http://NgocHung.name.

vn
cc phng php gii bi ton chia ht
Phn I: Tm tt l thuyt
I. nh ngha php chia
Cho 2 s nguyn a v b trong b 0 ta lun tm c hai s nguyn q v r
duy nht sao cho:
a = bq + r Vi 0 r | b|
Trong : a l s b chia, b l s chia, q l thng, r l s d.
Khi a chia cho b c th xy ra | b| s d
r {0; 1; 2; ; | b| }
c bit: r = 0 th a = bq, khi ta ni a chia ht cho b hay b chia ht a.
K hiu: aMb hay b\ a
Vy: a M b C s nguyn q sao cho a = bq
II. Cc tnh cht
1. Vi a 0 a M a
2. Nu a M b v b M c a M c
3. Vi a 0 0 M a
4. Nu a, b > 0 v a M b ; b M a a = b
5. Nu a M b v c bt k ac M b
6. Nu a M b ( a) M ( b)
7. Vi a a M ( 1)
8. Nu a M b v c M b a c M b
9. Nu a M b v cMb a c M b
10. Nu a + b M c v a M c b M c
11. Nu a M b v n > 0 an M bn
12. Nu ac M b v (a, b) =1 c M b
13. Nu a M b, c M b v m, n bt k am + cn M b
14. Nu a M b v c M d ac M bd
15. Tch n s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho n!

III. Mt s du hiu chia ht

Gi N =

aa
n n
1...aa
1 0

1. Du hiu chia ht cho 2:

Mt s chia ht cho 2 ch s tn cng ca n l ch s chn.
N M 2 a0 M 2 a0{0; 2; 4; 6; 8}
2. Du hiu chia ht cho 5:
Mt s chia ht cho 5 ch s tn cng ca n l 0 hoc 5.
N M 5 a0 M 5 a0{0; 5}
3. Du hiu chia ht cho 4 v 25:
Mt s chia ht cho 4 (hoc 25) s to bi 2 ch s tn cng ca n chia ht cho
4 hoc 25.
N M 4 (hoc 25) a1a0 M 4 (hoc 25)
4. Du hiu chia ht cho 8 v 125:
Mt s chia ht cho 8 (hoc 125) s to bi 3 ch s tn cng ca n chia ht
cho 8 hoc 125.
N M 8 (hoc 125) a2 a1a0 M 8 (hoc 125)
5. Du hiu chia ht cho 3 v 9:
Mt s chia ht cho 3 (hoc 9) tng cc ch s ca n chia ht cho 3 (hoc

9).
N M 3 (hoc 9) a0+a1++an M 3 (hoc 9)
* Ch : mt s chia ht cho 3 (hoc 9) d bao nhiu th tng cc ch s ca n
chia cho 3 (hoc 9) cng d by nhiu.
6. Du hiu chia ht cho 11:
Mt s chia ht cho 11 hiu gia tng cc ch s hng l v tng cc ch s
hng chn tnh t tri sang phi chia ht cho
N M 11 [(a0+a1+) - (a1+a3+)] M 11
7. Mt s du hiu khc:
N M 101 [( a1a0 + a5a4 +) - ( a3a2 + a7a6 +)]M101
N M 7 (hoc 13) [( a2 a1a0 + a8 a7a6 +) - [( a5 a4a3 + a11 a10a9 +) M11
(hoc 13)
N M 37 ( a2 a1a0 + a5 a4a3 +) M 37
N M 19 ( a0+2an-1+22an-2++ 2na0) M 19
IV. ng d thc
a. nh ngha: Cho m l s nguyn dng. Nu hai s nguyn a v b cho cng s d
khi chia cho m th ta ni a ng d vi b theo modun m.
K hiu: a b (modun)
Vy: a b (modun) a - b M m
b. Cc tnh cht
1. Vi a a a (modun)
2. Nu a b (modun) b a (modun)
3. Nu a b (modun), b c (modun) a c (modun)
4. Nu a b (modun) v c d (modun) a+c b+d (modun)
5. Nu a b (modun) v c d (modun) ac bd (modun)

a
b

d (modun)
6. Nu a b (modun), d Uc (a, b) v (d, m) =1 d
a
b
m

d (modun d )
7. Nu a b (modun), d > 0 v d Uc (a, b, m) d
V. Mt s nh l
1. nh l Euler
Nu m l 1 s nguyn dng (m) l s cc s nguyn dng nh hn m v
nguyn t cng nhau vi m, (a, m) = 1 Th a (m) 1 (modun)
Cng thc tnh (m)
Phn tch m ra tha s nguyn t
m = p11 p22 pkk vi pi p; i N*
1
1
1
Th = m(1 - p1` )(1 - p 2 ) (1 - p k )
(m)

2. nh l Fermat
Nu t l s nguyn t v a khng chia ht cho p th ap-1 1 (modp)
3. nh l Wilson
Nu p l s nguyn t th ( P - 1)! + 1 0 (modp)
phn II: cc phng php gii bi ton chia ht
1. Phng php 1: S dng du hiu chia ht

http://NgocHung.name.vn
V d 1: Tm cc ch s a, b sao cho a56b M 45
Gii: Ta thy 45 = 5.9 m (5 ; 9) = 1
a56b M 45 a56b M 5 v 9
Xt a56b M 5 b {0 ; 5}
Nu b = 0 ta c s a56b M 9 a + 5 + 6 + 0 M 9 a + 11 M 9 a = 7
Nu b = 5 ta c s a56b M 9 a + 5 + 6 + 0 M 9 a + 16 M 9 a = 2
Vy: a = 7 v b = 0 ta c s 7560
a = 2 v b = 5 ta c s 2560
V d 2: Bit tng cc ch s ca 1 s l khng i khi nhn s vi 5. CMR
s chia ht cho 9.
Gii: Gi s cho l a
Ta c: a v 5a khi chia cho 9 cng c 1 s d
5a - a M 9 4a M 9 m (4 ; 9) = 1
a M 9 (pcm)

