LATEX 2

LATEX 2

by Tobias Oetiker
Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Slegl
Version 4.26, September 25, 2008
Translator: Mehdi Omidali
:

Copyright 1995-2005 Tobias Oetiker and Contributers. All rights reserved.

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word .
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><tobi@oetiker.ch

Tobias Oetiker

OETIKER+PARTNER AG
Aarweg 15
4600 Olten
Switzerland

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -LATEX
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\multiput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \linethikness
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TikZ & PGF

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\rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \strut


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LATEX 2 .
LATEX 2 . LATEX
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August 4, 2009

\today

TEX
LATEX

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EX 2

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\end{proof}

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\ linethickness{length} :

\ linethickness{length} \ thicklines \ thinlines

\ thinlines ) (
.\ thicklines

\setlength{\unitlength}{0.5mm}
\begin{picture}(120,168)
\newsavebox{\foldera}
\savebox{\foldera}
(40,32)[bl]{% definition
\multiput(0,0)(0,28){2}
{\line(1,0){40}}
\multiput(0,0)(40,0){2}
{\line(0,1){28}}
\put(1,28){\oval(2,2)[tl]}
\put(1,29){\line(1,0){5}}
\put(9,29){\oval(6,6)[tl]}
\put(9,32){\line(1,0){8}}
\put(17,29){\oval(6,6)[tr]}
\put(20,29){\line(1,0){19}}
\put(39,28){\oval(2,2)[tr]}
}
\newsavebox{\folderb}
\savebox{\folderb}
(40,32)[l]{%
definition
\put(0,14){\line(1,0){8}}
\put(8,0){\usebox{\foldera}}
}
\put(34,26){\line(0,1){102}}
\put(14,128){\usebox{\foldera}}
\multiput(34,86)(0,-37){3}
{\usebox{\folderb}}
\end{picture}

..

}\newsavebox{name

}\savebox{name}(width,height)[position]{content

}\put(x, y)\usebox{name

.
position . bl

. ) t( r
)( .

name

: \foldera \folderb .

\oval \line

..




D

D

D
HH

D
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HH D

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}\setlength{\unitlength}{0.8cm
)\begin{picture}(6,4
}\linethickness{0.075mm
}\multiput(0,0)(1,0){7
}}{\line(0,1){4
}\multiput(0,0)(0,1){5
}}{\line(1,0){6
\thicklines
}}\put(0.5,0.5){\line(1,5){0.5
}}\put(1,3){\line(4,1){2
)\qbezier(0.5,0.5)(1,3)(3,3.5
\thinlines
}}\put(2.5,2){\line(2,-1){3
}}\put(5.5,0.5){\line(-1,5){0.5
}\linethickness{1mm
)\qbezier(2.5,2)(5.5,0.5)(5,3
\thinlines
)\qbezier(4,2)(4,3)(3,3
)\qbezier(3,3)(2,3)(2,2
)\qbezier(2,2)(2,1)(3,1
)\qbezier(3,1)(4,1)(4,2
}\end{picture

. \linethickness

\thinlines \thicklines .

.

) P1 = (x1 , y1 ), P2 = (x2 , y2 m1 , m2

. ) S = (x, y

)(.

) m2 x2 m1 x1 (y2 y1
,
m2 m1
) y = yi + mi (x xi
(i = 1, 2).

[] .
.

= x

\qbezier

..

