RakhineYinKyaeHmuMyarr 6

- FIRST EDITION -
1996, NOVEMBER
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(95)ESpw
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"rm"drmof MuKH \/ xdo
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d a&Ekrif;onf &[ef;ykPm ;
[dEK waf A'ifwwf ynm&St
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(1182) jzpf\/
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\/ 2-ESpaf jrmuf ou&mZf 154 ckwiG f a,mufzawmf ausmufavSum;
bke;f Bu;D ESihf wGupf pf prm"drmof MuKH \/ viif\/ &ufriifav/ r[mrked
odraf wmfuv
kd nf; aqmufvyk af wmfr\
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vnf; &Gm\/
ou&mZf (314) plvpE&m;vufxuf "rapm? O'rmapm? [l;&m;
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rokO;f aomaMumifh &ufriifav/
ou&mZf (419) ymNrKd Uukd tpd;k &aom ykPm u rif;eef;wuf
3-ESpw
f iG f yk*rH if;onf oxHjk ynfrEk[mrif;udk wGe;f vSef yd#uwfo;kH yHu
k kd
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rif;eef;wuf 4-ESpf ou&mZf 420-wGif "r"rd mof
oif\
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oif\
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ESifh q&mawmfBuD; awmae t&Sifjrwf{vmZ&udkyifh wdkifyifNyD;vQif
aA'ifq&mwdkYESifh vxyf\/ &ufiiftpHk vkyf\/ r[mrkedodrfudkvnf;
aqmuf\/
ou&mZf (656)wGif avmif;MuufNrKd U bk&ifrif;xD; vufxuf
'om"drmof MuKH \/ vxyf\/ &ufriifav/ if;ESpf yk*rH if;u orD;awmf
apmbke;f <u,fEiS hf yd#uwf(3)yHk udk ydv
Yk m\/ ou&mZf (705)ck avmif;
Muufb&k if rif;xD;vufxuf prm"drmof MuKH \/ v-&uf tpHik if\/
xdo
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awmfBuD; jzpfukef\/ avmif;MuufNrdKUwGif Opmemi,frif;vufxuf
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&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
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f &l J a&muf\/ avmif;Muuf
NrKd UwiG f bk&ifrif;apmrGef vufxuf ou&mZf (792)wGif ao&om"drmof
MuKH \/ [l;&m;olBu;D ed&Ed & mZmESihf aA'ifwwfwEYkd iS hf wdik yf if vxyf\/
&ufriifav/ ,if;ou&mZf ajrmufO;D NrKd Uukd rif;apmrGew
f nf\/
ajrmufO;D NrKd Urif; tvDcif vufxuf ou&mZf (800)jynfph rm
"d r mof oif h \ / v-&uf tpH k i if \ / ajrmuf O D ; Nrd K U
bk&ifumvroQmvufxuf ou&mZf (824)ck AoQL; "drmof oif\
h /
vxyf\/ &ufriifav/
ou&mZf (888)ckwiG f t|vufN*Kd [f (8)vH;k okO;f aomaMumifh
rif;oZmwonf a&TNrKd Uawmf taemufjzpfaom 'dik ;f ust
D &yfwiG f ,w&m
eef ; aqmuf a e\/ ajrmuf O D ; rif ; bmvuf x uf ou & mZf (895)
prm"drmof oif\
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v-&uf tpHik if\/ xdo
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p 'udk vkyaf wmfr\
l / t,kZy &l
[k orkw\
f / ajrmufO;D NrKd U bk&ifrif;bmvufxuf ou&mZf (908)ck
aomVo"drmof oif\
h / v-&uf tpHik if\/ xdo
k u&mZf awmifijl ynf
wyifa&Tx;D 0ef;&Hvmonfukd wGe;f vSev
f u
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ajrmufO;D bk&if rif;apmvufxuf ou&mZf (919) AoQL;"drmof
oifh\/ vxyf\/ &ufriifav/ if;rif;vufxuf (922)ckwGif
'om"drmof oif\
h / v-&uf tpHik if\/
ajrmufOD;bk&if pMum"dywdvufxuf ou&mZf (927)wGif
aomVo"drmof oifh\/ &ufriifav/ xdkou&mZf yd#uwfaA'if
&mZ0ifwu
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kd nf; ydik \
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oif\h / [l;&m; olBu;D ? qifuBJ u;D iykEiS w
hf uG wdik yf if v-&uf tpHik if\/
if;rif;zavmif;vufxuf (936)ckwGif ym"drmof oifh\/ v-&uf
tpHik if\/ xdo
k u&mZf okw? avm[m twwfrsm;aom ynm&Sw
d Ykd
onfvnf; jyefaY jym\/ if;vufxuf ou&mZf (952)ckwiG f prm"d rmof
oif\h / vxyf\/ &ufriifav/ OD;&mZfawmf"mwfuv
kd nf; wnfawmfr\l /
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
wvdkif;jynf? yk*HjynfESifh tif;0NrdKU oDwif;oHk;aom &[ef;wdkYudk

rif;yifah c: tvSL'geBu;D ay;\/
ajrmufO;D NrKd Ub&k if rif;&mZmBu;D vufxuf ou&mZf (960)ckwiG f
'om"drmof oif\h / [l;&m;olBu;D rif;ausmEf iS hf &[ef;aA'ifwwf? vlaA'if
wwfwyYkd g vxyf\/ &ufriifav/ [Hom0wD rif;&Jausmpf mG ? awmifil
rif;&Jausmx
f if? ,d;k ',m;rif;jAKp&k mZfwo
Ykd nf vufeufEikd if jH zpf [Hom
0wD rif;&JausmfpGm orD; &SifaESmif;ESifh aemufyg wvdkif;av;aomif;?
u&if av;aomif;wdu
Yk kd odr;f H;k a&TNrKd UawmfoYkd a&mufvm\/ if;rif;&m
ZmBu;D vufxuf ou&mZf (963)ck aw&om"drmof oif\
h / [l;&m;ol
Bu;D rif;ausmEf iS hf &[ef; vly*k Kd vyf g vxyf? &ufiif tpHv
k yk \
f / taemuf
rZdra'o 'gumNrKd rpS (12)yHn
k mwdo
Yk nf vufeufEikd if H jzpfav\/
if;vufxuf ou&mZf (965)ck aomVom"drmof oifh\/
vxyf\/ &ufriif av/ tarw&mom usr;f udpk &D ifaom wvdik ;f trwf
"mwfusr;f q&m *0Hpm;u v-&uf tpHik ifoif\
h [k avQmuf\/ bk&ifrif;
Bu;D vnf; &ufiif&m? riif&mudk odvakd omaMumifh taemufrZrd a'oodYk
azmufusD;
BuD;udk apvdkuf\/ [dELusrf;q&mwdkYxH apm'emvwfac:
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Ykd nf; Oumysu
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wGupf pfMunfah omf &cdik jf ynf nD\/ azmufusBD u;D ESihf Oumysw
H Ykd jyef
a&mufaomf trwf*0Hpm; avQmufxm;aom pum; rSm;\/
xdEk pS f oD[Vkd u
f Re;f udk tpd;k &aom A[ky&umrrif; (0drv"ro&l d
,rif;u) omoem arS;rSdef omraPBuD;wpfa,mufudk oabFm?
avSysBH u;D wpfpif;ESihf apvTwf &cdik f rif;&mZmBu;D xH oHCmawmf tyifh
tac: a&mufonf/ q&mawmf ajrmufbufwefaqmif; pE0v
d moudk
ESpu
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f Ykd vTw\
f /
ajrmufO;D bk&if rif;carmif;vufxuf ou&mZf (976)wGif AoQL;"d
rmof oif\h / vxyf? &ufiif\/ ajrmufO;D bk&if oD&o
d "k r&mZmvufxuf
eef;wufou&mZf (984) aomVom"drmof oif\
h / vxyf\/ &ufr
iifav/ av;NrdKUacsmif;wGif qifjzLwpfpD;&\/ if;oD&dok"r&mZm
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
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vufxuf ou&mZf (998)ckwiG f 'om"drmof oif\