111
111

81 s1
V d 3: CMR s
M 81
Gii: Ta thy: 111111111 M 9

111

111

81 s1
C
= 111111111(1072 + 1063 + + 109 + 1)
72
M tng 10 + 1063 + + 109 + 1 c tng cc ch s bng 9 M 9
1072 + 1063 + + 109 + 1 M 9

Vy:

111

111

81 s1

M 81 (pcm)

Bi tp tng t
Bi 1: Tm cc ch s x, y sao cho
a. 34x5y M 4 v 9
b. 2x78 M 17
Bi 2: Cho s N = dcba CMR
a. N M 4 (a + 2b) M 4
b. N M 16 (a + 2b + 4c + 8d) M 16 vi b chn
c. N M 29 (d + 2c + 9b + 27a) M 29
Bi 3: Tm tt c cc s c 2 ch s sao cho mi s gp 2 ln tch cc ch s ca
s .
Bi 4: Vit lin tip tt c cc s c 2 ch s t 19 n 80 ta c s A = 192021
7980. Hi s A c chia ht cho 1980 khng ? V sao?
Bi 5: Tng ca 46 s t nhin lin tip c chia ht cho 46 khng? V sao?
11
11 22
22

100 s 2
Bi 6: Chng t rng s 100 s 1
l tch ca 2 s t nhin lin tip.
Hng dn - p s
Bi 1:
a. x =
v y = 2
x=
v y = 6
b. 2x78= 17 (122 + 6x) + 2(2-x)M17 x = 2
Bi 2:
a. NM4 abM4 10b + aM4 8b + (2b + a) M4 a + 2bM4
b. NM16 1000d + 100c + 10b + aM16
(992d + 96c + 8b) + (8d + 4c + 2b + a) M16 a + 2b + 4c +
8dM16 vi b chn

c. C 100(d + 3c + 9b + 27a) - dbcaM29

M (1000, 29) =1 dbcaM29 (d + 3c + 9b + 27a) M29
Bi 3: Gi ab l s c 2 ch s
Theo bi ra ta c: ab= 10a + b = 2ab (1)

abM2 b {0; 2; 4; 6; 8}
thay vo (1) a = 3; b = 6
Bi 4: C 1980 = 22.32.5.11
V 2 ch s tn cng ca a l 80 M 4 v 5
AM 4 v 5
Tng cc s hng l 1+(2+3++7).10+8 = 279
Tng cc s hng chn 9+(0+1++9).6+0 = 279
C 279 + 279 = 558 M 9 A M 9
279 - 279 = 0 M 11 A M 11
Bi 5: Tng 2 s t nhin lin tip l 1 s l nn khng chia ht cho 2.
C 46 s t nhin lin tip c 23 cp s mi cp c tng l 1 s l tng 23
cp khng chia ht cho 2. Vy tng ca 46 s t nhin lin tip khng chia ht
cho 46.
Bi 6: C
M

11
11 22
22
11
02

11

100

100 s1

100
02

99 s 0

= 3.

100 s 2

33

34

100 s1

99 s 3

11
22
33 33
34
11 22

33

100 s1

100 s2

99 s 0

100s3

99 s3

(pcm)

2. Phng php 2: S dng tnh cht chia ht

* Ch : Trong n s nguyn lin tip c 1 v ch 1 s chia ht cho n.
CMR: Gi n l s nguyn lin tip
m + 1; m + 2; m + n vi m Z, n N*
Ly n s nguyn lin tip trn chia cho n th ta c tp hp s d l: {0; 1; 2; n 1}
* Nu tn ti 1 s d l 0: gi s m + i = nq ; i = 1,n
i

m + i M n
* Nu khng tn ti s d l 0 khng c s nguyn no trong dy chia ht cho n
phi c t nht 2 s d trng nhau.

m + i = nqi + r

m + j = qjn + r
Gi s:

1 i; j n

i - j = n(qi - qj) M n i - j M n
m i - j< n i - j = 0 i = j
m + i = m + j
Vy trong n s c 1 s v ch 1 s chia ht cho n
V d 1: CMR: a. Tch ca 2 s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho 2.
b. Tch ca 3 s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho 6.
Gii: a. Trong 2 s nguyn lin tip bao gi cng c 1 s chn
S chn chia ht cho 2.
Vy tch ca 2 s nguyn lin tip lun chia ht cho 2.
Tch 2 s nguyn lin tip lun chia ht cho 2 nn tch ca 3 s nguyn lin tip
lun chia ht cho 2
b. Trong 3 s nguyn lin tip bao gi cng c 1 s chia ht cho 3.

http://NgocHung.name.vn
Tch 3 s chia ht cho 3 m (1; 3) = 1.
Vy tch ca 3 s nguyn lin tip lun chia ht cho 6.
V d 2: CMR: Tng lp phng ca 3 s nguyn lin tip lun chia ht cho 9.
Gii: Gi 3 s nguyn lin tip ln lt l: n - 1 , n , n+1
Ta c: A = (n - 1)3 + n3 + (n + 1)3
= 3n3 - 3n + 18n + 9n2 + 9
= 3(n - 1)n (n+1) + 9(n2 + 1) + 18n
Ta thy (n - 1)n (n + 1) M 3 (CM V d 1)
3(n - 1)n (n + 1) M 9

