tfilisis hamqari

Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis istoriidan

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tfilisis hamqari

Tbi li s z e m z r u n v e l T a g a e r T ia n e b a

Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis istoriidan

ni k a m a x a r a Z e aleqs an d r e sa r a l iZ e

2012
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Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis istoriidan publikaciaze muSaobdnen: nano zazanaSvili magda cocxalaSvili ana WabaSvili

publikacia momzadebulia proeqt Cemi qalaqi, Seni qalaqi, Cveni qalaqis farglebSi fond Ria sazogadoeba - saqarTvelos finasuri mxardaWeriT.

gamoyenebuli saarqivo fotomasalis originalebi daculia saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis Tbilisis istoriis muzeumis, i. griSaSvilis biblioTekamuzeumis da tfilisis hamqris arqivebSi, kerZo koleqciebsa da eleqtronul saresurso bazebSi. samwuxarod, internetidan aRebuli zogoerTi fotos mflobels ver mivakvlieT, aseTis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi gaviTvaliswinebT yvela SeniSvnas.

tfilisis hamqari, 2012 i. griSaSvilis q. 10, Tbilisi 0105, saqarTvelo tbshamkari@gmail.com www.facebook.com/TiflisHamkari

Tbilisis saqalaqo transportis ganviTarebis istoriidan

sazogadoebrivi transportis idea jer kidev XVII saukuneSi gaCnda evropaSi. saqalaqo sazogadoebrivi regularuli transporti didi frangi maTematikosisa da fizikosis, blez paskalis mofiqrebaa. pirveli regularuli reisebi swored misi TaosnobiT dawesda parizSi. rvaadgiliani Ria etli fiqsirebuli marSrutiT parizis quCebSi pirvelad 1662 wlis 18 marts gamoCnda. Tumca am eqsperimentma mxolod 15 wels gastana. sazogadoebrivi transporti intensiurad mxolod XIX-XX s.-ebSi ganviTarda. XIX-XX ss.-is mijna evropis istoriaSi `mSvenieri epoqis~ (BBelle poque) saxeliB Taa cnobili - kontinentze mSvidoba sufevda, did aRmavlobas ganicdida ekonomika, teqnika da xelovneba. arc ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi myofi saqarTvelo CamorCeboda am tendenciebs. didi yuradReba eqceoda Tbilisis keTilmowyobas. qalaqis TviTmmarTveloba axali transportis - jer konkis, mogvianebiT ki eleqtroZraviani tramvais - xazebis gayvanaze zrunavda. amave periodSi gamoCnda TbilisSi pirveli avtomobilebi da funikuliori. ase rom, Tbilisis transportisTvis es marTlac `mSvenieri epoqa~ iyo.

sabWoTa periodSi Tbilisis mosaxleoba da teritoria swrafad izrdeboda. maT kvaldakval viTardeboda satransporto qselic - is mowesrigebuli iyo, Tumca ki mgzavrebis komforts naklebi yuradReba eqceoda. XX s.-is 60iani wlebi iyo dro, rodesac TbilisSi erTdroulad moqmedebda saqalaqo transportis yvela ZiriTadi saxeoba: tramvai, funikuliori, avtobusi, troleibusi, metro, sabagiro gzebi, samarSruto da individualuri msubuqi taqsebi. iyo mtkvarze samdinaro taqsis Seqmnis mcdelobac. saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pirveli wlebis mZime pirobebi Tbilisis transportzec aisaxa. manamde avad Tu kargad awyobilma sistemam swrafi degradacia ganicada. 1990-ianebis dasawyisis yoveldRiur realobad iqca mgzavrebiT gaWedili, garedan xalxiT daxunZluli troleibusebi, denis gamorTvis gamo gvirabebSi gaCerebuli metros matareblebi da sxva. avtobusebis, tramvais, troleibusebis parkebi da maTi marSrutebis raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirda, kerZo samarSruto mikroavtobusebisa da taqsebis ricxvi ki, piriqiT, ukontrolod gaizarda. 7

Tbilisuri transportis uZvelesi saxeobebi saukuneebis manZilze galavanSi Caketili qalaqis viwro teritoriaze, sadac mcirericxovani mosaxleoba cxovrobda, saxmeleTo transportis ZiriTadi saxeobebi iyo sajdomi pinapirs Soris kavSirisTvis bornebi gamoiyeneboda. borani erTmaneTTan SeerTebuli ori brtyeli navisagan Sedgeboda, romelzedac gadebuli iyo ficrebi. igi napirebs Soris gaWimul bagirze iyo gamobmuli da erTi napiridan meoreze mgzavrebi gadahyavda da tvirTi gadahqonda. muxranis da veris xidebis agebis kvaldakval bornebi zeviT, mtkvris dinebis aRma inacvlebdnen. bolo, diRmis, borani didubis xidis agebis Semdeg, 1955 wels gauqmda.

