Laplace: F: (A, + ) R (A, B) B A Lim R F (X) DX (A, + ) (X) DX Lim Z F (X) DX

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Laplace
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FGB,=HIJK ? LMN 89:O89:89 : Q%;

P f : [a, +∞) → R R!* S T UVWXQ TYZ [J\]^Y_Q Èa P Z bcd_efgQ a P a
\hi bjkl` Tmn,T o n ape<q P `r[Ja P Q T sYt` d P QXal[>k
[a, b]
uv`wk oldxUy\
b > aR
<zb Z S d_e = \h`
Q T ^{ef` T lim R b f (x) dx olkl| ` \}i bjkl` S e,~k u [>kVQgòl^~k_ef` U~[ ^~
Q_^cQ}\ n Wj[J
\ ^cQgà
α
bpd_efQga b→∞
aW \}` u\cbcòx\ [JWYb o e5;[>k Q [J\ Q_`r[
PZ P = Z TTmn,T nO P T [a, +∞)
Z +∞ Z b
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx.
a b→∞ a
EE~,*lwYly>gz,_ ¡v_Vf¢h£EE¡lE¤yY¥¦>£§X*¨~l§Y©y> ª
(−∞, a]
Z a Z a
f (x) dx = lim f (x) dx.
−∞ b→−∞ b
«¬~wlVf¬}v®§O©V¯
Z +∞ Z a Z +∞
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx, a ∈ R.
−∞ −∞ a
&X£xlExlc¥ °lr±g² v E¢_f°~,g´<_ ¡v_Vf¢h~µ E¡lE¤>?
°Y³
±∞,
Y¥¦>£ExE¡lx¶ g·¸
@AB
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+ 49C> D3E7F#>C-;<=GHID +J1.K2 1(F:2(LMNOPQ<R+(@S+EF
+∞
dx TQUV/0WX@S1;DY1:N3ZE 85<=W,GH[\1:-M<=>
Z
(i)
0 x2 + 1
Z +∞ Z b
dx dx
= lim
0 x2 + 1 b→∞ 0 x2 + 1
= lim tan−1 x|b0
b→∞
π
= lim tan−1 b = .
b→∞ 2
0
]^6ZDO+#E
Z
(ii) ex dx.
−∞
Z 0 Z 0
x
e dx = lim ex dx
−∞ b→−∞ b
= lim ex |0b
b→−∞
= lim (1 − eb ) = 1.
b→−∞
+∞
1 ]_`6 DI+#E
Z
(iii) dx.
1 x
Z +∞ Z b
dx dx
= lim
1 x b→+∞ 1 x
= lim log x|b1
b→∞
= lim log b = +∞
b→∞
F#+#E\a:NI+B@A1,1.2K1(F:2(bMNOcQ<R+J+(/01(F:2:6`DI>AdE T
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LAPLASE
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( L$ M3*+1N%F &'()*OH=P Laplace
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;LMC K f :NO >PQ RST UVWX?@;YBZGM>6?
f : [0, +∞) → R
L(f (t))
Z[ BZG R \5UVWX?@;ABZG]B ^ 4I ;LC : _ : C
VW
VW
Laplace
Z +∞ Z b
L(f (t)) = F (s) = e−st f (t) dt = lim e−st f (t) dt.
0 b→+∞ 0
` abcDdFeJfga aZhijkl5mnaZopqrsEt F d@uf vwxPj6q@a l5yo vwaJz{a|qL}~v s ∈ R 3j xbq@x/a0cDaPfxbqLa

%dFvijPdFEm3FvraaJz0a0Zz{yhr}~mnxJcDZhwd@j
X 1-$P1;Y0JGZ )*+N 1 F01 [ x JcDaJz{aJ]fl5aZym3d q@amndYq@xZl5Msym3x0qij l5mn Laplace mndhi\j ]
D~vx0c0z0~v l5EvrxZhqwyl5d}~v{
(i) f (t) = 1, t ∈ [0, +∞)
cZ#q@aEvaZhJjl5m3FaZEm3d
Z +∞ Z b
−st
e 1 dt = lim e−st dt
0 b→∞ 0
µ ¶ b
1 −st 
= lim − e

s

b→∞ 0
µ ¶
1 −sb 1
= lim − e +
b→∞ s s
1
= , s>0
s
PxPjMZhwx
1
L{1} = , s > 0.
s
(ii) f (t) = t, t ∈ [0, +∞)

~cD4q@aEvaZhijkl5mnFaZEm3d
Z +∞ Z b
−st
e t dt = lim e−st tdt
0 b→∞ 0
µ ¶ b
st + 1 −st 
= lim − 2 e

s

b→∞ 0
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( 45:, 6;21.+6 LAPLACE
µ ¶
sb + 1 −sb 1
= lim − 2 e + 2
b→∞ s s
1
= 2, s > 0
s
!"!#$%&'("
1
L{t} = , s > 0.
s2
< )*+$,-./#
(iii) f (t) = sin t, t ∈ [0, +∞).
Z +∞ Z b
−st
e sin t dt = lim e−st sin t dt
0 b→∞ 0
µ ¶ b
s sin t + cos t
= lim −e−st

s2 + 1

b→∞ 0
µ ¶
1 sb s sin b + cos b
= lim −e
b→∞ s2 + 1 s2 + 1
1
= 2 , s>0
s +1
!"!#$%&'("
1
L{sin t} = , s > 0.
s2 + 1
< )*+$,-./#
(v) f (t) = cos t, t ∈ [0, +∞).
Z +∞ Z b
−st
e cos t dt = lim e−st cos t dt
0 b→∞ 0
µ ¶ b
s sin t − cos t
= lim e−st

s2 + 1

b→∞ 0
µ ¶
s s sin b − cos b
= lim 2
− esb
b→∞ s + 1 s2 + 1
s
= 2 s>0
s +1
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LAPLACE
;<;
!"!#$%&'("
s
L{cos t} = , s > 0.
s2 + 1
= )*+,-./0#
(vi) f (t) = eat , t ∈ [0, +∞).
Z +∞ Z b
−st at
e e dt = lim eat−st dt
0 b→∞ 0
Z b
= lim e(a−s)t dt
b→∞ 0
µ ¶ b
1 (a−s)t
= lim e

a−s

b→∞ 0
µ ¶
1 (a−s)b 1
= lim e −
b→∞ a − s a−s
1 1
= − = a<s
a−s s−a
!"!#$%&'("
1
L{eat } = , a < s.
s−a
> 1?@ 2A3

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Laplace
APHQRBEC F=9>: > 1?D

