Beginner Level Lessons (15)

1. Consonant Mutuation and Major Vowel Harmony. nsz Deiimi ve Byk nl Uyumu 2. Personel Pronouns and Personel Endings - TO BE Kii Zamirleri ve Kiisel Bitim Ekleri. 3. Negative Form of TO BE - Negative Sentence with "deil" Postposition. Kii Zamirlerinin Olumsuz Hali - "deil" Edat ile Olumsuz Cmle. 4. Question Form of Personal Pronouns, TO BE and Negative Questions. Kii Zamirlerinde Soru ve Olumsuz Sorular 5. Days, Months, Numbers, Colors and Other Time Concepts. Gnler, Aylar, Saylar, Renkler ve Dier Zaman Kavramlar. 6. Relative Pronouns and Relative Suffixes yelik Zamirleri ve yelik Ekleri 7. Plural Suffixes and Relative Suffixes for Plural Nouns (Subtitle I) oul Ekleri ve oul Nesneler iin yelik Zamirleri (Altbalk I) 8. Possessive Constructions I sim Tamlamalar I 9. Possessive Constructions II - Plurals sim Tamlamalar II - oullar 10. Possessive Construction III - Undefitine Possessive Constructions sim Tamlamalar III - Belirtisiz sim Tamlamalar 11. Possesive Constructions + Relative Pronouns (For Singular and Plural) sim Tamlamalar + yelik Zamirleri (Tekil ve oul Cmleler) 12. Simple Adjectives (Subtitle II) Basit Sfatlar (Altbalk II) 13. Adjective Clauses Sfat Tamlamalar 14. Locative Postpositions Yer (Konum) Edatlar 15. Existence/Absence Varlk/Yokluk - Var/Yok Edatlar

Intermediate Level Lessons (27)

1. Verbs / Subtitle I - Accusative Form Fiiler / Altbalk I - Belirtme Durumu (-i hali) 2. Verbs / Subtitle II - Dative Form Fiiler / Altbalk II - Ynelme Durumu (-e hali) 3. Verbs / Subtitle III - Locative Form Fiiler / Altbalk III - Bulunma Durumu (-de hali) 4. Verbs / Subtitle IV - Ablative Form Fiiler / Altbalk IV - Ayrlma Durmu (-den hali) 5. Introduction to Verbs and Imperative Mood Fiilere Giri ve Emir Kipi 6. Imperative Mood of "Siz" and Negative Form of Imperative Mood

"Siz" Zamiri iin Emir Kipi ve Emir Kipinin Olumsuzu 7. Basic Sentences with Imperative Mood Emir Kipi ile Basit Cmle 8. Simple Present Tense I - REVISED AND EDITED Geni Zaman I - GZDEN GERLD 9. Simple Present Tense II - Negative Form Geni Zaman II - Olumsuzluk 10. Present Continious Tense I imdiki Zaman I 11. Present Continious Tense II imdiki Zaman II 12. Present Continious Tense III - Negative Form imdiki Zaman III - Olumsuz Hali 13. Question Forms of Simple Present Tense and Present Continious Tense Geni Zamann ve imdiki Zamann Soru Biimi 14. Future Tense I Gelecek Zaman I 15. Future Tense II - Negative Form Gelecek Zaman II - Olumsuzluk Durumu 16. Prononciation Tips for Daily Speech of Tenses Fiilerde Zamanlar iin Gnlk Telaffuz pular 17. Simple Past Tense I - Past Tense with "-idi" Gemi Zaman I - Gemi Zamann Hikayesi, -dili Gemi Zaman 18. Simple Past Tense II - Conjugation of Personal Pronouns Gemi Zaman II - Kii Zamirleriyle ekim 19. Simple Past Tense III - Negative Form of -idi Gemi Zaman III - dili Gemi Zamanda Olumsuzluk Durumu 20. Simple Past Tense IV - Question Forms of Gemi Zaman IV - dili Gemi Zamanda Soru Biimi 21. Simple Past Tense V - Heard Past Tense with -imi ( Gemi Zaman V - Gemi Zamann Rivayeti , -mile Duyulan Gemi Zaman 22. Question and Negative Forms of -mi and Conjugation -mite Soru ve Olumsuzluk Hali, ekimleme 23. Subtitle V: Some Useful Prepositions and Conjuctions Altbalk V: ok Kullanlan Baz Edatlar ve Balalar 24. SYNTAX IN TURKISH LANGUAGE I - Pronoun + Obj. + Verb TRKEDE SZDZM I - zne + Nesne + Fiil (Yklem) 25. SYNTAX IN TURKISH LANGUAGE II - Pronoun + Indirect Obj. + Verb TRKEDE SZDZM II - zne + Dolayl Tmle + Fiil (Yklem) 26. SYNTAX IN TURKISH LANGUAGE III - Time Concepts for Verb TRKEDE SZDZM III - Eylemi Zaman Ynnden Tanmlayan Yaplar 27. SYNTAX IV - Mixed Examples Sz Dizimi V - Kark rnekler

Verbs / Subtitle I - Accusative Form

Hello, welcome to the first lesson of Intermediate Level. Before start to talk about verbs, we have to know about "Accusative, Dative, Locative and Dative Forms and Suffixes." In Turkish, by the suffixes that they cause a noun to meet, we can seperate verbs at four branches: 1) Accusative Verbs 2) Dative Verbs 3) Locative Verbs 4) Ablative Verbs A verb might be an Dative Verb or might be both Dative and Ablative Verb. As we continue to talk about verbs, I will tell which verbs is what. And, by time, you are going to understand yourself that which verbs is what. Now, lets start with Accusative Form and Suffixes: ACCUSATIVE FORM: Accusative Form, or Belirtme Durumu in Turkish, receives one of "-, -i, -u and -" suffixes. A noun can end by a vowel. When this happens, as a connection character, we are going to use "y". This will prevent confussion. Lets see these suffixes with a simple table: Last Vowel

a, e, i o, u ,

Suffix Form - -i -u -

As you see, just like other suffixes, these suffixes work according to the Vowel Harmony, too. We are going to look at last vowel and then add suffix. Example, lets use "door / kap" at Accusative Mode: Kap, ends with a vowel, and its last vowel is "". I said that when a noun ended with vowel, we will use "y" as connection character.

Not, lets look at the table. What does table say us? Which suffix are we going to use when last vowel is ""? Table say: Use "" if last vowel is "" Kap + y + : Kap is noun, y is connection character and "" is accusative form suffix. Lets use "school / okul" noun at Accusative Form: Okul ends with a consonant, you we dont need "y" connection character. Lets look at table, table says that if last vowel is "u", then use "-u" suffix. Okul + u : Okul is noun, "u" is accusative form suffix. (Note: Do not confuse these suffixes with 3rd Singular Person Relative Suffixes. You will make this discrimination by the time :) ) I have prepared a table for you below. At this table, you can see Accusative Form usages of some nouns. I have written suffixes with dark characters, and underlined "y" connection characters: English Word Meaning/Nom.Form Accusative Form

house car building tree garden book door chair table school student song notebook driver

ev araba bina aa bahe kitap kap sandalye masa okul renci ark defter ofr

evi arabay binay aac baheyi kitab kapy sandalyeyi masay okulu renciyi arky defteri ofr

It is too simple. My friends, dont fear. These suffixes may be seen complicated and you may not know how to use them. But when we start to talk about verbs, you are going to understand exactly. But now, study and learn Accusative, Dative, Locative and Ablative Form suffixes.

And these are accusative forms for Personal Pronouns: Personal Pronoun Accusative form

ben sen o biz siz onlar

beni seni onu bizi sizi onlar

Verbs / Subtitle II - Dative Form

Hello my friends. Welcome to lesson. Dative Form, or Ynelme Durumu in Turkish, is easier than Accusative Form, because it has got only two suffiex, "-a and -e" which changes by Vowel Harmony. Just like in Accusative Form, we are going to use "y" connection character when a nound ended with a vowel. Now, with a simple table, lets see the usage of Dative Form suffixes:

Last Vowel of Pronoun a, , o, u e, i, ,

Suffix Form -a -e

Lets use "door / kap" at Dative Form. Kap ends with a vowel, so we must use "y" connection character. Kap ends with "", table says us "use "-a" when the noun ends with "" vowel: Kap + y +a : Kap is noun, "y" is connection character and "-a" is Dative Form Suffix. Now, lets use "garden / bahe" at Dative Form. "bahe" ends with a vowel too, we will use "y" again. And this nouns last vowel is "e". Table says, use "-e" if nouns last vowel is "e" Bahe + y + e: Bahe is noun, y is connection and "-e" is Dative Form Suffix.

