th bnh ca chng cng khc vi bnh ca ngi. Nhng dc phm t sa d tm ra s c s dng iu tr ung th, cc bnh lin quan n h min dch v h tiu ha.

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Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

V vn k thut bin i gene c th gy nn tc ng tiu cc hay khng, Igor cho bit: "D bin i gene to ra mt loi thuc, ch khng phi thc n. Ti cng lo ngi v cc thc phm bin i gene v chng ta khng bao gi bit chng c th gy nn nhng tc ng no i vi c th. Nhng thuc hon ton khc vi thc phm. Con ngi khng th to ra protein bng my mc. Chng ta c th ly lactoferrin t t bo ca ngi, nhng khng th sn xut vi quy m ln v chi ph qu cao. Lactoferrin trong sa d l loi protein hon ho nht m to ha ban tng chng ta. N vn tn ti trong c th chng ta nn s khng gy d ng v bt k tc dng ph no". Theo tin s Igor, c ngi ln v tr em u c th ung c sa ly t d bin i gene. Dc phm ATryn ca cng ty GTC Biotherapeutics M c bo ch t sa d bin i gene phng nga chng t huyt khi gy tc nghn mch mu. Vi nm na, nhng dc phm tng t nh ATryn c th xut hin trn th trng dng cho iu tr mt lot bnh ngi, nh chng mu kh ng. D c bin i gene n tit ra sa giu antithrombin cht m trong c th ngi c chc nng lm tan si huyt, chng tc nghn mch mu. Theo thng k, c 5.000 ngi th c 1 c th khng sn xut antithrombin, dn n nguy c mu vn cc trong tnh mch. Tnh trng ny c th gy nguy him n tnh mng nu cc mu tch ri ra v theo mch mu n phi hoc ln no. Nu b mu vn cc trong nhau, thai ph c nguy c sy thai hoc thai cht lu. Cho n nay, antithrombin c tng hp t ngun mu hin tng. Gii chuyn mn cho rng sn xut cht

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Thc phm bin i gene

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

m ny t sa d khng nhng bo m ngun cung n nh, m cn gim thiu c nguy c ly nhim mm bnh. B bin i gene khng bnh vim tuyn sa Cc nh nghin cu ti i hc Vermont, Montpelier (Php) nhn bn v tnh thnh cng mt con b ci c kh nng min dch vi bnh vim tuyn v, m ra hy vng tit kim hng t la mi nm cho ngnh cng nghip sa. Bnh vim tuyn v l bnh vim nhim ph bin nht trong gia sc nui ly sa. Nhng con b nhim bnh sn xut t sa hn v cht lng sa cng km hn. Ngnh cng nghip sa phi chi ph mi nm 1,7 t USD ngn chn v cha tr cn bnh ny, trong c thit hi do mt sa. Cc nh khoa hc nhn bn c mt gene c kh nng dit tr loi vi khun gy ra cn bnh vim tuyn v b, cng nh trn chut bin i gene. Tin s John Bramley, ngi ng u nhm nghin cu cho bit: Chng ti a ra c nhng ng vt khng bnh vim v u tin trn th gii. Cc cuc kim tra cho thy nhng ng vt ny v con ci ca chng hon ton bnh thng. Sa ca chng tuyt i m bo. 3. KT LUN Thc phm bin i gene tr thnh ch nng trong bo gii quc t nhng nm gn y. Cng cha bao gi cng lun x hi li c nh hng r rt v c th nh th n tc nghin cu v trin khai ca mt khoa hc ang trong thi k bng n thng tin. iu g l quan trng trong cuc tranh lun ny v ti sao dn chng li nhy cm v vn ny? Bi bn cnh nhng im cn cha r rng v cy chuyn gene v gp phi s phn ng kch lit ca cc t chc bo v mi trng v cho rng n c th gy hi i vi con ngi v mi trng. Nhng vi kh nng to ra nhng ging cy trng mi c gi tr kinh t, cng ngh ny c vai tr khng th ph nhn c. Tuy nhin, vn cn mt s vn ng lo ngi. gii quyt nhng vn ny th nhng kt lun thu c phi da trn nhng thng tin tin cy, c c s khoa hc l rt cn thit.

