10-52

10-67 A cogeneration plant is to generate power and process heat. Part of the steam extracted from the
turbine at a relatively high pressure is used for process heating. The net power produced and the utilization
factor of the plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 38 . 670
kJ/kg 41 . 192 60 . 0 81 . 191
kJ/kg 0.60
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 600 /kg m 0.00101
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
MPa 0.6 @ 3
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= =
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
f
f
f
h h
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

7
3
2 4
P II P I
Process
heater
Condenser
Boiler
Turbine
5
1
8
6
Mixing chamber:
3 3 2 2 4 4
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
0
h m h m h m h m h m
E E E E E
e e i i
& & & & &
& & & & &
+ = =
= = =



or,
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 47 . 318 57 . 6 90 . 311
kJ/kg 6.57
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 600 7000 /kg m 0.001026
/kg m 001026 . 0
kJ/kg 90 . 311
30
38 . 670 50 . 7 41 . 192 50 . 22
in II, 4 5
3
3
4 5 4 in II,
3
kJ/kg 90 . 311 @ 4
4
3 3 2 2
4
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
p
p
h f
w h h
P P w
m
h m h m
h
f
v
v v
&
& &

T

K kJ/kg 8000 . 6
kJ/kg 4 . 3411
C 500
MPa 7
6
6
6
6
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
T
P
( )( ) kJ/kg 6 . 2153 1 . 2392 8201 . 0 81 . 191
8201 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 8000 . 6
kPa 10
kJ/kg 6 . 2774
MPa 6 . 0
8 8
8
8
6 8
8
7
6 7
7
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
h
s s
P

Q
out

3
5
4
10 kPa
7 MPa
0.6 MPa
Q
proces

Q
in

7
6
8
2
1
s
Then,

( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
kW 32,866 = = =
= + = + =
= + =
+ =
6 . 210 077 , 33
kW 210.6 kJ/kg 6.57 kg/s 30 kJ/kg 0.60 kg/s 22.5
kW 077 , 33 kJ/kg 6 . 2153 6 . 2774 kg/s 22.5 kJ/kg 6 . 2774 4 . 3411 kg/s 30
in p, out T, net
in pII, 4 in pI, 1 in p,
8 7 8 7 6 6 out T,
W W W
w m w m W
h h m h h m W
& & &
& &
&
& &
&
Also, ( ) ( )( ) kW 782 , 15 kJ/kg 38 . 670 6 . 2774 kg/s 7.5
3 7 7 process
= = = h h m Q &
&

and
( ) ( )( )
52.4% =
+
=
+
=
= = =
788 , 92
782 , 15 866 , 32
kW 788 , 92 47 . 318 4 . 3411 kg/s 30
in
process net
5 6 5 in
Q
Q W
h h m Q
u
&
& &
&
&

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-53
10-68E A large food-processing plant requires steam at a relatively high pressure, which is extracted from
the turbine of a cogeneration plant. The rate of heat transfer to the boiler and the power output of the
cogeneration plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis
(a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E, and A-6E),
( )
Btu/lbm 13 . 282
Btu/lbm 29 . 94 27 . 0 02 . 94
Btu/lbm 0.27
ft psia 5.4039
Btu 1
psia 2) 80 )( /lbm ft 0.01623 (
86 . 0
1
/
/lbm ft 01623 . 0
Btu/lbm 02 . 94
psia 80 @ 3
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
psia 2 @ 1
psia 2 @ 1
= =
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
f
p
f
f
h h
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

7
3
2 4
P II P I
Process
heater
Condenser
Boiler
Turbine
5
1
8
6
Mixing chamber:
& & &
& &
& & & &
E E E
E E
m h m h m h m h m h
i i e e
in out system
(steady)
in out
= =
=
= = +

0
4 4 2 2 3 3
0
&

T
or,
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( ) ( )
Btu/lbm 72 . 172 29 . 3 43 . 169
Btu/lbm 3.29
86 . 0 /
ft psia 5.4039
Btu 1
psia 80 1000 /lbm ft 0.01664
/
/lbm ft 01664 . 0
Btu/lbm 43 . 169
5
13 . 282 2 29 . 94 3
in , 4 5
3
3
4 5 4 in pII,
3
Btu/lbm 43 . 169 @ 4
4
3 3 2 2
4
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
=
=
+
=
+
=
=
pII
p
h f
w h h
P P w
m
h m h m
h
f
v
v v
&
& &

8s
7
Q
in

3
5
4
80 psia
Q
proces

2 psia
1000
psia
7s
6
8
2
1
s

R Btu/lbm 6535 . 1
Btu/lbm 2 . 1506
F 1000
psia 1000
6
6
6
6
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
T
P

( )( ) Btu/lbm 98 . 959 7 . 1021 8475 . 0 02 . 94
8475 . 0
74444 . 1
17499 . 0 6535 . 1
psia 2
Btu/lbm 0 . 1209
psia 80
8 8
8
8
6 8
8
7
6 7
7
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

=
=
fg s f s
fg
f s
s
s
s
s
s
s
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
h
s s
P

Then, ( ) ( )( ) Btu/s 6667 = = = Btu/lbm 72 . 172 2 . 1506 lbm/s 5
5 6 5 in
h h m Q &
&
(b) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) | |
kW 2026 = =
+ =
+ = =
Btu/s 1921
Btu/lbm 959.98 1209.0 lbm/s 3 Btu/lbm 1209.0 1506.2 lbm/s 5 86 . 0
8 7 8 7 6 6 , out T, s s s T s T T
h h m h h m W W & &
& &

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-54
10-69 A cogeneration plant has two modes of operation. In the first mode, all the steam leaving the turbine
at a relatively high pressure is routed to the process heater. In the second mode, 60 percent of the steam is
routed to the process heater and remaining is expanded to the condenser pressure. The power produced and
the rate at which process heat is supplied in the first mode, and the power produced and the rate of process
heat supplied in the second mode are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 47 . 650 38 . 10 09 . 640
kJ/kg 10.38
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 500 10,000 /kg m 0.001093
/kg m 001093 . 0
kJ/kg 09 . 640
kJ/kg 57 . 261 15 . 10 42 . 251
kJ/kg 10.15
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 0 2 10,000 /kg m 0.001017
/kg m 001017 . 0
kJ/kg 42 . 251
in pII, 3 4
3
3
3 4 3 in pII,
3
MPa 5 . 0 @ 3
MPa 5 . 0 @ 3
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
kPa 20 @ 1
kPa 20 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
w h h
P P w
h h
w h h
P P w
h h
f
f
f
f
v
v v
v
v v

7
3
2
4
P II
P I
Process
heater
Condens.
Boiler
Turbine
5
1
8
6
T

Mixing chamber:

& & & & &
& & & & &
E E E E E
m h m h m h m h m h
i i e e
in out system
(steady)
in out
= = =
= = +

0
5 5 2 2 4 4
0
or,
( )( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 91 . 494
5
47 . 650 3 57 . 261 2
5
4 4 2 2
5
=
+
=
+
=
m
h m h m
h
&
& &