rutyvi (cxeni, jori, viri); aqlemi; agreTve uremi, romelSic xarebi an kameCebi iyvnen Sebmuli. mdinareze gadasaadgileblad tivebs an borans iyenebdnen. mtkvarze erTimeoreze mijriT miwyobili didi xis Zelebisagan Sekruli tivebi dacuravdnen. mtkvris or
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etlebi XIX saukunis dasawyisSi qalaqSi gamoCnda sxvadasxva saxis etlebi. es iyo, piSemdeg, birJa vagzlis moedanzec gaCnda. birJis etlebiT, anu droSkiT mgzavroba Zviri Rirda. 1829 wels TbilisSi yofnis Semdeg puSkini werda: `mas Semdeg, rac izvozCikiT ori quCa gaviare ,da naxevar saaTSi gavuSvi, ori vercxlis maneTi momTxova. Tavdapirvelad vifiqre, undoda, axalCamosulis arcodniT esargebla-meTqi, magram Semdeg miTxres, fasi swored esaao.

droSkebi () - msubuqi oTxTvala rkinisborbliani etlebi, romlebic TandaTan daixvewa da tyaviT da brezentiT gadaixura. 1824 wels ramdenime fxianma moqalqem mgzavrebis gadayvanisTvis qira daawesa. Tavdapirvelad aseTi etli qalaqSi sul TxuTmeti iyo. magram Zalian male stiqiurad aRmocenda ramdenime sadguri, e.w. `birJa~, saidanac droSkis ayvana SeiZleboda erevanskis (axlandeli Tavisuflebis moedanze), madaTovisa da aleqsandres moednebze (axlandeli aTonelis quCis midamoebSi) da somxis bazarze (amJamad kote afaxazis, yofili leseliZis quCis midamoebSi). aTwleulebis mere, rkinigzis gayvanis
rvel rigSi, erTcxeniani

ruseTis armiis oficeri, baroni tornau (romelmac TbilisSi 1830-ian wlebSi imogzaura) werda: `droSkebi mwkrivad
idgnen SuabazarSi, madaTovis moedanze, tfilisis medroSkeni ki ise daaqrolebdnen TavianT cxenebs, rom gamvlelebs SiSis zars scemdnen~.

Semdeg gaCnda faetoni (xalxuri gamoTqmiT - faitoni), gadasaxsnelsaxuraviani etli, romelSic wyvili cxeni iyo Sebmuli. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi faetonSi kidev ori cxenis Sebma SeiZle-

boda. faetonSi oTxi adgili iyo (win da ukan or-ori), xolo mexuTe mgzavrs kuCerTan ( - meetle) SeeZlo dajdoma. faetons Tavdapirvelad rkinis borblebi hqonda da qalaqSi gadaadgilebisas saSinlad xmaurobda. TandaTan isini rezinis borblebma Secvala, ramac xmauri Seamcira. 1887 wels TbilisSi oficialurad 520 mefaetone (xalxuri gamoTqmiT - mefaitone) iricxeboda. etlis kidev erTi saxeoba iyo kareta, yoveli mxridan daxuruli, oTxborbliani ekipaJi.1 pirveli kareta TbilisSi garsevan WavWavaZes ekuTvnoda. is peterburgidan XVIII saukunis bolos Camoiyvanes. kaliaska () resorebiani2 oTxborbliani Tavaxdili ekipaJi iyo. pirveli kaliaska qalaqSi 1826-28 wlebSi gamoCnda. is Tbilisis samxedro gubernators, sipiagins ekuTvnoda. 1830-ian wlebSi TbilisSi 10 kareta da kaliaska iyo. isini didmoxeleebs da mdidar ojaxebs ekuTvnoda. magaliTad, grigol orbeliani Tavis Zmas swerda: `Cemo iliko, pirobaze rogora xar? Tribeliuzis kaliaskas rom dampirdi, aba, sad aris? am moxucebulobaSi maS riT viaro?~. karetas, kaliaskas da droSkas adinoCka () - erTcxeniani etlic mohyva.
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lineika () - mravaladgiliani, grZeli, farTo, oTxTvliani, resorebiani erT - an orcxeniani Ria etli TbilisSi XIX s. meore naxevarSi gamoCnda da faetonTan erTad Secvala uresoro droSka. Tovlian zamTarSi TbilisSi zogjer marxilic gamoiyeneboda. gareubnebTan kavSirisTvis moqmedebda diliJansebi mravaladgiliani daxuruli etlebi da omnibusebi (laT. omnibus yvelasTvis) cxenebSebmuli mravaladgiliani karetebi. omnibusi reisebs gansazRvrul dros, gansazRvruli marSrutiT asrulebda. omnibusi ocadgiliani iyo da TiToeuli mgzavri adgilSi garkveul safasurs ixdida, romelsac iRebda konduqtori. is signalebsac iZleoda da sxv. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi TbilisSi ekipaJebis ramdenime saxelosno gaixsna: slavickis, ibragimbekovis, kotrinis da maierisa. mixeilis (dRevandeli daviT aRmaSeneblis) gamzirze mdebareobda rixard maderis karetebis saxelosno. vilhelm maderis aseTive saxelosno gaixsna peterburgis quCazec. riyeze muSaobda kadmanis, aRamovebis, karunovis saxelosnoebi.

ekipaJi - saerTo saxelwodeba msubuqi samgzavro sazidrebisa (etlisa, msubuqi avtomobilisa da misT.) 2 resori - etlis, avtomibilis, vagonisa da a.S. zambara, romelic RerZsa da Zaras Soris aris moTavsebuli biZgebis Sesarbileblad.

