(A) I - Beams - Rolled or Fabricated Section: Types of Composite Bridges

BRIDGE COURSE OVERHEADS
TYPES OF COMPOSITE BRIDGES

(b) Box beam - open top
(a) I -beams - rolled or fabricated section
(b) Box beam - closed section

BRIDGE LOADING AND PARTIAL

SAFETY FACTORS TO BS 5400

1. TYPES OF LOADING

HA LOADING: UNIFORM LOADING

W = 336/L
0.67
for L 50m

(L = span in m)

HB LOADING: UNUSUAL HEAVY LOADS

RU & RL LOADING: RAILWAY BRIDGES

2. PARTIAL FACTORS FOR LOADS
f

LOAD TYPE

ULS

SLS
DEAD LOADS:
CONCRETE
STEEL
SURFACE

1.15
1.05
1.75

1.0
1.0
1.2
IMPOSED LOADS:
HA
HB

1.5
1.3

1.2
1.1

3. PARTIAL FACTORS FOR MATERIALS
m

MATERIAL

ULS

SLS

STEEL
CONCRETE

1.05
1.5

1.0
1.3
All partial factors for materials are multiplied by 1.1 to take account of
uncertainties in the design model

4. MINIMUM NATURAL FREQUENCIES - FOOTBRIDGES

VERTICAL (UNLOADED) f
r
5 H
z

HORIZONTAL (LOADED) f
H
1.5 H
z

PLASTIC RESISTANCES OF MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS

MATERIALS BS5950-3 and BS5400-5 Eurocode 4

STEEL

p
y
/
s

s
= 1.0 in BS5950-3
or 1.05x1.1 in BS5400

f
y

(
a
= 1.0 to 1.1)

CONCRETE

0.45f
cu
in BS5950
0.40f
cu
in BS5400

0.85f
c
/
c

(
c
= 1.5)
f
c
0.8f
cu

REINFORCEMENT

0.87f
yr

f
yr
/
r

(
r
= 1.15)

SHEAR CONNECTORS

COMPONENTS

0.8P
u

P
u
/
sc

(
sc
= 1.25)

STEEL SECTION

R
s
= 0.86A

p
y
in BS5400

R
s
= Af
y
/
a

CONCRETE SLAB

R
c
= 0.45f
cu
B
e
D
s

= 0.4f
cu
B
e
D
s
in BS5400

R
s
=
1.5
0.85f
c
B
e
D
s

REINFORCEMENT

R
r
= 0.87f
y
A
r

R
r
= 0.87f
y
A
r

SHEAR CONNECTORS

R
sc
= 0.8N
sc
P
u

N
sc
= number of shear
connectors

R
sc
= 0.8N
sc
P
u

EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF COMPOSITE BEAMS

B
e
0.5 B
e
Support Mid-span
e
B = L/4
Shear connector
(a) Cross-section showing effective slab width
(b) Plan view of principal stresses in slab
Shear lag

ELASTIC PLASTIC STRESSES IN COMPOSITE BEAMS

+
_
+
+ +
p
f
c
0.45f
cu
0.45f
cu
0.45f
cu
p
y
p
y
p
y
p
y
p
y
M = 0.7M
=
y
pl
+
pl
+
pl
0.8M
+
pl
0.95M
= = =
y y
2 5
+
pl
M
_ _ _
y
y
e
Tension
Positive Moment
Strain
Moment

PLASTIC RESISTANCE OF ASYMMETRIC STEEL BEAM

t
D
d
p
y
R
ft
w p
R y
d
p
R
fb
w
w
ft y
w y w
fb
ft
fb y
ft fb
A
fb
A
ft
R d - y
d
R = dt p
R = A p
R = A p
d = D - t - t

PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS DEPTH, y
p

|
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
\
|
+
d
y d
R R
d
y
R R
p
w fb
p
w ft