y
6

-x

}\setlength{\unitlength}{1cm
)\begin{picture}(4.3,3.6)(-2.5,-0.25
}}\put(-2,0){\vector(1,0){4.4
}\put(2.45,-.05){$x$
}}\put(0,0){\vector(0,1){3.2
}}\put(0,3.35){\makebox(0,0){$y$
)\qbezier(0.0,0.0)(1.2384,0.0
)(2.0,2.7622
)\qbezier(0.0,0.0)(-1.2384,0.0
)(-2.0,2.7622
}\linethickness{.075mm
}\multiput(-2,0)(1,0){5
}}{\line(0,1){3
}\multiput(-2,0)(0,1){4
}}{\line(1,0){4
}\linethickness{.2mm
}}\put( .3,.12763){\line(1,0){.4
}}\put(.5,-.07237){\line(0,1){.4
}}\put(-.7,.12763){\line(1,0){.4
}}\put(-.5,-.07237){\line(0,1){.4
}}\put(.8,.54308){\line(1,0){.4
}}\put(1,.34308){\line(0,1){.4
}}\put(-1.2,.54308){\line(1,0){.4
}}\put(-1,.34308){\line(0,1){.4
}}\put(1.3,1.35241){\line(1,0){.4
}}\put(1.5,1.15241){\line(0,1){.4
}}\put(-1.7,1.35241){\line(1,0){.4
}}\put(-1.5,1.15241){\line(0,1){.4
}}\put(-2.5,-0.25){\circle*{0.2
}\end{picture

y = cosh x 1

) (2, 2.7622 m = 3.6269

. ) (. .
) (1.2384, 0 ) .(1.2384, 0 .

} \begin{picture .

TikZ & PGF

)\begin{picture}(4.3,3.6)(-2.5,-0.25

) ( ) (2.5, 0.25

..

= v/c = tanh
6
-

}\setlength{\unitlength}{0.8cm
)\begin{picture}(6,4)(-3,-2
}}\put(-2.5,0){\vector(1,0){5
}\put(2.7,-0.1){$\chi$
}}\put(0,-1.5){\vector(0,1){3
}\multiput(-2.5,1)(0.4,0){13
}}{\line(1,0){0.2
}\multiput(-2.5,-1)(0.4,0){13
}}{\line(1,0){0.2
)\put(0.2,1.4
}{$\beta=v/c=\tanh\chi$
)\qbezier(0,0)(0.8853,0.8853
)(2,0.9640
)\qbezier(0,0)(-0.8853,-0.8853
)(-2,-0.9640
}}\put(-3,-2){\circle*{0.2
}\end{picture

) (. . )P1 = (0, 0

P2 = (2, tanh 2) m1 = 1 m2 = 1/ cosh2 2 .

) (3, 2 )

(.

TikZ & PGF

LATEX
. PGF

. PGF + ].[

PGF tikz . tikz

.
tikzpicture .

]\begin{tikzpicture}[scale=3
)\clip (-0.1,-0.2
;)rectangle (1.8,1.2
]\draw[step=.25cm,gray,very thin
;)(-1.4,-1.4) grid (3.4,3.4
;)\draw (-1.5,0) -- (2.5,0
;)\draw (0,-1.5) -- (0,1.5
;)\draw (0,0) circle (1cm
\filldraw[fill=green!20!white,
]draw=green!50!black
)(0,0) -- (3mm,0mm
;arc (0:30:3mm) -- cycle
}\end{tikzpicture

);(

.
\usetikzlibrary
.

.B
.A

\usetikzlibrary{%
}decorations.pathmorphing
[}\begin{tikzpicture
]}decoration={bent,aspect=.3
]\draw [decorate,fill=lightgray
;)(0,0) rectangle (5.5,2
]\node[circle,draw
;}(A) at (.5,.5) {A
]\node[circle,draw
;}(B) at (5,1.5) {B
;)\draw[->,decorate] (A) -- (B
;)\draw[->,decorate] (B) -- (A
}\end{tikzpicture

.
. PGF

TikZ & PGF

. .

..
+
.

. . .

..
-

..
E
.

. .. .

..

..
.

. . .

.
.
.

.
.
.

pgfplot .

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XY-pic .
xy

}\usepackage[options]{xy

options XY-pic .

. all XY
.

XY-pic

}\begin{displaymath
\\ \xymatrix{A & B
} C & D
}\end{displaymath

\xymatrix .

.
\ar .

/B

AO


C

Do

}\begin{displaymath
\\ ]\xymatrix{ A \ar[r] & B \ar[d
} ]D \ar[u] & C \ar[l
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right downup le .

XY-pic .