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Thc phm bin i gene

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Thc phm bin i gene c kh nng gii quyt phn ln cc vn v i km v suy dinh dng trn th gii. ng thi, n c th bo v, gi gn mi trng thng qua nng cao sn lng ca cy trng v gim bt s ph thuc vo thuc tr su v thuc dit c ha hc. Tuy nhin, thc phm bin i gene cng t ra nhiu thch thc cho chnh ph cc nc, c bit l v mt kim nh an ton, chnh sch quc t v dn nhn thc phm. Bin i gene l xu hng khng th trnh khi ca tng lai, v chng ta khng th lm ng trc mt cng ngh c ngun li ch khng l nh th. Ch c iu, chng ta phi ht sc cn thn khng gy ra nhng tc hi ngoi mun cho sc ngi tiu dng ln mi trng. Phi cng nhn rng y l nhng bc t ph ca khoa hc ni chung v ngnh sinh hc ni ring gii quyt rt nhiu kh khn ca ton cu. Nhng mong rng nghin cu khng dng li y m phi i n cng khng cn l hng no cng nh lm sng t tt c cc d lun v to nn mt lng tin vng chc nht cho ngi tiu dng la chn, hng ti mt tng lai ca khoa hc, mt cuc sng m con ngi mong mun, mt tng lai m con ngi lm ch. y l ti cn nm trong tranh ci, nhng mong qua y c th gip c cc bn c ci nhn chung nht v thc phm bin i gene trong v ngoi nc. Mong c s ng gp ca tt c cc bn. Mi kin xin lin h v email: nhomac169@gmail.com. Xin chn thnh cm n.

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Thc phm bin i gene

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TI LIU THAM KHO

http://www.grain.org/front_files/pharmcorn.jpg http://www.b12partners.net/mt/images/corn_porn.jpg http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qUFDMUpk9jE/ShEwyv9gNwI/AAAAAAAAS6I /znURRva2Go8/s400/do-you-know-what-you-eat-gmo-peas.jpg http://www.javno.com/slike/slike_3/r1/g2008/m11/y187261467864033.jpg http://media.nowpublic.net/images//22/2/222703fbdd3bfb0d6f7865dd97533c 15.jpg http://www.bookpump.com/upb/pdf-b/1124961b.pdf http://www.e-textile.org/vn/downloads/09_Productquality_040331.pdf http://www.ttnn.com.vn/images/Docs/C17D9F225_So_luoc_quy_dinh_VSA TTP.doc http://www.us-asean.org/Vietnam/Decision102.doc http://www.agbiotech.vn/upload/ES%20brief%2039%20-%20Vietnamese %20version01.pdf http://www.isaaa.org/Kc/inforesources/publications/pocketk/DocPocket_K3_(Vietnamese).pdf http://www.isaaa.org/Kc/inforesources/publications/pocketk/DocPocket_K4_(Vietnamese).pdf http://download214.mediafire.com/1kyfywfm9gtg/eknjnzz2nml/CongNgheC huyenGen.rar http://bio.kuleuven.be/ento/pdfs_media/khoahoc_2006.pdf Nhomac169@gmail.com 48