I have prepared a table for usage of Dative Form at some Nouns. house ev eve

car building tree garden book door chair table school student song notebook driver

araba bina aa bahe kitap kap sandalye masa okul renci ark defter ofr

arabaya binaya aaca baheye kitaba kapya sandalyeye masaya okula renciye arkya deftere ofre

It is too easy. And, a table for Dative Forms of Personal Pronouns. Personal Pronoun Accusative form

ben sen o biz siz onlar

bana sana ona bize size onlara

Verbs / Subtitle III - Locative Form

Hello friends. Welcome lesson. I have told for two times about Locative Form at Beginner Level Lessons. But I am going to tell it for one more time for you to understand it better. Locative form has got four vowel, "-de, -da, -te, and -ta" which change according to both Consonant Mutation and Vowel Harmony. With a simple table, lets see the usage of suffixes: I have prepared this table for both Consonant Mutuation and Vowel Harmony. Read it for a minute

Last Vowel e, i, , a, , o, u e, i, , a, , o, u

Last Consonant Soft Consonants Soft Consonants p, , t, k, s, , h p, , t, k, s, , h

Suffix -de -da -te -ta

Lets use "kap" noun at Locative form: Kap ends with a vowel, so we will accept it as "soft consotant ended". And ends with "". According to the table, we will use "-da" Kap + da : Kapda Lets to the same for "breathe / soluk" noun. Soluk ends with "k", which is a hard consonant. And last vowel is "u". Table says use "-ta" Soluk + ta: Solukta I have prepared a table for usage of Locative Form at some nouns: English Word Meaning/Nom.Form Locative Form

house car building tree garden book door chair table school student song notebook driver

ev araba bina aa bahe kitap kap sandalye masa okul renci ark defter ofr

evde arabada binada aata bahede kitapta kapda sandalyede masada okulda rencide arkda defterde ofrde

And, Locative Form for Personal Pronouns:

Personal Pronoun ben

Locative Form bende

sen o biz siz onlar

sende onda bizde sizde onlarda

Verbs / Subtitle IV - Ablative Form

Hello again, welcome to lesson. Ablative Form, or Ayrlma Durumu in Turkish, is simply a respond to "from..." in Englis. "From school, from home etc.." Ablative form has got four suffixes, "-den, -dan, -ten, -tan" which change according to both Consonant Mutuation and Vowel Harmony. Lets look at the table below for the suffixes of Ablative Form: Last Vowel of Pro. Soft Consonant p,,t,k,s,,h Consonants

a, , o, u e, i, ,

-dan -den

-tan -ten

Lets make an example. Kap, ends is a vowel, you we will accept it as it ends with a "soft consonant". It also ends with "". Table tell us to choose "-dan" suffix Kap + dan: Kapdan Lets do the same for "bahe / garden". Bahe ends with a vowel, too and its "e". Table tells us to put "-den" suffix. Bahe + den: Baheden

I have prepare a table for the usage of this Form at some nouns: English Word Meaning/Nom.Form

Ablative Form

house car building tree garden book door chair table school student song notebook driver

ev araba bina aa bahe kitap kap sandalye masa okul renci ark defter ofr

evden arabadan binadan aatan baheden kitaptan kapdan sandalyeden masadan okuldan renciden arkdan defterden ofrden

And Ablative Form for Plural Nouns: Personal Pronoun

ben sen o biz siz onlar

Ablative Form benden senden ondan bizden sizden onlardan

ntroduction to Verbs and Imperative Mood

Welcome to the lessons. We have told about the Accusative, Dative, Locative and Ablative modes. Lets start at the verbs!

In Turkish, we seperate a verbs at two pieces, root of verbs (called "kk" in Turkish") and "infitity suffix" of verbs.

Infinity suffixes provide the verb to sound "idle". In English, this is provided to say "to go, to do." We do this by "-mek/-mak" suffixes, shown at the table below: This Last Vowel of Verb

a, , o, u e, i, ,

Form of Infinitive Suffix -mak -mek

Lets look at the verbs now: Yap + mak : to do, to make. (Bold word is the root of verb.) Git + mek: to go Bil + mek: to know Giy + mek: to wear Duy + mak: to hear Gr + mek: to see Kapat + mak: to close For us, verb roots are more important. Because we provide verbs to gain meaning by adding suffixes at their roots. In here, there is an important point that verb root is also imperative for 2nd Singular Person, "sen" Yap! Do! Gr! See!

Kapat! Close! We can also make imperative mood of 3rd Singular person "o" by adding "-sin/-sn/-sun/-sn" suffixes. Bak + sn: Let him/her/it look Yap + sn: Let him/her/it do Kapat + sn: Let him/her/it close Unut + sun: Let/him/her/it forget

Imperative Mood of "Siz" and Negative Form of Imperative Mood

Hello friends. Welcome to the lesson. I told you that in daily Turkish, we use Imperative mood for four pronouns: a) Sen b) Siz c) O d) Onlar I told how we use Imperative Mode for Sen/O/Onlar Pronouns. But I didnt talk about "Siz". In this lesson, I will talk about that. When we want to express Imperative Mood for "Siz" (Plural You), we add "-in/-un/-n/-n" suffixes, nearby the verb root. If verb root ends with a vowel, than we put "y" as connection character. We will select one of "-in/un/-n/-n" according to the Vowel Harmony. Let see. Yap + n : Do it! (Plural) Oku + y + un: Read it! (Plural) Gr + n : See! (Plural) Duy + un : Hear! (Plural) ren + in : Learn! (Plural) Kapat + n : Close! (Plural)

Gid + in : Go! (t became d) Syle + y + in : Say! (Plural) For a more respectful and official saying, add "-z/-iz/-uz/-z" suffixes. Select one of these suffixes according to Vowel Harmony. Yapn + z: Do it (Official) Bakn + z: Look! (Official) Duyun + uz: Hear! (Official) Syleyin + iz: Say! (Official) renin + iz: Learn! (Official) Okuyun + uz: Read it! (Official)

And, negative form of Imperative Mood. The most basic negativeness suffix for verbs is "-ma/-me". This suffix changes according the Vowel Harmony (last vowel of verb). I have tried to tell the harmony of "-ma/-me" with the last vowel of verb root:

Last Vowel a, , o, u e, i, ,

Negativeness Suffix -ma -me

You see the table below. Lets start according to it: Yap + ma : Dont do! Bak + ma: Dont look! Syle + me: Dont say! Oku + ma : Dont read!

Gr + me: Dont see! Yaz + ma: Dont write! It is too easy for "sen". Lets look at negative form of 3rd Singular Person, "o": We put "-ma/-me" suffixes between verb root and two of 3rd Singular Person Imperative Mood suffixes "-sn/-sin". As negativeness suffixes never contain "u,,o and " we will not need -sun/sn. Yap + ma + sn : Let him/her not do Bak + ma + sn : Let him/her not look Syle + me + sin : Let him/her not say Oku + ma + sn : Let him/her not read Gr + me + sin: Let him/her not see For plural 3r person "onlar/they", just add "-ler/-lar" nearby the imperative moods above: Yapmasn + lar : Let them not do Bakmasn + lar : Let them not look Sylemesin + ler : Let them not say Okumasn + lar : Let them not read Grmesin + ler : Let them not see And negative form for "siz" pronoun. "-me/-ma" will come between verb root and imperative mood suffixes. We will only need "-n/-in" suffixes because that "-me/-ma" Bak + ma + y + n : Dont look (plural) Yap + ma + y + n : Dont do (plural) Syle + me + y + in : Dont say (plural) Oku + ma + y + n : Dont read (plural) For more respectful and official saying;

Bakmayn + z : Dont look (official) Yapmayn + z : Dont do (official) Sylemeyin + iz : Dont say (official) Okumayn + z : Dont read (official)

Basic Sentences with Imperative Mood

Hello, welcome to the lesson.

Verbs are very important for a language and very important for Turkish, too. Verbs are one of most detailed elements of Turkish but they are also too much funny to learn; because like a word-game, we provide verbs to gain meaning by adding some kind of suffixes nearby them.

At todays unit, we are not going to need any suffixes, because as at the previous lessons you have seen, root of verbs are also Imperative Mood for 2nd Singular Person, "sen".

In Turkish, we generally use Imperative Mood for "sen", "siz" and "o/onlar". At the previous lesson, I have tried to tell you about the Imperative Mood for "o" pronoun. I told you that we put "-sn/-sin/-sun/-sn" suffixes which change according to Vowel Harmony.

Yap + sn : Let him/her/it do

Oku + sun : Let him/her read

Gr + sn : Let him/her/it see

Bak + sn : Let him/her/it look

Bil + sin : Let him/her know

We sorta know how vowels are selected according to Vowel Harmony, thats why I havent prepared an apart table for Imperative Mood for 3rd Singular Person suffixes.

We know that "onlar" pronoun is the plural version of "o" pronoun. When we want to use Imperative Mood for 3rd Plural Pronoun, we add "-ler/-lar" (plural suffix) nearby "-sn/-sin/sun/-sn" suffixes, which are nearby the verb root

Yap + sn + lar : Let them do

Oku + sun + lar : Let them read

Gr + sn + ler : Let them see

Bak + sn + lar : Let them look

Bil + sin + ler : Let them know

This is easy isnt it? You may have confussed Imperative Suffix -sin/-sn/-sun/-sn with Personal Endings of "sen" (they are -sin/-sn/-sun/-sn). There is a very easy key point of that:

Personal Ending suffixes never come nearby verb roots!

