Explain the introduction to ADC, ADC characteristics, Programming ADC using PIC18, Introduction to DAC and DAC interfacing

with PIC18.

Discuss the ADC of the PIC18 Explain the process of data acquisition using ADC Program the PIC18s ADC in assembly Describe the basic operation of DAC Interface a DAC chip to the PIC18

Digital Computer: Binary (discrete) values Physical World: Analog (continuous) values Example: Temperature, Humidity, Pressure Output: Voltage or Current Microcontroller? -----> Digital Therefore, ADC is needed to translate (convert) the analog signals to digital numbers

Microcontroller Connection to Sensor via ADC

n-bit 8 10 12

No. of steps 28 = 256 210 = 1024 212 = 4096

Step size (mV) 5/256 = 19.53 5/1024 = 4.88 5/4096 = 1.2

Assuming VREF = 5V

* Step Size (Resolution): is the smallest change that can be discerned by an ADC

Vref: Input voltage used for the reference voltage The voltage connected to this pin , with the resolution of the ADC chip, dictate the step size Example: If we need the analog input to be 0 to 4 volts, Vref is connected to 4 volts Digital data output: 8-bit (D0-D7), 10-bit (D0D9)

Vref (V) 5.00

Vin (V) 0 to 5

Step size (mV) 5/1024 = 4.88

4.096 3.0 2.56 2.048

0 to 4.096 0 to 3 0 to 2.56 0 to 2.048

4.096/1024 = 4 3/1024 = 2.93 2.56/1024 = 2.5 2.048/1024 = 2

Vref Relation to Vin Range for an 10-bit ADC

Dout = Vin / Step Size

Analog Input Voltage
Digital data output (in decimal): Example: Vref = 2.56, Vin = 1.7V. Calculate the Do-D9 output? Solution: Step Size = 2.56/1024 = 2.5mV Dout = 1.7/2.5mV = 680 (Decimal) D0-D9 = 1010101000

8-bit (D0-D7)= 256 10-bit (D0-D9) = 1024

It has 11 analog input channels (AN0 AN10) 10-bit ADC Converted values are stored in ADRESH:ADRESL registers

A/D Control Register 0 (ADCON0)

Controls the operation of the A/D module

A/D Control Register 1 (ADCON1)

Configures the functions of the port pins

A/D Control Register 2 (ADCON2)

Configures the A/D clock source, programmed

acquisition time and justification

Example:
Different from the Book!

ADCON0 = 00101001

* Different from the Book!

Example: ADCON1 = 00001110

* Different from the Book!

Example:

ADCON2 = 10000110

* Different from the Book!

ADFM Bit and ADRESx Registers

For a PIC18-based system, we have Vref = Vdd = 5V. Find a) The step size and b) The ADCON1 value if we need 3 channels.
a) The step size = 5/1024 = 4,8mV b) ADCON1 = 00001100

Define in term of Tad (Conversion time per bit) To calculate: FOSC/2, FOSC/4, FOSC/8, FOSC/16, FOSC/32 or FOSC/64

TURN ON the ADC module (BSF ADCON0, ADON) Make the ADC channel pin as input pin Select voltage reference and ADC channel Select the conversion speed Wait for the required acquisition time Activate the start conversion bit of GO/DONE Wait for the conversion to be completed by pooling the end-of-conversion GO/DONE bit After the GO/DONE bit has gone LOW, read the ADRESL and ADRESH register

ORG CLRF CLRF BSF MOVLW MOVWF MOVLW MOVWF MOVLW MOVWF

0000H TRISC TRISD TRISA, 0 0x00 ADCON0 0x0E ADCON1 0xBE ADCON2

OV ER CALL BSF BACK BTFS BRA MOVFF MOVFF CALL BRA END

DELAY ADCON0, GO ADCON0, GONE BACK ADRESL, PORTC ADRESH, PORTD QSEC_DELAY OVER

Interrupt

Flag Bit

Register PIR1

Enable Bit ADIE

Register PIE1

ADIF (ADC) ADIF

ADC Interrupt Flag Bits and Associated Registers

* Please see Program 13-2 page 514

Covert digital pulses to analog pulses DAC0808 chip: Use R/2R method, 8-bit

DAC Block Diagram

The digital inputs are converted to current (Iout) Connecting a resistor to the Iout pin, we convert the result to voltage

This will course inaccuracy because the Resistance will affect the reading

Iout = Iref (D7/2 + D6/4 + D5/8 + D4/16 + D3/32 + D2/64 + D1/128 + D0/256)
Iref = Generally set to 2.0mA

Example:
Binary input: 10011001 Iout = 2mA (153/256) = 1.195mA and Vout = 1.195mA x 5K = 5.975V

Gas Sensor

Sonar Sensor

Temperature Sensor

Humidity Sensor

Characteristic: 1) 2) 3) 4) Precision integrated-circuit Output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celcius Requires no external calibration (Internally calibration) Output: 10mV for each degree

How to set Vref??

10mV = 1 degree (Minimum) 20mV = 2 degree 30mV = 3 degree . . . . 1000mV = 100 degree (Maximum)

5V
Vref = ???

Step Size = 4.8mV

Step Size = 1mV

Vin (max) = 5V
Vin (max) = 1.024V

Which one suitable?

1.024

To overcome any fluctuations in power supply.

* Please see Program 13-4 page 524

Things are only impossible until they're not