2R
w

|
|
\
|
d
y
p
= R
fb
R
ft
+ R
w

y
p
=
( )
w
w ft fb
R
R R R
2
d +

PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY

2d
y R
y R ) y (D R M
2
p w
p ft p fb p
+ + =
l
2d
) y (d R
2
p w
+

EXAMPLE OF PLASTIC RESISTANCE OF STEEL BEAM

CALCULATE y
p
, M
pl ll l

S355 STEEL p
y
= 355 N/mm
2

s
=1.1 x 1.05 = 1.15
Design strength = 355/1.15 = 307 N/mm
2

y
p
= PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS DEPTH (PNA)

TENSILE RESISTANCE OF BOTTOM FLANGE

R
fb
= A
fb
p
y
= 25 x 300 x 307 x 10
-3
= 23022 kN

TENSILE RESISTANCE OF TOP FLANGE

R
ft
= A
ft
p
y
= 15 x 200 x 307 x 10
-3
= 921 kN

TENSILE RESISTANCE OF WEB

R
w
= dt
w
p
y
= (800 40) x 15 x 307 x 10
-3
= 3500 kN

CHECK IF: R
ft
+ R
w
R
fb
; PNA LIES IN WEB

921 + 3500 > 2302 kN

PNA: y
p
= 530mm
3500
3500) 921 (2302
2
40) (800
=
+

PLASTIC MOMENT CAPACITY

M
Pl ll l
= 23022 (760 +12 530) x 10
-3
+ 921 x 537 X 10
-3

+
2
2
530) (760
2
3500
760
530
2
3500
+

= 557 + 494 + 646 + 92 = 1789 kNm
200
300
15
15
25
800
y
p
PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF ASYMMETRIC COMPOSITE BEAM

CASE 1: R
c
> R
s
: PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS LIES IN
_________________ CONCRETE SLAB

e
s
p
y
cu
y
w
p
s fb
R
ft w
ft
R
fb
R
c
R y
D
s D
D
B
R =R + R + R
0.67f /
c
f /
a

R
c
= 0.45f
cu
D
s
B
e
(Note concrete strength is 0.4f
cu
/1.1 in BS 5400-3)

R
s
= R
fb
+ R
ft
+ R
w
= A p
y
/
s

EQUILIBRIUM OCCURS WHEN COMPRESSION IN SLAB EQUALS THE TENSILE
RESISTANCE OF THE STEEL SECTION:

R
s
= R
c

|
|
\
|
s
p
D
y

y
p
= D
s
(R
s
/R
c
)

PLASTIC BENDING RESISTANCE (ABOUT CENTRE OF COMPRESSION):

M
pl ll l
= R
ft
(D
s
0.5y
p
) + R
fb
(D + D
s
0.5y
p
)

+ R
w
(D
s
+ 0.5D 0.5y
p
)

(Note it is normal practice to ignore the flange thickness in these calculations)


CASE 2: R
s
> R
c
AND R
fb
+ R
w
< R
c
+ R
ft
:

PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS LIES IN TOP FLANGE OF BEAM

e
D
s
D
B
w
R
y D
p s
p
y
R
c
fb
R
cu
y
s fb ft w
R =R + R + R
0.67f /
c
f /
a

PLASTIC BENDING RESISTANCE (ABOUT CENTRE OF TOP FLANGE)

M
pl ll l
= R
c

2
D
R D R
2
D
w fb
s
+ +


CASE 3: R
fb
+ R
w
R
c
+ R
ft
AND R
fb
< R
c
+ R
ft
+ R
w

PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS LIES IN WEB

y
w
= depth of web in compression

D
D
B
d
fb
R
c
R
ft
R
R y
d
w w
p
y
p w s
p
w
e
s
w
R d - y
d
y
y
w
cu
y
0.67f /
c
f /
a
y =y +D

EQUILIBRIUM OCCURS WHEN:

R
c
+ R
ft
+ R
w
|
\
|
+ = |
\
|
d
y
1 R R
d
y
w
w fb
w

y
w
=
2
d
(R
fb
+ R
w
R
c
R
ft
)/ R
w

y
p
= y
w
+ D
s

PLASTIC BENDING RESISTANCE

M
pl ll l
= R
c
(y
w
+ 0.5 D
s
) + R
ft
y
w
+ R
fb
(D-y
w
)