Now, lets see how we can use Accusative, Dative, Ablative and Locative Form with verbs.

In English, when you say "close the door", "door" will be the object which directly going to be effected by your activity. In this sentence, you declare that "door" is going to be "closed". In Turkish, we call Accusative Mode also "Declaration Mode" (Belirtme Durumu). Because you declare that door is going to have an action about being closed.

Close the door! Im declaring you to close the door. So, we are going to use Accusative Mode.

Kap + y + kapat!

"y" is connection character there, it connects last vowel of Kap and accusative suffix "".

Lets make the same example for "read the book."

Read the book! Im declaring the book, Im declaring you to read the book.

Kitab + oku!

We know that book means "kitap" in Turkish. But when "p" remains between two vowels, it becomes "b", as I have said at previous lessons.

"Let him/her close the door" .

"Kap + y + " "kapat + sn"

Have you seen how easy it is?

"Let him close the door and let him open the window."

At second sentence, you declare "window" for "closing" activity.

Kapy kapatsn ve pencereyi asn.

A + mak (amak) : to open

Pencere: window

Accusative Form > pencere + y + i (y connects last vowel "e" and suffix "i")

Lets take a look at Dative Form:

Go to home!

At this sentence, you "direct" someone to go somewhere to another point.

From the current point >> To another point

Ev + e git!

Come outside!

Outside is "dar" in Turkish. In here, you want someone to leave its current position and come to outside.

Dar + y + a gel! (y connects last vowel "" and dative form suffix "a")

Let her come to school:

"Okul + a" "gel + sin".

You want "her" to leave her current position and come to school.

Give the book to him.

You want book to change place/hand. So, book is going to change its current position.

"Kitab + " "ona" "ver" !

"Ona" is dative form of "o" pronoun.

If you want subjects to protect their current positions, use locative forms:

Stay at home!

Ev + de kal!

kal + mak (kalmak): to stay.

Wait in the bus stop!

Durak + ta bekle!

bus stop: durak

bekle + mek (beklemek): to wait

If you ask for someone/something to leave their current positions but you dont point a next position, use ablative form.

Leave the home!

Ev + den ayrl!

ayrl + mak (ayrlmak): to leave

Get out of room!

Oda + dan k/ayrl!

k + mak: (kmak): to exit

oda: room. I have prepared some small hints for you: Accusative Form (Belirtme Durumu):

You declare object/subject.

Your activity declares a target.

Dative Form (Ynelme Durumu):

You direct object/subject.

You direct your activity to another point, previous point is indefinite, next point is definite and important.

Locative Form (Bulunma Durumu):

You ask object/subject to remain the current position.

Your activity keeps its current position.

Ablative Form (Ayrlma Durumu)

You ask object/subject to leave its current position without pointing a next one.

Your activity leaves current position, next position is indefinite and not important.

Simple Present Tense I - REVISED AND EDITED

Welcome to the lesson again. At previous lesson, we made an entrence for the usage of verbs and we have learnd positive/negative forms of Imperative Mood. Imperative Mood was first step for us, because it is the simplest form of a verb. Now, lets start to learn complicated verb forms. Our second step is going to be learning Simple Present Tense. In English, we use Simple Present Tense without using any suffixes (except "s" suffix for he/she/it) and we use the simplest forms of verbs. But in Turkish, this is not like that. When we want to creat a verb such as "I go", we follow these three steps 1) We detect the verb root/stem and we seperate stem and infitinty suffix (-mek/-mak) 2) Then we add "Simple Present Tense Suffix" nearby the verb root/stem and we handle "Main Simple Present Tense Form of Verb, shortly Main Form." 3) Then we congjugate this Main Form by Personal Endings and we create our sentence. Lets start.

The main Simple Present Suffix is "-r" suffix. If a verb ends with o vowel, we directly put "-r". But, if a verb ends with consonant, we add vowel between last consonant and "-r" suffix which we choose according to the vowel Harmony. Lets see this table:

Last Vowel a, e, i i, e u ,

Simple Present Form Suffix -(a)r -(e)r -(i)r (this is only for bilmek and "gelmek") -(u)r -()r

Simple Form or Main Form for Present Tense is also Present Tense Conjugation of 3rd Singular Pronoun. When we add one of these suffixes nearby the verb root/stem, we gain both Present Tense Conjugation of 3rd Singular Pronoun and Main Form of Verb for Present Tense. Because we conjuagte this form for other pronouns. First, lets handle the Main Form of Present Tense for verbs, which is also going to be Present Tense Conjugation of 3rd Singular Pronoun. Lets look at "Yapmak" verb, which means "to do, to make" Verb root is "yap" . What is the last vowel? Last vowel of this verb is also its only vowel and it is "a". Look at the table. What happens if last vowel of a verb is "a"? We add -(a)r nearby the verb root/stem. Yap + ar ! : He, she, it does! Lets do this for "Bakmak" which means "to look". Verb root/stem is "bak" and its last and only vowel is "a". Bak + ar ! : He, she, it looks! Now, lets find the Simple/Main Forms of verbs below: Bakmak (to look) , okumak (to read) , yazmak (to write) , yemek (to eat) , imek (to drink) , atmak (to throw) , gitmek (to go) , kapatmak (to close) , bilmek (to know) , gelmek (to come) : Bak + ar ! : He, she, it looks! Oku + r : He, she, it reads. Yaz + ar : He, she, it writes.

Ye + r : He, she, it eats. + er : He, she, it drinks. At + ar : He, she, it throws. Gid + er : He, she, it goes (t became d) Kapat + r : He, she, it closes (Kapat is an exception and receives -()r.) Bil + ir : He, she, it knows. (Bil is an exception and receives -(i)r.) Gel + ir : He, she, it comes. (Gel is an exception and recieves -(i)r.) Lets look the Present Tense forms of Other Pronouns. I will tell conjugation for each Personal Pronoun. Lets start: 1) Present Tense for "Ben" (I am) Pronoun. When we want to say "I go" or "I do" in Turkish, we should follow the steps below: a) First, find the Present Tense form of 3rd Singular Pronoun, which we also called Main Form for Present Tense. b) And then, conjugate it according to the Personal Endings of "ben". Lets remember the Personal Endings of "ben" with a table below:

R.Pronoun/Last Vowel - Suffix I

Meaning

If last vowel is a, -()m

If last vowel is If last vowel e,i is o, u -(i)m -(u)m

ben

If last vowel is , -()m

Lets start and conjugate the verbs below: Bakmak (to look) , okumak (to read) , yazmak (to write) , yemek (to eat) , imek (to drink) , atmak (to throw) , gitmek (to go) , kapatmak (to close) , bilmek (to know) , gelmek (to come), unutmak (to forget), giymek (to wear), grmek (to see) : Bak + ar + m : I look! Yap + ar + m : I do!

Oku + r + um : I read! Yaz + ar + m : I write! Ye + r + im : I eat! + er + im : I drink! At + ar + m : I throw! Gid + er + im : I go! Kapat + r + m : I close! Bil + ir + im : I know! Gel + ir + im : I come! Unut + ur + um : I forget Giy + er + im : I wear! Gr + r + m : I see! 2) Present Tense for "Sen (You are)" Pronoun: a) First, find the Present Tense form of 3rd Singular Pronoun, which we also called Main Form for Present Tense. b) And then, conjugate it according to the Personal Endings of "sen". Lets remember the Personal Endings of "sen" with a table below: R.Pronoun/Last Meaning If last vowel If last vowel is If last vowel If last vowel Vowel - Suffix is a, e,i is o, u is ,

you

sen

-sn

-sin

-sun

-sn

Lets start and conjugate the verbs below: Bakmak (to look) , okumak (to read) , yazmak (to write) , yemek (to eat) , imek (to drink) , atmak (to throw) , gitmek (to go) , kapatmak (to close) , bilmek (to know) , gelmek (to come), unutmak (to forget), giymek (to wear), grmek (to see) :

Bak + ar + sn : You look! Yap + ar + sn : You do! Oku + r + sun : You read! Yaz + ar + sn : You write! Ye + r + sin : You eat! + er + sim : You drink! At + ar + sn : You throw! Gid + er + sin : You go! Kapat + r + sn : You close! Bil + ir + sin : You know! Gel + ir + sin : You come! Unut + ur + sun : You forget Giy + er + sin : You wear! Gr + r + sn : You see!