9(n 2 + 1) 9

18n 9
m
A M 9 (PCM)
V d 3: CMR: n4 - 4n3 - 4n2 +16n M 384 vi n chn, n 4
Gii: V n chn, n 4 ta t n = 2k, k 2
Ta c n4 - 4n3 - 4n2 + 16n = 16k4 - 32k3 - 16k2 + 32k
= 16k(k3 - 2k2 - k + 2)
= 16k(k - 2) (k - 1)(k + 1)
Vi k 2 nn k - 2, k - 1, k + 1, k l 4 s t nhin lin tip nn trong 4 s c 1 s
chia ht cho 2 v 1 s chia ht cho 4. (k - 2)(k - 1)(k + 1)k M 8
M (k - 2) (k - 1)k M 3 ; (3,8)=1
(k - 2) (k - 1) (k + 1)k M 24
16(k - 2) (k - 1) (k + 1)k M (16,24)
Vy n4 - 4n3 - 4n2 +16n M 384 vi n chn, n 4
Bi tp tng t
Bi 1: CMR: a. n(n + 1) (2n + 1) M 6
b. n5 - 5n3 + 4n M 120 Vi n N
Bi 2: CMR: n4 + 6n3 + 11n2 + 6n M 24 Vi n Z
Bi 3: CMR: Vi n l th
a. n2 + 4n + 3 M 8
b. n3 + 3n2 - n - 3 M 48
c. n12 - n8 - n4 + 1 M 512
Bi 4: Vi p l s nguyn t p > 3 CMR : p2 - 1 M 24
Bi 5: CMR: Trong 1900 s t nhin lin tip c 1 s c tng cc ch s chia ht
cho 27.
Hng dn - p s
Bi 1: a. n(n + 1)(2n + 1) = n(n + 1) [(n + 1) + (n + 2)]
= n(n + 1) (n - 1) + n(n + 1) (n + 2) M 6
5
b. n - 5n3 + 4n = (n4 - 5n2 + 4)n
= n(n2 - 1) (n2 - 4)
= n(n + 1) (n - 1) (n + 2) (n - 2) M 120
Bi 2: n4 + 6n3 + 6n + 11n2
= n(n3 + 6n2 + 6 + 11n)
= n(n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) M 24
Bi 3: a. n2 + 4n + 3 = (n + 1) (n + 3) M 8
b. n3 + 3n2 - n - 3 = n2(n + 3) - (n + 3)
= (n2 - 1) (n + 3)
= (n + 1) (n - 1) (n + 3)
= (2k + 4) (2k + 2) (2k vi n = 2k + 1, k N)
= 8k(k + 1) (k +2) M 48
c. n12 - n8 - n4 + 1 = n8 (n4 - 1) - (n4 - 1)

= (n4 - 1) (n8 - 1)
= (n4 - 1)2 (n4 + 1)
= (n2 - 1)2 (n2 - 1)2 (n4 + 1)
= 16[k(k + 1)2 (n2 + 1)2 (n4 + 1)
Vi n = 2k + 1 n2 + 1 v n4 + 1 l nhng s chn (n2 + 1)2 M 2 ; n4 + 1 M 2
n12 - n8 - n4 + 1 M (24.22. 22. 1 . 21)
Vy n12 - n8 - n4 + 1 M 512
Bi 4: C p2 - 1 = (p - 1) (p + 1) v p l s nguyn t p > 3
p M 3 ta c: (p - 1) (p + 1) M 8
v p = 3k + 1 hoc p = 3k + 2 (k N)
(p - 1) (p + 1) M 3
2
Vy p - 1 M 24
Bi 5: Gi s 1900 s t nhin lin tip l
n, n +1; n + 2; ; n + 1989 (1)
trong 1000 t nhin lin tip n, n + 1; n + 2; ; n + 999
c 1 s chia ht cho 1000 gi s n0, khi n0 c tn cng l 3 ch s 0 gi s tng
cc ch s ca n0 l s khi 27 s n0, n0 + 9; n0 + 19; n0 + 29; n0 + 39; ; n0 + 99;
n0 + 199; n0 + 899 (2)
C tng cc ch s ln lt l: s; s + 1 ; s + 26
C 1 s chia ht cho 27 (PCM)
* Ch : n + 899 n + 999 + 899 < n + 1989
Cc s (2) nm trong dy (1)
3. Phng php 3: xt tp hp s d trong php chia
V d 1: CMR: Vi n N Th A(n) = n(2n + 7) (7n + 7) chia ht cho 6
Gii: Ta thy 1 trong 2 tha s n v 7n + 1 l s chn. Vi n N A(n) M 2
Ta chng minh A(n) M 3
Ly n chia cho 3 ta c n = 3k + 1 (k N)
Vi r {0; 1; 2}
Vi r = 0 n = 3k n M 3 A(n) M 3
Vi r = 1 n = 3k + 1 2n + 7 = 6k + 9 M 3 A(n) M 3
Vi r = 2 n = 3k + 2 7n + 1 = 21k + 15 M 3 A(n) M 3
A(n) M 3 vi n m (2, 3) = 1
Vy A(n) M 6 vi n N
V d 2: CMR: Nu n M 3 th A(n) = 32n + 3n + 1 M 13 Vi n N
Gii: V n M 3 n = 3k + r (k N); r {1; 2; 3}
A(n) = 32(3k + r) + 33k+r + 1
= 32r(36k - 1) + 3r (33k - 1) + 32r + 3r + 1
ta thy 36k - 1 = (33)2k - 1 = (33 - 1)M = 26M M 13
33k - 1 = (33 - 1)N = 26N M 13
vi r = 1 32n + 3n + 1 = 32 + 3 +1 = 13 M 13
32n + 3n + 1 M 13
vi r = 2 32n + 3n + 1 = 34 + 32 + 1 = 91 M 13
32n + 3n + 1
Vy vi n M 3 th A(n) = 32n + 3n + 1 M 13 Vi n N
V d 3: Tm tt c cc s t nhin n 2n - 1 M 7
Gii: Ly n chia cho 3 ta c n = 3k + 1 (k N); r {0; 1; 2}
Vi r = 0 n = 3k ta c