3
4
5
7
6
8
2
1
s
K kJ/kg 4219 . 6
kJ/kg 4 . 3242
C 450
MPa 10
6
6
6
6
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
T
P


( )( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 0 . 2114 5 . 2357 7901 . 0 42 . 251
7901 . 0
0752 . 7
8320 . 0 4219 . 6
kPa 20
kJ/kg 6 . 2578 0 . 2108 9196 . 0 09 . 640
9196 . 0
9603 . 4
8604 . 1 4219 . 6
MPa 5 . 0
8 8
8
8
6 8
8
7 7
7
7
6 7
7
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg
f
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P

When the entire steam is routed to the process heater,

( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( ) kW 9693
kW 3319
= = =
= = =
kJ/kg 09 . 640 6 . 2578 kg/s 5
kJ/kg 6 . 2578 4 . 3242 kg/s 5
3 7 7 process
7 6 6 out T,
h h m Q
h h m W
&
&
&
&

(b) When only 60% of the steam is routed to the process heater,

( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( ) kW 5816
kW 4248
= = =
=
+ =
+ =
kJ/kg 09 . 640 6 . 2578 kg/s 3
kJ/kg 0 . 2114 6 . 2578 kg/s 2 kJ/kg 6 . 2578 4 . 3242 kg/s 5
3 7 7 process
8 7 8 7 6 6 out T,
h h m Q
h h m h h m W
&
&
& &
&
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-55
10-70 A cogeneration plant modified with regeneration is to generate power and process heat. The mass
flow rate of steam through the boiler for a net power output of 15 MW is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis
From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 73 . 610 07 . 6 66 . 604
kJ/kg 07 . 6
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 400 6000 /kg m 0.001084
/kg m 001084 . 0
kJ/kg 66 . 604
kJ/kg 20 . 192 39 . 0 81 . 191
kJ/kg 0.39
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 400 /kg m 0.00101
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
in pII, 4 5
3
3
4 5 4 in pII,
3
MPa 4 . 0 @ 4
MPa 4 . 0 @ 9 4 3
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= = = =
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
w h h
P P w
h h h h
w h h
P P w
h h
f
f
f
f
v
v v
v
v v

fwh
4
7
3
2
9
P II
P I
Process
heater
Condenser
Boiler
Turbine
5
1
8
6
T
( )( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 7 . 2128 1 . 2392 8097 . 0 81 . 191
8097 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 7219 . 6
kPa 10
kJ/kg 7 . 2665 4 . 2133 9661 . 0 66 . 604
9661 . 0
1191 . 5
7765 . 1 7219 . 6
MPa 4 . 0
K kJ/kg 7219 . 6
kJ/kg 9 . 3302
C 450
MPa 6
8 8
8
8
6 8
8
7 7
7
7
6 7
7
6
6
6
6
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg
f
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P

5
0.4 MPa
10 kPa
6 MPa
7
6
8
2
3,4,9
1
s
Then, per kg of steam flowing through the boiler, we have

( ) ( )
( ) ( )(
kJ/kg 852.0
kJ/kg 7 . 2128 7 . 2665 4 . 0 kJ/kg 7 . 2665 9 . 3302
4 . 0
8 7 7 6 out T,
=
+ =
+ = h h h h w
)

( )( ) ( )
kJ/kg 8 . 845 23 . 6 0 . 852
kJ/kg 6.23
kJ/kg 6.07 kJ/kg 0.39 4 . 0
4 . 0
in p, out T, net
in pII, in pI, in p,
= = =
=
+ =
+ =
w w w
w w w
Thus,
kg/s 17.73 = = =
kJ/kg 845.8
kJ/s 15,000
net
net
w
W
m
&
&
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-56
10-71 EES Problem 10-70 is reconsidered. The effect of the extraction pressure for removing steam from
the turbine to be used for the process heater and open feedwater heater on the required mass flow rate is to
be investigated.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

"Input Data"
y = 0.6 "fraction of steam extracted from turbine for feedwater heater and process heater"
P[6] = 6000 [kPa]
T[6] = 450 [C]
P_extract=400 [kPa]
P[7] = P_extract
P_cond=10 [kPa]
P[8] = P_cond
W_dot_net=15 [MW]*Convert(MW, kW)
Eta_turb= 100/100 "Turbine isentropic efficiency"
Eta_pump = 100/100 "Pump isentropic efficiency"
P[1] = P[8]
P[2]=P[7]
P[3]=P[7]
P[4] = P[7]
P[5]=P[6]
P[9] = P[7]

"Condenser exit pump or Pump 1 analysis"
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'

h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0) {Sat'd liquid}
v1=volume(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0)
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0)
T[1]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0)
w_pump1_s=v1*(P[2]-P[1])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
w_pump1=w_pump1_s/Eta_pump "Definition of pump efficiency"
h[1]+w_pump1= h[2] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])

"Open Feedwater Heater analysis:"
z*h[7] + (1- y)*h[2] = (1- y + z)*h[3] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0)
T[3]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0) "Condensate leaves heater as sat. liquid at P[3]"
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0)

"Process heater analysis:"
(y - z)*h[7] = q_process + (y - z)*h[9] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
Q_dot_process = m_dot*(y - z)*q_process"[kW]"
h[9]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[9],x=0)
T[9]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[9],x=0) "Condensate leaves heater as sat. liquid at P[3]"
s[9]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[9],x=0)

"Mixing chamber at 3, 4, and 9:"
(y-z)*h[9] + (1-y+z)*h[3] = 1*h[4] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4]) "Condensate leaves heater as sat. liquid at P[3]"
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-57
s[4]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])

"Boiler condensate pump or Pump 2 analysis"
v4=volume(Fluid$,P=P[4],x=0)
w_pump2_s=v4*(P[5]-P[4])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
w_pump2=w_pump2_s/Eta_pump "Definition of pump efficiency"
h[4]+w_pump2= h[5] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
s[5]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[5],h=h[5])
T[5]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[5],h=h[5])

"Boiler analysis"
q_in + h[5]=h[6]"SSSF conservation of energy for the Boiler"
h[6]=enthalpy(Fluid$, T=T[6], P=P[6])
s[6]=entropy(Fluid$, T=T[6], P=P[6])

"Turbine analysis"
ss[7]=s[6]
hs[7]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=ss[7],P=P[7])
Ts[7]=temperature(Fluid$,s=ss[7],P=P[7])
h[7]=h[6]-Eta_turb*(h[6]-hs[7])"Definition of turbine efficiency for high pressure stages"
T[7]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[7],h=h[7])
s[7]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[7],h=h[7])
ss[8]=s[7]
hs[8]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=ss[8],P=P[8])
Ts[8]=temperature(Fluid$,s=ss[8],P=P[8])
h[8]=h[7]-Eta_turb*(h[7]-hs[8])"Definition of turbine efficiency for low pressure stages"
T[8]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[8],h=h[8])
s[8]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[8],h=h[8])
h[6] =y*h[7] + (1- y)*h[8] + w_turb "SSSF conservation of energy for turbine"