3) Present Tense for Biz (We) Pronoun.

a) First, find the Present Tense form of 3rd Singular Pronoun, which we also called Main Form for Present Tense. b) And then, conjugate it according to the Personal Endings of "biz". Lets remember the Personal Endings of "biz" with a table below: Lets remember the conjugation table for "biz": R.Pronoun/Last Meaning If last vowel Vowel - Suffix is a,

If last vowel is If last vowel e,i is o, u -iz -uz

we

biz

-z

If last vowel is , -z

Lets start and conjugate the verbs below: Bakmak (to look) , okumak (to read) , yazmak (to write) , yemek (to eat) , imek (to drink) , atmak (to throw) , gitmek (to go) , kapatmak (to close) , bilmek (to know) , gelmek (to come), unutmak (to forget), giymek (to wear), grmek (to see) : Bak + ar + z : We look! Yap + ar + z : We do! Oku + r + uz : We read! Yaz + ar + z : We write! Ye + r + iz : We eat! + er + iz : We drink! At + ar + z : We throw! Gid + er + iz : We go! Kapat + r + z : We close! Bil + ir + iz : We know! Gel + ir + iz : We come! Unut + ur + uz : We forget Giy + er + iz : We wear! Gr + r + z : We see!

4) Present Tense for "Siz" Pronoun: a) First, find the Present Tense form of 3rd Singular Pronoun, which we also called Main Form for Present Tense. b) And then, conjugate it according to the Personal Endings of "siz". Lets remember the Personal Endings of "siz" with a table below: R.Pronoun/Last Meaning If last vowel If last vowel is If last vowel If last vowel

Vowel - Suffix you siz

is a, -snz

e,i -siniz

is o, u -sunuz

is , -snz

Lets start and conjugate the verbs below: Bakmak (to look) , okumak (to read) , yazmak (to write) , yemek (to eat) , imek (to drink) , atmak (to throw) , gitmek (to go) , kapatmak (to close) , bilmek (to know) , gelmek (to come), unutmak (to forget), giymek (to wear), grmek (to see) : Bak + ar + snz : You look! Yap + ar + snz : You do! Oku + r + sunuz : You read! Yaz + ar + snz : You write! Ye + r + siniz : You eat! + er + siniz : You drink! At + ar + snz : You throw! Gid + er + siniz : You go! Kapat + r + snz : You close! Bil + ir + siniz : You know! Gel + ir + siniz : You come! Unut + ur + sunuz : You forget Giy + er + siniz : You wear! Gr + r + snz : You see!

5) For the Present Tense for "Onlar", you can use Main Form or add Plurality Suffixes -ler/-lar.

IMPORTANT! EXCEPTIONAL RULES: If a verb root has got more than one vowels; a) If last vowel is a and , it receives -r b) If last vowel is e and i, it receives -ir Anlatr: He/she/it tells. Saldrr: He/she/it attacks Patlatr: He/she/it blows Verb root/stem + Present Simple Tense Suffix + Personal Endings. A funny note: I have added a song with name "Yanarm" from Sertab Erener, meaning "I burn" Yanmak: Yan + ar + m : I burn :)

Simple Present Tense II - Negative Form

Welcome to the lesson. In this lesson, we are going to talk about the negative form of Simple Present Tense. We use a different structure when we express negativeness for Simple Tense for each pronoun. We do it by "-ma/-me". Lets see. 1) Negative Form of Present Tense for "Ben" We can formulize the structure basicly; "Verb root + -ma/me + m" Bil + me + m : I dont know.

Yap + ma + m : I dont do. Kapat + ma + m : I dont close. Unut + ma + m : I dont forget. Gr + me + m : I dont see. Oku + ma + m : I dont read. 2) Negative Form of Present Tense for "Sen" With a simple formula: "Verb root + -me/ma + z + -sin/-sn" Bil + me + z + sin : You dont know Yap + ma + z + sn : You dont do Kapat + ma + z + sn : You dont close Unut + ma + z + sn : You dont forget Gr + me + z + sin : You dont see Oku + ma + z + sn : You dont read

3) Negative Form of Present Tense for "O" With a simple formula; "Verb root + -me/-ma + z" Bil + me + z : He/she/it doesnt know Yap + ma + z : He/she/it doesnt do Kapat + ma + z : He/she/it doesnt forget Unut + ma + z : He/she/it doesnt forget

Gr + me + z : He/she/it doesnt see Oku + ma + z : He/she/it doesnt read

4) Negative Form of Present Tense for "Biz" With a simple formula; "Verb root + -me/-ma + y + -iz/-z" Bil + me + y + iz : We dont know Yap + ma + y + z : We dont do Kapat + ma + y + z : We dont close Unut + ma + y + z : We dont forget Gr + me + y + iz : We dont see Oku + ma + y + z : We dont read

5) Negative Form of Present Tense for "Siz" With a simple formula; "Verb root + -me/-ma + z + -siniz/-snz Bil + me + z + siniz : You dont know Yap + ma + z + snz : You dont do Kapat + ma + z + snz : You dont close Unut + ma + z + snz : You dont forget Gr + me + z + siniz : You dont see

Oku + ma + z + snz : You dont read

6) Negative Form of Present Tense for "Onlar" You can add "-ler/lar" nearby Negative Form for "o".

Present Continious Tense I

Hello, welcome to lesson. Today, we are going to talk about "Present Continious Tense / imdiki Zaman." "I am going, she is reading, etc.." are sentences that belong to Present Continious Tense. In English, we create this structure by using "-ing" suffix. In Turkish, we do this by adding a suffix, too. -yor is the suffix for Present Continious Tense, and it never changes form for Vowel Harmony, yor is one of some suffixes that doesnt meet Vowel Harmony principles. Do you remember the previous lessons about Simple Present Tense? At those lessons, we had told about "Main Form of Simple Present Tense (also Simple Present Tense form of verb for 3rd Singular Person)". Same principle is valid here, too. When we connect VERB ROO/STEM and -yor suffix, it is the Main Form of Verb for PCT, and PCT form of 3rd Singular Person, "o") But, there is a little difference here. When we want to combine verb root and -yor suffix, we put A VOWEL behind these two structures and we select this according to Vowel Harmony. "Yap + yor" is incorrect, in here, for an easier pronounce we put a vowel between "yap" and "-yor". We select these connection vowel by the principle below:

1) If last vowel of verb stem is "a or " , use "" as connection vowel, 2) If last vowel of verb stem is "e or i" , use "i" as connection vowel, 3) If last vowel of verb stem is "u or o", use "u" as connection vowel,

4) If last vowel of verb stem is " or " , use "" as connection vowel. Lets start to examples: "He/she/it is doing" To do is "yapmak" in Turkish. Verb stem/root is "yap". We will combine "yap" and "-yor". We will need connection vowel for this. Last vowel of "yap" is "a", so we need "" vowel to put. Yap + + yor : He / she / it is doing! Lets use a different verb this time, "anlatmak" means "to tell". Verb stem/root is "anlat" and last vowel is "a". So, we will put "" between verb root/stem and -yor suffix. Anlat + + yor : He / she / it is telling! Lets use these verbs: Bakmak (to look), Bilmek (to know), Grmek (to see), Duymak (to hear), Oturmak (to sit down), Kalkmak (to stand up), Yazmak (to write), renmek (to learn), retmek (to teach) : Bak + + yor : He / she / it is looking Bil + i + yor : He / she / it is knowing Gr + + yor : He / she / it is seeing Duy + u + yor : He / she / it is hearing Otur + u + yor : He / she / it is sitting down Kalk + + yor : He / she / it is standing up Yaz + + yor : He / she / it is writing ren + i + yor : He / she / it is learning ret + i + yor : He / she / it is teaching What is going to happen if a verb ends with a vowel? Last vowels of some verbs change when they meet "-yor" suffix. We call it "vowel narrowing." For "okumak" word, there is not a problem. Oku + yor is correct.

But, there is a little complicated rule if verb ends with "a or e" vowel, at this point: Lets see it with an example: Atlamak, means "to jump". Verb root/stem ends with "a". And, when it meets "-yor", it gets narrowed. "a" vowel generally narrows and becomes "" but, althought not at common verbs, if there is a vowel before "a" and if it is "o" or "u", it becomes "u". Atla + yor > Atl + yor! : He/she/it is jumping! Anlamak is "to understand." Anla + yor > Anl + yor : He/she/it is understanding! Saklamak is "to hide" Sakla + yor > Sakl + yor : He/she/it is ending. Yaamak is "to live" : Yaa + yor > Ya + yor : He/she/it is living. If last vowel is "e", it becomes "i". Eklemek means "to add": Ekle + yor > Ekli + yor : He/she/it is adding Beklemek means "to wait": Bekle + yor > Bekli + yor : He/she/it is waiting Exceptionally, if there is a vowel before "e" and it is "" , "e" becomes "": Sylemek means "to say" Syle + yor > Syl + yor > He/she/it is saying At next lesson, we are going to conjugate this structure for personal pronouns: "I am going, you are doing etc..."