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2n - 1 = 23k - 1 = 8k - 1 = (8 - 1)M = 7M M 7
vi r =1 n = 3k + 1 ta c:
2n - 1 = 28k +1 - 1 = 2.23k - 1 = 2(23k - 1) + 1
m 23k - 1 M 7 2n - 1 chia cho 7 d 1
vi r = 2 n = 3k + 2 ta c :
2n - 1 = 23k + 2 - 1 = 4(23k - 1) + 3
m 23k - 1 M 7 2n - 1 chia cho 7 d 3
Vy 23k - 1 M 7 n = 3k (k N)
Bi tp tng t
2
2
Bi 1: CMR: An = n(n + 1)(n + 4) M 5 Vi n Z
Bi 2: Cho A = a1 + a2 + + an
B = a51 + a52 + + a5n
Bi 3: CMR: Nu (n, 6) =1 th n2 - 1 M 24 Vi n Z
Bi 4: Tm s t nhin n 22n + 2n + 1 M 7
Bi 5: Cho 2 s t nhin m, n tho mn 24m4 + 1 = n2. CMR: mn M 55
Hng dn - p s
Bi 1: + A(n) M 6
+ Ly n chia cho 5 n = 5q + r r {0; 1; 2; 3; 4}
r = 0 n M 5 A(n) M 5
r = 1, 4 n2 + 4 M 5 A(n) M 5
r = 2; 3 n2 + 1 M 5 A(n) M 5
A(n) M 5 A(n) M 30
Bi 2: Xt hiu B - A = (a51 - a1) + + (a5n - an)
Ch chng minh: a5i - ai M 30 l
Bi 3: V (n, 6) =1 n = 6k + 1 (k N)
Vi r { 1}
r = 1 n2 - 1 M 24
Bi 4: Xt n = 3k + r (k N)
Vi r {0; 1; 2}
Ta c: 22n + 2n + 1 = 22r(26k - 1) + 2r(23k - 1) + 22n + 2n + 1
Lm tng t VD3
Bi 5: C 24m4 + 1 = n2 = 25m4 - (m4 - 1)
Khi m M 5 mn M 5
Khi m M 5 th (m, 5) = 1 m4 - 1 M 5
(V m5 - m M 5 (m4 - 1) M 5 m4 - 1 M 5)
n2 M 5 ni5. Vy mn M 5
4. Phng php 4: s dng phng php phn tch thnh nhn t
Gi s chng minh an M k
Ta c th phn tch an cha tha s k hoc phn tch thnh cc tha s m
cc tha s chia ht cho cc tha s ca k.
V d 1: CMR: 36n - 26n M 35 Vi n N
Gii: Ta c 36n - 26n = (36)n - (26)n = (36 - 26)M
= (33 + 23) (33 - 23)M
= 35.19M M 35 Vy 36n - 26n M 35 Vi n N
V d 2: CMR: Vi n l s t nhin chn th biu thc
A = 20n + 16n - 3n - 1 M 232
Gii: Ta thy 232 = 17.19 m (17;19) = 1 ta chng minh
A M 17 v A M 19 ta c A = (20n - 3n) + (16n - 1) c 20n - 3n = (20 - 3)M M 17M

16n - 1 = (16 + 1)M = 17N M 17 (n chn)

A M 17 (1)
ta c: A = (20n - 1) + (16n - 3n)
c 20n - 1 = (20 - 1)p = 19p M 19
c 16n - 3n = (16 + 3)Q = 19Q M 19 (n chn)
A M 19 (2)
T (1) v (2) A M 232
V d 3: CMR: nn - n2 + n - 1 M (n - 1)2 Vi n >1
Gii: Vi n = 2 nn - n2 + n - 1 = 1
v (n - 1)2 = (2 - 1)2 = 1
nn - n2 + n - 1M (n - 1)2
vi n > 2 t A = nn - n2 + n - 1 ta c A = (nn - n2) + (n - 1)
= n2(nn-2 - 1) + (n - 1)
= n2(n - 1) (nn-3 + nn-4 + + 1) + (n - 1)
= (n - 1) (nn-1 + nn-2 + + n2 +1)
= (n - 1) [(nn-1 - 1) + +( n2 - 1) + (n - 1)]
= (n - 1)2M M (n - 1)2
Vy A M (n - 1)2 (PCM)
Bi tp tng t
2n
+1
2n
+2
Bi 1: CMR: a. 3
+2
M7
b. mn(m4 - n4) M 30
Bi 2: CMR: A(n) = 3n + 63 M 72 vi n chn n N, n 2
Bi 3: Cho a v b l 2 s chnh phng l lin tip. CMR: a. (a - 1) (b - 1) M 192
Bi 4: CMR: Vi p l 1 s nguyn t p > 5 th p4 - 1 M 240
Bi 5: Cho 3 s nguyn dng a, b, c v tho mn a2 = b2 + c2. CMR: abc M 60
Hng dn - p s
Bi 1: a. 32n +1 + 22n +2 = 3.32n + 2.2n
= 3.9n + 4.2n
= 3(7 + 2)n + 4.2n
= 7M + 7.2n M 7
b. mn(m4 - n4) = mn(m2 - 1)(m2 + 1) - mn(n2 - 1) (n2 + 1) M 30
Bi 3: C 72 = 9.8 m (8, 9) = 1 v n = 2k (k N)
c 3n + 63 = 32k + 63
= (32k - 1) + 64 A(n) M 8
Bi 4: t a = (2k - 1)2; b = (2k - 1)2 (k N)
Ta c (a - 1)(b - 1) = 16k(k + 1)(k - 1) M 64 v 3
Bi 5: C 60 = 3.4.5
t M = abc
Nu a, b, c u khng chia ht cho 3 a2, b2 v c2 chia ht cho 3 u d 1
a2 b2 + c2. Do c t nht 1 s chia ht cho 3. Vy M M 3
Nu a, b, c u khng chia ht cho 5 a2, b2 v c2 chia 5 d 1 hoc 4 b2 +
c2 chia 5 th d 2; 0 hoc 3.
a2 b2 + c2. Do c t nht 1 s chia ht cho 5. Vy M M 5
Nu a, b, c l cc s l b2 v c2 chia ht cho 4 d 1.
b2 + c2 (mod 4) a2 b2 + c2
Do 1 trong 2 s a, b phi l s chn.
Gi s b l s chn
Nu C l s chn M M 4
Nu C l s l m a2 = b2 + c2 a l s l
2

b
a + c a c
=

2 2
b2 = (a - c) (a + b) 2

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b
2 chn b M 4 m M 4
Vy M = abc M 3.4.5 = 60
5. Phng php 5: bin i biu thc cn chng minh v dng tng
Gi s chng minh A(n) M k ta bin i A(n) v dng tng ca nhiu hng t v
chng minh mi hng t u chia ht cho k.
V d 1: CMR: n3 + 11n M 6 vi n z.
Gii: Ta c n3 + 11n = n3 - n + 12n = n(n2 - 1) + 12n
= n(n + 1) (n - 1) + 12n
V n, n - 1; n + 1 l 3 s nguyn lin tip
n (n + 1) (n - 1) M 6 v 12n M 6
Vy n3 + 11n M 6
V d 2: Cho a, b z tho mn (16a +17b) (17a +16b) M 11
CMR: (16a +17b) (17a +16b) M 121
Gii: C 11 s nguyn t m (16a +17b) (17a +16b) M 11
16a +17b 11

17a +16b 11 (1)

C 16a +17b + 17a +16b = 33(a + b) M 11 (2)
16a + 17b 11

T (1) v (2) 17a + 16b 11

Vy (16a +17b) (17a +16b) M 121

V d 3: Tm n N sao cho P = (n + 5)(n + 6) M 6n.