}\begin{displaymath
{\xymatrix
\\ A \ar[d] \ar[dr] \ar[r] & B
D
} & C
}\end{displaymath

/B
@A
@@
@@
@@

D
C

}\begin{displaymath
{\xymatrix
\\ & & ]A \ar[d] \ar[dr] \ar[drr
B
} & C & D
}\end{displaymath

A @PPP
@@ PPP
@@ PPP
@@ PPP
'PP


B
C
D

/B


/C

}\begin{displaymath
{\xymatrix
& A \ar[r]^f \ar[d]_g
\\ }'B \ar[d]^{g
}'D \ar[r]_{f
} & C
}\end{displaymath

A
g


D

.
| :

/B


/C

}\begin{displaymath
{\xymatrix
& A \ar[r]|f \ar[d]|g
\\ }'B \ar[d]|{g
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} & C
}\end{displaymath

A
g


D

\ar[...]|\hole .

\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
\bullet\ar@{->}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{.<}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{~)}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{=(}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{~/}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{^{(}->}[rr] &&
\bullet\\
\bullet\ar@2{->}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@3{->}[rr] && \bullet\\
\bullet\ar@{=+}[rr] && \bullet
}
\end{displaymath}

/o /o /o /o /o /o /o ? _
 

/o /o /o /o /o /o o/ 


+3

_*4

_

:
\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
\bullet \ar[r]
\ar@{.>}[r] &
\bullet
}
\end{displaymath}

\begin{displaymath}
\xymatrix{
\bullet \ar@/^/[r]
\ar@/_/@{.>}[r] &
\bullet
}
\end{displaymath}

XY-pic .

XY-pic .

: XY-pic .

.
.

.

.

. :
\dum

lscommand

}\begin{lscommand
}\ci{dum
}\end{lscommand

\ci

. \dum

\dum .

lscommand .
.

..

}\newcommand{name}[num]{denition

: ) (name ).(denition

num
) ( . .

\tnss e Not So Short Introduction to LATEX 2 .

. .
is is e not so Short Introduction to
LATEX 2 . . . e not so Short Introduction to
LATEX 2

.
.

is is the not so Short Introduction to

LATEX 2
is is the very Short Introduction to
LATEX 2

\newcommand{\tnss}{The not
so Short Introduction to
}\LaTeXe
}{This is ``\tnss'' \ldots
''``\tnss

. #1

#2

]\newcommand{\txsit}[1
{This is the \emph{#1} Short
}Introduction to \LaTeXe
% in the document body:
}\begin{itemize
}\item \txsit{not so
}\item \txsit{very
}\end{itemize

.\renewcommand \newcommand .

\providecommand .

\newcommand

..

\newcommand .\newenvironment

}\newenvironment{name}[num]{before}{aer

\newenvironment

. before

. aer } \end{name .
\newenvironment .

My humble subjects . . .

}\newenvironment{king
{\rule{1ex}{1ex}%
}}}\hspace{\stretch{1
{\hspace{\stretch{1}}%
}}\rule{1ex}{1ex
}\begin{king
My humble subjects \ldots
}\end{king

num \newcommand .

\renewenvironment .

\newenvironment.

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\stretch \hspace .

..

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.
. \ignorespacesafterend

\ignorespaces

\newenvironment{simple}%
{\noindent}%
{\par\noindent}

See the space

to the le.

\begin{simple}
See the space\\to the left.
\end{simple}
Same\\here.

\newenvironment{correct}%
{\noindent\ignorespaces}%
{\par\noindent%
\ignorespacesafterend}

Same
here.

No space
to the le.
Same
here.

\begin{correct}
No space\\to the left.
\end{correct}
Same\\here.

..

Makele

.
: .

\usepackage{ifthen}
\ifthenelse{\equal{\blackandwhite}{true}}{
% "black and white" mode; do something..
}{
% "color" mode; do something different..
}
:
latex '\newcommand{\blackandwhite}{true}\input{test.tex}'
.\ blackandwhite

. false \ blackandwhite

..

\usepackage .

% Demo Package by Tobias Oetiker

}\ProvidesPackage{demopack
\newcommand{\tnss}{The not so Short Introduction
}to \LaTeXe
\newcommand{\txsit}[1]{The \emph{#1} Short
}Introduction to \LaTeXe
}}\newenvironment{king}{\begin{quote}}{\end{quote

:.