Present Continious Tense II

Hello friends. In previous lesson, we have told about the Main Form of Present Continious Tense. Now, we are going to talk about how we can use Present Continious for Personal Pronouns. We have seen that "-yor" never meets the the principles of Vowel Harmony as an exception. Because of this rule, we are going to use only one suffix for each personal ending. We can see Present Continious Personal Endings at the table below. ben -um
sen o biz siz onlar -sun -uz -sunuz -lar

Lets say "I am doing." 1) First, we should find the Main Form for Present Continious Tense; Yap + + yor : He/she/it is doing (also Main Form) Now, lets conjugate this Main Form for each Personal Pronoun: Yapyor + um : I am doing Yapyor + sun : You are doing Yapyor : He/she/it is doing Yapyor + uz : We are doing Yapyor + sunuz : You are doing

Yapyor + lar : They are doing

Lets conjugate this verbs for each personal pronoun according for the Present Continious Tense: Gitmek (to go), Bilmek (to know), mek (to drink), Grmek (to see), Anlatmak (to tell), Sylemek (to say), Konumak (to speak), Glmek (to laugh), Yazmak (to write), Anlamak (to understand), Kapatmak (to close):

1) Gitmek: Main Form is : Gid + i + yor Gidiyor + um : I am going Gidiyor + sun : You are going Gidiyor: He/she/it is going Gidiyor + uz : We are going Gidiyor + sunuz : You are going Gidiyor + lar : They are going 2) Bilmek Main Form : Bil + i + yor. Biliyor + um : I know Biliyor + sun : You know Biliyor : He/she/it is knows Biliyor + uz : We know Biliyor + sunuz : You know Biliyor + lar : They know

3) mek Main Form > + i + yor iyor + um : Im drinking iyor + sun : You are drinking iyor : He/she/it is drinking iyor + uz : we are drinking iyor + sunuz : You are drinking iyor + lar : They are drinking

4) Grmek Main Form > Gr + + yor Gryor + um : I see Gryor + sun : You see Gryor : He/she/it sees Gryor + uz : We see Gryor + sunuz : You see Gryor + lar : They see 5) Anlatmak Main Form > Anlat + + yor Anlatyor + um : I am telling Anlatyor + sun : You are telling

Anlatyor : He/she/it is telling Anlatyor + uz : We are telling Anlatyor + sunuz : You are telling Anlatyor + lar : They are telling 6) Sylemek Main Form > Syl + yor Sylyor + um : I am saying Sylyor + sun : You are saying Sylyor : He/she/it is saying Sylyor + uz : We are saying Sylyor + sunuz : You are saying Sylyor + lar : They are saying 7) Konumak Main Form > Konu + u + yor Konuuyor + um : Im speaking Konuuyor + sun : You are speaking Konuuyor : He/she/it is speaking Konuuyor + uz : We are speaking Konuuyor + sunuz : You are speaking Konuuyor + lar : They are speaking 8) Glmek

Main Form > Gl + + yor Glyor + um : Im laughing Glyor + sun : You are laughing Glyor : He/she/it is laughing Glyor + uz : We are laughing Glyor + sunuz : You are laughing Glyor + lar : They are laughing 9) Yazmak Main Form > Yaz + + yor Yazyor + um : Im writing Yazyor + sun : You are writing Yazyor : He/she/it is writing Yazyor + uz : We are writing Yazyor + sunuz : You are writing Yazyor + lar : They are writing 10) Anlamak Main Form > Anl + yor Anlyor + um : I understand Anlyor + sun : You understand Anlyor : He/she/it understands Anlyor + uz : We understand Anlyor + sunuz : You understand

Anlyor + lar : They understand 11) Kapatmak Main Form > Kapat + + yor Kapatyor + um : I am closing Kapatyor + sun : You are closing Kapatyor : He/she/it is closing Kapatyor + uz : We are closing Kapatyor + sunuz : You are closing Kapatyor + lar : They are closing

Note: I wrote some English verbs in Simple Tense Form because of they arent used in Present Continious form.

Present Continious Tense III - Negative Form

We do this with "-ma" suffix but it changes form for the sound harmony and easier pronunciation. We put "-ma" suffix between verb stem and -yor suffix. Lets see the principle: 1) If last vowel of verb stem is "a or " , use "-m" as connection vowel, 2) If last vowel of verb stem is "e or i" , use "-mi" as connection vowel, 3) If last vowel of verb stem is "u or o", use "-mu" as connection vowel, 4) If last vowel of verb stem is " or " , use "-m" as connection vowel. This is the explanation of this principle. But there is an easier way, actually it is a short way. Do you remember the "connection vowels" between verb stem and -yor? Just put "m" letter between verb stem and connection vowel. Lets see:

Yap + + yor : He, she, it is doing. Yap + m + yor : He, she, it is NOT doing. Gr + + yor + um : I am seeing. Gr + m + yor + um : I am NOT seeing. By the short way:

Yapyorum > Yapmyorum (I am doing / I am NOT doing)

Biliyorsunuz > Bilmiyorsunuz (You know / You dont know)

Anlatyoruz > Anlatmyoruz (We are telling / We are not telling) It is very easy as you see.

Question Forms of Simple Present Tense and Present Continious Tense

Hello, in this lesson, we are going to talk about the question forms of Present Continious Tense and Simple Present Tense. "Are you reading?" "Are we going?" "Do you know?" etc... We do question forms by the simplest question word "mi?". In fourth lessons, I had told about the conjugated forms of "mi?" question word. We will use the same structure here. But before this, lets remember the conjugation table of "mi?" for both last vowels and pronouns.

Pronoun/Vowels Ben Sen O

a, (m?) mym? msn? mdr?

e,i (mi?) miyim? misin? midir?

o, u (mu?) muyum? musun? mudur?

, (m?) mym? msn? mdr?

Biz Siz Onlar

myz? msnz? m?

miyiz? misiniz? mi?

muyuz? musunuz? mu?

myz? msnz? m?

When we want to use conjugated VERB in question form, we consider this conjugated form as a NOUN. We use the Main Forms of conjugations for both Simple Present Tense and Present Continious Tense. Formula is: Main Form of Simple Present Tense/Present Continious Tense + Conjugated "Mi?" Lets make an example: "Do you reading?" First, lets detect the Main Form of "okumak" Okur : He, she, it reads. Also the Main Form. The last vowel of of "okur" is "u" and we will select "mu" form. "You" is Sen, and when that happens, we select "musun?" (Look at the table) Okur musun? : Do you read? Lets do the same for "Do I read?" Okur muyum? Lets conjugate "Yapmak" verb for Simple Present Tense for all Pronouns: Yapar mym? : Do I do? Yapar msn? : Do you do? Yapar m? : Does he/she/it do? Yapar myz? : Do we do? Yapar msnz? : Do you (plural) do?

Yaparlar m? : Do they do? Lets do this for verb "Bilmek" for Simple Present Tense: Bilir miyim? : Do I know? Bilir misin? : Do you know? Bilir mi? : Does he/she/it know? Bilir miyiz? : Do we know? Bilir misiniz? : Do you (plural) know? Bilirler mi? : Do they know? Lets do this for verb "izlemek / to watch" zler miyim? : Do I watch? zler misin? : Do you watch? zler mi? : Does he/she/it watch? zler miyiz? : Do we watch? zler misiniz? : Do you (plural) watch? zlerler mi? : Do they watch? When we want to use this structure for Present Continious Tense, because of Main Form of Present Continious ends by "-yor", we always use "mi" for "o" conjugation, "mu?" Okuyor muyum? : Am I reading? Okuyor musun? : Are you reading? Okuyor mu? : Is he/she/it reading? Okuyor muyuz? : Are we reading? Okuyor musunuz? : Are you (plural) reading? Okuyorlar m ? : Are they reading?

Lets do it for "Yapmak" Yapyor muyum? Yapyor musun? Yapyor mu? Yapyor muyuz? Yapyor musunuz? Yapyorlar m?

Future Tense I

In future tense, we do not have two kind of structures like in English. (will and going to). We create future tense with -ecek/-acak suffixes. If last vowel of verb stem is "a, , o or u" we put -ecek If last vowel of verb stem is "e, i, or " we put -acak Yap + acak : He/she/it is going to do. Gid + ecek : He/she/it is going to go. This is Main Form for Future Tense. We use Personal Endings for conjugations of this structure. Yap + aca + m : I am going to do. (Not that "k" becomes "" because of it is between two vowels) Yap + acak + sn : You are going to do. Yap + acak : He/she/it is going to do. Yap + aca + z : We are going to do. Yap + acak + snz : You are going to do (plural).

Yap + acak + lar : They are going to do. Lets do the same with "gelmek" verb: Gel + ece + im : I am going to come Gel + ecek + sin : You are going to come. Gel + ecek : He/she/it is going to come. Gel + ece + iz : We are going to come. Gel + ecek + siniz : You are going to come (plural). Gel + ecek + ler : They are going to come. Lets do the same for "kapatmak" verb. Kapatacam: I am going to close. Kapatacaksn: You are going to close Kapatacak: He/she/it is going to close. Kapatacaz: We are going to close. Kapatacaksnz: You are going to close (plural) Kapatacaklar: They are going to close. This time, iets do this for "anlatmak" verb. (to tell) Anlatacam: I am going to tell. Anlatacaksn: You are going to tell. Anlatacak: He/she/it is going to tell. Anlatacaz: We are going to tell. Anlatacaksnz: You are going to tell. Anlatacaklar: They are going to tell.