@ 1ES
F TU
HW
V IJKLIJMK NH O P&I=O.HQR IST
G f, g : [0, +∞) → R GXY G La-
U&O&R OVWXHQY H R O
place L(f (t)) = F (s), s > s1 L(g(t)) = G(s), s > s2 , G Z Y [
Z T\H5K ^] _Q` Y KaRbU&O&R Z IJKMcH O GXY PdI=O.QH R G ISTXe Laplace H0P$e af (t)±bg(t), a, b ∈ R
U&O&R*R fgKaR
GXY
L(af (t) ± bg(t)) = aF (s) ± bG(s), s > max{s1 , s2 }.
[ : C!:5B,HJ\ h@9i6
; : Dj: 1 ]kl " mXndoXpVoXqrst)*o&mgu=v / wMolux/NwM"&)*+$ygu="jw7z# )*ux{ ux/a'7^# _
Laplace
d|}~)*mg~("&'\wb.)*/5 ~ +$'(yg)=#u=ojndo!#|}~\wM"&w0"nd'bo&y7q3o&-.u=/Q~("n&"&'("&(/Mszq3ux"jw0"!"!#
w0
o x/a|}'(ygux"*
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= !"#$%&>
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) <
(i) f (t) = sinh at = 12 (eat − e−at ), t ∈ [0, +∞)
>?#$0@8AB C C
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4 %
1
L(f (t)) = (L(eat ) − L(e−at )).
2
OP#$%9,QRFS 1 K&LM)+!34N%
L{eat } = s−a , s > a,
µ ¶
1 1 1
L(sinh at) = −
2 s−a s+a
./I/T
, U+'FI
a
L(sinh at) = , s > |a|.
s2 − a 2
= !"#$%&D ? )"*$,W./0XYZ!G:F2G[
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) E
(ii) f (t) = cosh at = 12 (eat + e−at ), t ∈ [0, +∞)
:F@ A =]>?#$0@8A)BB
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1
L(f (t)) = (L(eat ) + L(e−at )).
2
OP#$%9,QRFS 1 K&LM)+!34N%
L{eat } = s−a , s > a,
µ ¶
1 1 1
L(cosh at) = +
2 s−a s+a
./I/,TU+'FI
s
L(cosh at) = , s > |a|.
s2 − a 2
^FGHI_J K abc
` N L dMe
N df OP hQR ijk_iPkAh\l m$inl3h&o ipq
g f : [0, +∞) → R gST g Laplace
U q;h\k s t&u k<o[v+l+o iPkAh\l m$inl3h&o ipq"x
L(f (t)) = F (s), s > a. r T w gST g Laplace
hAmTx v+l+ono y3k<o
eht f (t) gST
L(eht f (t)) = F (s − h), s > a + h.

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LAPLACE
;<=
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f (t) = eat , t ∈ [0, +∞) F (s) = L(1) = 1s , s >
23456789:;<
0,
1
L{eat } = L{eat · 1} = F (s − a) = , s > a,
s−a
=>?4 2@=>ABCD678BEFGHAIJHA9-I2@4?678F:KC
< #D LH<MNO:K<PQG 1R07S;67LH<TJQ1U./VWJXLHV#CD6>Y
ZEBFG[H" KI () J *K\
L *KLMN O ^<P _'`[a
_ `b^Tc dD_OcF^@e _fg
f : [0, +∞) → R ] ]R
Q ] Laplace
S ghi
^ ` k l@m `3eOn7c7e _'`M^Tc 7d _KcF^@e _fgpq
L(f (t)) = F (s), s > s1 . j R o ]QR ] Laplace
^bd5q n7c7e>e r9`3e
f (at), a > 0 ]QR
1 ³s´
L(f (αt)) = F , s > as1 .
a α
> !"?@5A,B#$%&'() * sT tu=5Jbv stw4?678F:KE
T < #D LH<Mx
N VQJp1
f (t) = cos at, t ∈ [0, +∞).
U LHA9=Ky1 :K6#CD6/1sz{|
- JM07}PJM~
6 JH<i#<@8pJM0/Ns6B;<3zwLHAQV
s
F (s) = L(cos t) = s2 +1 , s > 0.
:K
0 2@456789:;<
s
1 ³s´ 1 a s
L(cos at) = F = s 2 = 2 , s > 0.
a α a ( a ) + 1 s + a2
<W07-H#6p>
6 JXLHV#CD6 :>CD67LH679:K < -H0 D#LH679:K<WJM6 :K<iJM07=>4?AF:K0#JQ1=>:;V
Laplace
JXAF} Tstu456789:;<WD#LH<M N VQJp1
f (t) = sin at, t ∈ [0, +∞). F (s) = L(sin t) =
1 /
. /
0 5
1 7
H
L
0 #
0 D
C ~
V b
J ~
6 H
J i
< #
@
< p
8 M
J /
0 s
N
6
3
< w
z H
L 9
A K
:
0 @
2 5
4 7
6 9
8 :;<
s2 +1 , s>0
1 ³s´ 1 1 a
L(sin at) = F = s 2 = 2 , s > 0.
a α a ( a ) + 1 s + a2
ZEBFG[H" IK() J *K\

L *XY
J NO ^<P _'`[_a`b^Tc dD_OcF^@e _fg
f : [0, +∞) → R ] ]R
Q ] Laplace
S ghi
^ ` k l@m `3eOn7c7e _'`M^Tc 7d _KcF^@e _fgpq
L(f (t)) = F (s), s > s1 . j R o ]QR ] Laplace
^bd5q n n7c7eOe rF`3e
t f (t) ]QR
L(tn f (t)) = (−1)n F (n) (s), s > s1 .

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/234%$56)$7 *8*9
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= !"#&>,?@A $%&'BC( )
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F <=>
: ?@AB/CD
(i) f (t) = t cos at, t ∈ [0, +∞). F (s) =
s G <EFG9
- HD 894(IJ4#DHK,LMN/ O5PQ/>R
4 /=S: T(:06B/NO#?*4UVWX: K,<EF789O
L(cos at) = s2 +a2 , s > 0.
Y0Z3 456G89:
¶′
s2 − a2
µ
s
L(t cos at) = (−1)1 = , s > 0.
s2 + a2 (s2 + a2 )2
D*+[-./N1 D*+[3.4567\
8 :H;F <E:N?9AB/CD
(ii) f (t) = teat , t ∈ [0, +∞). F (s) = L(eat ) =
1 G <=FG-9DH8\4(I54#DHK,LM/NO5]
P />^
4 /=:ST;:X6B/NO#?*4_V\:XK,<EFG89O`Y03Z456G89:
s−a , s > a.
µ ¶′
at 1 1 1
L(te ) = (−1) = , s > a.
s−a (s − a)2
a@LEb(T;4CcdI
O ;F <B?*-.e#45678\:]AB/BD
(iii)
2
L(t2 e−αt ) = − .
(s − α)3
f ?KLgM" 9N h
& O )Pi Q ) RS T U kW mnoWp r=sp t xMy0o\kNz z{|}m l m
f : [0, +∞) → R l
J V
j q uvjiw j ~
o r X M
kSm |}m>k z5|9G k0p |C r= xXm>k5pW l
q q T q jZ
Y j Laplace L(f (t)) = F (s)
kNz z
jZ j
Y
T
1
Z
L(f (t)) = e−st f (t) dt, s > 0.
1 − e−sT 0
= !"[\&>,?($}&h )
D*+[-./N1 1 0 ≤ t ≤ 12 e#O#D AB/E:F