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avtomobili avtomobilebi TbilisSi 1904 [1908?] wels gamoCnda. pirveli avtomobili mefisnacvals ekuTvnoda. miuxedavad imisa, rom manqanebi cota iyo, ukve 1910 wels Seiqmna `kavkasiaSi saavtomobilo mimosvlis franguli saaqcio sazogadoeba~, romlis sammarTvelo olgas (dRes - kostavas) quCis 46-Si ganTavsda. TbilisSi avtomanqanis daqiraveba gaxda SesaZlebeli. saavtomobilo saaqcio sazogadoeba `adleris~ saxeliT SekveTebs karetebis ostatTa, maderebis erT-erTi Zma, alfredi iRebda. TbilisSi popularuli yofila velosipedic. 1896 wels qalaqSi 250 velosipedi iyo aRricxuli. adolf vaisis firma Tbiliselebs iwvevda hanis (axlandeli galaktionis) quCaze `inglisuri da germanuli velosipedebis kavkasiaSi udidesi sawyobis~ sanaxavad. qalaqis saTaTbirom erTxel ganixila velosipedebisTvis gadasaxadis dawesebis sakiTxi, Tumca es idea Cavarda. velosipedebis mflobelebma, piriqiT, anazRaureba moiTxoves, vinaidan, maTi TqmiT, cud mdgomareobaSi myofi quCebis gamo maT xSirad uziandebodaT velosipedebi. 11

konka konka ( - ) cxenSebmuli tramvais viwroliandagiani rkinigzaa. TbilisSi is 1883 wlis 26 Tebervals kerZo mewarmis, Sevcovis TaosnobiT amuSavda. ukve 1885 wels is `tfilisis tramvais belgiuri saaqcio sazogadoebis~ xelSi gadavida. 1889 wlis 15 oqtombers gaixsna yorRanovis kerZo xazi, romelic ramdenime weliwadSi aseve belgielebis kompaniam SeiZina. konka oTxive mxridan Ria patara vagoni iyo, rkinis boZebze dayrdnobili saxuraviTa da TiTo grZeli safexuriT baqnis orsave mxares. SigniT gadasaxsnelsazurgiani skamebi idga. konka oc mgzavrs itevda. vagoni or cxens dahyavda. aRmarTSi foreitorebi (wina cxenze mjdomi meetleebi, rogorc wesi, mozardebi) damatebiT kidev or cxens ubamdnen. TiToeul vagons dahyveboda konduqtori (bileTebis gamyidveli), romelic mgzavrebis moTxovniT aCerebda vagons, vinaidan sagangebo gaCerebebi ar iyo dawesebuli. pirvelma xazma vagzlis moedani voroncovis moedans daukavSira. mogvianebiT konkis gza gagrZelda. voroncovisa da nikolozis (mSrali) xidebis, bazris (orbelianis) moednisa da puSkinis quCis gavliT konka adioda erevanskis (Tavisuflebis) moednamde, saidanac sasaxlis quCis (axlandeli rusTavelis gamziris monakveTi Tavisuflebis moednidan mefisnacvlis (amJamad moswavle axalgazrdobis) sasaxlemde), golovinis (rusTavelis) prospeqtisa da veris daRmarTis meSveobiT kirxis (marjaniSvilis) moedans aRwevda; bolos, mixeilis (daviT aRmaSeneblis) gamzirisa da vagzlis quCis (Tamar mefis gamziris) gavliT isev vagzlis moedanze brundeboda. 1904 wlidan konka eleqtrotramvaim Secvala. avWalis - dRes Citaias quCaze konkis xazi 1910 wlamde SemorCa. am periodSi Tbilisis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 100 aTass Seadgenda. ase rom, konkas maSindeli qalaqisTvis daaxloebiT iseTive mniSvneloba hqonda, rac dRes metrosa aqvs.

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tramvai pirveli eleqtrotramvai simensis firmam warmoadgina berlinis samrewvelo gamofenaze 1879 wels. TbilisSi tramvais pirveli xazi 1904 wlis 21 noembers gaixsna. is konkis gzas imeorebda. marSruti aseTi iyo: vagzlis moedani, vagzlis quCa (Tamar mefis gamziri), elisabedis (winamZRvriSvilis) quCa, pirogovis (kargareTelis) quCa, mixeilis (daviT aRmaSeneblis) gamziri, mixeil voroncovis (zaarbriukenis) moedani da nikolozis (mSrali) xidi, madaTovis (giorgi aTonelis) quCa, bazris (orbelianis) moedani, puSkinis quCa da erevanskis (Tavisflebis) moedani. tramvais eqspluatacias axorcielebda `tfilisis tramvais belgielTa saaqcio sazogadoeba~, romelTanac qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobas 20-wliani xelSekruleba hqonda gaformebuli 1931 wlamde. Tumca ukve 1915 wlis 15 marts sasamarTlos dadgenilebiT Tbilisis tramvai municipalitetis xelSi gadavida. tramvai sazogadoebrivi transportis aucilebel da xelmisawvdom saxeobas warmoadgenda. Tavdapirvelad es iyo `heliosisa~ da `simens-Sukertis~ 28-adgiliani vagonebi. 1926 wlidan isi13