Lets do it for "beklemek": Bekleyeceim: I am going to wait. Bekleyeceksin: You are going to wait. Bekleyecek: He/she/is going to wait. Bekleyeceiz: We are going to wait. Bekleyeceksiniz: You are going to wait (plural) Bekleyecekler: They are going to wait.

Future Tense II - Negative Form

Negative form Future Tense is very easy! Use "-me" and "-ma" negativeness suffixes for that: If last vowel of verb stem is one of "a, , o, u" then put "-ma" If last vowel of verb stem is one of "e, i, , " then put "-me" We put "y" between negativeness suffix and Future Tense suffixes; likewise you see: Gr + me + y + ecek: He/she/it wont see. Kapat + ma + y + acak: He/she/it wont close. Gitmeyeceim: I wont go. Oturmayacaksn: You wont sit. Grmeyeceiz: We wont see. Yazmayaksn: You wont write.

Prononciation Tips for Daily Speech of Tenses

We always say that Turkish is phonetic language; we read it as we write. But in daily speech, this

rule sometimes changes. Except some points of Present Simple Tense and Future Tense, Turkish is a phonetic language but daily prononciation sometimes changes it. Lets see: Yapyorum means "I am doing" and it is a Present Tense sentence. We pronounce it how we read. Yapyor means "he, she, it" is doing. In daily speech, "r" of -"yor" isnt PRONOUNCED. We pronounce it "yapyo" Gryor > Gryo Biliyor > Biliyo Same is valid for negativeness: Yapmyor > Yapmyo Bilmiyor > Bilmiyo Gitmiyor > Gitmiyo Yapyorsun means "you are doing". In daily speech, "r" of -yor ISNT PRONOUNCED, TOO. Yapyorsun > Yapyosun Biliyorsun > Biliyosun Gidiyorsun > Gidiyosun Same is valid for "Siz" Yapyorsunuz > Yapyosunuz Biliyorsunuz > Biliyosunuz Gidiyorsunuz > Gidiyosunuz Yapyorlar means "they are doing". Yapyorlar > Yapyolar

Gidiyorlar > Gidiyolar Biliyorlar > Biliyolar We pronounce questions forms in same way; Gidiyor musunuz? (Are you going?) > Gidiyo musunuz? Yapyor musun? (Are you doing?) > Yapyo musun? Bilmiyor mu? (Doesnt he/she/it know?) > Bilmiyo mu? Gitmiyor muyuz? (Arent we going?) > Gitmiyo muyuz? PRONONCIATION TIPS FOR FUTURE TENSE Yapacam means "I am going to do" In daily speech it is generally pronounced as "yapcam" Gideceim > Gidicem Gideceksin > Gidiceksin Gelmeyeceim (I am not going to come) > Gelmi(y)cem alacam (I am going to work) > alcam Mzik dinleyeceim (I am going to listen music) > Mzik dinli(y)cem Okumayacaz (We arent going to read) > Okum u/ ycaz. Daily prononciation of these two tenses is a little complicated. These forms are used in informal/daily speech.

Simple Past Tense I - Past Tense with "-idi"

Hello again. Past Tense or Gemi Zaman in Turkish looks a little complicated. We use simply -idi suffix for simple past tense; but we never use it apart, it is turned into a suffix and it becomes -di.

Of course that suffix changes according to Vowel Harmony and because of its first character is a consonant, it also changes according to the structure of last consonants of verb stems. Lets see this with a table: Last Vowel / Last Consonant a, e, i o, u , -d -di -du -d Soft Consonant -t -ti -tu -t Hard Consonant (p, , t, k, , h, f, s)

When we want to put one of these suffixes, we follow these steps; 1) We look at the LAST consonant of verb stem. We look if it is hard or soft consonant. If verb stem is ending by a vowel, then we use accept it as soft consonant and we use the conjugations of -di. 2) Then we look at the last vowel; according to the last vowel, we select one of the suffixes in the table above. This kind of past tense is called "Gemi Zamann Hikayesi" (Story Mood of Past Tense) and we used it for "seen past". We use this structure for the past that we have personally seen. Lets start with an example. Yapmak means to do, as you know. Verb stem is yap. Stem ends by a hard consotant (p) and its last vowel is a. When we look at the table we see that we should use "-t" suffix. Yap + t : He/she/it did. This is also Main Form for Past Tense. Grmek means to see. Stem is gr. It ends by r and it is a soft consonant; last vowel is . According to the table, we should choose -d. Gr + d : He/she/it saw.

Kapatmak means "to close"; ends by a hard consonant (t) and its last vowel is "a". From the table; we are going to put -t. Kapat + t : He/she/it closed. Okumak means to read. It ends by a vowel (u) and it is also last vowel. Because of stem ends by a vowel, we accept as it ends by soft consonant. From the table, we choose -du. Oku + du : He/she/it read. Yemek means to eat, stem is "ye". Ye + di : He/she/it ate. Aramak means to look for, stem is "ara" Ara + d : He/she/it looked for. Lets do it for some other verbs: Bilmek > Bildi Gitmek > Gitti Duymak > Duydu Giymek > Giydi Yazmak > Yazd izmek > izdi Anlatmak > Anlatt Anlamak > Anlad renmek > rendi Bakmak > Bakt Konumak > Konutu Barmak > Bard

Kesmek > Kesti Sevmek > Sevdi Almak > Ald Vermek > Verdi kmak > kt Girmek > Girdi zlemek > zledi

Simple Past Tense II - Conjugation of Personal Pronouns

Hello. We told about Main Form of Past Tense in previous lesson; now we are going to learn to conjugate them for personal pronouns. We add personal endings nearby the Main Form of Tense; see in the table below: Pronoun Ben Sen O Biz Siz Onlar Suffix -m -n no ending -k -niz, -nz, -nz, -nz (according to Vowel Harmony) -lar, -ler

How can we say "I did?" Yapmak is our verb; stem is "yap"

Main Form > Yapt I did > Yaptm You did > Yaptn We did > Yaptk You did > Yaptnz They did > Yaptlar Lets conjugate "okumak" verb for Past Tense: I read > Okudum You read > Okudun We read > Okuduk You read > Okudunuz They read > Okudular Lets conjugate a different verb now; "kaybolmak". It means to get lost. Stem is "kaybol" I got lost > Kayboldum You got lost > Kayboldun We got lost > Kaybolduk You get lost > Kayboldunuz They got lost > Kayboldular Lets do the same for verb "yemek". Stem is "ye" I ate > Yedim You ate > Yedin We ate > Yedik

You ate > Yediniz They ate > Yediler As you see it is not difficult if you know about the rules.

Simple Past Tense III - Negative Form of -idi

Hello friends; this time we are going to talk about the negative form of Story Mood of Past Tense, idi. Likewise in previous tenses, we are going to put negativeness suffixes -me/-ma between stem and tense suffix. Lets see this with a simple formula: If last vowel of verb stem is one of "a,,o,u", formula is: Verb stem + -ma + d If last vowel of verb stem is one of "e,i,,", formula is: Verb stem + -me + di Lets make examples: "Yapt" means he/she/it did. So, how can we say he/she/it DIDNT do? Very easy; lets use the formula. Last and only vowel of "yap" stem is "a". Lets put the keys into formula: Yap + ma + d : He/she/it didnt do! It is too easy, isnt it? Do the same with "gr" stem, which means "see". Gr + me + di : He/she/it didnt see! Lets conjugate "amak, kapatmak, okumak and gitmek" verbs: Amadm : I didnt open Amadn: You didnt open

Amad : He/she/it didnt open Amadk: We didnt open Amadnz : You didnt open Amadlar : They didnt open.

Kapatmadm: I didnt close Kapatmadn : You didnt close Kapatmad : He/she/didnt close Kapatmadk : We didnt close Kapatmadnz : You didnt close Kapatmadlar : They didnt close

Okumadm : I didnt read Okumadn : You didnt read Okumad : He/she/it didnt read Okumadk : We didnt read Okumadnz : You didnt read Okumadlar : They didnt read

Gitmedim : I didnt go Gitmedin : You didnt go Gitmedi : He/she/it didnt go

Gitmedik : We didnt go Gitmediniz : You didnt go Gitmediler : They didnt go

Simple Past Tense IV - Question Forms of

We told about the positive and negative forms of Simple Past Tense; now it is turn for Question Form. Different from the question forms of other tenses, we dont conjugate the QUESTION WORDS; we conjugate the verb. Letsee: When we want to ask "are you going?" we say: Gidiyor musun? As you see, we conjugate "mi" question postposition and we use the main form of verb for the tense. But in Story Mood of Past Tense, we do it different. We only use "mi?, m?, mu?, m?" according to the Vowel Harmony. Last Vowel Question Word u mu? m? m? i mi? Because of last vowel of Past Tense verb can only be u, , and i (because of suffixes) there is no need for other vowels. Did you go? 1)First, we have to turn this sentence into "you went". (Positive Form) Gittin > You went (singular) And, did you go? 2) Then, we add the question postposition: Gittin mi?