½
f (t) = 1 f (t) = f (t + 1), t > 0.
0 2 <t<1
-67LEb5<M/=FG-
F :>?LEO#DWI5:0<BD45CD*e#e#O#D.b5<EO`-G891,LEO`89:g/>OÎJO5<EO(IJb5LM1
1
1
Z
L(f ) = e−st f (t) dt
1 − e−s 0
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% 1 23+&'(45- 5)67!
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LAPLACE
;<=
1
1
Z
2
= e−st dt
1 − e−s 0
−st ¯ 12
1 e ¯
=
1 − e−s −s 0
¯
1
1 − e− 2 s
= .
s(1 − e−s )
>?@A !" #$%&

BC D ' ('
EF EGHI J
)*KL
f : [0, +∞) → R
+,-.+,/- 0* 1 23+451 *67 +,8 Lapla-
)MIJN 1J7 7 )
ce L(f (t)) = F (s), s > s1 9 k ;
: =
< 0
> ? @ A
1 =
< 1 B C OLDCEF 7G+,H
) 2 ; )(K LM1A<N* OE) -P7Q?
f (m) , m = 0, 1, 2, . . . , k
N
: B
R F L ;SK .
L A
1 =
< 3
I 6
- 6
* U
T /
C < C =
< 1 *
O ; ) ; +∞ V P 8SW* - K @ TA< X
N
-P7=IJ1J7 ; +,-/*M1 )MN 2J+#15*A7 ) +Y8Z? Laplace */2E? f (k)(t) IJ1J7=7 )MN [\-P7
L(f (k) (t)) = −f (k−1) (0)−sf (k−2) (0)−. . .−sk−1 f (0)+sk F (s), s > s1 .
]^_3àbcd5ef_3ghiJdZj=iJk\lNmAecdan=opqAn=drqAoEiJs5l#m QR
L(f ′ (t)) = −f (0) + sF (s)

tuvuw
L(f (2) (t)) = −f ′ (0) − sf (0) + s2 F (s).
S&D"u& xy$z& {& '
5T,?UV 6W
Q|}npb6~d y(t) mW_3v{{dNmAk\m/w bc

X d Zw vJ#iJgBwtumAZQn~ n=d y′ + 2y = e−3t tuvuw
(i)
n=s\ePNBtud y(0) = 1. v {ghmNm/%il#mWb/vJn=oEd5l#v{bBwn=l#`J
wtuvJehi{_3iuwGm/ vJghowQtu Y Z[
Laplace
bcd5 y.
Q|}npb6~ L(y(t))) = F (t). vughehi5eSb6vJb6il#mWb6vJn=opd\lNv{bZwn=lN` Laplace qAoEiJs5l#m
X \
L(y ′ + 2y) = L(e−3t ) ⇒ L(y ′ ) + 2L(y) = L(e−3t ).

|y_3m/wGh L(y ′ ) = −y(0) + sF (s)
tuvuw L(e−3t ) = 1
s > −3,
qAoEiJs5l#m
s+3 ,
1 1
−y(0) + sF (s) + 2F (s) = ⇒ (s + 2)F (s) = +1
s+3 s+3
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LAPLACE
s+4
⇒ (s + 2)F (s) =
s+3
s+4
⇒ F (s) = .
(s + 2)(s + 3)
= !"#$%&' ( )*+,-./.(012)345)6789
% :
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7 ->?@A>BC7DEFG:)3H<IJK
# L
' #M(
(ii) y(t) y ′′ + 2y ′ − 3y = 1
EF-F727 EF->NOA.+,AF7J)6I@%CP7 QR->BOSM7DEFT3U
Q #MV5NW12GCEF)WQ EF-F7 X > -?@YBO)Z18)6I
y(0) = 0 y ′ (0) = 1
A[\@)*%&->#MS$(5\2-.%<]7 #M\2^>Q %O(5Q
Laplace y.
= !"#$%&' A_-FI`BONOAaN0%6->b
Q %&Ac\@)*%&->#MS$(5\2-.%<7]#M\2^ T3d
S A>V BC
L(y(t))) = F (s). Laplace
\@)
L(y ′′ (t)) + 2L((y ′ (t)) − 3L(y(t)) = L(1)

⇒ −y ′ (0) − sy(0) + s2 F (s) +
1
2(−y(0) + sF (s)) − 3F (s) =
s
1+s
⇒ (s2 + 2s − 3)F (s) =
s
1+s
⇒ F (s) =
s(s2 + 2s − 3)
1+s
⇒ F (s) = .
s(s − 1)(s + 3)
D Ee D FGHIJKghLF
f I ,
i M&NOj
M k:P
l QB.
I mjh RS@n
l mTIKopq
h $%
lnrjk
Laplace
stiMopu
h v
l rjk D Ee D UV W
ewx XY
z Z | } 3@z6 z&6z
}
y F (s), s > s1 { y~ y f (t)
z 9d6z}>>}><z3| z u6z} >@}az3 < z&$
y L(f (t)) = F (s) y [\
y y Laplace
]dM, u
F (s). 9
f (t) = L−1 (F (s)).

= bB9-
L(f (t))) = F (s) ⇔ L−1 (F (s)) = f (t).

!"#$%&'()$%*+,-./0, 1
( 234-$%-( !+5!6
2 #$%&7(028,0( LAPLACE
9:;
< !"=#> $%) & ? @ A' @ '() B*+:C,-.= " D> ?/>E/F 0G>HIJ1 K $+LD>=M &)2> EI+NOIJK34PFQ#> $5&"R # ?67 4 S > 9- :
$ 8 & 4PIJT
U V < ; =>?@A EF;GHIJKW= LX MNH OPH = =YXQR M = TU;>V= J ?XT6JY=ZH T [
Laplace BCD B D BPS WZ[ W B Laplace
J \ O];.H^_,MP[ M]=VJXH H]JX_X` EF;bcdHeOfHe`Pg= ?,=V;bch= JXM]=Zi = j k T:;g=VJ ?lTmJY=gH T [
B B B a,BPS BPS W B BfS WZ[ W B
Laplace n
)m'
L−1 (aF (s) ± bG(s)) = aL−1 (F (s)) ± bL−1 (G(s)).
o 'P\RM =g`P=V;
L−1 (F (s)) = f (t)
L−1 (F (s − a)) = eat f (t).