ni TandaTan mitiSCis (qalaqi moskovis olqSi) qarxnis vagonebma Secvala. 1960 wels Tbilisis tramvai-troleibusebis sammarTvelom sakuTari ZalebiT gamouSva ori eleqtromatarebeli. am models `Tbilisi~ daerqva. 1969-1990 wlebSi TbilisSi ust-katavis (qalaqi ruseTSi) vagonmSenebeli qarxnis (es igive sawarmoa, saidanac 1901 wels TbilisSi `simensis~ pirveli tramvai Camoiyvanes. maSin es qarxana swored `simensis~ firmas ekuTvnoda) da rigis qarxnis sxvadasxva modifikaciis vagonebi Semodioda.

am saxeobas dResac bevri enTuziasti da gulSematkivari hyvas. maTi azriT, tramvais aRorZineba moawesrigebda satransporto situacias da xels Seuwyobda ekologiuri mdgomareobas gaumjobesebas, komfortul samgzavro pirobebs Seuqmnida Tbileselebs, gaalamazebda qalaqs. amitom arsebobs imedi, rom odesme tramvai aucileblad dabrundeba Tbilisis quCebSi. troleibusi troleibusic, eleqtrotram vais msgavsad, simensebis gamomgonebluri niWis wyalobiT Seiqmna. idea 1880 wels vilhelm fon simensma aRwera inglisur JurnalSi, xolo 1882 wels misma Zmam, verner fon simensma ganaxorciela berlinSi. Tumca sazogadoebrivi transportis saxeobad troleibusi mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisidan iqca. ruseTis imperiaSi troleibusis pirveli xazi daproeqtda 1904-05 wlebSi novorosiisksa da soxums (!) Soris. mag-

1965 wels tramvais xazebis saerTo sigrZem 105 km-s miaRwia, 299 vagoniT 107 milioni mgzavri iyo gadayvanili. 2000 wlisTvis xazebis sigrZe 71,6 km.-mde Semcirda da vagonebis raodenoba mxolod 39 erTeuls Seadgenda. tramvais xazebi TbilisSi 2006 wlis 4 dekembers gauqmda. miuxedavad amisa, transportis 14

ram, miuxedavad imisa, rom detalurad iyo damuSavebuli, am gegmas ganxorcieleba ar ewera. TbilisSi troleibusis pirveli xazi 1937 wlis 30 marts amoqmedda `dinamos~ stadionidan plexanovis gamziris (amJamad daviT aRmaSeneblis) gavliT marqsis (zaarbriukenis) moednamde. 1938 wels ki troleibusi rusTavelis gamzirzec gamoCnda. Tavdapirvelad sabWoTa (iaroslavlis qarxnis) modelebi gamoiyeneboda, 1955 wlidan - Cexur firma `Skodas~ sxvadasxva modifikaciis troleibusebi. sxvadasxva dros TbilisSi troleibusis 21 marSruti arsebobda. 1955-1990 wlebSi troleibusebs yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 53 milioni mgzavri gadahyavda.

1997 wlisTvis ki maTma ricxvma mxolod 15 milioni Seadgina. 1990 wels qalaqSi 204 troleibusi dadioda. 1997 wels zustad orjer naklebi (102). momdevno wlebSi es monacemebi kidev ufro Semcirda. 2006 wels TbilisSi troleibusis xazebi saerTod gauqmda.

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avtobusi TbilisSi avtobusis pirveli regularuli marSruti 1934 wels gaixsna. man rusTavelis gamziri vagzlis moedans daukavSira. jer kidev 1960-ian wlebSi qalaqSi wamyvan rols eleqtrotransporti (tramvai, troleibusi, axlad aSenebuli metro) asrulebda. Tbilisis teritoriis swrafma zrdam da axali kvartalebis momravlebam ki avtobusebis raodenobis swrafi zrda ganapiroba. Tavdapirvelad TbilisSi sabWoTa warmoebis avtobusebi dadioda. 1973 wlidan isini TandaTan ungruli warmoebis yviTelma `ikarusebma~ Secvala (ikarus-260). evropis 16 da `ikarusi~ sabWoTa aRmosavleT respublikebis qalaquri landSaftis erT-erT damaxasiTebel niSnad iqca. `ikarusis~ modifikaciebi gamoiyeneboda dasavleT germaniaSi, skandinaviis qveynebSi, kanadasa da aSS-Sic, rac mis maRal xarisxze metyvelebs. 1990-ian wlebSi avtobusebisa da maTi marSrutebis raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirda. 2004 wlidan avtobusebis parki mTlianad ganaxlda. dRes TbilisSi ori markis avtobusebi moZraobs. pirvelia Ex-NZH 5226 mwarmoebeli, markis avtobusebi. maTi cnobili holandiuri

kompania `den audsteni~ 2001 wels gakotrda da amitom is avtobusebi, romelebic holandiaSi aRar gamoiyenebo-

da, masobrivad gaiyida sxva qveynebSi (saqarTveloSi, poloneTSi, nigeriaSi, vietnamSi, kubaSi, trinidadsa da tobagoSi). meorea `bogdani~. ukrainuli warmoebis es avtobusebi iaponur kompania `isuZus~ (Isuzu) Zravaze muSaobs da ukrainis gareT, rogorc wesi, `isuZus~ markiT iyideba. bolo wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda avtobusis marSrutebis raodenobac.