"Condenser analysis"
(1- y)*h[8]=q_out+(1- y)*h[1]"SSSF First Law for the Condenser"

"Cycle Statistics"
w_net=w_turb - ((1- y)*w_pump1+ w_pump2)
Eta_th=w_net/q_in
W_dot_net = m_dot * w_net


P
extract

[kPa]

th
m
[kg/s]
Q
process

[kW]
100 0.3413 15.26 9508
200 0.3284 16.36 9696
300 0.3203 17.12 9806
400 0.3142 17.74 9882
500 0.3092 18.26 9939
600 0.305 18.72 9984



0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
s [kJ/kg-K]
T

[

C
]
6000 kPa
400 kPa
10 kPa
Steam
1
2
3,4,9
5
6
7
8




PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-58

100 200 300 400 500 600
15
15.5
16
16.5
17
17.5
18
18.5
19
P
extract
[kPa]
m


[
k
g
/
s
]




100 200 300 400 500 600
9500
9600
9700
9800
9900
10000
P
extract
[kPa]
Q
p
r
o
c
e
s
s


[
k
W
]




100 200 300 400 500 600
0.305
0.31
0.315
0.32
0.325
0.33
0.335
0.34
0.345
P
extract
[kPa]

t
h


PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-59
10-72E A cogeneration plant is to generate power while meeting the process steam requirements for a
certain industrial application. The net power produced, the rate of process heat supply, and the utilization
factor of this plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis
(a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E, and A-6E),
Btu/lbm 5 . 1229
psia 120
R Btu/lbm 6348 . 1
Btu/lbm 0 . 1408
F 800
psia 600
Btu/lbm 49 . 208
7
3 7
7
6 5 4 3
7 5 3
3
3
3
1 2
F 240 @ 1
=
)
`

=
=
= = =
= = =
=
)
`

=
=

=

h
s s
P
h h h h
s s s
h
T
P
h h
h h
f

7
3
5
4
P
Process
heater
Boiler
Turbine
2
1
6
( )
( )( )
kW 2260 = =
=
=
Btu/s 2142
Btu/lbm 5 . 1229 0 . 1408 lbm/s 12
7 5 5 net
h h m W &
&

(b)
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
Btu/s 19,450 =
+ =
+ =
=

49 . 208 18 5 . 1229 12 0 . 1408 6
1 1 7 7 6 6
process
h m h m h m
h m h m Q
e e i i
& & &
& &
&
T
1
3,4,5
2
120 psia
600 psia
7
6
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
Btu/s 19,450 =
=
= =

5 . 1229 12 0 . 1408 6 49 . 208 18
7 7 6 6 1 1 process
h m h m h m h m h m Q
i i e e
& & & & &
&

s
(c)
u
= 1 since all the energy is utilized.




PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-60
10-73 A cogeneration plant is to generate power and process heat. Part of the steam extracted from the
turbine at a relatively high pressure is used for process heating. The mass flow rate of steam that must be
supplied by the boiler, the net power produced, and the utilization factor of the plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.

7
3
2 4
P II P I
Process
heater
Condenser
Boiler
Turbine
5
1
8
6
T
Q
out

3
5
4
10 kPa
7 MPa
0.6 MPa
Q
proces

Q
in

7
6
8
2
1







s


Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 38 . 670
kJ/kg 40 . 192 596 . 0 81 . 191
kJ/kg 596 . 0
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 0 1 600 /kg m 0.00101
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
MPa 6 . 0 @ 3
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
kPa 0 1 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= =
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
f
f
f
h h
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

Mixing chamber:

kJ/kg 90 . 311 ) 1 ( ) kJ/kg) )(192.40 75 . 0 ( kJ/kg) )(670.38 25 . 0 (
4 4
4 4 2 2 3 3
= = +
= +
h h
h m h m h m & & &

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 47 . 318 563 . 6 90 . 311
kJ/kg .563 6
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 00 6 7000 /kg m 0.001026
/kg m 001026 . 0
in II, 4 5
3
3
4 5 4 in II,
3
kJ/kg 90 . 311 @ 4
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
=
=
p
p
h f
w h h
P P w
f
v
v v

K kJ/kg 8000 . 6
kJ/kg 4 . 3411
C 500
MPa 7
6
6
6
6
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
T
P
kJ/kg 9 . 2773
MPa 6 . 0
7
6 7
7
=
)
`

=
=
h
s s
P

kJ/kg 6 . 2153
kPa 10
8
6 8
8
=
)
`

=
=
h
s s
P

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-61

( )
( )
kg/s 4.088
kJ/kg 38 . 670 9 . 2773 kJ/s 8600
7
7
3 7 7 process
=
=
=
m
m
h h m Q
&
&
&
&
This is one-fourth of the mass flowing through the boiler. Thus, the mass flow rate of steam that must be
supplied by the boiler becomes
kg/s 16.35 = = = kg/s) 4.088 ( 4 4
7 6
m m & &
(b) Cycle analysis:

( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
kW 17,919 = = =
= + =
+ =
=
+ =
+ =
115 033 , 18
kW 6 . 114 kJ/kg 6.563 kg/s 16.35 kJ/kg 0.596 kg/s 4.088 - 16.35
kW 033 , 18
kJ/kg 6 . 2153 4 . 3411 kg/s 4.088 - 16.35 kJ/kg 9 . 2773 4 . 3411 kg/s 088 . 4
in p, out T, net
in pII, 4 in pI, 1 in p,
8 6 8 7 6 7 out T,
W W W
w m w m W
h h m h h m W
& & &
& &
&
& &
&
(c) Then,
and
( ) ( )( )
52.4% = =
+
=
+
=
= = =
524 . 0
581 , 50
8600 919 , 17
kW 581 , 50 46 . 318 4 . 3411 kg/s 16.35
in
process net
5 6 5 in
Q
Q W
h h m Q
u
&
& &
&
&

Combined Gas-Vapor Power Cycles

10-74C The energy source of the steam is the waste energy of the exhausted combustion gases.

10-75C Because the combined gas-steam cycle takes advantage of the desirable characteristics of the gas
cycle at high temperature, and those of steam cycle at low temperature, and combines them. The result is a
cycle that is more efficient than either cycle executed operated alone.



PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-62
10-76 A combined gas-steam power cycle is considered. The topping cycle is a gas-turbine cycle and the
bottoming cycle is a simple ideal Rankine cycle. The mass flow rate of the steam, the net power output, and
the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3
Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are c
p
= 1.005 kJ/kgK and k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) The analysis of gas cycle yields
( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )( )
kW 6447 100 , 5 547 , 11
kW 11,547 K 3 . 679 1500 K kJ/kg 1.005 kg/s 14
K 3 . 679
16
1
K 1500
kW 5100 K 300 5 . 662 K kJ/kg 1.005 kg/s 14
kW 784 , 11 K 5 . 662 1500 K kJ/kg 1.005 kg/s 14
K 5 . 662 16 K 300
gas , gas , gas net,
8 7 air 8 7 air gas ,
4 . 1 / 4 . 0
/ 1
7
8
7 8
5 6 air 5 6 air gas ,
6 7 air 6 7 air in
4 . 1 / 4 . 0
/ 1
5
6
5 6
= = =
= =
= =
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

C T
p T
k k
p C
p
k k
W W W
T T c m h h m W
P
P
T T
T T c m h h m W
T T c m h h m Q
P
P
T T
& & &
& &
&
& &
&
& &
&

420 K
1500 K
STEAM
CYCLE
GAS
CYCLE
7
8
9
5
Q
in

Q
out

6
15 kPa
10 MPa
3
400C
T
4
2
1
300 K
s
From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),

( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 06 . 236 13 . 10 94 . 225
kJ/kg 10.12
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 15 10,000 /kg m 0.001014
/kg m 001014 . 0
kJ/kg 94 . 225
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
kPa 15 @ 1
kPa 15 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= =
= =
w h h
P P w
h h
f
f
v
v v


( )( ) kJ/kg 8 . 2011 3 . 2372 7528 . 0 94 . 225
7528 . 0
2522 . 7
7549 . 0 2141 . 6
kPa 15
K kJ/kg 2141 . 6
kJ/kg 0 . 3097
C 400
MPa 10
4 4
4
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P

Noting that Q for the heat exchanger, the steady-flow energy balance equation yields 0 pe ke W
& &
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) kg/s 1.275 =

=
= =
= = =

kg/s 14
kJ/kg 06 . 236 0 . 3097
K 420 3 . 679 K kJ/kg 1.005
0
air
2 3
9 8
air
2 3
9 8
9 8 air 2 3
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
m
h h
T T c
m
h h
h h
m
h h m h h m h m h m
E E E E E
p
s
s e e i i
& & &
& & & &
& & & & &


(b) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )
kW 1371 9 . 12 1384
kW 9 . 12 kJ/kg 10.12 kg/s 1.275
kW 1384 kJ/kg 5 . 2011 0 . 3097 kg/s 1.275
steam p, steam T, steam net,
steam p,
4 3 steam T,
= = =
= = =
= = =
W W W
w m W
h h m W
p s
s
& & &
&
&
&
&

and kW 7819 = + = + = 6448 1371
gas net, steam net, net
W W W
& & &
(c) 66.4% = = =
kW 11,784
kW 7819
in
net
th
Q
W
&
&

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-63
10-77 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] A 450-MW combined gas-steam power plant is considered.
The topping cycle is a gas-turbine cycle and the bottoming cycle is an ideal Rankine cycle with an open
feedwater heater. The mass flow rate of air to steam, the required rate of heat input in the combustion
chamber, and the thermal efficiency of the combined cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3
Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Analysis (a) The analysis of gas cycle yields (Table A-17)
( )( )
( )
kJ/kg 02 462 K 460
kJ/kg 8 735 18 32 5 450
14
1
5 450
kJ/kg 42 1515 K 1400
kJ/kg 5 635 40 19 386 1 14
386 1
kJ/kg 19 300 K 300
12 12
11
10
11
10 10
9
8
9
8 8
10 11
10
8 9
8
. h T
. h . . P
P
P
P
. P
. h T
. h . . P
P
P
P
. P
. h T
r r
r
r r
r
= =
= = |
.
|

\
|
= =
=
= =
= = = =
=
= =

From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, A-6),

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 01 . 252 59 . 0 42 . 251
kJ/kg 0.59
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 20 600 /kg m 0.001017
/kg m 001017 . 0
kJ/kg 42 . 251
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
kPa 20 @ 1
kPa 20 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
w h h
P P w
h h
f
f
v
v v

1400 K
GAS
CYCLE
10
11
8
Q
in

3
9
4
20 kPa
Q
out

0.6 MPa
460 K
STEAM
CYCLE
12
8 MPa
6
5
400C
T
7
2
1
300 K
s

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 53 . 678 15 . 8 38 . 670
kJ/kg 8.15
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 600 8,000 /kg m 0.001101
/kg m 001101 . 0
kJ/kg 38 . 670
in pI, 3 4
3
3
3 4 3 in pII,
3
MPa 6 . 0 @ 3
MPa 6 . 0 @ 3
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
w h h
P P w
h h
f
f
v
v v


( )( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 2 . 2095 5 . 2357 7821 . 0 42 . 251
7821 . 0
0752 . 7
8320 . 0 3658 . 6
kPa 20
kJ/kg 1 . 2586 8 . 2085 9185 . 0 38 . 670
9185 . 0
8285 . 4
9308 . 1 3658 . 6
MPa 6 . 0
K kJ/kg 3658 . 6
kJ/kg 4 . 3139
C 400
MPa 8
7 7
7
7
5 7
7
6 6
6
6
5 6
6
5
5
5
5
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg
f
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P

Noting that Q for the heat exchanger, the steady-flow energy balance equation yields 0 pe ke W
& &
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-64

( ) ( )
steam kg air / kg 8.99
02 . 462 80 . 735
53 . 678 4 . 3139
0
12 11
4 5 air
12 11 air 4 5
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
=

=
= =
=
= =

h h
h h
m
m
h h m h h m h m h m
E E
E E E
s
s e e i i
&
&
& & & &
& &
& & &


(b) Noting that for the open FWH, the steady-flow energy balance equation yields
& &
Q W ke pe 0

( ) ( )
3 2 6 3 3 6 6 2 2
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
1 1
0
h h y yh h m h m h m h m h m
E E
E E E
e e i i
= + = + =
=
= =

& & & & &
& &
& & &

Thus,

( )
( )( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 23 . 956 2 . 2095 1 . 2586 1792 . 0 1 1 . 2586 4 . 3139
1
extracted steam of fraction the 1792 . 0
01 . 252 1 . 2586
01 . 252 38 . 670
7 6 6 5
2 6
2 3
= + =
+ =
=

=
h h y h h w
h h
h h
y
T


( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) kJ/kg 3 . 444 19 . 300 5 . 635 8 . 735 42 . 1515
kJ/kg 56 . 948 15 . 8 59 . 0 1792 . 0 1 23 . 956
1
8 9 11 10 in , gas net,
, , in , steam net,
= =
= =
= =
= =
h h h h w w w
w w y w w w w
C T
II p I p T p T

The net work output per unit mass of gas is
( ) kJ/kg 8 . 549 56 . 948 3 . 444
99 . 8
1
steam net,
99 . 8
1
gas net, net
= + = + = w w w
and
( ) ( )( ) kW 720,215 = = =
= = =
kJ/kg 5 . 635 42 . 1515 kg/s 818.5
kg/s 7 . 18 8
kJ/kg 549.7
kJ/s 450,000
9 10 air in
net
net
air
h h m Q
w
W
m
&
&
&
&

(c) 62.5% = = =
kW 720,215
kW 450,000
in
net
Q
W
th
&
&

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-65
10-78 EES Problem 10-77 is reconsidered. The effect of the gas cycle pressure ratio on the ratio of gas
flow rate to steam flow rate and cycle thermal efficiency is to be investigated.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