+ R
w

(
+
2d
) y (d
2d
y
2
w
2
w


EXAMPLE OF PLASTIC RESISTANCE OF COMPOSITE BEAM

CALCULATE y
p
, M
pl

S355 STEEL
p
y
= 355N/mm
2

s
=1.1x1.05= 1.15
Design strength = 355/1.15
= 307 N/mm
2

C30 CONCRETE
f
cu
= 30N/mm
2

COMPRESSIVE RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE SLAB

R
c
= 0.4f
cu
B
e
D
s
/
c
= 0.4 x 30 x 3000 x 150 x 10
-3
/1.1= 4909 kN

TENSILE RESISTANCE OF BOTTOM FLANGE

R
fb
= p
y
A
fb
= 25 x 300 x 307 x 10
-3
= 2302 kN


R
ft
= p
y
A
ft
= 15 x 200 x 307 x 10
-3
= 921 kN

TENSILE RESISTANCE OF WEB

R
w
= p
y
A
w
= (800 40) x 15 x 307 x 10
-3
= 3500 kN

TOTAL TENSILE RESISTANCE OF STEEL SECTION:

R
s
= R
fb
+ R
ft
+ R
w
= 2302 + 921 + 3500 = 6723 kN

R
s
> R
c
, SO PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS LIES IN STEEL SECTION
300
15
15
25
y
p
3000
800
150
200

PLASTIC ANALYSIS CONTINUED

FIND PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS (PNA) POSITION

CHECK IF: R
c
+ R
ft
R
fb
+ R
w
; PNA IN TOP FLANGE

4909 + 921 2302 + 3500

5830 kN > 5802 kN

SO PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS JUST LIES IN TOP FLANGE

TAKE MOMENTS ABOUT CENTRE OF TOP FLANGE:

p
y
p
y
fb
R
w
R
p
t
2
f
s
s
R
c
pl c s
2 2
fb w
D
D
M = R D + R D + R D
y D +

M
pl ll l
= 4909 x
2
157
x 10
-3
+ 3500 x 387 x 10
-3

+ 2302 x 780 x 10
-3

= 385 + 1354 + 1795

= 3534 kNm

COMPARE TO PLASTIC RESISTANCE OF STEEL BEAM

M
pl ll l
= 1789 kNm

INCREASE IN BENDING RESISTANCE DUE TO COMPOSITE ACTION

= 3534/1789 = 197%

ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE BEAM

c

s
cu
y
0.67f /
c
f /
a
D
D
Concrete in
compression
Steel in
tension
e e
y
e
s
B /
ELASTIC STRESSES

REDUCE EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF SLAB BY DIVIDING BY MODULAR
RATIO,
e
(SEE TABLE BELOW)

TAKE MOMENTS ABOUT TOP OF SLAB

FIND ELASTIC CENTROID, y
e

CALCULATE SECOND MOMENT OF AREA, I
c
, ABOUT ELASTIC
CENTROID (IN STEEL UNITS)

CALCULATE ELASTIC MODULUS, Z
t
AND Z
c
(IN STEEL UNITS)

CHECK STRESSES IN STEEL AND CONCRETE

t
= M/Z
t
and
c
= M/(Z
c

e
)

MODULAR RATIOS
e
= E
s
/ E
c

CONCRETE SHORT-TERM LONG-TERM DESIGN CASE
NORMAL WEIGHT 6 15-20 10
LIGHTWEIGHT 10 20-25 15
E
s
= 210 kN/mm
2

ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE BEAM CONTINUED

D
D
s
y
e
A /
e
c
A
ft
A
w
A
fb

ELASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS DEPTH:

e c w fb ft
s
e
c
s w s fb s ft
e
/ A A A A
2
D
A
D
2
D
A ) D (D A D A
y
+ + +
(
+
|
\
|
+ + + +
=