Gii : Ta c P = (n + 5)(n + 6) = n2 + 11n + 30
= 12n + n2 - n + 30
V 12n M 6n nn P M 6n n2 - n + 30 M 6n

n2 - n 6
n(n - 1) 3 (1)

30 6n
30 n (2)

T (1) n = 3k hoc n = 3k + 1 (k N)
T (2) n {1; 2; 3; 5; 6; 10; 15; 30}
Vy t (1); (2) n {1; 3; 6; 10; 15; 30}
Thay cc gi tr ca n vo P ta c
n {1; 3; 10; 30} l tho mn
Vy n {1; 3; 10; 15; 30} th P = (n + 5)(n + 6) M 6n.
Bi tp tng t
Bi 1: CMR: 13 + 33 + 53 + 73 M 23
Bi 2: CMR: 36n2 + 60n + 24 M 24
Bi 3: CMR: a. 5n+2 + 26.5n + 8 2n+1 M 59
b. 9 2n + 14 M 5
Bi 4: Tm n N sao cho n3 - 8n2 + 2n M n2 + 1
Hng dn - p s
Bi 1: 13 + 33 + 53 + 73 = (13 + 73) + (33 + 53)
= 8m + 8N M 23
2
Bi 2: 36 + 60n + 24 = 12n(3n + 5) + 24
Ta thy n v 3n + 5 khng ng thi cng chn hoc cng l n(3n + 5) M 2
PCM
Bi 3: a. 5n+2 + 26.5n + 8 2n+1

= 5n(25 + 26) + 8 2n+1

= 5n(59 - 8) + 8.64 n
= 5n.59 + 8.59m M 59
b. 9 2n + 14 = 9 2n - 1 + 15
= (81n - 1) + 15
= 80m + 15 M 5
3
Bi 4: C n - 8n2 + 2n = (n2 + 1)(n - 8) + n + 8 M (n2 + 1) n + 8 M n2 + 1
Nu n + 8 = 0 n = -8 (tho mn)
Nu n + 8 0 n + 8 n2 + 1

n + 8 -n 2 1 Vi n 8 n 2 + n + 9 0 Vi n 8
2

2
n + 8 n + 1 Vi n 8
n n 7 0 Vi n 8

n {-2; 0; 2} th li. Vy n {-8; 0; 2}

6. Phng php 6: Dng quy np ton hc
Gi s CM A(n) M P vi n a (1)
Bc 1: Ta CM (1) ng vi n = a tc l CM A(n) M P
Bc 2: Gi s (1) ng vi n = k tc l CM A(k) M P vi k a
Ta CM (1) ng vi n = k + 1 tc l phi CM A(k+1) M P
Bc 3: Kt lun A(n) M P vi n a
V d 1: Chng minh A(n) = 16n - 15n - 1 M 225 vi n N*
Gii: Vi n = 1 A(n) = 225 M 225 vy n = 1 ng
Gi s n = k 1 ngha l A(k) = 16k - 15k - 1 M 225
Ta phi CM A(k+1) = 16 k+1 - 15(k + 1) - 1 M 225
Tht vy: A(k+1) = 16 k+1 - 15(k + 1) - 1
= 16.16k - 15k - 16
= (16k - 15k - 1) + 15.16k - 15
= 16k - 15k - 1 + 15.15m
= A(k) + 225
m A(k) M 225 (gi thit quy np)
225mM 225
Vy A(n) M 225
n

2
n +2
V d 2: CMR: vi n N v n l s t nhin l ta c m 12
*

Gii: Vi n = 1 m2 - 1 = (m + 1)(m - 1) M 8 (v m + 1; m - 1 l 2 s chn lin tip

nn tch ca chng chia ht cho 8)
2
Gi s vi n = k ta c m

m2

k +1

12 k +2 ta phi chng minh

12 k +3
k

2
k +2
2
12k +2 m 1 = 2 .q
Tht vy m
k

2
m

=2 k +2.q +1
k+
1

( q z )

k2
4 2
3
m2 1
=
m2
=
1 2
+
.q
=1 +
1 2+k.q
2 k+
.q

k +3
( 2 k +1 q 2 + q ) 2 k +3
= 2
2
Vy m

12 n +2 vi n 1

Bi tp tng t
Bi 1: CMR: 33n+3 - 26n - 27 M 29 vi n 1
Bi 2: CMR: 42n+2 - 1 M 15
Bi 3: CMR s c thnh lp bi 3n ch s ging nhau th chia ht cho 3n vi n l

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http://NgocHung.name.vn
s nguyn dng.
Hng dn - p s
Bi 1: Tng t v d 1.
Bi 2: Tng t v d 1.

a
a
...
a
{

3ns

Bi 3: Ta cn CM

M 3n (1)

aa ... a

Vi n = 1 ta c

=111 a 3

a
. a
a ..
k

3 s

a
Gi s (1) ng vi n = k tc l
M 3k
Ta chng minh (1) ng vi n = k + 1 tc l phi chng minh

a
a ...
a
1
3k +
s a

M 3k+1 ta c 3k+1 = 3.3k = 3k + 3k +3k

a
. a =a
... a a
... a a
... a = aa ... a.10 2.3k + aa ... a.10 3k + a
... a

a ..

k
k
k
k+
1
3

s a

3k

2.3
3
k +1
= aa
...
a 10 + 10 + 1 3
3

7. Phng php 7: s dng ng d thc

Gii bi ton da vo ng d thc ch yu l s dng nh l Euler v nh l
Fermat
V d 1: CMR: 22225555 + 55552222 M 7
Gii: C 2222 - 4 (mod 7) 22225555 + 55552222 (- 4)5555 + 45555 (mod 7)
Li c: (- 4)5555 + 42222 = - 45555 + 42222