]pP
' \RM =g`P=V;
L−1 (F (s)) = f (t)
µ ¶
−1 1 t
L (F (as)) = f .
a a
< $52$+C^FHM q:4r!$ >#$ '
_ sà#t]uvwxu>yz{NsX|P}C~y }]tf{Xx{X 6u.}>sX,!Y6s#}/,xX }fY7,Y|fXtP}]F,F
(i) Laplace
s−1
F (s) = .
s2 + 4
b t]F6 6{#l{2~d|P}>sX}/ //}fC}]uZ}>{XsX|P}Cy~}]tf{Xx{XK6u.}gsX,Fxs#}C ,x{X
La-
2s27}>{Y| 6u.}gsX,Fxs#}C,x }gd|3,Y|fsXtP}]F,uGd| 2s2
place Laplace cos at
Z!{XY6u
sin at
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
−1 s−1 −1 s −1 1
L = L −L
s2 + 4 s2 + 4 s2 + 4
1
= cos 2t − sin 2t.
2
_ scaztfuvw%ugyC{sX|P}Cy}ft]{X6{XL6u.}gsX,Fxs#}C,xX }]FQ,Y|fXtP}]F,F
(ii) Laplace
1
F (s) = .
s2 − 3s + 2
!" #$%&'()*+,)*-./ ! 01 "#
/234%$56)$7 *8*9
3 :
) 56;- 7<32/,7
LAPLACE
!"#$%&'()*%+',%-.()/01( 234 $ 5623$%562789$%:);<$4$%='>?@?,6ABCD()E / /F89G/ H; ='CIJK,%L

- MN&'CO:)23(),?JK,92P,%Q.:R$%(#/
AST2 $UVG,OW
= X- JK,X@?,6AS2P:R()Y
* ,XZ@ ,?8%@?C.&[\](#>?V^_ \ `
= &[C6Vab]=W:R-.='$%&aV[cO:Rd/ \]=Z=e >7]Mf,%-.()/
1 1
= ,
s2 − 3s + 2 (s − 1)(s − 2)
,?JK*6V[?
/ @?&6;g:f89,%-O()/ 89$92 V[hFVi,92T$jb]:fV[/
A B
1 A B
= + .
(s − 1)(s − 2) s − 1 s − 2
89$92f>%&'$
1 = A(s − 2) + B(s − 1).
A 32 $ h^MN,%-O()/ eBA 2T$ h^Mf,%-.()/ e
= 1 1 = −A ⇒ A = −1 s = 2 1 = B
klJ%*6sV'/
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1
L = −L +L
s2 − 3s + 2 s−1 s−2
= −et + e2t .
C D@$ Z&[/mn1/i;#,Y$%=aV6;g:fV[&',%"),%op(#/qVG$%:RMfC.()$?V62P:R()*Ko V'C.op:R-.='>%&aV[CEF
(iii) Laplace
:RC.o
1
F (s) = .
s2 − 6s + 9
rJK/G235'c
1 1
=
s2 − 6s + 9 (s − 3)2
h^MN,%-O()/E*6VX2
µ ¶
1
−1
L (F (s)) = L −1
= te3t .
(s − 3)2
C G@$ ?&'/mn#/G;#,4$%=aVX;g:BV[&',%"),%s
o ()/FVi$%:RMfC.(#$?VX2P:R(#*%o V[COop:R-.='>%&aV[CEF
(iv) Laplace
:RC.o
s
F (s) = .
(s + 1)3
!"#$%&'()$%*+,-./0, 1
( 234-$%-( !+5!6
2 #$%&7(028,0( LAPLACE
9:;
< !"#$%&'()*+,-./01
s s+1−1
=
(s + 1)3 (s + 1)3
s+1 1
= −
(s + 1)3 (s + 1)3
1 1
= − .
(s + 1)2 (s + 1)3
< 2,345
µ ¶ µ ¶
1 1
L−1 (F (s)) = L−1 − L−1
(s + 1)2 (s + 1)3
1
= te−t − t2 e−t .
2
= >?
5 637+89*+:;.%,5&<=/0; >$/737%&?@%&AB)@+C/:5&>DE
# FG)@56/.1H>D)*-&A /4FGI
A >D'G<4J&3=/7F(>DF(A
(v) Laplace
1
F (s) = .
s2 − 2s + 5
!KLM+:1NO7P
1 1
=
s2 − 2s + 5 (s − 1)2 + 4
QR#E%&'G)@+S-./01
µ ¶
1 1
L−1 (F (s)) = L−1 = et sin 2t.
(s − 1)2 + 4 2
= @? 5 637+89*+:;*%T5&<=/0; U
> /437%&?@%&V
A )@+C/W5&>D#$F()*56/01X>D)*-&A /4FGY
A >D'(<7J&3=/4F AB
(vi) Laplace
>DF(A
2s − 1
F (s) = .
s(s − 1)(s − 2)
C
3.; >$Z[%&'()*+ \ Z[5[1 /7QC/W%[]
1 5^_`>$/4+
A B C
2s − 1 A B C
= + + .
s(s − 1)(s − 2) s s−1 s−2
! "#$%&'()*+(),-. !/0 .123$#45(#"6 #)7)8
2 9
( 45:, 6;21.+6 LAPLACE
< !"#$%&#'()*"+ ,( -.+/0123!"435)6- 7

+ 89:;%"<=>?5
2s − 1 A(s − 1)(s − 2) + Bs(s − 2) + Cs(s − 1)
=
s(s − 1)(s − 2) s(s − 1)(s − 2)
@A*A-;!"23*
2s − 1 = A(s − 1)(s − 2) + Bs(s − 2) + Cs(s − 1)

⇔ 2s − 1 = (A + B + C)s2 + (−3A − 2B − C)s + 2A

 A+B+C =0
⇔ −3A − 2B − C = 2
2A = −1

 B + C = 12

⇔ 2B + C = − 12
A = − 12

 C = 32

⇔ B = −1
A = − 12 .