SECOND MOMENT OF AREA
I
c
= A
fb
(D + D
s
y
e
)
2
+ A
ft
(D
s
y
e
)
2
+ A
w

2
e s
y D
2
D
|
\
|
+
+
2
s
e
e
c
2
s
e
c
2
w
2
D
y
A
12
D
A
12
D
A |
\
|
+ +

ELASTIC MODULUS:

Z
t
= I
c
/ (D + D
s
- y
e
)

Z
c
= I
c
/y
e

M
el ll l
= Z
t
p
y

OR Z
c
x
e
x 0.4f
cu

EXAMPLE OF ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE BEAM

MODULAR RATIO
e
= 10

A
c
/
e
= 3000 x
10
150

= 45 x 10
3
mm
2

A
ft
= 200 x 15 = 3 x 10
3
mm
2

A
fb
= 300 x 25
= 7.5 x 10
3
mm
2

A
w
= 800 x 15
= 12 x 10
3
mm
2

45 12 7.5 3
150/2 45 150) (400 12 150) (800 7.5 150 3
y
e
+ + +
+ + + + +
=

= 260mm FROM TOP OF SLAB

I
c
= 7.5 x (950 260)
2
x 10
3
+ 3 x (260 150)
2
x 10
3

+ 12 x (400 + 150 260)
2
x 10
3
+ 12 x 800
2
/12 x 10
3

+ 45 x 150
2
/12 x 10
3
+ 45 x (260 75)
2
x 10
3

= (3.57 + 0.04 + 1.01 + 0.64

+ 0.08 + 1.54) x 10
9

= 6.9 x 10
9
mm
4
IN STEEL UNITS

Z
t
=
3 6
9
e s
c
mm 10 10.0
260 150 800
10 6.9
y D D
I
=
+
=
+

in STEEL UNITS
Z
c
=
3 6
9
e
c
mm 10 26.5
260
10 6.9
y
I
=
=

Or Z
c
= 26.9x10
6
x 10 = 269x10
6
mm
3
in CONCRETE UNITS
300
15
15
25
3000
800
150
200
y
e
SHRINKAGE-INDUCED DEFLECTION

D
D
(b) Compatibility of strain (a) Shrinkage strain
(c) Shrinkage-induced deflection
N
N
N
N
M
M
N+ N
N+ N
M + M
d
d
s
c
s s
s
s
c c
s
x
x
M + M

EQUIVALENT COMPRESSION FORCE ACTING MID-HEIGHT OF THE SLAB
F
c
=
s
A
c
E
c
=
s
A
c
E
s
/
e

s
= FREE SHRINKAGE STRAIN OF CONCRETE = 200 to 400 x 10
-6

MODULAR RATIO IS LONG-TERM VALUE FOR SHRINKAGE,
e
= 20.

BENDING MOMENT DUE TO THIS ECCENTRIC FORCE RELATIVE TO THE
ELASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS IS:

M
shrinkage
= F
c
(y
e
0.5 D
s
)

DEFLECTION DUE TO THE MOMENT CAUSED BY SHRINKAGE IS:

shrinkage
=
e composite
2
shrinkage
/ 8EI
L M

STRESS IN THE STEEL FLANGE DUE TO SHRINKAGE IS CALCULATED FROM:

= M
shrinkage
(D + D
s
y
e
)/I
c

EXAMPLE OF DEFLECTION DUE TO SHRINKAGE
CONSIDER THE SAME 800 mm DEEP BEAM USED TO CALCULATE ELASTIC
PROPERTIES:
I
eff
= 6.9 x 10
9
mm
4

A
c
= 450 x 10
3
mm
2

y
e
= 260 mm
FOR THIS BEAM DEPTH, CONSIDER THE SPAN , L = 22m.
FOR SHRINKAGE CALCULATIONS:

e
= 20 (long term modular ratio)
E
c
= 10 kN/mm
2

s
= 200 x 10
-6
(external applications)

