Design Criteria

for
Canals and Related Structures

Table of Contents
Page
1.

INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1-1

2.

HYDRAULIC DESIGN ....................................................................................... 2-1

2.1

Diversion weir and intake structure ...........................................................

2.1.1 Hydrology Analysis............................................................................
2.1.2 Shape of overflow crest of weir .......................................................
2.1.3 Discharge over crest of weir and gate ................................................
2.1.4 Hydraulic jump basin .......................................................................
2.1.5 Basin length........................................................................................
2.1.6 Backwater curve calculation ..............................................................
2.1.7 Diversion Channel ............................................................................

2-1
2-1
2-11
2-12
2-18
2-19
2-20
2-22

2.2

Canals and drains .......................................................................................

2.2.1 Typical cross section for irrigation canal and drainage canal ............
2.2.2 Flow formula ....................................................................................
2.2.3 Roughness Coefficient .......................................................................
2.2.4 Velocity of canal flow ......................................................................
2.2.5 Canal Section .....................................................................................
2.2.6 Head loss for open channel ................................................................
2.2.7 Heal loss for closed conduit ...............................................................

2-24
2-23
2-23
2-23
2-24
2-25
2-27
2-30

2.3

Canal Structures ...........................................................................................

2.3.1 Division structure/turnout with measuring device .............................
2.3.2 Check Structure ..................................................................................
2.3.3 Siphon ................................................................................................
2.3.4 Culvert ..............................................................................................
2.3.5 Drop ...................................................................................................
2.3.6 Spillway ...........................................................................................
2.3.7 Cross drain and aqueduct .................................................................
2.3.8 Bridge .................................................................................................
2.3.9 Washing Step ......................................................................................

2-32
2-32
2-42
2-42
2-43
2-44
2-44
2-44
2-44
2-44

2.4

Structure related to drains ......................................................................... 2-44

STRUCTURAL DESIGN ....................................................................................... 3-1

3.1

General .......................................................................................................... 3-1

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3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.8
3.1.9
3.1.10
3.1.11
3.1.12
3.1.13
3.1.14
3.1.15

Unit weight of materials ...................................................................

Dead load .........................................................................................
Live Load ...........................................................................................
Earth pressure ...................................................................................
Earth pressure due to Sediment or Sediment pressure .....................
Hydrostatic pressure .........................................................................
Uplift ..................................................................................................
Earthquake force ................................................................................
Index properties of soils .....................................................................
Allowable bearing capacity of subsoil for foundation .....................
Classification of concrete ...................................................................
Allowable Stress ................................................................................
Youngs modulus ratio .......................................................................
Reinforcement concrete ...................................................................
Loading combination and stability analysis .......................................

3-1
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-8
3-9
3-9
3-12

3.2

Strength Analysis for Concrete.................................................................... 3-13

3.2.1 Calculation procedure ........................................................................ 3-13
3.2.2 Alternative calculation procedure ...................................................... 3-15

3.3

Slope Stability ............................................................................................... 3-16

3.3.1 Cutting slope ...................................................................................... 3-16
3.3.2 Embankment Slope ............................................................................ 3-16

3.4

Open Canal ...................................................................................................

3.4.1 Type of lining .....................................................................................
3.4.2 Stone Masonry Canal .........................................................................
3.4.3 Concrete flume ...................................................................................

3-17
3-17
3-18
3-19

3.5

Concrete Box Type Conduit ........................................................................

3.5.1 Loading Conditions ............................................................................
3.5.2 Stability Analysis against uplift .........................................................
3.5.3 Loading acting on each member ........................................................
3.5.4 Bending moment axial force and shearing force ...............................
3.5.5 Requirement of reinforcement bar .....................................................

3-22
3-22
3-24
3-24
3-24
3-25

3.6

Concrete Circular Conduit ..........................................................................

3.6.1 Loading Conditions ............................................................................
3.6.2 Stability Analysis against uplift .........................................................
3.6.3 Bending moment and axial force .......................................................
3.6.4 Requirement for reinforcement bar ....................................................
3.6.5 Protective Covering for Culvert .........................................................
3.6.6 Protective Covering for Siphon..........................................................

3-25
3-25
3-25
3-25
3-25
3-25
3-26

3.7

Aqueduct .......................................................................................................
3.7.1 Maximum slope ................................................................................
3.7.2 Free board ..........................................................................................
3.7.3 Flume .................................................................................................
3.7.4 Abutment and pier ..............................................................................

3-26
3-26
3-26
3-26
3-27

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4.

3.8

Retaining Wall ..............................................................................................

3.8.1 Loading Conditions ............................................................................
3.8.2 Stability Analysis ...............................................................................
3.8.3 Structure analysis for Inverted T shape type ..................................

3-27
3-27
3-28
3-30

3.9

Bridge ............................................................................................................
3.9.1 Kind of Bridge ...................................................................................
3.9.2 General Features of Bridge ................................................................
3.9.3 Loading Conditions ............................................................................
3.9.4 Design of Superstructure ....................................................................
3.9.5 Design of Substructure .......................................................................

3-33
3-33
3-33
3-37
3-42
3-51

INTAKE WEIR ....................................................................................................... 4-1

4.1

General .......................................................................................................... 4-1

4.2

Hydraulic calculation ................................................................................... 4-1

4.3

Stability analysis for weir ............................................................................ 4-2

4.4

Correction of trapezoidal section ................................................................ 4-5

4.5

Apron ............................................................................................................. 4-6

4.6

Creep length ................................................................................................ 4-7

4.7

Riprap ............................................................................................................ 4-8

4.8

Scouring Sluice ............................................................................................. 4-9

4.9

Inlet ................................................................................................................ 4-11

4.10 Settling basin................................................................................................. 4.11

4.11 Retaining wall ............................................................................................... 4-12
4.12 Flood dike ...................................................................................................... 4-14

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