((

2222
43
= - 42222 (43333 - 1) = - 4

( )

3
V 4 = 64 (mod 7) 4
3

1111

1111

1 0 (mod 7)

22225555 + 55552222 0 (mod 7)

Vy 22225555 + 55552222 M 7
4 n +1

4 n +1

2
+33
+522 vi n N
V d 2: CMR: 3
Gii: Theo nh l Fermat ta c:
310 1 (mod 11)
210 1 (mod 11)
Ta tm d trong php chia l 24n+1 v 34n+1 cho 10
C 24n+1 = 2.16n 2 (mod 10)
24n+1 = 10q + 2 (q N)
C 34n+1 = 3.81n 3 (mod 10)
34n+1 = 10k + 3 (k N)

24 n +1

34 n +1

10 q +2

+3
+5 = 3
Ta c: 3
= 32.310q + 23.210k + 5
1+0+1 (mod 2)
0 (mod 2)
m (2, 11) = 1
2
Vy 3

4 n +1

4 n +1

+33

+ 210 k +3

+522 vi n N

2
V d 3: CMR: 2

4 n +1

+7 11 vi n N

Gii : Ta c: 24 6 (mod) 24n+1 2 (mod 10)

24n+1 = 10q + 2 (q N)
4 n +1

2
= 210 q +2
2
Theo nh l Fermat ta c: 210 1 (mod 11)
210q 1 (mod 11)
22
+7 =210 q +2 +7
4+7 (mod 11) 0 (mod 11)
4 n +1

2
Vy 2

4 n+
1

+7 11 vi n N (PCM)

Bi tp tng t

26 n +2

+319 vi n N
CMR 2
CMR vi n 1 ta c 52n-1. 22n-15n+1 + 3n+1 .22n-1 M 38
Cho s p > 3, p (P). CMR 3p - 2p - 1 M 42p
CMR vi mi s nguyn t p u c dng 2n - n (n N) chia ht cho p.
Hng dn - p s
Bi 1: Lm tng t nh VD3
Bi 2: Ta thy 52n-1. 22n-15n+1 + 3n+1 .22n-1 M 2
Mt khc 52n-1. 22n-15n+1 + 3n+1 .22n-1 = 2n(52n-1.10 + 9. 6n-1)
V 25 6 (mod 19) 5n-1 6n-1 (mod 19)
25n-1.10 + 9. 6n-1 6n-1.19 (mod 19) 0 (mod 19)
Bi 3: t A = 3p - 2p - 1 (p l)
D dng CM A M 2 v A M 3 A M 6
Nu p = 7 A = 37 - 27 - 1 M 49 A M 7p
Nu p 7 (p, 7) = 1
Theo nh l Fermat ta c:
A = (3p - 3) - (2p - 2) M p
t p = 3q + r (q N; r = 1, 2)
A = (33q+1 - 3) - (23q+r - 2)
= 3r.27q - 2r.8q - 1 = 7k + 3r(-1)q - 2r - 1 (k N)
vi r = 1, q phi chn (v p l)
A = 7k - 9 - 4 - 1 = 7k - 14
Vy A M 7 m A M p, (p, 7) = 1 A M 7p
M (7, 6) = 1; A M 6
A M 42p.
Bi 4: Nu P = 2 22 - 2 = 2 M 2
Nu n > 2 Theo nh l Fermat ta c:
2p-1 1 (mod p)
2m(p-1) 1 (mod p) (m N)
Xt A = 2m(p-1) + m - mp
A M p m = kq - 1
Nh vy nu p > 2 p c dng 2n - n trong
N = (kp - 1)(p - 1), k N u chia ht cho p

Bi
Bi
Bi
Bi

1:
2:
3:
4:

8. Phng php 8: s dng nguyn l irichlet

Nu em n + 1 con th nht vo n lng th c t nht 1 lng cha t 2 con
tr ln.
V d 1: CMR: Trong n + 1 s nguyn bt k c 2 s c hiu chia ht cho n.
Gii: Ly n + 1 s nguyn cho chia cho n th c n + 1 s d nhn 1 trong cc s
sau: 0; 1; 2;; n - 1
c t nht 2 s d c cng s d khi chia cho n.
Gi s ai = nq1 + r
0 r<n
aj = nq2 + r
a1; q2 N

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http://NgocHung.name.vn
aj - aj = n(q1 - q2) M n
Vy trong n +1 s nguyn bt k c 2 s c hiu chia ht cho n.
Nu khng c 1 tng no trong cc tng trn chia ht cho n nh vy s d khi
chia mi tng trn cho n ta c n s d l 1; 2; ; n - 1
Vy theo nguyn l irichlet s tn ti t nht 2 tng m chi cho n c cng s
d (theo VD1) hiu cadr tng ny chia ht cho n (PCM).
Bi tp tng t
Bi 1: CMR: Tn ti n N sao cho 17n - 1 M 25
Bi 2: CMR: Tn ti 1 bi ca s 1993 ch cha ton s 1.
Bi 3: CMR: Vi 17 s nguyn bt k bao gi cng tn ti 1 tng 5 s chia ht cho 5.
Bi 4: C hay khng 1 s c dng: 19931993 1993000 00 M 1994
Hng dn - p s
Bi 1: Xt dy s 17, 172, , 1725 (tng t VD2)
Bi 2: Ta c 1994 s nguyn cha ton b s 1 l:
1
11
111

1
1
1

11
1994 s 1

Khi chia cho 1993 th c 1993 s d theo nguyn l irichlet c t nht 2 s c

cng s d.
Gi s l
ai = 1993q + r
0 r < 1993
aj = 1993k + r
i > j; q, k N
aj - aj = 1993(q - k)