CURVATURE K DUE TO SHRINKAGE IS GIVEN BY:
K =
( )
9
10 x 6.9 x 20
75 - 260 x
3
10 x 450 x
6
10 x 200

= 121 x 10
-9
mm
-1
MID-SPAN DEFLECTION IS GIVEN BY:

s
= 121 x 10
-9
x 22
2
x 10
6
/

8 = 7.3 mm (= L/3010)

STRESS IN STEEL FLANGE DUE TO SHRINKAGE IS GIVEN BY:
= E (D + D
s
y
e
) K
= 205 x 10
3
x (800+150-260) x 121 x 10
-9

= 17 N/mm
2
(or approximately 5% of the steel strength)

ELASTIC MOMENTS IN CONTINUOUS BEAMS

w
0.125 wL
0.125 wL
0.07 wL
Two spans loaded - Maximum negative moment
L
Reinforcement
0.10 wL
0.125 wL
0.063 wL
One span loaded - Maximum positive moment

PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF CONTINUOUS BEAM

w
L

PLASTIC HINGE MECHANISM PERMITTED FOR CLASS 1 SECTIONS
x
p
M
M
p
M
n

PROOF OF PLASTIC COLLAPSE LOAD OF CONTINUOUS BEAM

p
M
M
n
L - x x

GEOMETRY: x x) (L = =

WORK DONE: M
n
+ M
p
( + ) = wL /2

2
wL
x
1
x L
1
M
x) (L
M
p n
= |
\
|
+

x) (L x
2
wL
L M x M
p n
= + (1)

MINIMUM ENERGY SOLUTION IS FOUND FROM:

2x) (L
2
wL
M : OR 0
dx
dE
n
= =

wL
M
2
L
x
n
= (2)

FOR 0.4L x ;
10
wL
M
2
n
=

INSERT x INTO EQUATION (1):

\
|
= + |
\
|
L
1
wL
M
2
L
wL
M
2
L
2
wL
L M
wL
M
2
L
M
2
n n
2
p
2
n
n

2
2
n n
3
n
3
p
2
2
n
n
2wL
M
2
L M
8
wL
2
L M
4
wL
L M
wL
M
2
L
M + = +

8
wL
wL
M
1 0.5M M
2
2
n
n p
=
)
`
+ (3)

OR: M
p
+ 0.45M
n
wL
2
/8 (4)
EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF CONCRETE SLAB IN CONTINUOUS BEAMS

L L
L = 0.8L
L = 0.25(L +L )
0.7L
1 2
1
+
e
-
e 1 2
2

EFFECTIVE WIDTH, B
e
= L
e
/4

FOR SAGGING (POSITIVE ) MOMENT REGION, B
e
= 0.8 x L
e
/4 = L/5

FOR HOGGING (NEGATIVE ) MOMENT REGION B
e
= -0.25 x (2L) /4 = L/8

THIS MEANS THAT THE REINFORCEMENT IN NEGATIVE BENDING
HAS TO BE CONCENTRATED IN A NARROW ZONE AT THE INTERNAL SUPPORT

NEGATIVE BENDING IN COMPOSITE BEAM

f
p
y
p
y
p
y
p
y
p
y
_
r
+
y
_ _ _
y y
=
y
= = =
y y
2 5
M
-
pl
-
el
-
pl
-
pl
-
pl
M = 0.8M 0.9M 0.97M
+ + +
-
p
y
y
-
e
0.87f 0.87f 0.87f
Compression
Strain
Moment
Negative Moment
Tension

PLASTIC ANALYSIS OF CLASS 3 SECTIONS IN NEGATIVE BENDING

Strain
Negative Moment
p
y
p
y
_
y
-
p
y
0.87f
Tension
Plastic stresses
for Class 3 web

19t

19t Compression +
Ineffective
web
f
p
y
_
r
+
y
-
e
Elastic stresses
d 38t

CASE: PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS IN THE WEB:.