bis arc ise didi sixSiriT da sxva mravaladgilian satransporto saSualebebTan SedarebiT mgzavrobis maRali RirebulebiT (20 kapiki 3-5 kapikis nacvlad) da individualur taqsisTan SedarebiT naklebi komfortiT. samarSruto taqsebis parki, romelic mTlianad saxelmwifos xelSi iyo, rigis saavtomobilo qarxnis TerTmetadgiliani mikroavtobusebis `rafebisgan~ ( - ) Sedgeboda. maT modifikaciebs saswrafo daxmarebis da zogierTi sxva saqalaqo samsaxuri iyenebda. 1990-iani wlebidan Tbilisis quCebis tipur atributad ukve kerZo kompaniebis samarSrutoebi iqca. qalaqSi, sadac sxva saxis sazogadoebrivi transportis raodenoba mkveTrad Semcirda, maT mosaxleobis did nawils gadaadgilebis problema gadauwyvites da am mxriv mniSvnelovani funqcia Seasrules. amasTanave, sxvadasxva markis, teqnikurad gaumarTavi manqanebis mozRvavebam, marSrutebis numeraciis, moZraobis ganrigis, mimarTulebisa da traeqtoriis srulma usistemobam, cvalebadma fasebma, servisis dabalma xarisxma, quCaSi moZraobis wesebisadmi mZRolebis daudevarma damokidebulebam Tbilisis satransporto sistemaSi qaosi Semoitana. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `marSrutka~ qveyanaSi 1990-ian wlebSi Seqmnili mZime viTarebis erT-erT yofiT simbolod iqca. 17

samarSruto mikroavtobusi samarSruto mikroavtobusi, e. w. `marSrutka~, rogorc kompaqturobiT, ise momsaxurebis principiT (gansazRvrul marSrutze moTxovnisamebr gaCereba) omnibusisa da lineikis pirdapiri `STamomavalia~. samarSruto taqsi, rogorc sazogadoebrivi transportis erT-erTi saxeoba, jer kidev sabWoTa periodSi gaCnda, magram transportis sxva saxeobebs realur konkurencias ver uwevda. es gamowveuli iyo `marSrutkebis~ moZrao-

rkinigza rkinigzis sadguri (vagzali) qalaqSi 1872 wels gaixsna. Tbilisze gamavali xazi akavSirebs ara mxolod saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxes, aramed Tbilisis ramdenime raionsac. samwuxarod, misi arsebobis TiTqmis 140 wlis manZilze rkinigzis Sidasaqalaqo saWiroebebisTvis gamoyenebaze aravis uzrunia. rkinigzis xazis mimdebare ubnebis misi meSveobiT erTmaneTTan dakavSireba cxovresagrZnoblad gauadvilebda

bas am raionebSi mobinadre da momuSave 18

xalxs, gantvirTavda sxva saxeobis transports da qalaqis gzebs. Tumca dReisTvis ukve mimdinareobs muSaoba rkinigzis qalaqgareT, Tbilisis zRvis meore mxares gadatanaze. 2007 wels, Tbilisis aeroportis axali terminalis aSenebis Semdeg gaixsna rkinigzis specialuri xazi, romelmac aeroporti Tbilisis centralur vagzals daukavSira. aseTi eqspresebi TiTqmis yvela didi Tanamedrove qalaqis aucilebeli atributia, magram TbilisSi mgzavrebis nakadi Zalian mcire aRmoCnda. am xazis momavali Tbilisis aeroportSi mgzavrTbrunvis zrdasa da saqarTveloSi masobrivi turzmis ganviTarebazea damokidebuli. misi reformirebis kidev erTi saSualebaa xazis ufro aqtiuri gamoyeneba qalaqis SigniT, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis saWiroebebisaTvis. am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabiji ukve gadaidga: 2009 wlis 28 oqtombridan aeroportis eqspresi navTluRSic (samgoris sadgurSi) Cerdeba. matarebeli dReSi rvajer moZraobs. kergza (kojris eleqtro rkinis gza) - ganuxorcielebeli proeqti mTawmindasa da kojors Soris eleqtrorkinigzis gayvanis idea, TbilisSi funikulioris aSenebis ideis msgavsad, `konkis~ mmarTvels, belgiel inJiners, alfons robis ekuTvnis. qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobasa da belgielTa saaqcio