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http://www.biethet.com/images/1_8_2009_title/vnet_865886_images185078 3_ngo-chuyen-gen.jpg http://vietnamnet.vn/khoahoc/2009/09/869855/ http://duthaoonline.quochoi.vn/du-thao-luat/du-thao-luat-an-toan-thucpham/To-trinh-Luat-ATTP-ngay-24-8.doc http://duthaoonline.quochoi.vn/du-thao-luat/du-thao-luat-an-toan-thuc-pham http://www.scumdoctor.com/Vietnamese/disease-prevention/geneticdisorders/genetic/Genetic-Modified-Foods-Safety.html http://www.hcmbiotech.com.vn/UserFiles/File/Qd(2).pdf http://www.dangkynhanhieu.vn/dich-vu-khac/cong-bo-tieu-chuan-chatluong/thu-tuc-cong-bo-tieu-chuan-chat-luong/2420-th-tc-cong-b-tieu-chun-cht-lnghang-hoa-vsattp.pdf http://www.sdcma.org/GMFoodsBrochure.pdf http://www.isaaa.org/Kc/inforesources/publications/pocketk/DocPocket_K3_(Vietnamese).pdf http://www.pgs.hcmut.edu.vn/docs/daotao/ctdt_2005/link/CongNgheThucPh am.pdf http://www.sgtt.com.vn/oldweb/cacsobaotruoc/414_18/p05_thucpham.htm http://www.docjax.com/document/view.shtml?id=837213&title=www.gmoguidelines.info http://forum.ctu.edu.vn/viewtopic.php? p=614&sid=1cfe6f8a722f4d74e5bbe9fad2b9be89 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qUFDMUpk9jE/ShEwyv9gNwI/AAAAAAAAS6I /znURRva2Go8/s400/do-you-know-what-you-eat-gmo-peas.jpg http://www.agbiotech.com.vn/vn/?mnu=preview&key=2875 http://technorati.com/tag/genetically+modified+organism?authority=n http://www.cynosura.org/index.php? option=com_janews&view=section&layout=blog&id=5&Itemid=147

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Thc phm bin i gene http://www.cynosura.org/index.php?

GVHD: Trn Th Mai Anh

option=com_content&view=article&id=17:s-phan-hu-ca-gien-trong-ng-tieu-hoa http://www.cynosura.org/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=62%3Acong-ngh-sinh-hc-th-k-21-c-hi-haythach-thc&catid=10%3Akhoahoc-congnghe&Itemid=115 http://www.cynosura.org/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=49:thc-phm-chuyn-gien-va-c-t-thcvt&catid=14:GMO&Itemid=115 http://vndgkhktnn.vietnamgateway.org/news.php? newsid=50610085846&catalogid=36 http://vietbao.vn/Khoa-hoc/Chau-A-chien-truong-moi-cua-cay-trongGM/20231320/193/ http://forum.ctu.edu.vn/viewtopic.php?t=231 http://vietbao.vn/Khoa-hoc/Xi-cang-dan-du-du-chuyen-gien-o-ThaiLan/20261918/197/ http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/30028/story.htm http://vietbao.vn/Vi-tinh-Vien-thong/Cay-trong-bien-doi-gen-co-hai-chomoi-truong/55058578/226/ http://thanhngba.googlepages.com/ http://www.vnulib.edu.vn:8000/dspace/community-list http://images.google.com.vn/imgres? imgurl=http://www.vista.gov.vn/pls/portal/docs/1/516618.JPG&imgrefurl=http://w ww.vista.gov.vn/portal/page%3F_dad%3Dportal%26_pageid %3D33,296999%26_schema%3DPORTAL&usg=__qzJ38p85LeYuiYXzxKAMOdj_Lk=&h=263&w=400&sz=31&hl=vi&start=58&um=1&tbnid=BrqEXLme VdhvoM:&tbnh=82&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Danh%2Bthuc%2Bpham %2Bbien%2Bdoi%2Bgen%26ndsp%3D20%26hl%3Dvi%26sa%3DN%26start %3D40%26um%3D1 http://www.ebook.edu.vn/?page=1.18&view=1501 Nhomac169@gmail.com 50

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http://www.pdf-search-engine.com/th%E1%BB%B1c-ph%E1%BA%A9mbi%E1%BA%BFn-%C4%91%E1%BB%95i-gen-pdf.html http://74.125.153.132/search? q=cache:MmiBoEpvwFkJ:www.vanhoalaocai.vn/UserFiles/VBPL %2520VSATTP.doc+Kho%E1%BA%A3n+,+%C4%90i%E1%BB%81u+qui+dinh: +%E2%80%9CTh%E1%BB%B1c+ph%E1%BA%A9m+s%E1%BB%AD+d %E1%BB%A5ng+c%C3%B4ng+ngh%E1%BB %87+gen&cd=14&hl=vi&ct=clnk&gl=vn&client=firefox-a

PH LC

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