.sty .

}\ProvidesPackage{paage name

. \ProvidesPackage

.
..

. .

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. . .
. . .

all of

e small and bold Romans ruled

great big Italy.

{\small The small and

}\textbf{bold} Romans ruled
{\Large all of great big
}\textit{Italy}.

. .

large and small leers.

He likes {\LARGE large and

{\small small} letters}.

He likes

. }

. \par
\par

:.
sans serif

}\textsf{...

roman
typewriter

}\textrm{...
}\texttt{...

bold face

}\textbf{...

medium

}\textmd{...

italic
S C

}\textit{...
}\textsc{...

upright
slanted

}\textup{...
}\textsl{...

document font

}\textnormal{...

emphasized

}\emph{...

:.

larger font

very large font

huge

largest

\Large
\LARGE

tiny font

very small font

quite small font

\huge

small font

\Huge

large font

normal font

\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize
\large

:.
size
\tiny
\scriptsize
\footnotesize
\small
\normalsize
\large
\Large
\LARGE
\huge
\Huge

10pt (default)
5pt
7pt
8pt
9pt
10pt
12pt
14pt
17pt
20pt
25pt

11pt option
6pt
8pt
9pt
10pt
11pt
12pt
14pt
17pt
20pt
25pt

12pt option
6pt
8pt
10pt
11pt
12pt
14pt
17pt
20pt
25pt
25pt

:.
\mathrm{...}
\mathbf{...}
\mathsf{...}
\mathtt{...}
\mathit{...}
\mathcal{...}
\mathnormal{...}

Roman Font
Boldface Font
Sans Serif Font
Typewriter Font
Italic Font

N ormal F ont

Dont read this! It is not true.

!{\Large Don't read this

It is not true.
}You can believe me!\par

is is not true either. But remember I am a liar.

{\Large This is not true either.

But remember I am a liar.}\par

!You can believe me

is is not true. But then again,

what is these days . . .

}\begin{Large
This is not true.
But then again, what is these
days \ldots
}\end{Large

..

\newcommand

Do not enter this room, its occupied by maines of unknown origin and purpose.

\newcommand{\oops}[1]{%
}}\textbf{#1
Do not \oops{enter} this room,
}it's occupied by \oops{machines
of unknown origin and purpose.

\textbf
.

..
:

.
Remember

! The MO RE fonts you

s

more readable and beautiful it become .

use

in a document

the

!
.
.

..

\linespread{factor}

\ linespread{1.6} \ linespread{1.3}
.

.\ linespread

\setlength{\baselineskip}{1.5\baselineskip}

{\setlength{\baselineskip}%
{1.5\baselineskip}
This paragraph is typeset with
the baseline skip set to 1.5 of
what it was before. Note the par
command at the end of the
paragraph.\par}
This paragraph has a clear
purpose, it shows that after the
curly brace has been closed,
everything is back to normal.

is paragraph is typeset with the baseline

skip set to 1.5 of what it was before. Note the
par command at the end of the paragraph.
is paragraph has a clear purpose, it shows
that aer the curly brace has been closed, everything is ba to normal.

..

.
}\setlength{\parindent}{0pt
}\setlength{\parskip}{1ex plus 0.5ex minus 0.2ex
.

..

plus minus

\tableofcontents

\indent

. \parindent
.

\noindent

.
.

..

}\hspace{length

. * \hspace

\hspace . length
. .

indentrst tools .

.
:.
millimetre 1/25 in
centimetre = 10 mm
in = 25.4 mm
point 1/72 in 13 mm
approx width of an M in the current font
approx height of an x in the current font

is

is a space of 1.5 cm.

mm
cm
in
pt
em
ex

This\hspace{1.5cm}is a space
of 1.5 cm.

}\stretch{n

. .

}} \hspace{\stretch{n

.
x

}}x\hspace{\stretch{1
x\hspace{\stretch{3}}x

. em ex :

big
y

..

tin

\\}{\Large{}big\hspace{1em}y
}{\tiny{}tin\hspace{1em}y

. . . .
:

}\vspace{length

\vspace*

\vspace .