h / vxyf? &ufiif
tpHk vky\
f /
e&ywdvufxuf ou&mZf (1001)ckwiG f apm&o"drmof oif\
h /
odu
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k ef 'd ge;f ?
aA'if? yd#uwf? &mZ0ifwu
Ykd kd pD&ifawmfr\
l / ou&mZf NzKd t/hH ude;f cef;
vkyf\/
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ajrmufOD;NrdKUwGif owdk;bk&ifvufxuf ou&mZf (1009)
prm"drmof oif\
h / a&TpmzwfBu;D ESihf wdik yf if vxyf\/ &uf riifav/
pEo"k r&mZm eef;wuf (8)ESp?f ou&mZf(1022)ckwiG f aomVom
"drmof oif\
h / a&TpmzwfBu;D ESihf vxyf\/ &ufriifav/ ypmrif;om;
oufolZmESifh ESa&mifpDwdkY ppfwdkufMuaomf ppfudk oufolZmrEdkif
&cdkifjynfodkY 0ifvm\/ ESrawmf paryDudk pEok"r&mZmtm; quf
vuf0pJ pfrLS ;udk Adv
k cf sKycf efY ypmjynfukd ppfcsaD v\/ {&ara&mufvQif
(12)yHn
k mudk odr;f H;k ,lc\
hJ / if;rif;vufxuf ou&mZf (1044)wGif
t|&o"drmof oif\
h / a&TpmzwfEiS hf wdik yf if vxyf? &ufiif tpHv
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2-12-94
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csufrsm;yif ryg&SdcJhay/
1946 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&v
D (15)&ufaeYrpS jrefrmhtoH[al om
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
59
trnf pwifc,
H l cJah vonf/ toHviT ahf e&mpcef;qdv
k Qiv
f nf; trsKd ;rsKd ;
ajymif;vJcJhayNyD/
1948 ckEpS rf S 1960 jynfEh pS t
f xd 0if'gr,
D mu&ufqif&h dS aetdrf
wpfv;kH wGif toH vTichf o
hJ nf/ &efuek af &mufpOfu xdt
k oHviT phf uf&&dS m
XmeodYk rdru
d ,
dk w
f ikd f a&mufz;l &m ,ckwikd f jrifa,mifaerd\/ xdpk Ofu
jynfvrf;toHvTifhHkopfwGif 1960-jynfh? Edk0ifbmv (4)&ufaeYrSp
a&TUajymif;vTiv
hf mcJo
h nf/ xdk o
kH pfwiG q
f v
kd Qif a&mufz;l Hrk u toHviT hf
jcif;yg jyKczhJ ;l ayonf/
ppfawGA[dk toHvTifhXme
&cdkiftoHvTifhordkif;udk jyefajymif;atmufarhawG;awmMunfhvQif
1948 ckEpS ?f vGwv
f yfa&;&Ny;D pumvxuf aemufusrnf rxifacs/
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf 1948 ckESpf? vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;p tcsdefwGif
jynfwiG ;f olyek rf sm; qlyrl I jzpfvmcJah vonf/ xdo
k yl ek rf sm;udk ppfqifa&;?
&cdik jf ynfae vlrsKd ;rsm;udk tpk;d &owif;jzefcY sad &;wdt
Yk wGuf vdt
k yfco
hJ nf/
xdaYk Mumifh &cdik t
f oHukd ppfawGA[dt
k oHviT Xhf merS vTix
hf w
k jf yefMum;cJ&h jcif;
jzpfavonf/
xdpk Ofu &cdik t
f oHukd ....
eHeuf 7-em&DrS 7;30 txd
n 6;30rS 7-em&Dxd
35-rDwm (odrYk [kw)f (8.4) r,f*gqikd af urS em;qifEikd cf o
hJ nf/
&cdkiftoHaMujim
xdkYaMumifh 1311-ckESpf? e,kefvqef; 14-&uf (9-6-49)
Mumoyaw;aeY (tywfpOf)wdkif; xkwfa0aom z-q-y-v tzGJUydkif
&cdik w
f ikd ;f owif;pmwGif &cdik t
f oHaMujimudk awGU&onf/ oHwNJG rKd Uoo
Ykd mG ;&ef
c&D;onfrsm;\vHNk cKH rt
I wGuf wyf&if; (20)rS wm0ef,cl &hJ yHu
k kd (9-649)aeYxkwf owif;pmwGif odkYazmfjycsufawGU&onf/ &cdkiftoH
aMumfjimudv
k nf; azmfjyxm;&Sad vonf/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
60
The Arakan Paper
5-6-49
]] 7-6-49 aeYu oHwo
JG o
Ykd mG ;&ef a&mufvmaom oabFmudk
ausmufjzLNrdKUwGif y&pwyf&if; (20) AdkvfrSL;pHomausmfu oHwGJNrdKUESifh
ywfouf jzpfymG ;aeaom aumvm [vowif;rsm;t& acw&yfqikd ;f
xm;NyD; (ppfawGA[dktoHvTifhXme)ESifh tquftoG,f jyKvkyfonfqdk
aMumif;}}
xdo
k t
Ykd a&;ay:umvu xkwv
f iT chf zhJ ;l aom &cdik t
f oHonf jrefrm
jynfwiG f yxrqH;k &cdik t
f oHviT o
hf rdik ;f pwifjcif;[k qdEk ikd &f monf/
aeYxl; &ufxl;rsm;rS &cdkiftoH

xdkYaemuf z-q-y-v acwfwpfavQmufwGif &cdkiftoHudk
tcgtm;avsmpf mG om em;qif&rdonf/ &cdik Ef pS o
f pfu;l oBueF t
f cgww
Ykd iG f
&efuek af &muf &cdik v
f il ,frsm;upk;kH oBueF o
f cH syrf sm;? aw;oHqef;rsm;?
aw;oDcsi;f rsm;udk toHviT hf rkH S 1961-ckEpS f vTix
hf w
k jf cif; jyKcMhJ uonf/
xdt
k oHviT chf suw
f u
Ykd v
kd nf; pmtkyf u
kd Ef ydS f jzefcY sad &mif;cschJ Muavonf/
oefY&Sif; z-q-y-v vufxuf

9-6-58 &ufaeYwiG f oef&Y iS ;f z-q-y-v tzGUJ onf tpd;k &zGUJ
avonf/ if;vufxuf ,Ofaus;rI0efBu;D jzpfcahJ om OD;armifausmZf o
H nf
1958-ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUrS y@dwfOD;omxGef;udk
ac:,l &cdkiftoHudk vTifhxkwfapcJhonf/ oHk;BudrfvTifhcJh&m ulnDMu
olrsm;rSm OD;ausm&f if (ygarmucsKy?f uG,v
f eG )f ? q&mBu;D OD;atmifomOD;
(ordik ;f okawoD)? OD;bpH (pmayESihf ordik ;f okawoD)? OD;azmfZ?H OD;pHabmf
(enf;jyq&m? &efukefwuodkvf)? OD;atmifodef; (uG,fvGef)? OD;armif
armifbESihf &efuek w
f uov
kd f ausmif;om;vli,frsm;? tpk;d &,Ofaus;rI
Xme twD; trIwo
f ifMum;aeolrsm; jzpfMuavonf/
toHviT phf uf (Tape Recorder) ESihf toHoiG ;f vTichf jhJ cif; jzpf
onf/ wdu
k f u
kd f toHoiG ;f jcif;r[kwf toHaysmn
h t
hH m;enf;jcif; &Scd ahJ v
onf/ uREyfk yf if jynfoUl *sme,frS a0zefcsuaf qmif;yg; wpfy'k af &;cJo
h nf/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
61
toHvTifhrSwfwrf;t&
xdktoHvTifhcJhonfudk ulnDpDpOfcJhzl;olwpfOD;u (30-9-58)
aeYpjJG zifh rSww
f rf;wif xm;cJo
h nf/ aemufykH u
kd f rdwL yGmjzifh xkwaf 0cJh
onf/ xdrk w
S w
f rf;wGif ,if;odYk toHviT &hf ef pDpOfcjhJ cif;rSm tBurd o
f nf
yxrtBurd jf zpfonfq\kd / tpOfwnfwo
hH mG ;&avatmif &cdik ,
f Ofaus;rI
toHoiG ;f toHviT t
hf zGUJ i,fwpfck zGUJ pnf;Ny;D pDpOf aqmif&u
G o
f mG ; vdrrhf nf
[k aMumfjimxm;onf/
oHk;BudrfvTifhjcif;
xdt
k oHoiG ;f csuu
f kd 1958-ck? pufwifbmv (19)&ufaeY nae
(7)em&DcJG yxrtBurd f jrefrmhtoHrS toHviT o
hf nf/
'kw,
d aeYtjzpf 1958-ck? pufwifbmv (22)&ufaeY nae(7)
em&DcGJwGif wpfBudrf vTifhcJhonf/
wwd,aeYtpDtpOftjzpf 1985-ck? pufwifbmv (27)&ufaeY
? nae (7)em&D (35)rdepfwiG f toHviT chf o
hJ nf/
toHviT chf suf tpDtpOf? toHviT ahf w;omcsi;f rsm;udyk g rSww
f rf;
tpHt
k vif azmfjyxm;ay\/
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&vufxuf toHvTifhcGifhjyK
1958-ckEpS ?f arvwGif z-q-y-v ESpjf crf;uGJ oef&Y iS ;f tpd;k &
wufvmonf/ xdaYk emuf 1958-ck? atmufwb
kd mv 28-&ufaeYwiG f
tdraf pmift
h pd;k &wufvmonf/ xdaYk Mumifh 0efBu;D OD;armifausmZf v
H nf;
3-v 17-&ufcefYom MumcJh&onf/ odkYaomf &efukefNrdKUwGif ygwDEdkifiH
a&;toG;ta&mif uif;&Sif;aom &cdkifa&S;a[mif;&mZ0ifESifh pmaytzGJU
udk 1959-ckEpS f zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nf/ xdt
k zGUJ wiG f rdrrd mS 1960-ck? pufwifbm
vpmwrf; zwfciG &hf em,uwpfO;D tjzpf yg0ifc&hJ onf/
xdt
k zGUJ \ vkyif ef;pOftwGuf trIaqmif tpnf;ta0; jyKavh&dS
onf/ tzGJ U Ou| OD;pden
f Kd xeG ;f (tdik -f pD-tufp)f tdr-f 135? wuov
kd f
&dyo
f mvrf;? &efuek Nf rKd UwiG f tpnf; ta0;yGJ rdru
d jrefrmpmjyef tzGUJ uo
hJ Ykd
toHviT chf iG hf awmif;qdo
k ifah Mumif; tqdjk yKco
hJ nf/ xdt
k qdt
k & tdraf pmifh
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
62
tpd;k &xH awmif;cHavojzifh (10)rdepf cGijhf yKpm ay;cJo