"Input data"
T[8] = 300 [K] "Gas compressor inlet"
P[8] = 14.7 [kPa] "Assumed air inlet pressure"
"Pratio = 14" "Pressure ratio for gas compressor"
T[10] = 1400 [K] "Gas turbine inlet"
T[12] = 460 [K] "Gas exit temperature from Gas-to-steam heat exchanger "
P[12] = P[8] "Assumed air exit pressure"
W_dot_net=450 [MW]
Eta_comp = 1.0
Eta_gas_turb = 1.0
Eta_pump = 1.0
Eta_steam_turb = 1.0
P[5] = 8000 [kPa] "Steam turbine inlet"
T[5] =(400+273) "[K]" "Steam turbine inlet"
P[6] = 600 [kPa] "Extraction pressure for steam open feedwater heater"
P[7] = 20 [kPa] "Steam condenser pressure"

"GAS POWER CYCLE ANALYSIS"

"Gas Compressor anaysis"
s[8]=ENTROPY(Air,T=T[8],P=P[8])
ss9=s[8] "For the ideal case the entropies are constant across the compressor"
P[9] = Pratio*P[8]
Ts9=temperature(Air,s=ss9,P=P[9])"Ts9 is the isentropic value of T[9] at compressor exit"
Eta_comp = w_gas_comp_isen/w_gas_comp "compressor adiabatic efficiency, w_comp >
w_comp_isen"
h[8] + w_gas_comp_isen =hs9"SSSF conservation of energy for the isentropic compressor,
assuming: adiabatic, ke=pe=0 per unit gas mass flow rate in kg/s"
h[8]=ENTHALPY(Air,T=T[8])
hs9=ENTHALPY(Air,T=Ts9)
h[8] + w_gas_comp = h[9]"SSSF conservation of energy for the actual compressor, assuming:
adiabatic, ke=pe=0"
T[9]=temperature(Air,h=h[9])
s[9]=ENTROPY(Air,T=T[9],P=P[9])

"Gas Cycle External heat exchanger analysis"
h[9] + q_in = h[10]"SSSF conservation of energy for the external heat exchanger, assuming W=0,
ke=pe=0"
h[10]=ENTHALPY(Air,T=T[10])
P[10]=P[9] "Assume process 9-10 is SSSF constant pressure"
Q_dot_in"MW"*1000"kW/MW"=m_dot_gas*q_in

"Gas Turbine analysis"
s[10]=ENTROPY(Air,T=T[10],P=P[10])
ss11=s[10] "For the ideal case the entropies are constant across the turbine"
P[11] = P[10] /Pratio
Ts11=temperature(Air,s=ss11,P=P[11])"Ts11 is the isentropic value of T[11] at gas turbine exit"
Eta_gas_turb = w_gas_turb /w_gas_turb_isen "gas turbine adiabatic efficiency, w_gas_turb_isen
> w_gas_turb"
h[10] = w_gas_turb_isen + hs11"SSSF conservation of energy for the isentropic gas turbine,
assuming: adiabatic, ke=pe=0"
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10-66
hs11=ENTHALPY(Air,T=Ts11)
h[10] = w_gas_turb + h[11]"SSSF conservation of energy for the actual gas turbine, assuming:
adiabatic, ke=pe=0"
T[11]=temperature(Air,h=h[11])
s[11]=ENTROPY(Air,T=T[11],P=P[11])

"Gas-to-Steam Heat Exchanger"
"SSSF conservation of energy for the gas-to-steam heat exchanger, assuming: adiabatic,
W=0, ke=pe=0"
m_dot_gas*h[11] + m_dot_steam*h[4] = m_dot_gas*h[12] + m_dot_steam*h[5]
h[12]=ENTHALPY(Air, T=T[12])
s[12]=ENTROPY(Air,T=T[12],P=P[12])

"STEAM CYCLE ANALYSIS"
"Steam Condenser exit pump or Pump 1 analysis"
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'
P[1] = P[7]
P[2]=P[6]
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0) {Saturated liquid}
v1=volume(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0)
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0)
T[1]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0)
w_pump1_s=v1*(P[2]-P[1])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
w_pump1=w_pump1_s/Eta_pump "Definition of pump efficiency"
h[1]+w_pump1= h[2] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
"Open Feedwater Heater analysis"
y*h[6] + (1-y)*h[2] = 1*h[3] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
P[3]=P[6]
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0) "Condensate leaves heater as sat. liquid at P[3]"
T[3]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0)
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0)
"Boiler condensate pump or Pump 2 analysis"
P[4] = P[5]
v3=volume(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0)
w_pump2_s=v3*(P[4]-P[3])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
w_pump2=w_pump2_s/Eta_pump "Definition of pump efficiency"
h[3]+w_pump2= h[4] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
s[4]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])
w_steam_pumps = (1-y)*w_pump1+ w_pump2 "Total steam pump work input/ mass steam"
"Steam Turbine analysis"
h[5]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[5],P=P[5])
s[5]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[5],T=T[5])
ss6=s[5]
hs6=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=ss6,P=P[6])
Ts6=temperature(Fluid$,s=ss6,P=P[6])
h[6]=h[5]-Eta_steam_turb*(h[5]-hs6)"Definition of steam turbine efficiency"
T[6]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[6],h=h[6])
s[6]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[6],h=h[6])
ss7=s[5]
hs7=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=ss7,P=P[7])
Ts7=temperature(Fluid$,s=ss7,P=P[7])
h[7]=h[5]-Eta_steam_turb*(h[5]-hs7)"Definition of steam turbine efficiency"
T[7]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[7],h=h[7])
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-67
s[7]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[7],h=h[7])
"SSSF conservation of energy for the steam turbine: adiabatic, neglect ke and pe"
h[5] = w_steam_turb + y*h[6] +(1-y)*h[7]
"Steam Condenser analysis"
(1-y)*h[7]=q_out+(1-y)*h[1]"SSSF conservation of energy for the Condenser per unit mass"
Q_dot_out*Convert(MW, kW)=m_dot_steam*q_out
"Cycle Statistics"
MassRatio_gastosteam =m_dot_gas/m_dot_steam
W_dot_net*Convert(MW, kW)=m_dot_gas*(w_gas_turb-w_gas_comp)+
m_dot_steam*(w_steam_turb - w_steam_pumps)"definition of the net cycle work"
Eta_th=W_dot_net/Q_dot_in*Convert(, %) "Cycle thermal efficiency, in percent"
Bwr=(m_dot_gas*w_gas_comp + m_dot_steam*w_steam_pumps)/(m_dot_gas*w_gas_turb +
m_dot_steam*w_steam_turb) "Back work ratio"
W_dot_net_steam = m_dot_steam*(w_steam_turb - w_steam_pumps)
W_dot_net_gas = m_dot_gas*(w_gas_turb - w_gas_comp)
NetWorkRatio_gastosteam = W_dot_net_gas/W_dot_net_steam