!"#$
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
−1 2s − 1 1 −1 1 −1 1 3 −1 1
L = − L −L + L
s(s − 1)(s − 2) 2 s s−1 2 s−2
1 3
= − − et + e2t .
2 2
! $"#%"&'()*+' ,-./$01234,5673#"&.089.0:;<='>3?$06@A7BC<=D$ 3EFG6@<=H0: 3&BC:;6@IC1&J0"K3#B$%
6@BC:
(vii) Laplace
s+2
F (s) = .
s2 − 2s + 5
5LMA7.0IC<='
s+2 s+2
=
s2 − 2s + 5 (s − 1)2 + 4
!"#$%&'()$%*+,-./0, 1
( 234-$%-( !+5!6
2 #$%&7(028,0( LAPLACE
9:;
s−1 3
= +
(s − 1)2 + 22 (s − 1)2 + 22
s−1 3 2
= +
(s − 1)2 + 22 2 (s − 1)2 + 22
3
= et cos 2t + et sin 2t.
2
< =>!"#$%&'$()*+,-./01)23450 "#+-67+-89:'$;0(-3<=4>?:7!01@A3<:7BC8 05>?893<D?.#E-?" @
(viii) Laplace
05F> 3<>?8
1
F (s) = .
s(s + 1)2
"1)234GH+-D?:'$ !"#"$ %&'(%)*"+$ #,-./01% 2
A A B C
1 A Bs + C
= + .
s(s + 1)2 s (s + 1)2
34561*786 %9#5:3;% $<:=>?@&45A&29$BC
: 'DE0*5FGHI2
1 A(s + 1)2 + (Bs + C)s

=
s(s + 1)2 s(s + 1)2
!"#"$045@&#
1 = A(s + 1)2 + (Bs + C)s

⇔ 1 = (A + B)s2 + (2A + C)s + A

 A+B =0
⇔ 2A + C = 0
A =1


 B = −1
⇔ C = −2
A = 1.

JK>5LM%&2
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
−1 1 1 s+2
L = L −L
s(s + 1)2 s (s + 1)2
! "#$%&'()*+(),-. ! /0 "#
.123$#45(#6 )7)8
2 9
( 45:, 6;21.+6
LAPLACE
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
1 s+1 1
= L −L −L
s (s + 1)2 (s + 1)2
= 1 − e−t − te−t .
< => !?@"A # BCD$%&%' EF(G )*H

% IAJKLMN'*O +% #PJ,Q
# N-.KL/0RNSTUG
0 VN T-'($
8 # %W1
B 20 X
' T*%+3# 4
0 5
Laplace
6 89:;<$=->1?: @ABCD8 EFGHIJK1:?LM>NOCP*Q

7 G BRO?SH>1I&BT:?<$UVW= >NX: BY8Z<$>NO?[ IR\]@M:F8-=HI&^_\9àSW<$=
Laplace
bY89:?K1O?LY8DcE de@fIJgY8Z<*de<$Ihie@aj klSCBMmnP1\]@MI&BT:F8YXZ LY\D<VEFO-@ABT:?opBTOq>NI&BT:?<$UV=W>N:XBC8r<$>Nm
Bs=-o/tXP*@sie<VBM=Wo/<$S-@st?LABM=W<$=WouEF:F82<*Bs= <$S-@svJUVIR89:q^c:Fw\ LM@MO-@xBR:?ouBTO-@
Laplace
:?@ABC\D<VBsLMO?KNOy>1I&BR:?<$U_=->1:XBY8r<$>1m j
Laplace
[ '()F'%D+N\] z{02X
' TX'
^ :|àSR}NIR\"=~bY89:?KNO?LC8DEFG~IJgY\D<*ie<$= $>1I
(i) y ′ − 2y = 1 y(0) = 1.
K1:?LM>1m?MO-@ABT:?o;BT
e O >NIBR:?<$UV=W>1:XBY8r<$>1m <VBM=W@^c:?LM:X^ct?@si 8r<$mYBs=YBT:
Laplace
vJU_O?S->1I
L(y ′ − 2y) = L(1) ⇔ L(y ′ ) − 2L(y) = L(1)

⇔ sL(y) − y(0) − 2L(y) = L(1)
⇔ (s − 2)L(y) = y(0) + L(1)
1
⇔ (s − 2)L(y) = 1 +
s
s+1
⇔ L(y) =
s(s − 2)
EF:F8Vt?LM:
µ ¶
−1 s+1
y(t) = L .
s(s − 2)
LY\D<VEFO?SW>NI EF:F8 Bsv&BROF89:yde<VBMI
_ A B
s+1 A B
= + ,
s(s − 2) s s−2
!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123*45)63789 !#*:$;6<$%9/637'=>9?@AB
0 =>9C@D,E"$ F# &FG
= H
, @DI* $%=J0 KLM
!"#$%&'(
s + 1 = A(s − 2) + Bs.
N )*+ ,-./01234( 5 N )6+
O ,7./01234(
s=0 1 = −2A ⇒ A = − 12 s=2 3 = 2B ⇒
3 589:"0$%&;(
B=
2
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
s + 1 1 1 3 1
L−1 = − L−1 + L−1
s(s − 2) 2 s 2 s−2
1 3
= − + e2t .
2 2
P +<=!1>?4(@ABCDE%)*+0FG0H%)IJKLD(7M%AINOPQRN C ′ 3G(
(ii) 2y − y = e2t y(0) = 1.
STFG+0H;3G$0U;VWXY& +0Z[&Y\34(]&@+0NR./C23G+!&%)^NR3G$ N/&;C2W_"#+0H;+!"#`0W'P )^NR$%&'C%&Y+
Laplace
,-a
. 01V3G(
L(2y ′ − y) = L(e2t ) ⇔ 2L(y ′ ) − L(y) = L(e2t )

⇔ 2sL(y) − 2y(0) − L(y) = L(e2t )
⇔ (2s − 1)L(y) = 2y(0) + L(e2t )
1
⇔ (2s − 1)L(y) = 2 +
s−2
2s − 3
⇔ L(y) =
(2s − 1)(s − 2)
JK+K)/`0H;+
µ ¶
−1 2s − 3
y(t) = L .
(2s − 1)(s − 2)
H%AIN/JK01234( JK+K) &'b, &@K)*c
+ dTN/&;(
Q A B
2s − 3 A B
= +
(2s − 1)(s − 2) 2s − 1 s − 2
JK+K)/`0H;+
2s − 3 = A(s − 2) + B(2s − 1).
!" #$%&'()*+,)*-./ ! 01 "#
/234%$56)$7 *8*9
3 :
) 56;- 7<32/,7
LAPLACE
= !" #$%&'()*+,- >=