THE DEPTH OF WEB IN TENSION IS GIVEN BY:
y
w
=
2
d
(R
fb
+ R
w
R
r
R
ft
) / R
w

THE PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS DEPTH IS GIVEN BY y
P
= y
W
+ D
S

DEPTH OF WEB IN COMPRESSION IS (d - y
W
).
WHEN THIS DEPTH EXCEEDS 38t f
Y
, A PORTION OF THE WEB IS INEFFECTIVE.

THE PLASTIC BENDING RESISTANCE IN NEGATIVE BENDING FOR A FULLY
EFFECTIVE WEB IS GIVEN AS:

M
pl ll l
= R
r
(y
w
+ 0.5 D
s
) + R
ft
y
w
+ R
fb
(D-y
w
)
+ R
w

(
+
2d
) y (d
2d
y
2
w
2
w

THE PLASTIC BENDING RESISTANCE IN NEGATIVE BENDING FOR A
PARTIALLY EFFECTIVE WEB IN COMPRESSION IS GIVEN AS:

M
pl ll l
= R
r
(y
w
+ 0.5 D
s
) + R
ft
y
w
+ R
fb
(D-y
w
)
+ R
w

(
2d
y
2
w
+ 0.5 x 38t
2
f
y
( d- y
w
)

EXAMPLE OF PLASTIC RESISTANCE OF COMPOSITE BEAM IN
NEGATIVE BENDING

CONSIDER THE SAME BEAM AS PREVIOUSLY WITH THE SAME EFFECTIVE
WIDTH AND WITH 16 mm DIAMETER REINFORCING BARS PLACED AT 200 mm
CENTRES IN THE SLAB (ie 15 BARS).

S355 Steel
f
y
= 355N/mm
2
f
yd
/
a
= 307 N/mm
2

CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF REINFORCEMENT = 15 x 3.14 x 16
2
/4 = 3014 mm
2

TENSILE RESISTANCE OF REINFORCEMENT , f
yr
= 460N/mm
2
,
r
= 1.15

R
r
= 3014 x 460/1.15 x 10
-3
= 1205 kN


R
ft
= 15 x 200 x 307 x 10
-3
= 921 kN

COMPRESSIVE RESISTANCE OF BOTTOM FLANGE

R
fb
= 25 x 300 x 307 x 10
-3
= 2302 kN

COMPRESSIVE RESISTANCE OF FULLY EFFECTIVE WEB

R
w
= (800 40) x 15 x 307 x 10
-3
= 3500 kN

TOTAL COMPRESSION RESISTANCE OF STEEL SECTION:

R
s
= R
fb
+ R
ft
+ R
w
= 2302 + 921 + 3500 = 6723 kN
300
15
15
25
y
p
3000
800
150
200
DESIGN OF COMPOSITE BEAM IN NEGATIVE BENDING (CONTINUED)

R
s
> R
r
, SO PLASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS LIES IN STEEL SECTION
CHECK IF: R
r
+ R
ft
< R
fb
+ R
w
FOR PNA IN WEB
1205 + 921 < 2302 + 3500

OR 2126 < 5802 kN SO PNA LIES IN WEB

DEPTH OF WEB IN TENSION:

y
w
= 0.5d (R
fb
+ R
w
R
r
R
ft
) / R
w

= 0.5 x760 x (2302 + 3500 1205 921) / 3500

= 399 mm

DEPTH OF WEB IN COMPRESSION = d - y
w
= 760 399 = 361 mm

LIMITING DEPTH OF CLASS 2 WEB, d
c
= 38t

d
c
= 38 x15 x (275/355)
0.5
= 570 mm > 361 mm

SO WEB IS FULLY EFFECTIVE IN COMPRESSION.