sazogadoebas Soris funikulioris Taobaze dadebuli xelSekruleba kojris gzis mSeneblobasac gulisxmobda. sxvadasxva mizeziT es proeqti maSin ver ganxorcielda. Tumca, gasabWoebis Semdegac, 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kergzis proeqti jer kidev aqtualuri iyo. am periodSi ibeWdeboda krebulebi, sadac warmodgenili iyo momavali sadgurebis eskizebi. Zneli saTqmelia, ra zegavlenas moaxdenda es gza kojrisa da misi midamoebis ganviTarebaze. `mziuris~ monorelsi 1960-ian wlebSi arsebobda TbilisSi (ssrk-s ocamde sxva did qalaqTan erTad) monorelsis aSenebis gegmebi, romelic SemdgomSi daviwyebas mieca. monorelsi aris sayrdenebze gamagrebuli calrelsiani sahaero gza, romelzedac gorgolaWebiT Camokidebuli vagonebi moZraobs. monorelsis gayvanis idea 1982 wels `sabavSvo qalaq mziuris~ gaxsnasTan dakavSirebiTac ganixileboda. monorelsi `disneilendisa~ da `msoflio gamofenebis~ futuristuli garemos aucilebel atributad iTvleboda. miT ufro didi iyo misi TbilisSi xilvis survili. monorelsi parkis erT-erT mTavar atraqcionad unda qceuliyo, amave dros, mas veres xeobis rekreaciuli zonis farglebSi satransporto funqciac SeeZlo etvirTa - zooparkisa da `mziuris~

teritoriis sxvadasxva nawilebis erTmaneTTan dasakavSireblad.

metro Tbilisis metropolitenis mSeneblobis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba miiRes 1951 wlis 29 seqtembers. sagangebo komisiam SearCia trasa sadgur `didubesa~ da `samgors~ Soris. daigegma 14 sadguri. maT Soris ZiriTadad ganisazRvra erTkilometriani manZilebi. 1952 wlis 2 ianvars daiwyo Saxtebis gayvana. mSeneblobas saTaveSi Caudga moskovis metros erT-erTi mSenebeli, inJineri Salva danelia. 1953 wels (savaraudod, stalinis sikvdilis, lavrenti berias daxvretisa da kandid Carkvianis gadasaxlebis gamo) Tbilisis metropolitenis mSenebloba SeCerda. proeqti 1960 wels ganaxlda. Tbilisis metro msoflioSi ocdameeqvse, xolo yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi meoTxe iyo. 19

1965 wlis 28 noembers, RamiT, memanqane noe lacabiZem pirveli sacdeli matarebeli gaiyvana reisze. 1966 wlis 10 ianvars sadgur `rusTavelze~ sazeimod gaiWra lenti da Tbilisis metropoliteni amoqmedda. matarebelma metros sadgur `didubemde~ waiyvana mgzavrebi. 11 ianvars dilis 6 saaTidan ki metro yvelasTvis amuSavda. Tbilisis metros mSenebloba ramdenime etapad ganxorcielda. samuSaoebs `TbilmetromSeni~ awarmoebda, romelsac ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda inJineri viqtor gociriZe. 1971 wlisaTvis sadgurebis saerTo raodenobas kidev xuTi daemata: 1967 wels sami - leninis moedani (amJamad `Tavisuflebis moedani~), `ocdaeqvsi komisari~ (amJamad `avlabari~) da `300 aragveli~, uSualod 1971 wels ki kidev ori - `isani~ da `samgori~. 1985 wels am xazs sami sadguri Seemata: `RrmaRele~, `guramiSvili~ da `varkeTili~, 1989 wels ki - `axmeteli~ da `sarajiSvili~. 1979 welis 15 seqtembers eqspluataciaSi Sevida metros meore, saburTalos, xazi, romelic `vagzlis moedansa~ da `deliss~ akavSirebda erTmaneTTan. im droisaTvis xazi xuTi sadguris `vagzlis moedani~ (amJamad `sadguris moedani~), `wereTlis gamziri~, `politeqnikuri~ (amJamad `teqnikuri universteti~), samedicino instituti (amJamad `samedicino universteti~) da 20

`gociriZe~ (amJamad `delisi~) - Sedgeboda. 2000 wlis 2 aprils maT kidev erTi sadguri - `vaJa-fSavela~ Seemata. mSeneblobis procesSia sadguri `universiteti~. sabWoTa periodSi dawyebuli metros mesame xazis mSenebloba (rusTaveli-voroncovi-elia-vazisubnis monakveTze) 1992 wlidan SeCerebulia. 2005 wlidan mimdinareobs metros sadgurebisa da matareblebis rekonstruqcia. garda imisa, rom ganaxlda teqnikuri infrastruqtura, mniSvnelovnad Seicvala zogierTi sadguris interieri. miuxedavad imisa, rom TbilisSi metro naklebad gamoiyeneba qalaqis centris farglebSi gadaadgilebisTvis, ganapira ubnebisTvis is centrTan da erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis umTavresi saSualebaa. Tbilisis uaxlesi istoriis yvelaze mZime periodSi, 1992-1994 wlebSi, metroze modioda transportiT gadayvanil mgzavrTa 90%-ze meti. qalaqis erTiani satransporto sivrce daSlisgan maSin swored metrom gadaarCina. funikuliori funikuliori (frang. < laT. funiculus Toki, bagiri) cicabo ferdobze bagiris meSveobiT momuSave transportia. funikulioris gayvanis idea 1896 wels qalaq Tbilisis `konkis~ mmarTvelma, belgiel inJiners alfons robis gauCnda. gadawyvetileba TbilisSi funi-