\stretch \pagebreak

Some text \ldots

}}\vspace{\stretch{1
This goes onto the last line of the page.\pagebreak

.
]\\[length

\bigskip \smallskip

\documentclass .
.

. . .
layout tools

! . . .

MS Word .

. .
.
.

. .

. .

. .

macros/latex/required/tools
.

4i

?
6

5i

?
6

Margin
Notes

10i

3i

6i

2i

?
?Header
6

7i

Body

-


9i

8i

?


1i-

?
Footer

11i

1
3
5
7
9
11

one inch + \hoffset

\oddsidemargin = 22pt
or \evensidemargin
\headheight = 12pt
\textheight = 595pt
\marginparsep = 7pt
\footskip = 27pt
\hoffset = 0pt
\paperwidth = 597pt

2
4
6
8
10

one inch + \voffset

\topmargin = 22pt
\headsep = 19pt
\textwidth = 360pt
\marginparwidth = 106pt
\marginparpush = 5pt (not shown)
\voffset = 0pt
\paperheight = 845pt

:.

}\setlength{parameter}{length

}\addtolength{parameter}{length

\setlength .

}\addtolength{\hoffset}{-0.5cm
}\addtolength{\textwidth}{1cm

calc .

\setlength .

.
\textwidth .

}\settoheight{variable}{text
}\settodepth{variable}{text
}\settowidth{variable}{text

\flushleft
\newenvironment{vardesc}[1]{%
} \\settowidth{\parindent}{#1:
}{}} \\makebox[0pt][r]{#1:
}\begin{displaymath
a^2+b^2=c^2
}\end{displaymath

a2 + b2 = c2
Where: a, b are adjoin to the right angle of
a right-angled triangle.
c is the hypotenuse of the triangle
and feels lonely.
d nally does not show up here at
?all. Isnt that puzzling

\begin{vardesc}{Where}$a$,
$b$ -- are adjoin to the right
angle of a right-angled triangle.
$c$ -- is the hypotenuse of
the triangle and feels lonely.
$d$ -- finally does not show up
?here at all. Isn't that puzzling
}\end{vardesc

. tabular

\includegraphics .
.

}\parbox[pos]{width}{text

}\begin{minipage}[pos]{width} text \end{minipage

pos

t c b

width .

minipage \parbox parbox

minipage .

\parbox

\mbox

.
.

}\makebox[width][pos]{text

width . )(\width
) (\height ) (\depth ) (\totalheight
. . pos

c l r s .

\framebox \makebox

\makebox \framebox .

.
.

\strut \ rule .

\makebox[\textwidth]{%
c e n t r a l}\par
\makebox[\textwidth][s]{%
s p r e a d}\par
\framebox[1.1\width]{Guess I'm
framed now!} \par
\framebox[0.8\width][r]{Bummer,
I am too wide} \par
\framebox[1cm][l]{never
mind, so am I}
Can you read this?
.

central
s

Guess Im framed now!

Bummer, I am too wide
never mind,
Can you
so am
read
I this?

\raisebox{li}[extend-above-baseline][extend-below-baseline]{text}

.
.

\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{\Large%
\textbf{Aaaa\raisebox{-0.3ex}{a}%
\raisebox{-0.7ex}{aa}%
\raisebox{-1.2ex}{r}%
\raisebox{-2.2ex}{g}%
\raisebox{-4.5ex}{h}}}
he shouted but not even the next
one in line noticed that something
terrible had happened to him.

Aaaaaaa
he shouted but not even the
r
gnoticed that something terrible
next one in line
hhim.
had happened to

\strut \ rule .
.
\rule[li]{width}{height}

\rule{3mm}{.1pt}%
\rule[-1mm]{5mm}{1cm}%
\rule{3mm}{.1pt}%
\rule[1mm]{1cm}{5mm}%
}\rule{3mm}{.1pt

.
\rule .

strut .
.