. /" #0%1'(2
) +3-
s = 12 −2 = − 32 A ⇒ A = 43 s=2 1 = 3B ⇒
1 .4567(89:;-
B=
3
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
2s − 3 4 1 1 1
L−1 = L−1 + L−1
(2s − 1)(s − 2) 3 2s − 1 3 s−2
µ ¶
4 1 1 −1 1
= L−1 + L ( )
6 s − 12 3 s−2
2 1 t 1 2t
= e2 + e .
3 3
? "<=>)?@AB
- CDE<F9!"(G,'(H9IJKLM-$N9CIODPQORE +3- JK"K
(iii) y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = et , y(0) = 1
y ′ (0) = 1.
SQG,"(H;+,8(T;'()2+3-U:?'V+,W
- :?"(OR%&E*+,"X:9YOR+38 O1:;E2Z[7\"(]
H "X7\^(Z]P _OR89:]E9:B"
Laplace
#$%&'()*+,-
L(y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y) = L(et ) ⇔ L(y ′′ ) − 5L(y ′ ) + 6L(y) = L(et )

⇔ s2 L(y) − sy(0) − y ′ (0)
− 5(sL(y) − y(0)) + 6L(y) = L(et )
⇔ (s2 − 5s + 6)L(y) = sy(0) + y ′ (0)
− 5y(0) + L(et )
1
⇔ (s2 − 5s + 6)L(y) = s + 1 − 5 +
s−1
s2 − 5s + 5
⇔ L(y) =
(s − 1)(s2 − 5s + 6)
s2 − 5s + 5
⇔ L(y) = .
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)
JK"K1^(H;"
s2 − 5s + 5
µ ¶
−1
y(t) = L
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)
!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123*45)63789 !#*:$;6<$%9/637'=>9?@AB
0 =>9C@D,E"$ F# &FG
= H
, @DI* $%=J0 KLM
!"#$%&'()*+,-. / &'0'1 234526('17089:$%;2 .

N A B C
s2 − 5s + 5 A B C
= + + .
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3) s − 1 s − 2 s − 3
O<=)>3(?>@260)A<B2 C1 A<DE;=)F3.G1CH
A 4IJK()*?L
, .
s2 − 5s + 5
=
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)
A(s − 2)(s − 3) + B(s − 1)(s − 3) + C(s − 1)(s − 2)

(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)
&'0'1%=)30
s2 − 5s + 5
= A(s − 2)(s − 3) + B(s − 1)(s − 3) + C(s − 1)(s − 2)
⇔ s2 − 5s + 5
= (A + B + C)s2 + (−5A − 4B − 3C)s + 6A + 3B + 2C

 A+B+C =1
⇔ −5A − 4B − 3C = −5
6A + 3B + 2C = +5


C =1−A−B
⇔ 2A + B = 2
4A + B = 3


 C =1−A−B
⇔ B = 2 − 2A
2A = 1

 C = − 12

⇔ B =1
A = 12 ,

!" #$%&'()*+,)*-./ !01 "#
/234%$56)$7 *8*9
3 :
) 56;- 7<32/,7
LAPLACE
!"#$%&'(
2
µ ¶
s − 5s + 5
L−1
(s − 1)(s − 2)(s − 3)
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
1 −1 1 −1 1 1 −1 1
= L +L − L
2 s−1 s−2 2 s−3
1 1
= et + e2t − e3t .
2 2
= )*+,-./01( 23&.4567859:& ;8<=>
) &1?@ABC%DE)FG=FH%DIJ#K@ALM( NOPD 53K@56(Q?@A
(iv)
y′ + x = t
x′ − y = 1
<=( JR)RD
y(0) = 1 x(0) = 1.
S@G=)FH:<=$FT:UAV&1)FWX&1Y<=Z( &1)F56[9;8\
< )!&ODP56<\$ 59&%D]^
W "#)FH:)!"#_FAV? DP56$%&';%&'(MW
Laplace
M` a
[ F-U<=(^D]56FC:7UA')F<\)
)
L(y ′ ) + L(x) = L(t)
L(x′ ) − L(y) = L(1)
)
sL(y) − y(0) + L(x) = L(t)
⇔
sL(x) − x(0) − L(y) = L(1)
)
sL(y) + L(x) = L(t) + 1
⇔
sL(x) − L(y) = L(1) + 1
) 1
sL(y) + L(x) = s2 +1
⇔
1
sL(x) − L(y) = s +1
) 1 s+1
L(x) = s2 + s2 +1
⇔
s−1
L(y) = s2 +1
!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123*45)63789 !#*:$;6<$%9/637'=>9?@AB
0 =>9C@D,E"$ F# &FG
= H
, @DI* $%=J0 KL
x = L−1 ( s12 ) + L−1 ( ss+1

)
2 +1 )
⇔
y = L−1 ( ss−1
2 +1 )
x = t + L−1 ( s2s+1 ) + L−1 ( s21+1 )

)
⇔
y = L−1 ( s2s+1 ) − L−1 ( s21+1 )
)
x = t + cos t + sin t
⇔
y = cos t − sin t.
(v)
M !"#$%&'(%)*+%,-./01.*2+ 3456!+789:;<=>?@AB,@C=>DEFGHI: (JK=>LM. G9./(N89:
y ′′ − 4y + x = e−t
x′′ − x + y = e2t
5B( x(0) = y(0) = 1
OE O> x′(0) = −1, y′(0) = 2 P
Q9AB@CR5BS@TR,1:U+7@VW+7,X5BY( +7@./Z*3456#+[\> ./56S Laplace .*+=>LV]^F@CR#^F_@:U8 >\./S=+23=+2(JV
`JaZ ,@$15B(]>L./,@<R01:2@56
)
L(y ′′ ) − 4L(y) + L(x) = L(e−t )
L(x′′ ) − L(x) + L(y) = L(e2t )
s2 L(y) − sy(0) − y ′ (0) − 4L(y) + L(x) = L(e−t )

)
⇔
s2 L(x) − sx(0) − x′ (0) − L(x) + L(y) = L(e2t )
1
(s2 − 4)L(y) − s − 2 + L(x) =
)
s+1
⇔
1
(s2 − 1)L(x) − s + 1 + L(y) = s−2
1
(s2 − 4)L(y) + L(x) =
)
s+1 +s+2
⇔
1
(s2 − 1)L(x) + L(y) = s−2 +s−1
!" #$%&'()*+,)*-./ !01 "#
/234%$56)$7 *8*9
3 :
) 56;- 7<32/,7
LAPLACE

1

 [(s2 − 1)(s2 − 4) − 1]L(y) = (s2 − 1)[ s+1 + s + 2]


1
⇔ − s−2 −s+1


 (s2 − 1)L(x) 1
= s−2 + s − 1 − L(y)

1
[(s2 − 1)(s2 − 4) − 1]L(y) = (s2 − 1)(s + 2) −
)
s−2
⇔
1
(s2 − 1)L(x) = s−2 + s − 1 − L(y)