kulioris mSeneblobis Sesaxeb qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam 1900 wlis ivlisSi miiRo. swored maSin moewera xeli xelSekrulebas belgielTa saaqcio sazogadoebasTan, romlis Tanaxmadac es kompania aaSenebda da 45 wlis ganmavlobaSi eqspluatacias gauwevda funikuliors, xolo Semdeg usasyidlod gadascemda qalaqs. sainteresoa, rom Tavdapirvelad funikulioris gayvanas sruliad praqtikuli mizani hqonda. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi gadawyda mTawmindis platos aTviseba. qvemo da axali, zemo Tbilisis

umoklesi gziT dakavSirebis saukeTeso saSualebad funikuliori miiCnies. zemo Tbilisis gaSenebis idea rom sakmaod seriozuli iyo, amas Tbilisis arqivebSi mTawmindis platos dagegmarebis dRemde Semonaxuli sqemebi adasturebs. Tumca, saboloo jamSi, es gegmebi CaiSala. pirvel rigSi imis gamo, rom ver mogvarda mTawmindis platoze wylis gayvana, Tanac am gegmebs daemTxva ruseTis imperiaSi pirveli revoluciuri gamosvlebi. funikulioris gayvanasTan dakavSirebiT sazogadoebrivi azri gaiyo. qalaqis sabWos sx21

domaze erT-erTma xmosanma ganacxada:

`es nageboba gancxromis sagania, TbilisSi funikulioris gakeTeba SeiZleba maSin, rodesac igi miaRwevs keTilmowyobas. es ki, albaT, 1000 wlis Semdeg iqneba~.

kuliori sazeimo viTarebaSi gaixsna. funikulioris pirveli memanqane vaso yvavilaSvili igonebs: `pirvelad xalxs
eSinoda bagiris gawyvetisa da vagonSi ar sxdeboda. faetonebiT xalxi mohyavdaT da fuls aZlevdnen - aiReT fuli, nu geSiniaT, CasxediTo. mere, xalxi rom SeeCvia, icocxle, bileTebze rigi idga.~

magram, winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, funikulioris aSeneba mainc gadawyda. mSenebloba 1903 wlis seqtemberSi daiwyo. mSeneblobaSi mravali ucxoeli specialisti monawileobda: proeqtis avtori frangi inJineri a. blanSi (robis pirvandeli proeqti uaryves), erovnebiT poloneli Tbiliseli arqiteqtori a. SimkeviCi, mSeneblobis xelmZRvaneli belgieli inJineri i. ragoleri, misi TanaSemwe, italieli inJineri a. fontana-rosi (romelic funikulioris mSeneblobis damTavrebis welsve (1905) gardaicvala da is kukiis sasaflaozea dakrZaluli). funikulioris mSeneblobaSi didi wvlili Seitana niko nikolaZem. swored misi iniciativiT mokle droSi Sesrulda rkinabetonis samuSaoebi funikulioris estakadisaTvis (xidisebri nageboba, romelzec rkinigza gadis). funikulioris mSenebloba ZiriTadad 1904 wlis bolos damTavrda (es TariRi liandagzecaa aRniSnuli). 1905 wlis 24 Tebervals specialurma komisiam Seamowma funikulioris teqnikuri mxare, muSaobis reJimi da misi eqspluataciis nebarTva gasca. 1905 wlis 27 marts, dilis 10 saaTze, Tbilisis funi22

funikulioris qveda sadguris qalaqis centrTan dasakavSireblad erevanskis (Tavisuflebis) moednamde tramvais xazi gaiyvanes. Tbilisis funikulioris gzis sigrZe 501 metria, liandagis daxris kuTxe - 28-33 gradusi. funikulioris zeda sadguris simaRle zRvis donidan 727 metria, qveda sadgurisa 460 metri. funikulioris pirveli rekonstruqcia 1936-1938 wlebSi Catarda. Zveli sadguris `rotondas~ nacvlad funikulioris zeda gaCerebaze aSenda axali, samsarTuliani Senoba restorniTa da ganieri Ria terasiT (arq. z. qurdiani, n. qurdiani, a. volobuevis TanamonawileobiT). funikulioris meore rekonstruqcia 1968-1969 wlebSi ganxorcielda. amjerad Zveli qveda sadguris nacvlad axali Senoba aigo, Seicvala vagonebis Zarebi. 1989 wels dawyebuli rekonstruqcia 1992 wels Sewyda. gaCerebuli, gapartaxebuli funikulioris zeda sadguris Senoba Tbilisis omis (1991-92 ww.) umZimesi periodis erT-erTi yvelaze metyveli