Pratio MassRatio
gastosteam
W
netgas

[kW]
W
netsteam

[kW]

th

[%]
NetWorkRatio
gastosteam

10 7.108 342944 107056 59.92 3.203
11 7.574 349014 100986 60.65 3.456
12 8.043 354353 95647 61.29 3.705
13 8.519 359110 90890 61.86 3.951
14 9.001 363394 86606 62.37 4.196
15 9.492 367285 82715 62.83 4.44
16 9.993 370849 79151 63.24 4.685
17 10.51 374135 75865 63.62 4.932
18 11.03 377182 72818 63.97 5.18
19 11.57 380024 69976 64.28 5.431
20 12.12 382687 67313 64.57 5.685




0.0 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.9 11.0
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
s [kJ/kg-K]
T

[
K
]
8000 kPa
600 kPa
20 kPa
Combined Gas and Steam Power Cycle
8
9
10
11
12
1,2
3,4
5
6
7
Steam Cycle Steam Cycle
Gas Cycle Gas Cycle















PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-68


5 9 13 17 21 25
55
57.2
59.4
61.6
63.8
66
Pratio

t
h


[
%
]




5 9 14 18 23
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
Pratio
N
e
t
W
o
r
k
R
a
t
i
o
g
a
s
t
o
s
t
e
a
m
W
dot,gas
/ W
dot,steam
vs Gas Pressure Ratio




5 9 14 18 23
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
13.0
14.0
Pratio
M
a
s
s
R
a
t
i
o
g
a
s
t
o
s
t
e
a
m
Ratio of Gas Flow Rate to Steam Flow Rate vs Gas Pressure Ratio



PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-69
10-79 A 450-MW combined gas-steam power plant is considered. The topping cycle is a gas-turbine cycle
and the bottoming cycle is a nonideal Rankine cycle with an open feedwater heater. The mass flow rate of
air to steam, the required rate of heat input in the combustion chamber, and the thermal efficiency of the
combined cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3
Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Analysis (a) Using the properties of air from Table A-17, the analysis of gas cycle yields
( )( )
( )
( ) (
( )
( )
( )(
kJ/kg 02 462 K 460
kJ/kg 844.95
8 735 42 1515 86 0 42 1515
kJ/kg 8 735 18 32 5 450
14
1
5 450
kJ/kg 42 1515 K 1400
kJ/kg 709.1
82 0 19 300 5 635 19 300
kJ/kg 5 635 40 19 386 1 14
386 1
kJ/kg 19 300 K 300
12 12
11 10 10 11
11 10
11 10
11
10
11
10 10
8 9 8 9
8 9
8 9
9
8
9
8 8
10 11
10
8 9
8
. h T
. . . .
h h h h
h h
h h
. h . . P
P
P
P
. P
. h T
. / . . .
/ h h h h
h h
h h
. h . . P
P
P
P
. P
. h T
s T
s
T
s r r
r
C s
s
C
s r r
r
= =
=
=
=

=
= = |
.
|

\
|
= =
=
= =
=
+ =
+ =

=
= = = =
=
= =

)
)
T
10
Q
in

GAS
CYCLE
5
11
11s
9
9s
12
4
STEAM
CYCLE
6 3 6s
2
8
Q
out

7s 7 1
s
From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 01 . 252 59 . 0 42 . 251
kJ/kg 0.59
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 20 600 /kg m 0.001017
/kg m 001017 . 0
kJ/kg 42 . 251
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
kPa 20 @ 1
kPa 20 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
w h h
P P w
h h
f
f
v
v v


( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 52 . 678 15 . 8 38 . 670
kJ/kg 8.15
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 600 8,000 /kg m 0.001101
/kg m 001101 . 0
kJ/kg 38 . 670
in pI, 3 4
3
3
3 4 3 in pII,
3
MPa 6 . 0 @ 3
MPa 6 . 0 @ 3
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
w h h
P P w
h h
f
f
v
v v

K kJ/kg 3658 . 6
kJ/kg 4 . 3139
C 400
MPa 8
5
5
5
5
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
T
P

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-70

( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( )( ) kJ/kg 3 . 2241 1 . 2095 4 . 3139 86 . 0 4 . 3139
kJ/kg 1 . 2095 5 . 2357 7820 . 0 42 . 251
7820 . 0
0752 . 7
8320 . 0 3658 . 6
kPa 20
kJ/kg 3 . 2663 9 . 2585 4 . 3139 86 . 0 4 . 3139
kJ/kg 9 . 2585 8 . 2085 9184 . 0 38 . 670
9184 . 0
8285 . 4
9308 . 1 3658 . 6
MPa 6 . 0
7 5 5 7
7 5
7 5
7 7
7
7
5 7
7
6 5 5 6
6 5
6 5
6 6
6
6
5 6
6
= = =

=
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
= = =

=
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
s T
s
T
fg f s
fg
f
s
s T
s
T
fg s f s
fg
f s
s
s
h h h h
h h
h h
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
h h h h
h h
h h
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P



Noting that Q for the heat exchanger, the steady-flow energy balance equation yields 0 pe ke W
& &

( ) ( )
steam kg air / kg 6.425 =

=
= =
=
= =

02 . 462 95 . 844
52 . 678 4 . 3139
0
12 11
4 5 air
12 11 air 4 5
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
h h
h h
m
m
h h m h h m h m h m
E E
E E E
s
s e e i i
&
&
& & & &
& &
& & &


(b) Noting that for the open FWH, the steady-flow energy balance equation yields 0 pe ke W Q
& &

( ) ( )
3 2 6 3 3 6 6 2 2
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
1 1
0
h h y yh h m h m h m h m h m
E E E E E
e e i i
= + = + =
= = =

& & & & &
& & & & &

Thus,

( )
( )( ) | |
( ) ( )( ) | | kJ/kg 5 . 824 3 . 2241 3 . 2663 1735 . 0 1 3 . 2663 4 . 3139 86 . 0
1
extracted steam of fraction the 1735 . 0
01 . 252 3 . 2663
01 . 252 38 . 670
7 6 6 5
2 6
2 3
= + =
+ =
=

=
h h y h h w
h h
h h
y
T T


( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) kJ/kg 56 . 261 19 . 300 1 . 709 95 . 844 42 . 1515
kJ/kg 9 . 815 15 . 8 59 . 0 1735 . 0 1 5 . 824
1
8 9 11 10 in , gas net,
II p, I p, in p, steam net,
= =
= =
= =
= =
h h h h w w w
w w y w w w w
C T
T T

The net work output per unit mass of gas is
( ) kJ/kg 55 . 388 9 . 815 56 . 261
425 . 6
1
steam net,
423 . 6
1
gas net, net
= + = + = w w w
kg/s 2 . 1158
kJ/kg 388.55
kJ/s 450,000
net
net
air
= = =
w
W
m
&
&
and ( ) ( )( ) kW 933,850 = = = kJ/kg 1 . 709 42 . 1515 kg/s 1158.2
9 10 air in
h h m Q &
&