You will understand better with the examples below: Did you read? (plural You) 1) You read > Okudunuz 2) Put the question word: Okudunuz mu? Did you read? Lets make a simple sentence. Did he see us? Us means "bizi" (accusative form) Bizi grd m? (Did he see us?) Did you hear her? Her is accusative here, we use "onu". You heard > Duydun Did you hear? Duydun mu? Did you hear her? > Onu duydun mu? Did you do the homework? Homework is "dev" in Turkish. Homework is accusative in here, accusative "dev" is "devi" You did > Yaptn Did you do? > Yaptn m? Did you do the homework? > devi yaptn m? Didnt you do the homework? devi yapmadn m?

Didnt you hear her? Onu duymadn m? Didnt he see us? > Bizi grmedi mi? Didnt you read? > Okumadnz m? It is too easy; conjugated simple past tense verb + mi, m, mu, m according to Vowel Harmony.

Simple Past Tense V - Heard Past Tense with -imi (

Hello friends. In this lesson, Im going to talk about "-mi" past tense; which is a little complicated and does not have CLEAR respond in English. In Turkish, if we personally saw an event in Past, we use Story Mood. If we heard the event in Past from someone, we use -mi. First, lets see the structure and then Im going to try to make it clear with examples: Last Vowel Suffix Form e, i a, o, u , -mi -m -mu -m

Yapm, Okumu, Yemi, Vermi, Grm, Yazm, Anlatm, mi .... etc. It is an easy structure without too many changable-forms. Now, let me tell how we use it: Imagine that A and B are two people and they are sitting in a cafeteria; drinking tea and waiting for their friend C to come there. They have been waiting for him. And A decides to call C to "ask where are you?" A: Neredesin? (Where are you? Used as "nerdesin" in daily speech) C: Evdeyim (I am at home) A learnt that C went home; without informing them. So A "heard" that C went home, A did not SEE CS GOING PERSONALLY.

A ends the talk and tells to B: Eve gitmi : He went home (I heard but didnt see) In this dialogue A and B were waiting for C but they learnt (by hearing) that C went home. Let me explain it with another example; Onu markette grm : (He said that) He saw her in the market. (O) Her eyi renmi: He had learnt everything. (I heard that he knows everything) Konumalarmz duymu: She had heard all we have told (I heard that she heard our dialogues, or, she said that she has heard what we told). Small Note: Konuma: dialogue, chat. Konuma + lar + ()mz + : to our dialogues; +lar is plural suffix, ()mz is relative suffix for "biz" pronoun and + is accusative form suffix for "duymak" verb. Another example; you turn on the TV and see a breaking news and it says "Earthquake in X" Your friend asks you: "Whats up?" Ne olmu? "A fire had broke up in X (or, TV says, fire in X)" : Xte yangn km. Another example: A friend of you from Istanbul, X, goes to Antalya for vacation by plane. You and Y have taken X to airport and then returned home back. Some minutes later X calls you: You: What happened? Ne oldu? X: I missed the plane. Ua kardm. (Direct speech) X ends the call. Y asks you; What happened? Ne olmu?

You: X had missed plane; X said he missed plane. X ua karm. ---------------------------------------------------------------It may seem complicated but actually it is easy. Next chapter, Im going to tell you about the negative and question forms of this structure and then give some examples for you understand it better.

Question and Negative Forms of -mi and Conjugation

Hello, welcome. In this chapter, Im going to talk you about the "negative" and "question" forms for -mi structure. Lets start with negative form: As you remember, for verbs, our negativeness suffix was "-me, -ma". Same is valid here, as well. Lets see it with a simple formula: Verb root + -me/-ma + -mi/-m You know how negativeness suffix meet the rules of Vowel Harmony; as we only take "-me and ma", we only need "mi and m" because of Vowel Harmony. If -me, then -mi. If -ma, then -m. Lets do: Oku + ma + m Yap + ma + m Gr + me + mi Duy + ma + m As you it is very easy. And now question form: Formula is: Verb stem + -mi/-m/-mu/-m + mi?/m?/mu?/m? Remember that question suffixes are always written apart!

Grm m? : Had he seen? Duymu mu? : Had she heard? Anlam m? : Had he understood? We can conjugate this structure for personal pronouns: Duymu + um : I had heard (Apperantly, I heard) Duymu + sun : You had heard (Apperantly, you heard) Duymu: He, she, it Duymu + uz : We Duymu + sunuz : You (plural) Duymular : They. Lets do it for gitmek verb: (Ben) Gitmiim (Sen) Gitmisin (O) Gitmi (Biz) Gitmiiz (Siz) Gitmisiniz (Onlar) Gitmi(ler)

Subtitle V: Some Useful Prepositions and Conjuctions

SOME USEFUL PREPOSITIONS FOR DAILY SPEECH

gibi kadar

daha kere, defa, kez ama, fakat, ancak, lakin, ne var ki herhangi (bir) aslnda galiba nk (zira, in old Turkish)

1) gibi: gibi is commonly used as "like, likewise". Lets see it with some simple examples: ocuk gibi davranyor: He is behaving like a kid. Hasta gibi: She looks like sick. Dn gibi hatrlyorum: I remember it like yesterday (the event that I remember is close like yesterday.) Zaman, su gibi akyor: Time passes (streams) as fast as water. (streams like water.) Hava yaacak gibi: Weather looks like . it is going to rain (Onun) Sesi karga gibi: Her voice is like a crow. Senin gibi: Like you Benim gibi: Like me 2) kadar: "kadar" means "as much as, until". Lets see:

(O) Benim kadar uzun: He is as short as me; he is short as much as me. Saat bee kadar: Till 5 oclock. Saat e kadar: Till 3 oclock. Akama kadar: Till evening. arap kadar eski: Its old as much as wine. Hepsi bu kadar m? : Is it all that? Bu kadar yeter! : Enough is enough! 3) daha "daha" has got a lot of meanings; lets see it: a) "daha" means "more": bir kitap daha: one more book. bir tabak daha yemek istiyorum: I would one more dish (portion) food. bir (kere, kez) daha: one more time. b) we use "daha" for comparing: ben senden daha uzunum: Im taller than you. bu ev, dier evden daha gzel: this house is more beautiful than other home. bu snfta senden daha iyi renciler var: there are better (more hardstudying) students than you. c) emphasis in adjectives: iyi: good daha iyi: better ok daha iyi: much better.

kt: bad daha kt: worse ok daha kt: much worse. Benim snavm, senin snavndan ok daha kt: My exam is much worse than your exam. Bugn daha iyiyim: Im better today. Bugn dnden daha iyiyim: Today Im better than yesterday. 3) kere, kez and defa: They all have same meaning; "time." three times: kez, defa, kere. Examples: Yz defa syledim ama dinlemedi: I have said hundreds of times but he didnt listen (care). Ayn kitab defa okudum: I have read the same book for three times. A Simple Formula: Gnde/Haftada/Ayda/Ylda (Senede) (number) kez/kere/defa: (Number) time in a day/week/month/year. Gnde be kez: Five times in a day. Ayda defa: Three times in a month. Ylda drt kez diiye giderim: I visit my dentist four times in a year. Gnde defa yemek yerim: I eat three times in a day. Haftada bir kere evi temizlerim: I clean home for one times in a week. 4) ama, fakat, ancak, lakin, ne var ki

They all mean "but". But, we commonly use "ama" in daily speech. "Fakat" and "lakin" are Arabic responds. Bardm ama beni duymad: I shouted but she didnt hear me. 5) herhangi (bir) "herhangi" (her + hangi, originally means "everywhich") means "any of..." okuldan herhangi bir renci: any students from school. 6) aslnda Simply means "actually" (to be honest, the truth is that...): aslnda ben renciyim: actually Im a student. aslnda biz o akam elenmedik: actually we didnt have any fun that evening. aslnda ben Trke biliyorum: actually I can speak Turkish/I know how to speak Turkish. aslnda okumadm: Actually (to be honest) I havent read. 7) galiba "galiba" does not have a certain respond in English. It generally express "guess, foresee and probability". Lets try to understand it with examples: galiba yamur yaacak: I think/it seems/it look like that it is going to rain. galiba biz gelmiyoruz: We may not come/It seems we are not coming. galiba senden holanmyor: It seems/I think she doesnt like you. 8) nk: it means "because". gelmedim nk hastaym: I didnt come because Im sick. nk seni anlamyorum: because I dont understand you.