Pitprop . . .
Strut

tabular

}|\begin{tabular}{|c
\hline
\\\rule{1pt}{4ex}Pitprop \ldots
\hline
\\\rule{0pt}{4ex}Strut
\hline
}\end{tabular


[1] Leslie Lamport. LATEX: A Document Preparation System. AddisonWesley, Reading, Massauses, second edition, 1994, ISBN 0-20152983-1.
[2] Donald E. Knuth. e TEXbook, Volume A of Computers and Typeseing, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massauses, second edition, 1984,
ISBN 0-201-13448-9.
[3] Frank Mielba, Miel Goossens, Johannes Braams, David Carlisle,
Chris Rowley. e LATEX Companion, (2nd Edition). Addison-Wesley,
Reading, Massauses, 2004, ISBN 0-201-36299-6.
[4] Miel Goossens, Sebastian Rahtz and Frank Mielba. e LATEX
Graphics Companion. Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massauses, 1997,
ISBN 0-201-85469-4.
[5] Ea LATEX installation should provide a so-called LATEX Local Guide,
whi explains the things that are special to the local system. It should be
contained in a le called local.tex. Unfortunately, some lazy sysops
do not provide su a document. In this case, go and ask your local LATEX
guru for help.
[6] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2 for authors. Comes with the LATEX 2
distribution as usrguide.tex.
[7] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2 for Class and Paage writers. Comes
with the LATEX 2 distribution as clsguide.tex.
[8] LATEX3 Project Team. LATEX 2 Font selection. Comes with the LATEX 2
distribution as fntguide.tex.

[9] D. P. Carlisle. Paages in the graphics bundle. Comes with the graphics bundle as grfguide.tex, available from the same source your
LATEX distribution came from.

[10] Rainer Sopf, Bernd Raile, Chris Rowley. A New Implementation

of LATEXs verbatim Environments. Comes with the tools bundle as
verbatim.dtx, available from the same source your LATEX distribution
came from.
[11] Vladimir Volovi, Werner Lemberg and LATEX3 Project Team. Cyrillic
languages support in LATEX. Comes with the LATEX 2 distribution as
cyrguide.tex.
[12] Graham Williams. e TeX Catalogue is a very complete listing of
many TEX and LATEX related paages. Available online from CTAN:
/tex-archive/help/Catalogue/catalogue.html
[13] Keith Redahl. Using EPS Graphics in LATEX 2 Documents, whi
explains everything and mu more than you ever wanted to know
about EPS les and their use in LATEX documents. Available online from
CTAN:/tex-archive/info/epslatex.ps
[14] Kristoer H. Rose. XY-pic Users Guide. Downloadable from CTAN with
XY-pic distribution
[15] John D. Hobby. A Users Manual for METAPOST . Downloadable from
http://cm.bell-labs.com/who/hobby/
[16] Alan Hoenig. TEX Unbound. Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-19509685-1; 0-19-509686-X (pbk.)
[17] Urs Oswald. Graphics in LATEX 2 , containing some Java source les
for generating arbitrary circles and ellipses within the picture environment, and METAPOST - A Tutorial. Both downloadable from
http://www.ursoswald.ch
[18] Till Tantau.

TikZ&PGF Manual.

Download from CTAN:

/tex-archive/graphics/pgf/base/doc/generic/pgf/
pgfmanual.pdf


Xpdf
LATEXequation
amsmath equation
apostrophe

\,

\ . . .

article class

\:

base font size

\;

binary relations

\@

binomial coecient

\[

blaboard bold

bold face

bold symbols

book class

., space aer

braces

A4 paper

dash

A5 paper

decimal alignment

Acrobat Reader

degree symbol

B5 paper

delimiters

Encapsulated PS

dimensions

GhostScript

display style

Greek leers

document font size

Knuth, Donald E.

double line spacing

Lamport, Leslie

em-dash

Mielba, Frank

en-dash

PDFLATEX

equation system

PostScript

equation

PostScriptlr

executive paper

Encapsulated

exponent

Small Caps

oating bodies

URL

foiltex

WYSIWYG

horizontal dots

font encoding

horizontal line

font size

hypertext

font

hyphen

\footnotesize

integral operator

\Huge

italic

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