simboloa. amJamad mimdinareobs funikulioris rekonstruqciis axali gaWianurebuli etapi. 3

gilze daiRupa cameti, xolo momdevno dReebSi - xuTi adamiani, aqedan oTxi bavSvi. daSavda 47 kaci. sabagirom muSaoba Sewyvita. Tumca misi aRdgenis idea drodadro isev ganixileba. TbilisSi kidev ramdenime sabagiro xazi aSenda. dRes municipaluri sawarmo `Tbilbagirtransi~ oTx sabagiro gzas ganagebs: delisi - lisis tbis, vake - kus tbis, universiteti - bagebis da samgori - vazisubnis. aqedan delisi - lisis tbisa da universiteti - bagebis damakavSirebeli sabagiroebi ar funqcionirebs. vake - kus tbisa - sezonurad, xolo samgori - vazisubnis sabagiro erTaderTia, romelic sruli datvirTviT muSaobs da dRemde mniSvnelovan satransporto

sabagiro gza XX saukunis Sua wlebisTvis mTawmindis funikuliori veRar audioda qalaqis mzardi mosaxleobisa da turistebis nakads. 1958 wels daiwyo Tbilisis pirveli sahaero-sabagiro gzis mSenebloba. is amave wlis oqtomberSi amoqmedda. xazi, romelic rusTavelis moedansa da mTawmindis parks akavSirebda, maSinve Tbilisis kidev erT turistul RirsSesaniSnaobad iqca. 1990 wlis 1 ivnisis dRis 3 saaTze moxda ubeduri SemTxveva: sabagiro gzis `rusTavelis moedani - mTawminda~ bagiri gawyda. ad3

funqcias asrulebs vazisubnis mosaxleobisTvis. sabWoTa periodSi kidev ramdenime xazis proeqti ganixileboda: funikulioris zeda sadguri - kus tbis, bagebi wyneTis, nucubiZis plato sairme-baxtrionis da vagzlis gadasavleli xidi - lotkinis mTis. TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo samuSaoebi veris parkisa da marjaniSvilis moednis damakavSirebel sabagiroze. veris parkis aRmosavleT nawilSi (mtkvris mxares) gadakidebuli betonis ucnauri konstruqciebi swored am sabagiro gzis

gamoyenebulia mzia qucniaSvilis werilis masalebi (`mudmivi kavSiris samyaro~ #3, 2001 w. noemberi)

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zeda sadguris dausrulebeli baqnebia. Tbilisis reliefis Taviseburebebis gamo sabagiro gzebi qalaqisTvis metad saWiroa. miuxedavad bundovani perspeqtivisa, am saqmis gulSematkivrebi imeds ar kargaven, rom Tbilisi transportis am originalur, ekologiurad sufTa saxeobaze uars ar ityvis da mis ganviTarebas axali biZgi miecema. 4 transporti dRes XX saukunis 1960-iani wlebidan saavtomobilo industriis ganviTarebam gamoiwvia mzardi konkurencia sazogadoebrivi transportisa da individualuri saavtomobilo transportis momxreebs Soris. Agasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi ori polaruli azri arsebobda sazogadoebrivi da individualuri transportis Tanaarsebobis Sesaxeb. Aam antagonizmma gamoiwvia sazogadoebrivi transportis rolis daknineba ara marto saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel msoflioSi. rig qveynebSi sazogadoebrivi transporti saerTod gauqmda. Mmsgavsma radikalurma damokidebulebam Tbilisis msgavsi istoriuli qalaqebis satransporto sistemis mdgomareoba daamZima, gadatvirTa arsebuli sagzao qseli, sakmarisi aRar aris avtosadgomebi, gaizarda municipaluri xarjebi axali satransporto
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saavtomobilo kvanZebis, estakadebis asaSeneblad, ramac Sedegad ekologiuri da socialuri problemebi moitana. XXI saukuneSi bevr qalaqSi daiwyo Zveli radikaluri poziciebis gadasinjva. izrdeba ekologiurad sufTa sazogadoebrivi transportis roli. igegmeba Zveli tradiciuli satransporto saSualebebis tramvais, sabagiro gzebis aRorZineba da modernizacia. bolo wlebSi energiuli nabijebi gadaidga Tbilisis sazogadoebrivi transportis mowesrigebisa da modernizaciis mizniT: mTlianad ganaxlda avtobusebis parki, sagrZnoblad gafarTovda marSrutebis qseli; rekonstruqcia Cautarda metros sadgurebsa da matareblebs; rkinigzis specialurma xazma aeroporti qalaqis centrTan daakavSira. am cvlilebebis sxvadasxva aspeqti kritikas iwvevs, magaliTad, TbilisSi ekologiurad sufTa, didi istoriis mqone transportis tramvaisa da troleibusis xazebis gauqmeba am sistemis modernizaciisa da gafarToebis nacvlad. zogadad ki es cvlilebebi mainc dadebiTad SeiZleba Sefasdes.

wyaro: http://www.tavisupleba.org/content/article/1550257. tml

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