 [(s2 − 1)(s2 − 4) − 1]L(y) = (s2 −1)(s2 −4)−1
s−2
⇔
 (s2 − 1)L(x) 1
= s−2 + s − 1 − L(y)
) 1
L(y) = s−2
⇔
1
(s2 − 1)L(x) = s−2 + s − 1 − L(y)
) 1
L(y) = s−2
⇔
1
L(x) = s+1
) 1
y = L−1 ( s−2 )
⇔
1
x = L−1 ( s+1 )
y = e2t
)
⇔
x = et
!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123*45)63789 !#*:$;6<$%9/637'=>9?@AB
0 =>9C@D,E"$ F# &FG
= H
, @DI* $%=J0 KLM
f (t) L(f (t)) = F (s)
1
s>0
s
1
eat s>a
s−a
a
sin at s>0
s2 + a 2
s
cos at s>0
s2 + a 2
a
ebt sin at s > |b|
(s − b)2 + a2
s−b
ebt cos at s > |b|
(s − b)2 + a2
n!
tn s>0
sn+1
n!
tn eat s>a
(s − a)n+1
1 s
f (at) F( )
a a
eat f (t) F (s − a)
! "#$%&'()*+(),-. !/0 .123$#45(#"6 #)7)8
2 9
( 45:, 6;21.+6 LAPLACE
f (t) L(f (t)) = F (s)
f ′ (t) sF (s) − f (0)
f ′′ (t) −f ′ (0) − sf (0) + s2 F (s)

f (k) (t) −f (k−1) (0) − sf (k−2) (0) − . . . − sk−1 f (0) + sk F (s)
tn f (t) (−1)n F (n) (s)
2as
t sin at s>0
(s2 + a2 )2
s2 − a 2
t cos at s>0
(s2 + a2 )2
!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123*45)63789 !#*:$;6<$%9/637'=>9?@AB
0 =>9C@D,E"$ F# &FG
= H
, @DI* $%=J0 KLM
F (s) L−1 (F (s)) = f (t)
1
s>0
s
1
s>a eat
s−a
a
s>0 sin at
s2 + a 2
s
s>0 cos at
s2 + a 2
a
s > |b| ebt sin at
(s − b)2 + a2
s−b
s > |b| ebt cos at
(s − b)2 + a2
n!
s>0 tn
sn+1
n!
s>a tn eat
(s − a)n+1
1 s
F( ) f (at)
a a
F (s − a) eat f (t)
!" #$%&'()*+,)*-./ !01 "#
/234%$56)$7 *8*9
3 :
) 56;- 7<32/,7
LAPLACE
F (s) L−1 (F (s)) = f (t)
sF (s) − f (0) f ′ (t)
−f ′ (0) − sf (0) + s2 F (s) f ′′ (t)
−f (k−1) (0) − sf (k−2) (0) f (k) (t)

− . . . − sk−1 f (0) + sk F (s)
(−1)n F (n) (s) tn f (t)
2as
s>0 t sin at
(s2 + a2 )2
s2 − a2
s>0 t cos at
(s2 + a2 )2
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Z +∞
f (x) dx
1
Q<41+K;
R f (x) =
1
x2
S f (x) =
1
x3
=
f (x) = e−x
3
f (x) = xe−x
>
f (x) = x2 e−x
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: ?<
Laplace
41NO;]^K+K,F+J?@_J41`
N W9AB;F+K,a4FLMW9.:NO;
5
f (x) = 1 + 2x
@
f (x) = 2 − x2
A
f (x) = 2 sin x − cos 2x + 1
B
f (x) = x2 − x + 2
Rb f (x) = xe2x
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!
f (x) = e−2x sin 5x
"
f (x) = xe3x cos x
=>
n
a 0≤t≤1 #$%$&
f (t) = ,a∈R f (t) = f (t + 2), t > 0.
0 1<t<2
?@ 1 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 #$%$&
n
f (t) = f (t) = f (t + 2), t > 0.
−1 1 < t < 2
,A t 0 ≤ t ≤ π #$%$&
n
f (t) = f (t) = f (t + 2π), t > 0.
2π − x π < t < 2π
' D()*+,-.+/0123'$456780 9:;6 )*2$<.2$=>?.@+ 6/'$9!A:BC?D'(6EFG9!?DHI=
B C 6JKL4MN$'$)*'(OPQ(6JK
Laplace
9!RC4*'$)56;ST9!U+ KV4
=E 1
F (s) =
s+6
<F 1
F (s) =
s2 + 5
=G 1
F (s) =
2s2 +3
=H s
F (s) =
s2 + 2
":W 1
F (s) =
s2 + s + 1
" s+2
F (s) =
s2 + s + 1
!"#$!%&'()*+,-()./01( 234
! 1
F (s) =
s2 + 6s + 11
5 1
F (s) =
s2 + 5s + 6
6 s−3
F (s) =
s2 + 5s + 6
" $%&'()*+,-./*01234"+56"78097:;< =>?1 "+@A*+5B1C80D;EFGHIB1JK2LMK!G'N1 EFOAP
# 7 G :QR879 *+S'()G'1TU
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:V"+K!WXR-Y
O "7:>1JK!OA*4,
Laplace.
< Z[\
y′ + y = x y(0) = −2
= Z]\
y ′ + y = cos x y(0) = 3
> Z]\
y ′ + 3y = ex y(0) = −1
? Z]\
y ′ − 2y = 1 y(0) = 1
@ Z]\
y ′ − 2y = e−x y(0) = 1
5 ^ Z[\
y ′′ + 4y = 0 y(0) = −1, y ′ (0) = 1
5_` Z]\
y ′′ − 6y + 25 = 0 y(0) = −1, y ′ (0) = 1
5 Z]\
y ′′ − 2y ′ + 5y = 0 y(0) = −1, y ′ (0) = 1
5A5 Z]\
y ′′ − 3y ′′ + 3y − y = 0 y(0) = 1, y ′ (0) = 1, y ′′ (0) = 1
5B6 Z]\
y ′′ + 5y ′ + 6y = 0 y(0) = 0, y ′ (0) = −1
5C< Z]\
2y ′′ + y ′ − 3y = 0 y(0) = 1, y ′ (0) = 1
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=>? !"
y ′′ + y ′ + y = 0 y(0) = −2, y ′ (0) = 2
=@A #"
y ′′ + 4y = 0 y( π2 ) = 0, y ′ ( π2 ) = 1
=>B !"
y ′′ − 4y ′ + 5y = 2x y(0) = 0, y ′ (0) = 1
=>C #"
y ′′ + y = x2 + x y(0) = 0, y ′ (0) = −1
D $ !"
y ′′ − 2y ′ + y = x3 − 2x2 + x − 2 y(0) = 4, y ′ (0) = −3
%&
D !"
y ′′ + 2y ′ + y = 2ex y(0) = 2, y ′ (0) = −1
D ' !"
y ′′ + 2y ′ + y = (x2 − 1)ex y(0) = 1, y ′ (0) = 0
DE= !"
y ′′ − 4y ′ + 3y = 3e5x y(0) = 1, y ′ (0) = 1
D>D !"
y ′′′ − 3y ′ + 3y ′ − y = 2ex y(0) = 0, y ′ (0) = 0, y ′′ (0) = 1
D@F #"
y ′′ − 2y ′ + 5y = cos x y(0) = 0, y ′ (0) = 0
DE? #"
y ′′ + 2y ′ + 5y = cos 2x + 2 sin 2x y(0) = 0, y ′ (0) = 0
D*A !"
y ′′ − 2y ′ + 5y = x − cos x + ex y(0) = 0, y ′ (0) = 0
DEB !"
y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y = ex − 3 cos 2x + 2x3 − 1 y(0) = 0, y ′ (0) = 1
DEC !"
y ′′′ − y ′′ + y ′ − 1 = ex + 2 cos x + x − 1 y ′ (0) = 1, y ′′ (0) = −2
( *+,-./0123456-7
) G ( 89(1:;<( =>?<6@A BCD, BE6;F3GH(<6@( IJKL(1MH01:JNK =9OP4QRSTJKUVB W
O BCRXAW4QYG Z
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H<01F\.HR-KL(]6-01,^GYRX6@(1BC_E[3GH(<`6 aK BCGH012
Laplace.
!"#$!%&'()*+,-()./01( 234
y ′ + 2x = e−t
x′ − 2y = et
!"#
x(0) = 0 $ y(0) = 0.
5%&
y ′ + x′ = t
x′′ − y = e−t
!"#
x(0) = 3 $ y(0) = 0 $ x′ (0) = −2.
5 '
2y ′ + x′ − 3x = −e−2t
2x′ − 4y − 3x = 3e−t − 3e−2t
!"#
x(0) = 3 $ y(0) = 0.
5)6
y′ + x = t
x′ − y = 0
!"#
x(0) = 0 $ y(0) = 1.
578
y′ − x = 0
y − x′ = 0
!"#
x(0) = 1 $ y(0) = 1.
595
x′ + y = 0
x − y ′ = −2t
!"#
x(0) = 0 $ y(0) = 1 (
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=<>
2x − 3y ′ = 0
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!"
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=?@
x′ − y = 0
x + y′ + z = 1
x − y + z ′ = 2 sin t
!"
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Papoulis A. The Fourier integral and its applications, McGraw-
Hill
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Papoulis A. Signal Analysis, McGraw-Hill
6+ :3 ;4;2f
' $<) >?,2@A@ABC= D / <EF0G1 <E= + ,2@gh.D 1G<E= %H &GijYkla mEdnR5SQUVMNWXYZL[H'I" MNW0aAod 2+ 3454p> f
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http://www-ee.stanford.edu/
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http://www.registrar.fas.harvard.edu/Courses/Engineering
Sciences.html
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Laplace: F: (A, + ) R (A, B) B A Lim R F (X) DX (A, + ) (X) DX Lim Z F (X) DX