h nf/ tzGUJ wnf&m
odrjf zLvrf;? r*Fvm&mrausmif;wdu
k o
f Ykd xdjk yefpma&muf OD;armifarmifb
vufxJ &Sad ecJo
h nf/ taumiftxnf razmfjzpfchJ ZmwfarQmaeav
onf/
tzGJUtaejzifh rdrd\&cdkifobm0 aw;uAsmrsm;udk 1961-ckESpf?
ZGev
f wGif &cdik t
f rsKd ; om; OD;vSazmfyikd f jrefrmaMumfjim yHEk ydS w
f u
kd w
f iG f
du
k Ef ydS cf o
hJ nf/ Mo*kwv
f wGif Ny;D pD; (26-10-61)aeYu oH;k bD;um;
(2-usy)f jzifh ud,
k w
f ikd f wifaqmif,l 2-usypf jD zifh jzefcY sad &mif;csco
hJ nf/
&cdik f ;kd &myHjk yifrsm;udv
k nf; xkwaf 0&ef tpDtpOf&adS vonf/ tzGUJ taejzifh
yxrqH;k pmpOf (1)tjzpf xkwaf 0jcif;jzpfonf/ pmwrf;zwfjcif;rsm;vnf;
jyKchJ MuNy;D jzpf\/
&cdkifa&;&m0efBuD; vufxufta&muf
1960-ck jynfESpf? {NyDvwGif jynfaxmifpktpdk;& jzpfvmonf/
(22-8-60)aeY? Mo*kwv
f ? ygvrD efwiG f 0efBu;D csKyu
f jynfe,f (rGe?f &cdik )f
ay;&ef aMunmonf/ (13-3-61)aeY ygvDrefwGif rGefESifh&cdkifa&;&m
wpfO;D pDcef&Y efEiS hf jynfe,fjyifqifa&;aumfrwD rsm;zGUJ pnf;&ef aMunm
onf/
xdkYaMumifh 1961-ckESpf? arv (16)&ufaeYwGif OD;bNrdKifonf
&cdkifvlrsdK;pka&;&m0efBuD;jzpfvmonf/ jyefMum;a&;Xme0efBuD;tjzpf
udv
k nf; aqmif&u
G &f onf/ if;vuf xuf twGi;f a&; twGi;f 0efjzpf
aom OD;oef;az (*G)u jrefrmhtoHEiS w
hf zJG uf &cdik t
f oH vTi&hf efupd u
kd
pDpOfay;cJhavonf/
1323-ck? 0gacgifvqef; (2) &uf? (13-8-61)aeY OD;bNrdKif
(&wn)jynfe,f jyifqifa&;0efBu;D \ twGi;f a&;twGi;f 0ef wpfO;D jzpf
aom OD;oef;az (*G)u aqmfMoojzifh &efuek Nf rKd U? "n0wD omoemjyK
ausmif;wdu
k f "rmHw
k iG f &cdik t
f oHviT &hf ef tpDtpOfEiS yhf wfouf tpnf;
ta0;wpf&yf usi;f ycJo
h nf/
xdt
k pnf;ta0;odYk &cdik pf maytEkynm okawoDrsm;? &cdik &f mZ0if
ESihf pmaytoif; (&efuek )f wGif yk*Kd vrf sm;? pdwyf g0ifpm;olrsm;ESihf OD;pudE
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
63
wufa&mufcMhJ u\/ xdt

k pnf;ta0;wGif &cdik af &S;a[mif; &mZ0ifEiS hf pmay
toif; (&efuek )f rS awmif;cHcsut
f & xkwv
f iT chf iG &hf &Sad om vuf&t
dS csed f
(10)rdepf tjyif aemufxyf (5)rdepf wd;k csUJ Ny;D yxrtprf; vTix
hf w
k &f efEiS hf
taetxm;usaomtcg rdepf (20)vTichf iG &hf &ef awmif;cHMurnf/ ,if;
tjyif toHviT t
hf zGUJ oD;jcm;zGUJ pnf; toHviT &hf ef pDpOfjcif;? toHviT jhf cif;
rsm;udk aqG;aEG;qH;k jzwfcMhJ uavonf/ xdt
k zGUJ wiG f rdrrd mS em,u jzpfvm
Ny;D OD;bpH (tvkyo
f rm;refae*sm)u pDpOfa&;rSL; jzpfco
hJ nf/
yPmraw;oHESifhwD;vHk;udk xdkpOfr*Fvm'Hkav,mOfysHuGif;rSL;
jzpfaom OD;apmvS jzL (aemif-'kw,
d 0efBu;D )u pyfqckd o
hJ nf/ tcsed ,
f l
wDxGifpyfqdkndEIdif;cJh&ojzifh MuefYMumcJh&avonf/ ]]jynfe,fudk xlaxmifa&;}} oDcsi;f jzifh yPmrpwifviT chf o
hJ nf/
&cddkiftoHvTifh pwifjcif;
pwiftoHviT ahf omaeYukd pDpOfa&;rSL; OD;bpHxH zdik w
f rJG w
S w
f rf;
twdtus&adS vonf/ jrefrmhtoH pDpOfa&;rSL; OD;ausmNf ird ;f xH wifjy
vTifhcGifh,l&onf/ uREkfyf\rSwfpkwGifum; 1323-ckESpf? awmfovif;v
qkwf (10)&uf? (1961-ckEpS ?f atmufwb
kd mv 4 &uf)? Ak'[
;l aeY n
(6)em&D[l &cdkifvlrsdK;? &cdkifjynfay:xGef;aom Ak'[l;aeY&ufwGif
vTichf &hJ jcif;jzpf\/ yxrwGif (15)rdepfuspjD zifh Ak'[
;l aeYwikd ;f toHviT hf
aemufukd rdepf (20)xd vTichf iG &hf cJ\
h / &cdifk t
f oH wl&,
d mtzGUJ uv
kd nf;zGUJ
umvay:wD;0dkif;rsm;udk &yfuGuftvdkuf wnfaxmifcJhMuavonf/
&cdik t
f oHtzGUJ \ aMunmcsuu
f ykd g odx
Yk w
k jf yefcMhJ u ayonf/
&cdkiftoHwl&d,mtzGJU xkwfjyefcsuf
&cdik t
f oHw&l ,
d mtzGUJ 0ifrsm;ESiw
hf uG tpnf;ta0;rSww
f rf;rsm;udk
pm&Gupf mwrf; du
k Ef ydS f aMunmxm;&So
d nf/
&cdik t
f oHjzifh &cdik w
f cH eG v
f iT x
hf t
l ?hH &cdik w
f &l ,
d m tzGUJ ? &efuek Nf rKd U /
&cdik t
f oHukd &cdik w
f pfjynfv;kH u vdv
k m;awmifw
h vsu&f MdS uonft
h wdik ;f
avvIid ;f Mum;rS wifqufvsu&f ydS gNy/D
&cdkiftoHjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf &cdkiftoH0dkif;awmfom;rsm;u
tcuftcJtrsKd ;rsKd ; udk &ifqikd f apwem0efxrf;aqmifvsuf &SMd uygonf/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
64
&cd k i f t oH w d k ; wuf w nf N rJ u s,f j yef Y a &;rS m &cd k i f t rsd K ;om;?

trsKd ;orD;wdik ;f \ wm0ef jzpfyg mPftm; aiGtm;jzifh yg0ifun
l MD uyg&ef
arwm&yfcHtyfygonf/
qufo,
G &f ef .............
OD;atmifodef;
&cdik t
f oH wl&,
d mtzGUJ
198? 27-vrf;? &efukefNrdKU/
vm;[l? ytdkY? dk[if;*sm toHvTifh