PLASTIC BENDING RESISTANCE IN NEGATIVE BENDING:

M
pl ll l
-
= 1205 x 286 x 10
-3
+ 921 x 392 x 10
-3

+ 3500 x 399
2
x 10
-3
/ ( 2 x 760) + 3500 x 361
2
x 10
-3
/ ( 2 x 760)
+ 2302 x 373 x 10
-3

= 344 + 361 + 366 + 300 + 858

= 2229kNm

COMPARE TO PLASTIC RESISTANCE OF STEEL BEAM

M
pl ll l
= 1789 kNm

INCREASE IN BENDING RESISTANCE DUE TO REINFORCEMENT = 25%

COMPARE TO PLASTIC RESISTANCE OF COMPOSITE BEAM (POSITIVE
BENDING)

M
pl ll l
= 3534 kNm
(RATIO OF NEGATIVE TO POSITIVE BENDING RESISTANCES = 63%)

SHEAR CONNECTION IN COMPOSITE BEAMS

C
L
C
L
Variation of slip in shear connectors
C
L
P
d
End slip
Linear variation
Quadratic variation
End slip
Elastic shear flow
Plastic shear flow
Compression
Tension
Real behaviour
Forces in shear connectors along the beam
:

ELASTIC SHEAR FLOW:

q =
e c
s e c
I
/2) D (y VA

WHERE q LONGITUDINAL SHEAR FORCE PER UNIT LENGTH
V APPLIED VERTICAL SHEAR FORCE
A
C
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF CONCRETE
D
S
SLAB DEPTH
y
e
ELASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS DEPTH FROM TOP OF SLAB
I
c
SECOND MOMENT OF AREA OF THE COMPOSITE SECTION

e
MODULAR RATIO OF STEEL TO CONCRETE


Dimensions of stud shear
connectors (mm)

Characteristic strength
of concrete (N/mm
2
)
Diameter

Nominal
Height

As-welded
Height
25 30 35 40
25 100 95
146 154 161 168
22 100 95
119 126 132 139
19 100 95
95 100 104 109
19 75 70
82 87 91 96
16 75 70
70 74 78 82
13 65 70
44 47 49 52
Note 1. For concrete of characteristic strength greater than 40 N/mm
2
use
the values for 40 N/mm
2

2. For connectors of height greater than tabulated, use the values for
the greatest height tabulated.

3. Data for normal weight concrete.

Design resistance = 0.8 x characteristic resistance.

Table 4 Characteristic Resistances (kN) of Headed Stud Shear
Connectors to BS 5950 Part 3 and BS 5400-5
PARTIAL SHEAR CONNECTION

PARTIAL SHEAR CONNECTION OCCURS WHEN THE LONGITUDINAL
RESISTANCE OF THE SHEAR CONNECTORS IS INSUFFICIENT TO DEVELOP THE
TENSILE RESISTANCE OF THE STEEL BEAM, OR THE COMPRESSION
RESISTANCE OF THE SLAB.

THE DEGREE OF SHEAR CONNECTION IS DEFINED BY:

s
q
f R
R
N
N
= for R
s
< R
c

or
c
q
R
R
for R
c
< R
s

WHERE N = NUMBER OF SHEAR CONNECTORS PROVIDED
N
f
= NUMBER REQUIRED FOR FULL SHEAR CONNECTION
R
Q
= LONGITUDINAL RESISTANCE OF THE SHEAR CONNECTORS.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BENDING RESISTANCE OF THE
COMPOSITE SECTION AND THE DEGREE OF SHEAR CONNECTION IS
ILLUSTRATED. A LINEAR INTERACTION MAY BE USED TO DETERMINE THE
REDUCED BENDING RESISTANCE M
C,RED
OF THE COMPOSITE BEAM.

M
c,red
= M
a
+ N/N
f
(M
c
M
a
)

M
a
BENDING RESISTANCE OF THE STEEL BEAM
M
C
BENDING RESISTANCE OF THE COMPOSITE BEAM FOR FULL
SHEAR CONNECTION.

M
M
c
Bending
resistance
40% 100%
Minimum degree of
shear connection
Degree of shear connection
a
Steel section
Composite section
Linear
interaction
Elastic behaviour
(Slip = 0)
Ductile shear
connection
(Slip = 6 mm)
Semi-ductile shear
connection
(Slip = 3 mm)

DEFORMATION CAPACITYOF SHEAR CONNECTORS

FOR PLASTIC DESIGN, THE SHEAR CONNECTORS MUST DISPLAY ADEQUATE
DEFORMATION CAPACITY. THIS IS ACCEPTABLE WHEN THEIR SLIP EXCEEDS
6 mm FOR A LOAD NOT LESS THAN THE DESIGN RESISTANCE OF THE SHEAR
CONNECTOR SEE FIGURE 9 BELOW FOR DUCTILE SHEAR CONNECTORS.