1
1
1

11 0

0
0 =1993 ( q k )
i - j 1994 s 1

i s 0

1
1
1

11 .10

=1993 ( q k )

i - j 1994 s 1

m (10j, 1993) = 1

1
1
1

11

M 1993 (PCM)
Bi 3: Xt dy s gm 17 s nguyn bt k l
a1, a2, , a17
Chia cc s cho 5 ta c 17 s d t phi c 5 s d thuc tp hp{0; 1; 2; 3; 4}
Nu trong 17 s trn c 5 s khi chia cho 5 c cng s d th tng ca chng
s chia ht cho 5.
Nu trong 17 s trn khng c s no c cng s d khi chia cho 5 tn ti 5 s
c s d khc nhau tng cc s d l: 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10 M 10
Vy tng ca 5 s ny chia ht cho 5.
Bi 4: Xt dy s a1 = 1993, a2 = 19931993,
1994 s 1

1993
993

1994 s 1993
a1994 =
em chia cho 1994 c 1994 s d thuc tp {1; 2; ; 1993} theo nguyn l
irichlet c t nht 2 s hng c cng s d.
Gi s: ai = 1993 1993 (i s 1993)
aj = 1993 1993 (j s 1993)
aj - aj M 1994 1 i < j 1994

199
3 .10
993

ni

1993

j - i s 1993

9. Phng php 9: phng php phn chng

CM A(n) M p (hoc A(n) M p )
+ Gi s: A(n) M p (hoc A(n) M p )
+ CM trn gi s l sai
+ Kt lun: A(n) M p (hoc A(n) M p )
V d 1: CMR n2 + 3n + 5 M 121 vi n N
Gii: Gi s tn ti n N sao cho n2 + 3n + 5 M 121
4n2 + 12n + 20 M 121 (v (n, 121) = 1)
(2n + 3)2 + 11 M 121 (1)
(2n + 3)2 M 11
V 11 l s nguyn t 2n + 3 M 11
(2n + 3)2 M 121 (2)
T (1) v (2) 11 M 121 v l
Vy n2 + 3n + 5 M 121
V d 2: CMR n2 - 1 M n vi n N*
Gii: Xt tp hp s t nhin N*
Gi s n 1, n N* sao cho n2 - 1 M n
Gi d l c s chung nh nht khc 1 ca n d (p) theo nh l Format ta c
2d-1 1 (mod d) m < d
ta chng minh m\n
Gi s n = mq + r (0 r < m)
Theo gi s n2 - 1 M n nmq+r - 1 M n
2r(nmq - 1) + (2r - 1) M n 2r - 1 M d v r < m m m N, m nh nht khc 1 c
tnh cht (1)
r = 0 m\n m m < d cng c tnh cht (1) nn iu gi s l sai.
Vy n2 - 1 M n vi n N*
Bi tp tng t
2
Bi 1: C tn ti n N sao cho n + n + 2 M 49 khng?
Bi 2: CMR: n2 + n + 1 M 9 vi n N*
Bi 3: CMR: 4n2 - 4n + 18 M 289 vi n N
Hng dn - p s
2
Bi 1: Gi s tn ti n N n + n + 2 M 49
4n2 + 4n + 8 M 49
(2n + 1)2 + 7 M 49 (1) (2n + 1)2 M 7
V 7 l s nguyn t 2n + 1 M 7 (2n + 1)2 M 49 (2)
T (1); (2) 7 M 49 v l.
Bi 2: Gi s tn ti n2 + n + 1 M 9 vi n
(n + 2)(n - 1) + 3 M 3 (1)
n + 2 3

v 3 l s nguyn t n 13 (n + 2)(n - 1) M 9 (2)

T (1) v (2) 3 M 9 v l
Bi 3: Gi s n N 4n2 - 4n + 18 M 289
(2n - 1)2 + 17 M 172
(2n - 1) M 17
17 l s nguyn t (2n - 1) M 17 (2n - 1)2 M 289
17 M 289 v l.

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Bi tp v phng php
Cch 1: chng minh A(n) chia ht cho k, c th xt mi trng hp s d khi chia n cho k.
V d: Chng minh rng:
a) Tch ca hai s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho 2.
b) Tch ca ba s nguyn lin tip chia ht cho 3.
Gii: a) Vit tch ca hai s nguyn lin tip di dng A(n) = n(n + 1).
C hai trng hp xy ra :
* n 2 => n(n + 1) 2
* n khng chia ht cho 2 (n l) => (n + 1) 2 => n(n +1) 2
b) Xt mi trng hp: n chia ht cho 3; n=3q+1; n = 3q+2
+ Nu n chia ht cho 3, hin nhin A(n) chia ht cho 3
+ Nu n = 3q+1 => n+2 = 3q+3 chia ht cho 3
+ Nu n= 3q+2 => n+1 = 3q+2+1 = 3q+3 chia ht cho 3
Trong mi trng hp A(n) lun cha mt tha s chia ht cho 3.
Vy A(n) chia ht cho 3 (pcm)
Cch 2: chng minh A(n) chia ht cho k, c th phn tch k ra tha s: k
= pq .
+ Nu (p, q) = 1, ta chng minh A(n) p v A(n) q.
+ Nu (p, q) 1, ta phn tch A(n) = B(n) .C(n) ri chng minh:B(n) p v C(n) q .
V d 1: a) Chng minh: A(n) = n(n +1)(n + 2) 6.
b) Chng minh: tch ca hai s chn lin tip chia ht cho 8.
Gii: a) Ta c 6 = 2.3; (2,3) = 1 . Theo chng minh trn c A(n) chia ht cho 2 v 3. Do A(n)
chia ht cho 6.
b) Ta vit A(n) = 2n(2n + 2) = 2n. 2(n +1) = 4n(n + 1).
8 = 4 . 2.