vlrsKd ;i,frsm; em;qifzUkd &m[l jrefrmhtoHrS tpDtpOfopfrsm;udk
wd;k csUJ rnf[al om owif;vnf; (20-8-61)aeYxw
k f aMu;rHo
k wif;pm
wGif yg&adS vonf/ 1961-ck? Mo*kwf v (22) &ufaeYrpS t*Fg? Mumoy
aw;ESihf paeaeYwikd ;f n(6)em&D (10)rdepfrS (6)em&D cGt
J xd toHviT ahf wmh
rnf qdkonf/ 49rDwmESifh vIdif;vwf 314 rDwmrsm;rS vTifhrnfqdk
toHvTifhcsuf ay:xGufcJhavonf/ usefaomvlrsdK;pkrsm;twGufvnf;
wd;k csUJviT &hf efEiS hf awmifwef;a'orsm;odYk a&'D,rkd sm;udk oufomaps;EIe;f jzifh
jzefjY zL;&ef tpDtpOf&o
dS nf qd\
k / xdjYk yif &Sr;f jynfe,f oifah vsm&f ma'o
wpfcck k uDv0kd yf (10)tiftm;&Sd toHviT hf pufwpfv;kH zGiv
hf pS x
f m;&S&d ef
vnf; vsmxm;csuf&Sdonf qdk\/
&cdkiftoHyg0ifcJhMuolrsm;
azmfjyygw&l ,
d mtzGUJ aMumfjim pmwrf;wGif ryg0ifcb
hJ J aemufxyf
&cdik t
f oHE;dI aqmf csut
f & yg0ifvmolrsm;rSm ..... xGe;f a0 (awmifuw
k )f u
oDqjkd cif;? wa,m? AHw
k ;D jcif; jzifh ulnyD gonf/ awmifuw
k rf S pHaru
a[majymcsufjzifh vnf;aumif;? OD;ausmf&if (xdkpOf uxdu)vnf;
a[majymcsujf zifh vnf;aumif; ulnMD uonf/ a&Taomif;jzLu aw;uAsm
pyfjyKonfhtjyif wa,m? r,f'vif wD;rIwfyg0ifvmonf/ "n0wD
csKd csKd cifu vnf; aw;uAsmpyfjyK ulnv
D monf/ a&Tcikd Mf unf (rJw)l u
tpDtpOfaMunmol (taemifph m) tjzpf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ rausmo
h ed ;f ?
rJww
l u
Ykd Zmwfvrf;yrmwGif vnf;aumif;? a[majymcsuw
f iG f vnf;
aumif; ulnaD y;cJMh uavonf/ OD;vSxeG ;f jzL (0wfvakH wmf&)\ orD;
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
65
apm&ifarnDtpfrESpaf ,mufwu
Ykd vnf; pE&m;wD;jcif;? a[majymcsuf
jyKjcif;jzifh ulnDcJhMuavonf/ tjcm;tjcm;ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;?
apwem&So
d ?l pdw0f ifpm;olrsm;? &[ef;&Siv
f rl sm;uvnf; tcgtm;avsmpf mG
ulnDcJhMuonf/
&cdik t
f oHoiG ;f &modYk vma&mufMunfh MI uolrsm;vnf; &Scd MhJ uonf/
&cdik rf *Fvmaqmifyv
JG rf; ponfwYkd &cdik t
f oHw&l ,
d m0dik ;f udk toH;k cschJ
Mujcif;jzifh vufaqmiftjzpf tzGUJ twGuf vdt
k yfaomwl&,
d mypn;f rsm;?
aiGaMu;tultnDrsm; &&Scd MhJ uavonf/
toHvTifhrSwfwrf; tqufquf
&cdik t
f oHonf (4-4-62) Ak'[
;l aeYtxd qufwu
kd v
f iT v
hf mcJo
h nf/
xdaYk emuf 1962 ck? rwfv (2)&ufaeY awmfveS af &; tpd;k &wufvmaom
tcg tpDtpOfajymif; (8-4-62) we*FaEGaeYup n(5)em&DcGJodkY
ajymif;vTJvTifhcJh&onf/ tprStqHk; pDpOfay;um a[majymcsufrsm;?
Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk rdru
d trsm;qH;k ulncD &hJ onf/ ud,
k w
f ikd f vufEydS pf uf
du
k af y;vsuf OD;bpHEiS w
hf v
JG suf vH;k yef;aqmif&u
G cf MhJ uonf/ OD;atmif
ode;f (uG,f vGe-f pufomG ;&Gm) vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf/
tpwGif toHviT t
hf pDtpOfrsm;udk rSww
f rf;r,lrad omfvnf; (101-62) aeYrpS toHviT o
hf El iS hf toHviT chf suf rSww
f rf;udk a&;rSw&f adS v
onf/ &cdkiftoHvTifhjcif;ESifh oufqdkif&m oufaocH ulnDMuolrsm;?
tqdak wmfrsm;udk waphwapmif; odjrifEikd af vonf/ ordik ;f oufaocH
tjzpf 1961 ck? atmufwb
kd mv (10)&uf t*FgaeYpyJG g rdr\
d OyZsm,f
q&mawmf&if;xH pmwpfapmifuv
kd nf; &&Sx
d m;onf/ xdpk mwGif &cdik t
f oH
vTiahf eNy;D tBuH mPfay;ulnyD g0ifvsuf aqmif&u
G v
f su&f ydS gonf/
&cdik t
f rsKd ;om;wd\
Yk *kP&f nfukd azmfxw
k af eNyjD zpf xif&mS ;vm
awmhrnf/ rMumcif &cdik jf ynfe,fyg &vmrnfjzpf 0rf;omtm;& &Sad eMu
onf/ aqmif&u
G Mf uolrsm; tyg t0if aoaysmaf vmufNy[
D k 0rf;omrd
aMumif; ay;pmjzpfonf/ (25-8-63)txd toHoiG ;f cJo
h nfh rdr\d a[majym
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k w
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(rdyef;&H)udk vnf;aumif; azmfjyxm;ay\/ xdak tmifvaH wmfzUJG vuFmudk
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k xkwEf w
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f \
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azazmf0g&v
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yg;rSm uREyfk \
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73
aqmif;yg;rsm; rjywf azmfjyyg&&dS m &cdik w

f iG f ysUH EUHS c&hJ ay\/ ppfawGNrKd Uukd
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k zGUJrS wufaeopfpmapmmifukd xkwaf 0
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xGuaf y:vmNy[
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ckEpS w
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&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
74
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vdkuf&ayonf/ xdkodkYazmfjy&m ayrl&if;wGifjyxm;&Sdaom *Pef;udk
vnf; erlemtjzpf wifjytyfygonf/ odom&ef ,cktrsm;oHk;
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h nf; wifjy&jcif;jzpfayonf/
erlemjyyHpk H (1)(2)udk odom&efrmS yHpk (H 1)wGif tp&if;vm vqef;
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0JbufuGufwGif&Sd 6?13?33 wdkYonf we*FaEGN*dK[fpOfudk azmfjyonf/
if;atmuf 0?10 onf wdxED iS hf C#Dukd azmfjyonf/
vuf , mbuf w G i f 6?21?39 wd k Y o nf wevF m N*d K [f p Of u d k
azmfjyonf/ if;atmuf 15?7 onf euwfESifh C#Dudk azmfjyonf/
twdik ;f vqef; 2?3?4 &ufponf &ufpOfwu
Ykd v
kd nf; odomEdik af y
onf/ vjynfah eYum; N*Kd [f (8)vH;k wdx?D C#D? euwf C#D udyk g
pkaygif;azmfjyonf[k odrSwfEdkifonf/ vqkwfZ,m;uGufwdkYvnf;
enf;twdik ;f odrw
S Ef ikd o
f nf/ ,if;jyu'ed \
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D #D? euwf
C#Dw\
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k nf; a&S;rlt& &cdik jf ynfo;kH ruum&Eenf;jzifh
wGuq
f odomEdik af yownf;/
(1975-ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&v
D xkwf &cdik rf *Zif; trSwf (2)wGif euwaf A'if
okawoD ewfjrpfO;D ukrm&trnfjzifh azmfjycJNh y;D jzpfygonf)
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
81
tdrfaxmifjyK "rowfusifh0wf
&cdkifwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wdkY\
"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom
tcsuftvufrsm;
1/ xdrf;jrm;vufxyf&ef vdktyfonfh t&nftcsif;rsm;
(u)xdrf;jrm;vufxyfEdkifonfh trsdK;om;\
touft&G,f
touft&G,u
f kd uefo
Y wfcsurf &S?d tdraf xmift&G,af &mufcsed f
wGif xdr;f jrm;avh &Syd gonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh trsKd ;om;rsm;rSm touf(20)
ausmu
f kd tdraf xmift&G,af &muf onf[k ,lqMuonf/ i,fpOfuyif
tdrfaxmifzufjyK&ef vsmxm;owfrSwfcsufjyKxm;aom "avhvnf;
&So
d nf/ a&S;uqdv
k Qif touf (30)txd vlysKd tjzpfowfrw
S f tdrf
axmif vufxyfEikd o
f nf/
(c)xdrf;jrm;vufxyfEdkifonfh trsdK;orD;\
touft&G,f
trsKd ;orD;rSm touf (16)ESprf pS tysKd &nfa&mufonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
tysKd &nfa&muf onfh t&G,u
f p xdr;f jrm;vufxyfEikd o
f nf/ ykcufwiG ;f
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
82
i,fpOfuyif vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;&ef uwdjyK aphpyfaMumif;vrf;xdr;f jrm;

jcif;oabmvnf; &SMd uygonf/ if;udk usr;f *eftvdk om&ured ;f r[k
ac:onf/
(*) trsdK;om;(odrYk [kw)f trsdK;orD; vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;
&m rdb(odkYr[kwf)rdbr&Sdygu tkyfxdef;ol\oabmwlnD
csuf&,l&ef vdkrvdk
vdktyfonf/ tkyfxdef;olESifhuif; r&SdEdkif/ trdtkyfxdef;aom
rde;f rponfjzifh tkyf xde;f jcif;&Sad om rde;f r (20)&S\
d [k usr;f *efvm\/
tkyx
f ed ;f jcif;ESirhf uif;aom trsKd ; om;? trsKd ;orD;wdo
Yk nf rdru
d mrudk
oabmwluvnf; tkyx
f ed ;f olu tcGirhf &vQif tjypf'Pf&o
dS nf[k rEk
us,f"rowf vm&Sdonf/ usrf;*efwGifvnf; umarokrd
pmpm&
uHxu
kd o
f nf[k qd\
k /
2/ xdrf;jrm;vufxyfjcif;
(u) vufxyfyHkvufxyfenf;
aphpyfaMumif;vrf; uwdcH0efcsufjzifh vufxyfyHk? a&cGuf
vufqckH s xdr;f jrm; vufxyfy?kH yGv
J rf;obifjyK trsKd ;orD;tdro
f Ykd
trsdK;om;udkydkYay; vufxyfyHk (orufwufonf [l\) trsdK;om;
tdro
f Ykd trsKd ;orD;udyk Ykd vufxyfyw
kH w
Ykd iG f trsKd ;om;tdro
f Ykd trsKd ;orD;udk
ydYk vufxyfyu
kH kd rif;wifvufxyfonf[k qdo
k nf/
vufxyfyu
JG kd pwifaomtcg tGe&Yf o
dS l trsKd ;orD;u csncf ifukd
udik f trsKd ;orD;? trsKd ;om; ESpOf ;D pvH;k wdYk r*Fvmae&mudv
k nf;aumif;?
,if;wd\Yk tdy&f mvdy?f aowmpaom ypn;f wdu
Yk v
kd nf;aumif;? um&Hwm;
qD; &pfywf&onf/ onfuykd if xdr;f jrm;onf[k ac:onf/ yxrpwd
xdr;f jrm;jcif; rnf\/ tGe&Yf o
dS q
l o
kd nfrmS om;OD;? orD;OD; rysupf ;D bJ
toufxif&mS ;&Sjd cif;udk tGe&Yf o
dS nf[k qdo
k nf/
xdo
k jYkd rm;Ny;D aemuf trsKd ;om;? trsKd ;orD;wdYk xrif;vufqpkH m;Mu&
onf/ a&zvm;wGif twlvufaq;Mu&onf/ rdb (odrYk [kw)f tkyf
xde;f olrsm;u xrif;qkycf &H onf/ tGe&Yf o
dS l ZeD;armifEw
HS u
Ykd trsKd ;om;?
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
83
trsKd ;orD; nmvufwu