(c) 48.2% = = =
kW 933,850
kW 450,000
in
net
Q
W
th
&
&

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-71
10-80 EES Problem 10-79 is reconsidered. The effect of the gas cycle pressure ratio on the ratio of gas
flow rate to steam flow rate and cycle thermal efficiency is to be investigated.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

"Input data"
T[8] = 300 [K] "Gas compressor inlet"
P[8] = 14.7 [kPa] "Assumed air inlet pressure"
"Pratio = 14" "Pressure ratio for gas compressor"
T[10] = 1400 [K] "Gas turbine inlet"
T[12] = 460 [K] "Gas exit temperature from Gas-to-steam heat exchanger "
P[12] = P[8] "Assumed air exit pressure"
W_dot_net=450 [MW]
Eta_comp = 0.82
Eta_gas_turb = 0.86
Eta_pump = 1.0
Eta_steam_turb = 0.86
P[5] = 8000 [kPa] "Steam turbine inlet"
T[5] =(400+273) "K" "Steam turbine inlet"
P[6] = 600 [kPa] "Extraction pressure for steam open feedwater heater"
P[7] = 20 [kPa] "Steam condenser pressure"

"GAS POWER CYCLE ANALYSIS"

"Gas Compressor anaysis"
s[8]=ENTROPY(Air,T=T[8],P=P[8])
ss9=s[8] "For the ideal case the entropies are constant across the compressor"
P[9] = Pratio*P[8]
Ts9=temperature(Air,s=ss9,P=P[9])"Ts9 is the isentropic value of T[9] at compressor exit"
Eta_comp = w_gas_comp_isen/w_gas_comp "compressor adiabatic efficiency, w_comp >
w_comp_isen"
h[8] + w_gas_comp_isen =hs9"SSSF conservation of energy for the isentropic compressor,
assuming: adiabatic, ke=pe=0 per unit gas mass flow rate in kg/s"
h[8]=ENTHALPY(Air,T=T[8])
hs9=ENTHALPY(Air,T=Ts9)
h[8] + w_gas_comp = h[9]"SSSF conservation of energy for the actual compressor, assuming:
adiabatic, ke=pe=0"
T[9]=temperature(Air,h=h[9])
s[9]=ENTROPY(Air,T=T[9],P=P[9])

"Gas Cycle External heat exchanger analysis"
h[9] + q_in = h[10]"SSSF conservation of energy for the external heat exchanger, assuming W=0,
ke=pe=0"
h[10]=ENTHALPY(Air,T=T[10])
P[10]=P[9] "Assume process 9-10 is SSSF constant pressure"
Q_dot_in"MW"*1000"kW/MW"=m_dot_gas*q_in

"Gas Turbine analysis"
s[10]=ENTROPY(Air,T=T[10],P=P[10])
ss11=s[10] "For the ideal case the entropies are constant across the turbine"
P[11] = P[10] /Pratio
Ts11=temperature(Air,s=ss11,P=P[11])"Ts11 is the isentropic value of T[11] at gas turbine exit"
Eta_gas_turb = w_gas_turb /w_gas_turb_isen "gas turbine adiabatic efficiency, w_gas_turb_isen
> w_gas_turb"
h[10] = w_gas_turb_isen + hs11"SSSF conservation of energy for the isentropic gas turbine,
assuming: adiabatic, ke=pe=0"
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-72
hs11=ENTHALPY(Air,T=Ts11)
h[10] = w_gas_turb + h[11]"SSSF conservation of energy for the actual gas turbine, assuming:
adiabatic, ke=pe=0"
T[11]=temperature(Air,h=h[11])
s[11]=ENTROPY(Air,T=T[11],P=P[11])

"Gas-to-Steam Heat Exchanger"
"SSSF conservation of energy for the gas-to-steam heat exchanger, assuming: adiabatic,
W=0, ke=pe=0"
m_dot_gas*h[11] + m_dot_steam*h[4] = m_dot_gas*h[12] + m_dot_steam*h[5]
h[12]=ENTHALPY(Air, T=T[12])
s[12]=ENTROPY(Air,T=T[12],P=P[12])

"STEAM CYCLE ANALYSIS"
"Steam Condenser exit pump or Pump 1 analysis"
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'
P[1] = P[7]
P[2]=P[6]
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0) {Saturated liquid}
v1=volume(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0)
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0)
T[1]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0)
w_pump1_s=v1*(P[2]-P[1])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
w_pump1=w_pump1_s/Eta_pump "Definition of pump efficiency"
h[1]+w_pump1= h[2] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
"Open Feedwater Heater analysis"
y*h[6] + (1-y)*h[2] = 1*h[3] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
P[3]=P[6]
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0) "Condensate leaves heater as sat. liquid at P[3]"
T[3]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0)
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0)
"Boiler condensate pump or Pump 2 analysis"
P[4] = P[5]
v3=volume(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0)
w_pump2_s=v3*(P[4]-P[3])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
w_pump2=w_pump2_s/Eta_pump "Definition of pump efficiency"
h[3]+w_pump2= h[4] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
s[4]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])
w_steam_pumps = (1-y)*w_pump1+ w_pump2 "Total steam pump work input/ mass steam"
"Steam Turbine analysis"
h[5]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[5],P=P[5])
s[5]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[5],T=T[5])
ss6=s[5]
hs6=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=ss6,P=P[6])
Ts6=temperature(Fluid$,s=ss6,P=P[6])
h[6]=h[5]-Eta_steam_turb*(h[5]-hs6)"Definition of steam turbine efficiency"
T[6]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[6],h=h[6])
s[6]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[6],h=h[6])
ss7=s[5]
hs7=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=ss7,P=P[7])
Ts7=temperature(Fluid$,s=ss7,P=P[7])
h[7]=h[5]-Eta_steam_turb*(h[5]-hs7)"Definition of steam turbine efficiency"
T[7]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[7],h=h[7])
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-73
s[7]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[7],h=h[7])
"SSSF conservation of energy for the steam turbine: adiabatic, neglect ke and pe"
h[5] = w_steam_turb + y*h[6] +(1-y)*h[7]
"Steam Condenser analysis"
(1-y)*h[7]=q_out+(1-y)*h[1]"SSSF conservation of energy for the Condenser per unit mass"
Q_dot_out*Convert(MW, kW)=m_dot_steam*q_out
"Cycle Statistics"
MassRatio_gastosteam =m_dot_gas/m_dot_steam
W_dot_net*Convert(MW, kW)=m_dot_gas*(w_gas_turb-w_gas_comp)+
m_dot_steam*(w_steam_turb - w_steam_pumps)"definition of the net cycle work"
Eta_th=W_dot_net/Q_dot_in*Convert(, %) "Cycle thermal efficiency, in percent"
Bwr=(m_dot_gas*w_gas_comp + m_dot_steam*w_steam_pumps)/(m_dot_gas*w_gas_turb +
m_dot_steam*w_steam_turb) "Back work ratio"
W_dot_net_steam = m_dot_steam*(w_steam_turb - w_steam_pumps)
W_dot_net_gas = m_dot_gas*(w_gas_turb - w_gas_comp)
NetWorkRatio_gastosteam = W_dot_net_gas/W_dot_net_steam