P
P = 0.8P
u
d u
1 0 2 3 4 5 6
(a) Ductile behaviour
Slip (mm)
Characteristic resistance
Design resistance
P
u
1 0 2 3 4 5 6
Slip (mm)
u
(b) Semi-ductile behaviour
0.5P

Load-slip relationship for shear connectors

FOR SHEAR CONNECTORS NOT REACHING THIS SLIP LIMIT, ELASTIC DESIGN
SHOULD BE USED. A TYPICAL LOAD-SLIP RELATIONSHIP FOR SEMI DUCTILE
SHEAR CONNECTORS IS SHOWN ABOVE. IN THIS CASE, THE LOAD AT 6mm
SLIP IS ONLY ABOUT HALF OF THE MAXIMUM TEST LOAD.

DETAILING REQUIREMENTS FOR SHEAR CONNECTOR

6
6

6
1.4
0.4
15 mm
4
20 mm

Plan
Solid slab
Composite slab
600 mm
15 mm

35 mm

SHEAR CONNECTORS SHOULD OBSERVE THE FOLLOWING GENERAL
DETAILING RULES:
LONGITUDINAL SPACING 6 BUT 600 mm

TRANSVERSE SPACING 4

EDGE DISTANCE 20 mm (TO EDGE OF STUD)

PROJECTION OVER TOP OF DECKING 35 mm

TOP COVER TO SHEAR CONNECTOR 15 mm

FLANGE THICKNESS 0.4

WHERE = DIAMETER OF SHEAR CONNECTOR

ACTION OF TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT

Beam
Compression from
shear connector
Tensile action of
transverse reinforcement
Plan

LONGITUDINAL SHEAR RESISTANCE (PER SHEAR PLANE)

V = 0.7 A f + 0.03f A
r r yr c
r c
cu
A A

TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT IN COMPOSITE BEAMS

(a) Solid slab (b) Composite slab
90 55 55
(c) Precast concrete slab (d) Haunched slab
Bottom
reinforcement
Steel
decking
Top reinforcement
PC
slab
Haunch
reinforcement
Bottom
reinforcement
Top reinforcement
Top reinforcement
Bar in joint
in PC unit
Mesh
reinforcement

CRACKING IN CONTINUOUS COMPOSITE BEAMS
SURFACE CRACK WIDTH,

(
(
(
+
=
ec
x h
)
min
c
cr
(a
2 1
m
cr
3a

m
= STRAIN ALLOWING FOR STRAIN
HARDENING IN RENFORCEMENT

m
=
1
-
3
10
x)
'
(a s
t
h
t
1.2b
x) (h f ) A (A
ry st t
(
(
(
(
+

c
min
= COVER FROM SURFACE
h = DEPTH OF COMPOSITE BEAM
x = DEPTH OF ELASTIC NEUTRAL AXIS
FROM BOTTOM OF BEAM
a
1
= DISTANCE OF TOP OF SLAB FROM
BOTTOM OF BEAM
h
t
= DEPTH OF CONCRETE SLAB
a
cr
= DISTANCE TO POINT OF CRACKING ON
SURFACE TO NEAREST REINFORCING
BAR
(s/2)
2
+ (c
min
2
)
0.5

s = BAR SPACING

1
= SURFACE STRAIN
b
c
= EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF SLAB (NEGATIVE
BENDING)
A
t
= AREA OF TENSILE REINFORCEMENT
A
st
= AREA OF ENCASED TENSION FLANGE

(A) I - Beams - Rolled or Fabricated Section: Types of Composite Bridges

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TYPES OF COMPOSITE BRIDGES

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