Ykd ,
kd Nl y;D vufxyfay;onf/ xdaYk emuf a&pifoeG ;f
avmif;Ny;D xdr;f jrm;rINy;D qH;k avonf/ vufxyfykH vufxyfenf; &yf&mG
vlBu;D rdbrsm; a&SUarSmufwiG f xrif;vufqpkH m;jcif;? auR;arG;{nfch jH cif;jzifh
tMuif vifr,m; jzpfaMumif;? vufxyfxrd ;f jrm;aMumif; todtrSwjf yK&m
xif&mS ;Ny;D jzpfygonf/
(c)xdr;f jrm;vufxyf&ma&mufaMumif; rnfonfh tajc
taewGif rSwf,lEdkifonf
txufazmfjyyg vufxyfykH vufxyfenf;t& &yf&mG vlBu;D rdb
rsm;\ a&SUarSmuf w&m;0ifvufqHkpm;jcif; tNyD;wGifyif xdrf;jrm;
vufxyf&m a&mufaMumif; todtrSwjf yKMuonf/ vufqrkH pm;aom
olrsm;udk vifr,m;[k todtrSwrf jyKMuacs/
3/ vifr,m;uGm&Sif;jcif;? jywfpJjcif;
(u) ESpfOD;oabmwl vifr,m;uGm&Sif;vdkygu rnfodkYrnfyHk
aqmif&Gufonf
uGm&Sif;jcif;? jywfpJjcif;taMumif; yg&Sdaomay;pmudk ay;
vnf;aumif;? odrYk [kwf vlBu;D rdba&SUarSmuf ajymqdjk cif;jzifh uGm&Si;f
jywfpJ&ygonf/
(c) vif odkYr[kwf r,m;u uGm&Sif;vdkygu rnfonfht
aMumif; tcsurf sm;tay:wGit
f ajccH rnforYkd nfykH aqmif&u
G f
onf
tcsif;csif; cdkuf&efjzpfjcif;? pum;rsm;jcif;? om;vifusifh0wf
cRwf,Gif;jcif;? pm&dwysufpD;jcif;? rauR;arG;Edkifjcif;? wpfOD;udkwpfOD;
,HkrSm;oHo,jzpfjcif;? udk,fxdvufa&muf usL;vGefrdjcif;paom
taMumif;rsm;tay: tajccH uGm&Sif;rIudk txufyg (u)twdkif;
aqmif&Guf&onf/
(*) rnfonft
h ajctaewGif vifr,m;jywfpjJ cif; ajrmufonf
w&m;0ifumG &Si;f pmay;jcif;? uGm&Si;f Ny;D aMumif;udk vlBu;D rdb tod
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
84
oufao&Sjd cif;\ tqH;k vifr,m;jywfpjJ cif; a7mufonf/

(C) vifr,m;rjywfpJbJ aemufxyftdrfaxmifjyKcGifh &Sd?r&Sd
tcsi;f csi;f MunfjzLygu tdraf xmifjyKciG &hf o
dS nf/ odaYk omf yxr
tdraf xmif jywfprJ I rjzpfap&/ aemuftrd af xmifukd r,m;i,f? vifi,f
[l ESrd chf s ac:qo
kd ;kH EIe;f onf/
4/ ypnf;ydkifqdkifjcif;
(u) toufxif&mS ;&Spd Of vifEiS rhf ,m;wd\
Yk a&TUajymif;Edik af om
ypnf;? ra&TUajymif;Edkifaom ypnf;rsm;ESifhywfouf vif\
ypnf;udk r,m;u ydkifqdkifcGifh &Sd?r&Sd? r,m;ypnf;udk vifu
ydik q
f ikd cf iG hf &S?d r&S?d ydik q
f ikd cf iG &hf ydS gu rnforYkd nfykH ydik q
f ikd o
f nf
toufxif&mS ;&Spd Of cef;0ifypn;f qdak om trsKd ;orD;tm; trsKd ;
om;bufraS y; aqmif&aom vuf0wfvufpm;? &wem a&T aiG ypn;f
rsm;udk trsKd ;orD;u w&m;0if uGm&Si;f rjywfpo
J a&GUumvywfv;kH ydik q
f ikd f
cGi&hf NdS y;D trsKd ;om;rsm;ESihf roufqikd af cs/ trsKd ; orD;u olr\oabm
qEt& vifa,musfm;ESifh uGm&Sif;jywfpJjcif;jyKvQif a,musfm;trsdK;
om;ydkifqdkifcGifhtjzpfodkY a&mufoGm;onf/ trsdK;orD;rSm udk,fydkifrdb
tdrrf yS gvmaom ud,
k yf ikd t
f 0wftpm;ypn;f rsm;om if;ydik q
f ikd &f onf/
xdt
Yk wl trsKd ;om;u if;\qEjzifh uGm&Si;f vQif trsKd ;orD;tm; ay;xm;
&Sad om cef;0ifypn;f vufaqmifrsm;onf trsKd ;om;u ydik q
f ikd cf iG rhf &Sb
d J
trsKd ;orD;om ydik q
f ikd af vonf/
(c) vif (odrYk [kw)f r,m;aoqH;k ygu useftrd af xmifzufu
vufxyfxdrf;jrm;vQif om;orD;rsm; odkYr[kwf tjcm;aqGrsdK;
rsm;u ypnf;ydkifqdkifcGifh rnfodkY&Sdonf
vif odrYk [kwf r,m;aoqH;k uset
f rd af xmifzufjyKvQif xdt
k rd f
axmifzufuyif ypn;f ydik q
f ikd cf iG hf &So
d nf/ om;orD;rsm; (odrYk [kw)f tjcm;
aqGrsKd ;rsm;u ypn;f ydik q
f ikd cf iG hf r&yg? vifao r,m;qdik ?f r,m;ao
vifqikd [
f l tarGqufcyH ikd cf iG v
hf nf; &So
d nf/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
85
5/ ypnf;cGJa0jcif;
(u) ESpOf ;D oabmwl uGm&Si;f ygu ypn;f rsm;udk rnforYkd nfykH
cGJa0onf
ESpOf ;D oabmwlumG &Si;f ygu trsKd ;orD; cef;0ifypn;f udk &&Sjd cif;?
xdt
Yk jyif rdbxH rSygvmaom ypn;f toH;k taqmifwu
Ykd kd &&Sjd cif;? xdt
Yk jyif
rdrdwdkYvufxufyGm;ypnf;Opmrsm;udk tnDtrQcGJa0&&Sdjcif;jzifh cGJa0&
,lEdkifonf/
(c) vif (odrYk [kw)f r,m;\qEaMumifh uGm&Si;f ygu ypn;f
udk rnfodkYrnfyHk cJGa0onf
vif\qEaMumifh uGm&Si;f vQif cef;0ifypn;f udk r,m;tm; ay;
aqmif&onf/ r,m;\qEaMumifhuGm&Sif;ygu ypnf;rsm;udk vifodkY
cGJa0ay;&onf/
6/ ypnf;qufcHjcif;
(u) vif(odkYr[kwf)r,m; aoqHk;ygu a&TUajymif;Edkifaom
ypnf;? ra&TUajymif;Edkifaomypnf;rsm;ESifhywfouf vif\
ypnf;udk r,m;(odkYr[kwf)tjcm;aqGrsdK;rsm;u qufcHydkifcGifh
&Srd &S?d r,m;\ypn;f vif(odrk [kw)f tjcm;aqGrsKd ;rsm;u qufcH
ydkifcGifh &Sdr&Sd? qufcHydkifcGifh&Sdygu rnfodkYrnfyHk qufcHonf
vifaor,m;ydik ?f r,m;aovifyikd f pepfjzpf vif\ypn;f r,m;?
r,m;\ypn;f udk vifomydik q
f ikd cf iG hf &So
d nf/ tjcm; aqGrsKd ;rsm; qufcH
ydkifcGifh r&Sdyg/
(c) rdbESpyf g;pvH;k aoqH;k vQif om;orD;rsm; odrYk [kwf aqGrsKd ;
rsm;u ypnf;udk rnfodkYqufcHonf
rdbESpyf g;pvH;k aoqH;k vQif om;orD;rsm;u qufc&H rnf/ om;
orD;r&Su
d arG;auR;ol? apmifah &SmufjyKpo
k ?l oN*K [o
f rl sm;om qufc&H
onf/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
86
(*) ajr;rsm;\ tarGqufcHcGifh rnfodkY&Sdonf