Pratio MassRatio
gastosteam
W
netgas

[kW]
W
netsteam

[kW]

th

[%]
NetWorkRatio
gastosteam

6 4.463 262595 187405 45.29 1.401
8 5.024 279178 170822 46.66 1.634
10 5.528 289639 160361 47.42 1.806
12 5.994 296760 153240 47.82 1.937
14 6.433 301809 148191 47.99 2.037
15 6.644 303780 146220 48.01 2.078
16 6.851 305457 144543 47.99 2.113
18 7.253 308093 141907 47.87 2.171
20 7.642 309960 140040 47.64 2.213
22 8.021 311216 138784 47.34 2.242


0.0 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.9 11.0
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
s [kJ/kg-K]
T

[
K
]
8000 kPa
600 kPa
20 kPa
Combined Gas and Steam Power Cycle
8
9
10
11
12
1,2
3,4
5
6
7
Steam Cycle Steam Cycle
Gas Cycle Gas Cycle
















PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-74

5 9 12 16 19 23
45.0
45.5
46.0
46.5
47.0
47.5
48.0
48.5
Pratio

t
h


[
%
]
Cycle Thermal Efficiency vs Gas Cycle Pressure Ratio




5 9 12 16 19 23
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
Pratio
N
e
t
W
o
r
k
R
a
t
i
o
g
a
s
t
o
s
t
e
a
m
W
dot,gas
/ W
dot,steam
vs Gas Pressure Ratio




5 9 12 16 19 23
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
8.5
Pratio
M
a
s
s
R
a
t
i
o
g
a
s
t
o
s
t
e
a
m
Ratio of Gas Flow Rate to Steam Flow Rate vs Gas Pressure Ratio


PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-75
10-81 A combined gas-steam power plant is considered. The topping cycle is a gas-turbine cycle and the
bottoming cycle is a nonideal reheat Rankine cycle. The moisture percentage at the exit of the low-pressure
turbine, the steam temperature at the inlet of the high-pressure turbine, and the thermal efficiency of the
combined cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3
Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Analysis (a) We obtain the air properties from
EES. The analysis of gas cycle is as follows
( )
( )
( )
( )(
kJ/kg 62 . 475 C 200
kJ/kg 98 . 871
79 . 763 8 . 1304 80 . 0 8 . 1304
kJ/kg 79 . 763
kPa 100
kJ/kg 6456 . 6
kPa 700
C 950
kJ/kg 8 . 1304 C 950
kJ/kg 21 . 557
0 / 16 . 290 47 . 503 16 . 290
/
kJ/kg 47 . 503
kPa 700
kJ/kg 6648 . 5
kPa 100
C 15
kJ/kg 50 . 288 C 15
11 11
10 9 9 10
10 9
10 9
10
9 10
10
9
9
9
9 9
7 8 7 8
7 8
7 8
8
7 8
8
7
7
7
7 7
= =
=
=
=

=
=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

=
=
= =
=
+ =
+ =

=
=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

=
=
= =
h T
h h h h
h h
h h
h
s s
P
s
P
T
h T
h h h h
h h
h h
h
s s
P
s
P
T
h T
s T
s
T
s
C s
s
C
s



( ) 80 .
Combustion
chamber
8
9
Compressor
Gas
turbine
7
10
Heat
exchanger
11
3
Steam
turbine
4
6
5
Condenser
pump
2
1
)
T
From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5,
and A-6 or from EES),
( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 37 . 199 65 . 7 81 . 191
kJ/kg .56 7
80 . 0 /
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 6000 /kg m 0.00101
/
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
in pI, 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in pI,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
w h h
P P w
h h
p
f
f
v
v v

( )( ) kJ/kg 4 . 2366 1 . 2392 9091 . 0 81 . 191
9091 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 4670 . 7
kPa 10
K kJ/kg 4670 . 7
kJ/kg 5 . 3264
C 400
MPa 1
6 6
6
6
5 6
6
5
5
5
5
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
fg s f s
fg
f s
s
s
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P

6
4s
8
10
1 MPa
4
5
GAS
CYCLE
9
10s
11
7
Q
in

8s
10 kPa
STEAM
CYCLE
Q
out

6 MPa
3
6s
2
1
950 C
15 C
s
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-76
( )
( )(
1.6% = = = =
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
=

=
0158 . 0 9842 . 0 1 1 Percentage Moisture
9842 . 0
kJ/kg 5 . 2546
kPa 10
kJ/kg 0 . 2546
4 . 2366 5 . 3264 80 . 0 5 . 3264
6
6
6
6
6 5 5 6
6 5
6 5
x
x
h
P
h h h h
h h
h h
s T
s
T

)

(b) Noting that Q for the heat exchanger, the steady-flow energy balance equation
yields
0 pe ke W
& &

( ) ( ) ( )
| | kJ/kg 0 . 2965 ) 62 . 475 98 . 871 )( 10 ( ) 5 . 3264 ( ) 37 . 199 5 . 3346 ( ) 15 . 1 (
4 4
11 10 air 4 5 2 3
out in
= = +
= +
=
=

h h
h h m h h m h h m
h m h m
E E
s s
e e i i
& & &
& &
& &
Also,
( )
s T
s
T
s
s
h h h h
h h
h h
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
4 3 3 4
4 3
4 3
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
MPa 1

?
MPa 6
=

=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=


The temperature at the inlet of the high-pressure turbine may be obtained by a trial-error approach or using
EES from the above relations. The answer is T
3
= 468.0C. Then, the enthalpy at state 3 becomes: h
3
=
3346.5 kJ/kg
(c) ( ) ( )( ) kW 4328 kJ/kg 98 . 871 8 . 1304 kg/s 10
10 9 air gas T,
= = = h h m W &
&

( ) ( )( ) kW 2687 kJ/kg 50 . 288 21 . 557 kg/s 10
7 8 air gas C,
= = = h h m W &
&

kW 1641 2687 4328
gas C, gas T, gas net,
= = = W W W
& & &
( ) ( )( ) kW 1265 kJ/kg 0 . 2546 5 . 3264 0 . 2965 5 . 3346 kg/s 1.15
6 5 4 3 s steam T,
= + = + = h h h h m W &
&

( )( ) kW 7 . 8 kJ/kg 564 . 7 kg/s 1.15
s steam P,
= = =
pump
w m W &
&

kW 1256 7 . 8 1265
steam P, steam T, steam net,
= = = W W W
& & &
kW 2897 = + = + = 1256 1641
steam net, gas net, plant net,
W W W
& & &
(d) ( ) ( )( ) kW 7476 kJ/kg 21 . 557 8 . 1304 kg/s 10
8 9 air in
= = = h h m Q &
&

38.8% = = = = 0.388
kW 7476
kW 2897
in
plant net,
th
Q
W
&
&



PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.