V 4 4 v n(n +1) 2 nn A(n) 8

V d 2 : Chng minh rng n5 - n chia ht cho 10, vi mi s nguyn dng n.
(Trch thi HSG lp 9 cp tnh nm hc 2005 - 2006)
Gii: A(n) = n5 - n = n(n4 - 1) = n(n2 - 1)(n2 + 1) = n(n - 1)(n + 1)(n2 +1) 2
n = 5k + 1 => (n - 1) 5
n = 5k + 4 => (n + 1) 5.
n = 5k + 2 => n2 + 1 = (5k + 2)2 + 1 = (25k2 + 20k + 4 + 1) 5
n = 5k + 3 => n2 + 1 = (5k + 3)2 + 1 = (25k2 + 30k + 9 + 1) 5
Vy : A(n) chia ht cho 2 v 5 nn phi chia ht cho 10.
Cch 3: chng minh A(n) chia ht cho k, c th bin i A(n) thnh tng (hiu) ca nhiu hng
t, trong mi hng t u chia ht cho k. ( hc trong tnh cht chia ht ca mt tng lp 6)
(Lin h: A(n) khng chia ht cho k ...)
V d 1: Chng minh n3 - 13n (n > 1) chia ht cho 6. (Trch thi HSG cp II ton quc nm 1970).
Gii: n3 - 13n = n3 - n - 12n = n(n2 - 1) - 12n = (n - 1)n(n + 1) - 12n
(n - 1)n(n + 1) l tch ca 3 s t nhin lin tip nn chia ht cho 6 ; 12n 6 . Do A(n) 6
V d 2: Chng minh n2 + 4n + 5 khng chia ht cho 8 , vi mi s n l.
Gii: Vi n = 2k +1 ta c:
A(n) = n2 + 4n + 5 = (2k + 1)2 + 4(2k + 1) + 5 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 + 8k + 4 + 5
= 4k(k + 1) + 8(k + 1) + 2.
A(n) bng tng ca ba hng t, trong hai hng t u u chia ht cho 8 , duy
ch c hng t 2 khng chia ht cho 8. Vy A(n) khng chia ht cho 8.

Cch 4: Phn tch A(n) thnh nhn t. Nu c mt nhn t chia ht cho k th A(n) chia ht cho k.
H qu: Nu A(n) = B(n).C(n) m B(n)v C(n) u khng chia ht cho k th A(n) khng chia ht cho k
A(n) = k . B(n).
Trng hp ny thng s dng cc kt qu:
* (an - bn ) chia ht cho (a - b)
vi (a b)
n
n
* (a - b ) chia ht cho (a - b)
vi (a b; n chn)
n
n
(a - b ) chia ht cho (a - b) vi (a - b; n l)
V d 1: Chng minh : 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 260 chia ht cho 15.
Gii: Ta c:
2 + 22 +23 + ... + 260 = (2 + 22 + ... + 24) + (25+ ... + 28) + ... + (257 +...+ 260)
= 2(1 + 2 + 4 + 8) + 25(1 + 2 + 4 + 8) + ... + 257(1 + 2 + 4 + 8)
= 15.(2 + 25 + ... + 257) 15.
V d 2: Chng minh rng: 27 + 37 + 57 chia ht cho 5
Gii: V 7 l s l nn (27 + 37) chia ht cho (2 + 3)
hay 27 + 37 chia ht cho 5
=> 27 + 37 + 57 chia ht cho 5 (pcm)
m
57 chia ht cho 5
Cch 5: Dng nguyn tc Dirichlet:
Nguyn tc Dirichlet pht biu di dng hnh nh nh sau:
Nu nht k ch th vo m chung m k> m th phi nht t nht hai ch th vo chung mt chung.
V d: Chng minh rng trong m + 1 s nguyn bt k th no cng c hai s c hiu chia ht cho m.
Gii: Chia mt s nguyn bt k cho m ta c s d l mt trong m s 0; 1 ; 2; 3; ...; m - 1. Theo
nguyn tc Dirichlet, chia m + 1s cho m th phi c t nht hai s c cng s d . Do hiu ca hai s
ny s chia ht cho m.
Cch 6: Dng phng php qui np ton hc: chng minh A(n) k ta lm theo trnh t sau:
Th vi n = 1 hoc 2(Tc s n nh nht chn ra). Nu sai => Dng.Nu
ng A(1) k.Tip tc:
Gi s A(k) k.
Chng t A(k + 1) k. Nu ng => Kt lun : A(n) k
V d: Chng minh : 16n - 15n - 1 chia ht cho 225.
Gii: t A(n) = 16n - 15n -1 , ta c : A(1) = 16 - 15 - 1 = 0 225 => A(1) ng.
Gi s A(k) ng : A(k) = 16k - 15k -1 225.
Ta chng minh A(k + 1) ng, tc l c/m: 16k + 1 - 15(k + 1) - 1 225.
Tht vy, 16k+1 - 15(k + 1) - 1 = 16. 16k - 15k - 15 - 1
= (15 + 1) 16k - 15k - 15 - 1
= 15.16k + 16k - 15k -15 - 1
= (16k - 15k - 1) + 15(16k - 1)
= (16k - 15k - 1) + 15(16 - 1) (16k-1 + ... +1)
= (16k - 15k - 1) + 225(16k-1+ ... + 1) 225
Khi g p nh ng bi ton ch ng minh
v i l s t nhin, ta v n th ng dng
ph ng php quy n p. C th l c c a cch gi i ny l:

Gi s
, ta chng minh
. Nhng rng nu
th
V v y c th xem y l m t bi n d ng c a ph ng php quy n p, ch ng minh
ta qua hai b c:

p d ng ph ng php ny, ta c th gi i c m t lo t cc bi ton chia h t kh

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http://NgocHung.name.vn
c ng k nh.
V d 1: Ch ng minh
Gii: C
.
Xt
(pcm)
V d 2: Ch ng minh
Gii: C

chia h t cho 125.

c
nh ng
c

nn
chia h t cho 64.

Xt
L i p d ng ph ng php trn v i
Cch 7: Phng php phn chng:
chng minh A(n) k ta chng minh A(n) khng chia ht cho k l sai.
A => B B => A
V d: Chng minh nu a2 + b2 3 th a v b u chia ht cho 3.
Gii: Gi s a v b khng chia ht cho 3 => a = 3k 1 ; b = 3h 1
a2 + b2 = (3k 1)2 + (3h 1)2 = 9k2 6k + 1 + 9h2 6h + 1
= 3(3k2 + 3h2 2k 2h) + 2 khng chia ht cho 3 mu thun vi GT
Tng t cho trng hp ch c mt trong hai s chia ht cho 3.
Do a v b phi chia ht cho 3.