tbd;k tbGm;rsm; tarGqufcEH ikd af om om;r,m; ? om;orD;
r&Su
d ajr;rsm; tarGqufcyH ikd cf iG hf &So
d nf/
(C) vif(odkYr[kwf)r,m;onf aowrf;pm jyKvkyfcGifh&Sd?r&Sd
vif (odrYk [kw)f r,m; aowrf;pmjyKvyk cf iG hf &So
d nf/ aowrf;pm
ESihf oabmwl tusKd ;oufa&mufaom aocge;D qJ todoufaorsm;
a&SUarSmufajymqdrk mS Mum;xm;jcif;vnf; &Syd gonf/ if;rSmvnf; aowrf;pm
ESihf tusKd ;wloufa&mufonf/
7/ om;orD;arG;pm;jcif;
&Syd gonf/ rdbESpyf g;pvH;k u jzpfap? wpfO;D OD;ujzpfap arG;pm;
Edik o
f nf/ rdbESpOf ;D pvH;k oabmwl arG;pm;jcif;omrsm;onf/ arG;pm;cH&
rnfo
h \
l touft&G,f uefo
Y wfcsuf r&Syd g/ EdpYk t
Ykd &G,u
f yif EdUk wu
kd af rG;
pm;avh &So
d nf/
8/ om;orD;rsm; xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufjcif;
vifr,m; uGm&Si;f onft
h cgwiG f om;orD;uav;rsm;udk olw\
Ykd
qEt& cGaJ 0,l jzpfap? vH;k 0 r,m; (od)Yk viftm; tyfEiS ;f ay;
xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcGifh&Sdonf/
9/ r,m;p&dwf? uav;p&dwf
vifur,m;tay: rjyKprk auR;arG;jcif;jzifh vnf;aumif;? r,m;\
pm;0wfaerI tcuftcJ? uav;\ apmifah &Smufxed ;f odr;f rI tcuftcJ
aMumifh vnf;aumif; r,m;u viftm; tcgtcGifhtm;avsmfpGm
pm;aomuf p&dwu
f kd awmif;cH&onf/ (odUk ) vif\ rdbaqG rsKd ;rsm;xH
tusd K ;taMumif ; wd k i f M um;&onf / vif u jzpf a p (od k Y ) vif \
aqGrsKd ;rdbrsm;u jzpfap uGm&Si;f rIr&Sad o;qdu
k pm;aomufp&dw?f 0rf;pm
qefa&pyg; ulnaD y; aqmifap&onf/ (0g) ray;aqmifEikd u
f tvQi;f
jywfpjJ cif;? uGm&Si;f jcif; jyKay;&onf/ ruGm&Si;f ao;orQ umvywfv;kH
vifr,m;? om;orD;wdYk pm;0wfaea&;wm0ef vH;k 0usa&mufonf/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
87
10/ taxGaxG
&cdkif vufxyfxdrf;jrm;rI? uGm&Sif;rI? ydkifqdkifrI? ypnf;cGJa0rI?
ypn;f qufcrH ?I om; orD;arG;pm;rI? xde;f odr;f apmifah &Smufr?I om;r,m;
p&dwf ponfrsm;rSm vlrI"avhtay: wGif tajccH vdkufemcJh&aom
vlru
I si0hf wf jzpfonf/ if;udk avmuorkwad c: vlom;wdYk usix
hf ;kH
ynwfcsuyf if jzpf&m aemifwiG f ,if;ynwfcsuu
f kd trsm;uvdu
k ef m
vlru
I si0hf w&m;ac: "rtrnf &&Syd gonf/ xd"k rEiS hf avsmaf om xd"k r
twdik ;f jyKvyk pf &D if&aom tqH;k tjzwfrsm;udk "rowf[k ac:onf/ (0g)
w&m;Oya'[k ac:onf/ xdv
k rl I usi0hf wf"avh "rowfrsm;udv
k nf;
urmt&yf&yfu Oya'ynm&Sirf sm;onf Oya'uJo
h Ykd usio
hf ;kH vdu
k ef m
apcJjh cif;jzifh vlr"I avh ,Ofaus;rIukd xde;f odr;f vmEdik cf ahJ yonf/ xd&k cdik f
vlrI"avh "rowfrsm;u urmOD;u rEktrwfBuD;\ tEk"rowfudk
tajcjyKvmaom a&TrsO;f "rowf t|pwmvDo (48) usi0hf wfponfjzifh
"rowfrsm;? usifh0wfrsm; &SdcJhMuonf/ a'otvdkuf vufcHtoHk;jyK
vsu&f adS om "avhusi0hf wfrsm; &SMd uao;&mum; xdx
k kd vlrsKfd ;wd\
Yk "avh
usifh0wfxHk;"rowfrsm;udk avhvm&SmrSD;pkpnf;xdef;odrf;jcif;jzifhvnf;
aumif;? Oya'tjzpfoYkd owfrw
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k rl sKd ;\
ud,
k yf ikd f ,Ofaus;rI"avhrsm; raysmufrysub
f J wnfwEhH ikd rf nf jzpfygonf/
&cdik "f rowfrsm; usr;f rSm- rEk"rowf? &mZ0Housr;f ? &mZmrwPu
f sr;f ?
&mzmeDwu
d sr;f rsm;ESihf a&TrsO;f "rowfusr;f ? wdwKH yg&m usr;f ? tarGcH
"rowfponfjzifh a&S;utoHk;jyKcJhaom "rowfusrf;rsm;&Sd&m ,ck
wdrjf rKyaf ysmufu,
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7ef oifv
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f Ofaus;rIEiS yhf wfouf awmif;cH
csut
f & armifawmNrKd Ue,f jynfoUl aumifp\D ar;jref;csuu
f kd 19-886 aeYu ajzqdak y;cJ&h jcif; jzpfonf/
ewfjrpf-pef;atmif
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
88
ajrmufO;D acwf '*Fg;rsm;

a&S;ypnf; jynfyrxkwf&
orwBuD;trdefYjzifh wm;jrpfvdkufNyD/
&efukef? Mo*kwf 19-8-61
ESpfaygif; (75)ESpfxufrenf; wnf&SdcJhaom bmoma&;qdkif&m
kyyf mG ;awmf kyw
f rk sm;? jrefrmeef;wGi;f toH;k taqmifrsm;udk jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdik if t
H wGi;f rS jynfyodYk o,f,x
l w
k af qmifjcif; rjyK&ef Edik if aH wmf
orwBu;D u trdew
Yf pf&yfukd xkwjf yefNy;D wm;jrpfvu
kd \
f /
(14) rsKd ;/ ,if;odYk wm;jrpfjcif;cH&aom ypn;f rsm;rSm vGecf o
hJ nfEh pS f
aygi;f (75)ESpx
f uf renf; wnf&cdS ahJ om jrefrmtav;rsm;? aMu;ESihf
ajraq;weft;kd rsm;? aypmESihf yk&ydu
k rf sm;? ausmufpm? tkwcf syrf sm;? a&Tjym;
pm? aiGjym;pmESihf a&S;a[mif;ta&;tom;yg&adS om t&m0wKrsm;? armfueG ;f
0if pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;? bmoma&;qdik &f m kyyf mG ;kyw
f rk sm;? aMu; ausmuf
t*FawESifh opfom;yef;ykrsm;? t*FaweH&Haq;csyfESifh tydkif;tprsm;?
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8/
9/
t"rtvifu& = twif;t&if; razGr&mjyKjcif;