SYNTAX IN TURKISH LANGUAGE I - Pronoun + Obj. + Verb

Unlike many other languages, syntax in Turkish is different. We put verbs at the end of sentences. We mainly seperate sentences in two branches: 1) Regular Sentences 2) Irregular Sentences We will first start with Regular Sentences. We can simply formulize RS as shown here: Pronoun (zne) + Object (Nesne) + Verb (Fiil / Yklem) In English, this formula is "pronoun + verb + object". In Turkish, verb and object change place. Lets see: I read book: I; pronoun + read; verb + book; object. In Turkish; I is "ben" , read is "okumak" and book is "kitap". "I read" is a Simple Present Tense for 1.Singular Pronoun; Okumak > Okurum = I read Lets remember the formula: Pronoun (zne) + Object (Nesne) + Verb (Fiil / Yklem) Ben + kitap + okurum

Have you seen the difference? Lets do it with "I am studying lesson". study: almak and lesson: ders

Pronoun (zne) + Object (Nesne) + Verb (Fiil / Yklem) Ben + ders + alyorum

Lets do it for "We are studying lesson" Biz Sentences: You read book, we studied lesson. Siz kitap okudunuz, biz ders altk. They drunk tea, we drunk coke. Onlar ay iti, biz kola itik. I watched television. Ben televizyon izledim/seyrettim. Im playing computer. Ben oyun oynuyorum. You didnt do homework: Sen dev yapmadn. I saw the teacher: Ben retmeni grdm. We didnt see the teacher: Biz retmeni grmedik. In next chapter, we will see sentences with "Dolayl Tmle"; when an object receives "-e, -de and den" suffixes. + ders + alyoruz

SYNTAX IN TURKISH LANGUAGE II - Pronoun + Indirect Obj. + Verb

Lets remember dative, locative and ablative suffixes of Turkish: Dative: -a, -e Locative: -de, -da, -te, -ta Ablative: -den, -dan, -ten, -tan In Turkish, when an object meets any of these suffixes, it turns to "Dolayl Tmle (Indirect Object)" from "Object (Nesne)". Dolayl Tmle looks for the answers these questions: To where, Whom, To what - Nereye, kime, neye? (Dative Form) Where? Whom? In What? - Nerede, kimde, neyde? (Locative Form) From Where? From Whom? From What? - Nereden? Kimden? Neyden? (Ablative Form) For example; I went school. By asking "Where did you?" to this question, you can find Indirect Object, Dolayl Tmle. Simple Formula is; Pronoun (zne) + Indirect Object (Dolayl Tmle) + Verb (Fiil / Yklem) (Ben) Okula gittim: I went to school. (Sen) Nereye gittin? (Where did you go?) (Ben) Evden ktm: I left home. (kmak; also means "leaving a place" and it is an ablative verb.) (Sen) Nereden ktn? : Where did you leave? Arkadata kaldm: I stayed at friend(s home). (Sen) Nerede kaldn? : Where did you stay at? (Sen) Nereden baktn? Where did you look from? (Ben) Pencereden baktm: I look from window.

Okuldan ktm ve eve gittim: I left school and went home. SENTENCES WITH "DOLAYLI TMLE" AND "NESNE": I saw him, in here, "him" is accusative. Shortly, lets remember the acc. dat. loc. and abl. forms of "him/her/it" Accusative > onu Dative > ona Locative > onda Ablative > ondan I saw him > Onu grdm I saw him in market: Onu markette grdm. markette is a Dolayl Tmle (Indirect Object, meets locative form suffix "-te") Now a little warning here; if who you saw is more important than where you saw, then put objectbefore verb. Markette onu grdm: I saw him in market; when I went to market, I saw him. Market, location is not important here. But, in "onu markette grdm", location is more important. We set "stress" by this way. Ondan kitap aldm: I borrowed a book from her. "Kitap" is important here, and we stress that noun because it comes before verb. Bu kitab ondan aldm: I borrowed this book from her; person is important here, from who you borrowed it. Benden kat ve kalem istedi: He asked me for paper and pencil. But, "kat ve kalem benden istedi" is incorrect; becuase "kat" and "kalem" do not meet any form suffixes here! Kad ve kalemi benden istedi; is correct. It is more important that who he asked for paper and pencil! "Benden" is Dolayl Tmle (Ind. Obj.), "kad ve kalemi" is Acc. Object, Nesne.

Bu kitab evden getirdim: I brought this book from home; location is important because "evden" is before verb, "getirdim" Evden bu kitab getirdim: This book I brought from home (obj. is important). It may look a little complicated. If you have any questions about this text, share by "comment" with us.

SYNTAX IN TURKISH LANGUAGE III - Time Concepts for Verb

Hello friends. In previous lessons, we learnt to combine verbs and location and quatity. In this lesson, we are going to combine time concepts and verbs and create new lessons. First of all, I should remind you some known time concepts and teach you new ones: bugn : today bu ay : this month bu yl / sene : this year dn : yesterday yarn : tomorrow sabah : morning sabahleyin : at morning lenleyin : at noon leden sonra : afternoon akam : evening akamleyin / akama : at evening gece : night

geceleyin : at night And now, lets learn to express date: Ayn + (number + 3rd singular relative suffix) = ...th day of Month. Ayn bei : fifth day of month. Ayn yedisi : seventh day of month Ayn : third day of month. Do we remember the names of Months? Lets remember them shortly by order: Ocak, ubat, Mart, Nisan, Mays, Haziran, Temmuz, Austos, Eyll, Ekim, Kasm and Aralk. Examples: Hazirann bei or Hazirann 5i : 5th of June Martn drd or Martn 4 : 4th of March Temmuzun on dokuzu or Temmuzun 19u : 19th of July General question: Bugn ayn ka ? What is date today ? Bugn ayn ikisi : Today is the second day of month (that we are in). Now, lets start to sentence examples. Likewise in previous lessons, "stress" is important here, too. With two simple formulas, lets see it: If "what time" you are going to is more important than "where are you going to go/ what are you going to do" then use this formula: Dolayl Tmle / Nesne + Time Concept + Verb And here are the examples: stanbula bugn dnyorum : Im turning to Istanbul today.

devi yarn teslim edeceim : I will deliver my homework tomorrow. (teslim etmek : deliver) Snava dn girdim : I attended to examination yesterday. Q: Dersler ne zaman balayacak? When are lessons going to start? A: Dersler ayn beinde balayacak: Lessons are going to start in fifth day of month. Q: Ankaraya ne zaman gideceksin? (When are you going to go to Ankara?) A: Ankaraya Temmuzun nde gideceim (Im gonna go to Ankara in 3rd of July) Q: Snav sonularn ne zaman aklayacaklar? (When are they going to announce the results of examination?) A: Snav sonularn Martn 8inde aklayacaklar: They are going to announce the results of exam on 8th of March. (Snav: exam. Sonu: Result. Sonular: Results. Snav Sonular : Exam Results. Snav Sonularn: to the exam results, accusative form suffix) 2) If "where you are going to go / what you are going to do" is more important than "time concept", then use this formula: Time Concept + Dolayl Tmle / Nesne + Verb Temmuzun 3nde Ankaraya gideceim: Im gonna go to Ankara, on 3rd of July. Bugn stanbula dnyorum: Im turning to stanbul, today. Martn 8inde snav sonularn aklayacaklar: Theyre gonna announce results on 8th of March. Mixed Examples: Akama markete gideceiz: Were gonna go to market at evening. Biz dn okula gitmedik: We havent been at school yesterday. Sabahleyin kahvalt etmedi: He didnt have breakfast at morning. Ben zmire geen yl gittim: I went to zmir last year. (It was last year when I have been to Izmir).

Hava birazdan yaacak: It is gonna rain a few later.

SYNTAX IV - Mixed Examples

Hello again. In previous lessons we learnt how to set new sentences in Turkish, but sencentes of verb! Syntax that we learnt was for verb sentences. Now, in this lesson, we are going to set example sentences to emphasize our knowledge.

Eve dndm: I turned to home.

Biz dn derse girmedik: We didnt attend to class yesterday.

Mutfa, banyoyu, balkonu, antreyi ve dier odalar temizledik: We cleaned the kitchen, bathroom, balcony, entrance and other rooms.

Bilgisayar a, geliyorum! : Turn on the computer, Im now coming!

Akama evde olmayacam, beni beklemeyin : Im not going to be at home on evening, dont wait me.

Q: Neredesiniz? Where are you?

A: Duraktayz, seni bekliyoruz, abuk ol! : Were in the stop, waiting you, be quick!

Bu kitab ok istedi ama vermedim: He wanted to borrow this book but I didnt lend him.

Eyvah, ders notlarm unuttum! : Oh, God! I forgot to take my lesson notes!

Q: Snav sonularna baktn m? Did you check the result exams?

A: Evet. Ben 50 almm, sen 45 almsn : Yes, I did. Im 50 points and youre 45 points.

Q: Nerede kaldnz? Where have you been?

A: Yoldayz, trafie takldk: Were on road, we caught by the traffic!

Telefonum almyor! My telephone isnt working!