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Laplace: F: (A, + ) R (A, B) B A Lim R F (X) DX (A, + ) (X) DX Lim Z F (X) DX

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!

FGB,=HIJK ? LMN 89:O89:89 : Q%;

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(ii) f (t) = t, t ∈ [0, +∞)

> 1?@ 2A3

APHQRBEC F=9>: > 1?D

L(eht f (t)) = F (s − h), s > a + h.

> !"?@5A,#B $%&'() * +,- ./0/1

ZEBFG[H" IK() J *K\

L(tn f (t)) = (−1)n F (n) (s), s > s1 .

D*+[-./N1 1 0 ≤ t ≤ 12 e#O#D  AB/E:F

>?@A !" #$%&

L(f ′ (t)) = −f (0) + sF (s)

Q|}npb6~d y(t) mW_3v{{dNmAk\m/w bc

L(y ′ + 2y) = L(e−3t ) ⇒ L(y ′ ) + 2L(y) = L(e−3t ).

L(y ′′ (t)) + 2L((y ′ (t)) − 3L(y(t)) = L(1)

f (t) = L−1 (F (s)).

L(f (t))) = F (s) ⇔ L−1 (F (s)) = f (t).

L−1 (F (s − a)) = eat f (t).

!"#$%&'()*%+',%-.()/01( 234 $ 5623$%562789$%:);<$4$%='>?@?,6ABCD()E / /F89G/ H; ='CIJK,%L

< !"#$%&#'()*"+ ,( -.+/0123!"435)6- 7

2s − 1 = A(s − 1)(s − 2) + Bs(s − 2) + Cs(s − 1)

1 A(s + 1)2 + (Bs + C)s

1 = A(s + 1)2 + (Bs + C)s

< => !?@"A # BCD$%&%' EF(G )*H

6 89:;<$=->1?: @ABCD8 EFGHIJK1:?LM>NOCP*Q

L(y ′ − 2y) = L(1) ⇔ L(y ′ ) − 2L(y) = L(1)

L(2y ′ − y) = L(e2t ) ⇔ 2L(y ′ ) − L(y) = L(e2t )

= !" #$%&'()*+,- >=

L(y ′′ − 5y ′ + 6y) = L(et ) ⇔ L(y ′′ ) − 5L(y ′ ) + 6L(y) = L(et )

!"#$%&'()*+,-. / &'0'1 234526('17089:$%;2 .

A(s − 2)(s − 3) + B(s − 1)(s − 3) + C(s − 1)(s − 2)

x = L−1 ( s12 ) + L−1 ( ss+1

x = t + L−1 ( s2s+1 ) + L−1 ( s21+1 )

s2 L(y) − sy(0) − y ′ (0) − 4L(y) + L(x) = L(e−t )

f (t) L(f (t)) = F (s)

f (t) L(f (t)) = F (s)

f ′ (t) sF (s) − f (0)

f ′′ (t) −f ′ (0) − sf (0) + s2 F (s)

F (s) L−1 (F (s)) = f (t)

F (s) L−1 (F (s)) = f (t)

sF (s) − f (0) f ′ (t)

−f ′ (0) − sf (0) + s2 F (s) f ′′ (t)

−f (k−1) (0) − sf (k−2) (0) f (k) (t)

(−1)n F (n) (s) tn f (t)

3 45 !"#6$7 %&8# 9'()*

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D*+[-./N1 1 0 ≤ t ≤ 12 e#O#D AB/E:F

Q|}npb6~d y(t) mW_3v{{dNmAk\m/w bc