ukv = trsKd ;
oD[ = jcaoFh
yPm = pm? pmvTm? pm&Guf/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
97
tojymrIqdkif&m pD&ifcsufrsm;
&cdik rf if;vufxuf trwfBu;D tausmt
f armf tjzpfxif&mS ;cJah om
r[mynmausmo
f nf w&m;pD&ifa&; txl;xif&mS ; pHwifxm;avmuf
aom yk*Kd vjf zpfco
hJ nf/ rif;ygBu;D vufxuf vnf;aumif;/ rif;wdum ?
rif;apmvS? rif;pMu0aw;? rif;zavmif;? rif;&mZmBuD;vufxuf
wdik af tmif rif; 6-qufxd trIawmf xrf;&Gucf o
hJ nf/ if;\xdak cwfu
tkycf sKyaf &;qdik &f m? rIxrf; cefx
Y m;a&;qdik &f m? cd;k rI aysmufrI tarGcrH I
omoemrIqikd &f m ponfwyYkd g r<uif;avQmufxm;pD&ifq;kH jzwfjcif;rsm;udk
aqmif&u
G cf &hJ onf/ riftm;vnf; tusKd ;taMumif; tqd;k taumif;jy
avQmufwifcsurf sm; jyKcahJ vonf/ if;\aqmif&u
G cf chJ surf sm;rSm trsm;
tjym;yif &Sday&m\/ odkYaomf &cdkif&mZ0if taMumif;tm;avsmfpGm
rSwfwrf; wifxm;csufrsm;udkom awGUEdkifMu&awmh\/ odkUaomfvnf;
if;\w&m; pD&ifr?I avQmufx;kH jyrIwu
Ykd kd pkaqmif; ]]r[mynmausmf
avQmufx;kH }} trnfjzifh pmwpftyk -f usr;f wpfapmiftjzpfuw
kd if rSwcf suf
&Sday\/
if;avQmufx;kH usr;f udk aumZmou&mZf 1149-ckEpS ?f waygi;f v
qef; 5-&ufaeYwiG f oHwNJG rKd U omoemjyK q&mawmf OD;u0dom& rax&f
onf jyKpck o
hJ nf[o
k &d \/ xdx
k kd &cdik &f mZ0ifvuFmwGuu
f kd tajccHjyKpk
cJah om avQmufx;kH jzpfonf qd\k / usr;f jyKq&mawmfrmS ;u 0dom&mbdo&D d
y0& t*r[m"r&mZm"d&mZ*kk bGUJ wq
H yd af wmfvnf; qufuyfc&H aom
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
98
&cdik q
f &mawmfyif jzpf\/ "n0wDta&;awmfyu
kH sr;f udv
k nf; xdq
k &m
awmfyif jyKpck o
hJ nf[k od&\/ aumZm 1243-ckEpS ?f 0gqv
kd wGif &efuek Nf rKd U
jrefrmoHawmfqifh rD;pufBu;D yHEk ydS w
f u
kd f xdt
k a&; awmfyu
kH sr;f udk yHEk ydS f
xkwaf 0cJzh ;l \/ xdaYk emuf* ok"r 0wDyEkH ydS w
f u
kd t
f jyif tjcm;yHEk ydS w
f u
kd w
f Ykd
onfvnf; tBurd Bf urd f xkwaf 0cJNh y;D jzpf\/ r[mynmausmf avQmufx;kH
rSmvnf; ** xdt
Yk wlyEkH ydS cf NhJ yaD yNy;D omwnf;/
r[mynmausmfavQmufxHk;um; rif;taMumif;? avmu"r
taMumif;wdjYk zifh A[kow
k jzpfz,
G &f m rsm;pGmaumif;vS\/ xdak cwf vlaerI?
tkycf sKyrf ?I pD;yGm;a&;? "avhx;kH pH ponfwYkd aMu;rHo
k zG,f xifjrifapEdik \
f /
if;\t&nftaoG;? mPf&nfmPfoGm;wdkYudkyg avhvmp&mrsm;pGm
yg0if \ / if ; onf avmu"r w d k Y uRrf ; usif v d r m cJ h a Mumif ; ud k
xdak vQmufx;kH u oufaocHae\/ w&m;a&;&m rSeu
f efaomqH;k jzwfrI
rQwwnfrh wfaom pD&ifrw
I u
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r[mynmausmu
f m; "rowfp&D ifx;kH &Sd wdik ;f vnf;rSeNf y[
D k vufcH
olum; r[kwaf cs/ trSeu
f kd odwwfro
S m ynm"rowf[l qdo
k nf/
xdaYk Mumifh rkepf ;J uRe;f olaX; cGeo
f mBu;D ao tarGw&m;udk w&m;olBu;D
av;OD; pD&if&mrNy;D jynfoQirf if;xH avQmufojzifh trwfBu;D odYk tyf&
avaomcg w&m;pD&ifcsuyf gaom oabmxm;udk vnf;aumif;? pD&ifcsuf
udk vnf;aumif; odYk rdeq
Yf pkd &D ifcsuf jyKcahJ yownf;/
]]w&m;olBu;D wdpYk &D ifaom "rowftwGuf tedrt
hf jrift
h cGt
J a0
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k nf; a&S;ynm&Sd
wdYk pGecYf ahJ Mumif; usr;f *efvmonf? trSeu
f kd odqw
kd wfro
S m ynm"rowf
jzpfonf? xdpk m"rowfrsm;rSm omnmtu&mrQom? trSm;rsm; trSef
enf;onf? taMumif;udk&Smaomf cGefomolaX;BuD;onf olykefjyKvsuf
t&Sifrif;tm; jypfrSm;aomf r,m;BuD;om;? r,m;i,fom;? tarGpm;
* [Hom0wDyEkH ydS w
f u
kd rf S aumZm 1297-ckEpS w
f iG f xkwaf 0cJzh ;l onf/
** "n0wD ta&;awmfyu
kH kd c&pf 1923 ? (aumZm-1285)ESihf ta&;
awmfy5kH -apmifwu
JG kd aumZm 1285 ? (c&pf 1923)wGif ok"r0wDu
ESdyfcJhzl;onf/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
99
"rowfxu
G t
f vdu
k f rif;jypfray;acs? om;csi;f twlom? aovnf; ao
csif ; ? &S i f v nf ; &S i f a vQ m uf rif ; jypf a &muf &monf / ,if ; wd k Y
rdbqd;k oGr;f &m om;orD;wdYk ZD0w
d ad jEr w
S akH omfvnf; uif;&avonf/
qd;k arGc&H aom xH;k &Sv
d suf aumif;arGvnf; xd;k enf;twlom cH,Ml uap}}
if;\w&m;pD&ifxHk;u tqdktrdefYwdkYonf O'gef;wGif&pfaponfh
tjzpfow
Ykd ikd f usef &pfay\/ r[mynmausmo
f nf if;ud,
k w
f ikd f qH;k jzwf
jcif;? rNy;D jywfaom t,lcrH u
I kd Ny;D jywfapjcif;? if;\avQmufvcJT sut
f &
bk&ifu trdecYf srw
S jf cif;rsm;tygt0if trIp&D if jcif;rsm;pGm jyKc&hJ av\/
r[mynmausmo
f nf a&TaiG tojymrsm;ESiyhf wfouf pD&ifq;kH jzwf
cJah om pD&ifcsurf sm;udk xkwEf w
k w
f ifjyvd\
k /
bkef;BuD;ysHtarGrI
(1) ausmif;ae &[ef;wpfyg; ysHvGefawmfrl&m a&TaiG tojym
use&f pfco
hJ jzifh if;\rdbaqGrsKd ;ESihf ausmif;&S&d [ef;? omraP? ausmif;
'umwdu
Yk vdv
k m;Mu&um;? oH;k OD;om;wdYk jiif;cHv
k ,
k ufrI jzpfymG ;cJ&h onf/
xdt
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onf/
qHk;jzwfyHkrSm &[ef;oHCmwdkYtm; bk&m;&Sifonf qGrf;? aq;?
ausmif;? ouFe;f [l aom ypn;f av;yg;udo
k m cGijhf yKco
hJ nf/ a&TaiGpaom
temrmo (roH;k oyf? rom,m aumif;) 0wKukd cGijhf yKawmfrrl/ ay;vSL
aomfvnf; tvSLrajrmuf/ vlcsi;f ay;ouJo
h Ykd jzpfonf/
xdaYk Mumifh ysv
H eG &f [ef;tm; vluo
hJ Ykd oN*K [&f rnf/ use&f pfaom
a&TaiGukd ay;&if; vlrsm;&Sv
d Qif jyef,al p/ xd&k [ef;tavsmuf a&mif;0,f
zvS,frIjzifh&vQif twlae&[ef; tarGcHvdkrI vlxGuf xdk&[ef;\
rdbaqGrsKd ;wdEYk iS hf tnDtrQcaJG 0,lMuap/ ypn;f av; yg;rSm &[ef;rsm;&ap?
ausmif;'umrSm yvyfap [l\/
qHk;jzwfcsufESifhywfouf yg&mZduusrSom &[ef;rjzpf[k
bk&m;ynwfonf/y&dpm*apwemac: vGwfvyfpGefYBuJaomapwem
jy|mef; vSLvQif 'geajrmufonf/ oHo&m a&;udv
k kd ? cspf ? aMumuf?
rdu
k f ? ynmvdk ? umr*kPv
f kd ay;vSLjcif; ajrmufrsKd ;&S&d m oHo&m
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
100
udv
k kd ay;&mudu
k m; jyefr,ltyfaMumif;ESihf a&TrsO;f "rowfvmonf
qd\
k / xdaYk Mumifh pD&ifx;kH udq
k ifjcif&rnf[k &cdik &f mZ0ifopfusr;f jyK
&rf;NAaJ wmif ausmif; q&mawmfu trSmjyqdck sujf yKxm;&Scd o
hJ nf/
odkufwl;&aiGcGJa0rI
(2) odu
k pf mt& a&Tt;kd &So
d nf[l vlo;kH OD;wdYk wl;azmfcMhJ u&m
aiGtojymoH;k axmif &ojzifh cGaJ 0rIrnDrGwjf zpfcMhJ uonf/ xdt
k rIonf
bk&ifrif;xHa&mufojzifh if;tm; qH;k jzwfaponf/ qH;k jzwfonfum;
wpfO;D rSm odu
k pf mTe;f awGUol jzpfonf/ aemufwpfO;D rSm if;uajymqdk
vdu
k yf g&oljzpfonf/ aeufwpfO;D rSm 'kw,
d vlu ig;ojymay;rnf[k qdk
tazmftjzpfac:aqmifvmol jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh qH;k jzwfcsuw
f iG f a&ajr
ydik b
f &k if ESiv
hf nf; ruif;[kqu
kd m rif;tm;q,fzw
Ykd pfzYkd qufoaponf/
tazmfvu
kd yf got
l m; uREyfk Ef iS w
hf o
l nf[q
k u
kd m wpfu,
kd zf ;kd ig;ojym&ap/
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k pf mTe;f aomolEiS hf oGm;a&muf wl;olrmS vifr,m;ESiw
hf o
l nf[q
k kd
tnDtrQcaJG 0,lMuap&ef pD&ifjcif;jyKavonf/
tbdk;tyfEHScJhrIaiG tarGcH&vdkrI
(3) oD[dkVfuRef; wrKvolaX;onf ajrmufOD;rif;pvuFmol
vufxufoabFmESifh ta&mif;t0,fa&muf abmif;'GwfoabFmqdyf
olaX; tke;f tmoefEiS hf cspcf ifrjI zpfum tojymwpfoed ;f tyfEx
HS m;cJo
h nf/
if;wkEdY pS Of ;D uG,v
f eG Nf y;D aemuf ESpw
f pf&majrmufwiG f use&f pfaomtarG
udk wrKvolaX; ajr;*kro
d wfu vma&muf tarGqufc&H o
dS l tke;f
tmoefajr; a':wvDxrH S &oifah Mumif;jzifh rif;xHavQmufxm;onf/ xdk
trIudk trwfBuD; tm;tyf ppfaq;ap&m a':wvDutyfonfudk
rod [ k jiif ; csuf x G u f q d k o nf / rif ; q,f quf a jrmuf
ESpw
f pf&mausmNf y;D &mum; tpOfqufvnf; rMum;bl;qd\
k / *kro
d wfu
oufaojyqdo
k nfrmS if; wd,
Yk MkH unftyfEpHS Ofu o0efouvawmifxyd f
anmifyif&if;wGif jzpf onf/ ESpfOD;wl ausmufzsm;vufrSwfxdk;
xd k a nmif y if & if ; ajrmuf b uf em;wG i f jr K yf E S H c J h o nf [ k
tbd;k olaX;rSwx
f m;cJah om pmwGiyf g&adS Mumif; jyavonf/ xdpk mygt&
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
101
ausmufzsmud&k mS azGMu&m ckwjf zwf tikwo

f m use&f pfaom anmifyifukd
awGU&onf/
abmif;'GwfoabFmqdyftBuD;udkac: anmifyifckwfoludkar;&m
olaX;a':wvD tzoQmtvif wdu
k w
f nfpOfu ausmufzsmBu;D udk ,lomG ;
zl;onf/ anmifyifrmS um; oabFmom;wdYk xif;ckwf aoqH;k cJ&h aMumif;
xGuq
f o
kd nf/ ausmufzsmxm;cJo
h nfukd a':wvD od&monf[k ar;av
aomf oabFmqdyw
f iG f cif;xm;vsu&f adS Mumif; Tejf yavonf/ xdt
k cg
ausmufzsmudv
k eS f Munfah vvQif vufrw
S pf mudk awGU&onf/ xdaYk Mumifh
tyfEo
HS nfrmS rSef ESpw
f pf&majrmuf rif;q,fqufwikd f Mumaomfvnf;
rif;dk;rif;quf rjywftkyfcsKyfaomaMumifh rvGwfapoifh/ xdkYaMumifh
xde;f olyif xif&mS ;&Sad omfvnf; xde;f &if; tyf&if olcsi;f r[kw&f mum;
twefwefxdef;odrf;vm&onf tjzpfaMumifh xdkOpm aysmufqHk;aomf
vnf; ay;avsmf&rnf[kqdkum xdef;oludk tojymwpfaomif;&ap/
ud k ; aomif ; tojymud k *k r d o wf o d k Y ay;ap/ ausmuf p mud k v nf ;
zsuo
f rd ;f ap[k pD&ifcahJ vonf/
ajrjrKyftojymaysmufqHk; cdk;,lrI
(4) ajrjrK yx
f m;aom olaX;wpfO;D \ tojymwpfaomif;udk odol
wpfO;D u wl;azmf ,lomG ;avojzifh r&&Sb
d J jzpfaecJo
h nf/ olaX;onf
acsmif;wGif ig;&SmaeolEpS Of ;D udk zrf; du
k Ef u
S pf pfar;vmojzifh aMumuf
,lygonf/ jrpfv,foYkd csrad vNy;D [k xGucf MH uav\/ xdt
k rIukd rif;xHyYkd
quf&m 'Pf&mudjk rifawGU& qifjcifro
d nfum; olaX;xH xGuq
f akd om
pum;trSef r[kwEf ikd /f xdaYk Mumifh trwfBu;D odYk vTt
J yfav&m csKyaf ESmif
xm;aom xdw
k &m;cHwiH gEpS Of ;D &S&d m aESmiftrd o
f Ykd ta&;t&m vdrm aom
olwpfO;D udk pum;oGi;f tjypf&[
dS efjzifh twlcsKyaf ESmifxm;avonf/
q,f&ufceft
Y aphwiG f vTwf ppfar;&m if;wdrYk [kwaf Mumif; odojzifh
tmrcHESifhvTwfxm;avonf/ xdkYaemuf olaX;aeaom &Gm0ef;usifodkY
axmufvrS ;f a&;apwrefvw
T v
f suf Munfah ponf/ xdw
k iG f tvSLyGw
J pfck
udak wGU& tvSL&Sit
f m;rdwzf UJGum wpfaxmifwefvufpyG u
f kd tojymig;&m
ESihf a&mif;cs&ef tyfEaHS vonf/
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
102
if;vnf; vufcH tjcm;rSmjyavaom wpfaxmifwefonf[yk if

jzwfqMkd uonf/ xdt
k cg aps;oufomESi&hf onfxifrw
S f olaX;xHc;kd &
aomajrjrK yOf pmaiGrS tojymig;&m ,lNy;D vQif a&mif;ay;[efjzifh vufpyG f
zd;k udk ay;acsavonf/ xdak iGu&kd vQif aysmufq;kH aeaom olaX;tm;
ac:jyonf/ olaX;u if;OpmrSeaf Mumif; avQmufavvQif xdak &mif;
ay;olukd ac:ppfar;ojzifh cd;k ,lrad Mumif; xGuq
f akd vonf/ xkt
d cg
trwfBu;D onf ig;&Smorm; wHigEpS Of ;D tm; du
k Ef u
S 'f Pfr?I cd;k ,lo[
l k
r[kwrf rSef pGypf t
JG yfEiS ;f rI? tjypf twGuf tojymwpfaxmifukd if;olaX;
tm; wHigwu
Ykd kd avsmaf y;apcJo
h nf/ rdbaqGrsKd ; t&yftrd ef ;D tBu;D OD;
udik w
f u
Ykd aiGc;kd tvSLay;aomolukd rpdppfrqifjcifbJ aeMuonfrmS
tvdyk gt&ma&mufonf/ xdaYk Mumifh vSLukeo
f rQukd vufonfvyk o
f l
udik o
f ?l pm; aomufo?l y&dwo
f wfwu
Ykd ay;avsmaf p/ cd;k ol (tvSL&Si)f
rSm 'PfcaH p[k pD&ifavonf/
&Sifa,mif odkufwl;rI
(5) d;k uRe;f tr&m awmifwiG f &Siaf ,mifwpfyg;a&muf ud;k uG,f
cJMh uonf/ pnf; acsmif;pm; owd;k atmifuvnf; MunfnKd Ny;D bk&ifxH
avQmufxm;ud;k uG,cf ahJ vonf/ rMumrD if;&Siaf ,mifonf apwDyx
k ;kd
wdrYk S Xmyem a&T aiGwu
Ykd kd azmufxiG ;f cd;k ,lxu
G af jy; zrf;rdc&H onf/
w&m;cHEiS hf cd;k &mygypn;f wdu
Yk kd rif;tm;qufovQif trwfBu;D u qH;k
jzwfonfum; ol,w
k rf mudk olaumif;xifrw
S f qnf;uyfavojzifh
ysupf ;D &onf/ xdaYk Mumifh d;k uRe;f om;wdv
Yk nf; oHo&m0#ftjypfxu
kd f
&&Sdaom a&TaiGygxnfhvsuf q&mzsufqD;orQudk txufenf;wl
aumif;pGmxnfx
h m;ay;ap&rnf/ Ny;D pD;atmif pnf;acsmif;pm;u Bu;D Muyf
&rnf/ &Spaf ,mifukd pmxd;k ESiaf p&rnf [l\/
eef;&ma[mif; a&mif;cs? rzsufqD;&rI

(6) 'g*gNrKd U? txufeef;NrKd Uawmf&ma[mif; ukvm;olaX; tpvif
qdo
k u
l wdu
k w
f nfaevdk 'g*gpm;odYk a&Tojymwpfaxmif vufaqmifay;
onf/ odaYk omf aecGihf ray;ao;bJ xdt
k ojymudk rif;xHavQmufwifaomf
rajymqdb
k J trwfBu;D udo
k m Munfah e avonf/ trwfBu;D u a&S;xH;k
&cdkifom;BuD;pmay
103
vTwf uyfOyg'q
f u
kd af &muf ysupf ;D zl;onfukd om"ujyKvsuf vlwYkd
rdBuD;zBuD; vkyfaqmifxm;cJhaom tcrf;tem; taqmufttHkwdkYudk
zsuq
f ;D u tusKd ;r&S?d rzsuaf umif;? tjypfoma&mufaMumif;? avQmuf
ojzifh aumif;pGm tapmift
h aeESix
hf m;ap? tojymudv
k nf; jyefay;ap[k
bk&ifrif;u ynwfcsuf xkwcf &hJ av\/ eef;awmf&m armfueG ;f wdik pf u
kd f
xm;cJhavonf/
qifuJBuD; tojymenf;rIaMumifh bk&ifoN*K[f&jcif;

(7) trwfawmf qifuBJ u;D aZ,sAv
kd f aovGef ouf&dS oufrhJ
pm&if;,l&ef bk&ifu trdefYxkwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh roN*K[frD pm&if;
,lav &m aus;?uRef?uRJ?EGm;? v,f,m? O,smOf? taqmift&GufESifh
a&TaiG tojym tenf;i,fom&aMumif;udk avQmufwifavaomfaZ,sAdkvfonf touf&Spfq,f &SnfcJhonf/ Opmr&Sdonft&mrSm
rnfot
Ykd aMumif; trwf Bu;D tm; avQmufxm;aponf/ trwfBu;D vnf;
wnf h r wf r Q w pG m aecJ h r I ? tojym r&S m rpk c J h ponf a Mumif h
rSL;rwfaumif;t*FgEiS n
hf
D w
G f ypn;f Opm enf;yg;jcif; xif&onf[k
avQmufvQif bk&if\wdu
k af wmfrS aiGxw
k f oN*K [af pcJ&h avonf/
jynfolUtarGrif;rcHxdkufojzifh om;?ajr;r&Sd
aqGrsdK;tarGcHaprI
(8) ppfwaumif;NrKd UwiG f olaX; OD;pD&mvD aovGef tarGcH om;?
ajr; r&So
d jzifh ppfwaumif;pm;u tarGcrH EI iS yhf wfouf bk&ifxaH vQmuf
onf/ jynfoUl qif;&Jom;wdYk tarGukd rif;cHpm; oif?h roifh trwfBu;D tm;
ar;jref;av&m? avQmufonfrSm- rif;wdkYwGif jynfolwdkY vkyfcGefwGuf
q,fzw
Ykd pfzo
Ykd m rif;b@mcHxu
kd o
f nf/ rif;rsKd ;r[kwaf om olw\
Ykd tarG
udk cH,x
l ;kH r&Syd g/ cH,al omf vk,ufzsuq
f ;D rif;rl&m a&mufygonf/
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- FIRST EDITION -

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