Onomatepnumo: . . . . . . . . .

A.M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .; 'Etoc . . .

EPISTHMONIKOS UPOLOGISMOS I Febrourioc 2004

Diabste prosektik tic ekfwnseic. Gia thn plrh axiolghsh tou grapto sac prpei na parousisete lo sac ton sullogism kai la ta endimesa apotelsmata. 'Eqete 3 rec. Oi algrijmoi prpei na perigrfontai me safneia, p.q. pwc stic shmeiseic me MATLAB . I. (40 b.) Na apantsete sta paraktw erwtmata (stic erwtseic Swst/Ljoc prpei na dikaiologsete tic apantseic gia na bajmologhjete). PROSOQH: NA DIORJWJOUN TA LAJH! *** 1) Na exhgsete se ti akribc enai qrsimo, gia thn anlush tou sflmatoc enc algorjmou, an gnwrzoume ti enai proc ta psw eustajc. Eplush. Jewra: Enai qrsimo giat an nac algrijmoc enai psw eustajc mporome na anaggoume ton upologism tou emprc sflmatoc se melth thc eustjeiac tou problmatoc (p.q. msw thc ereshc tou dekth katstashc tou problmatoc). 2) 'Estw U Rnn nw trigwnik kai antistryimo me mh mhdenik stoiqea sth diagnio kai to ssthma U x = ej pou ej Rn enai to dinusma me monda sth j jsh kai mhdn allo. a) Na dexete ti to arijmhtik kstoc thc eplushc tou U x = ej enai O(j 2 ). b) Poi enai to akribc kstoc eplushc se arijm. prxeic. Eplush. Prosxte ti ap ton orism tou, to x ja enai h stlh j tou U 1 . Kajc mwc gnwrzoume ti to U 1 ja enai kai aut nw trigwnik, ta mna mh mhdenik stoiqea tou x ja enai stic jseic 1 wc j . Epomnwc, arke na asqolhjome me ton upologism autn twn j stoiqewn. Dhlad, an temaqsoume to prblhma wc

U11 0

U12 U22

x1 x2

ej 0nj

pou U11 Rjj , U12 Rj(nj) , U22 R(nj)(nj) , x1 = [1 , ..., j ] Rj , x2 Rnj , 0nj enai to mhdenik dinusma me nj stoiqea kai ej enai o dinusma megjouc j me 1 sthn teleutaa jsh kai mhdn stic uploipec jseic. Epomnwc, mporome na lboume x2 = 0 kai na upologsoume mnon th lsh tou U11 x1 = ej . To kstoc aut ekola upologzetai ti enai j 2 j + 1, kajc o algrijmoc qei thn akloujh morf: j = 1/j,j = [1,n , ..., j1,n ] j b Lsh tou U (1 : j 1, 1 : j 1)[1 , ..., j1 ] = b Ta prta duo bmata kostzoun j prxeic en to teleutao, pou enai h lsh enc nw trigwniko sustmatoc megjouc j 1 me genik dexi mloc enai (j 1)2 . Epomnwc to sunolik arijmhtik kstoc ja enai (j 1)2 + j . 3) Swst Ljoc: 'Ena shmantik meionkthma thc eplushc tetragwnikn grammikn susthmtwn msw paragontopohshc QR se sqsh me thn paragontopohsh LU me merik odghsh enai to megaltero kstoc thc QR. Eplush. Swst giat to kstoc eplushc me LU enai 2n3 /3 + O(n2 ) en to kstoc me QR enai 4n3 /3 + O(n2 ). 2 4) Swst Ljoc: An sto disthma (0, 1) isqei h diaforik exswsh d u + b du + cu = x, pou oi dx dx stajerc b, c > 0, kai oi sunoriakc sunjkec enai u(0) = 0, u(1) = 1, kai diakritopoisoume to disthma me to plgma x0 = 0, x1 = 1/(n+1), , xn = n/(n+1), xn+1 = 1 kai tic paraggouc me kentrismnec peperasmnec diaforc, tte, to grammik ssthma pou ja prokyei ja qei th morf AU = F , pou A R(n+1)(n+1) kai A=A . Eplush. Ljoc: To mhtro ja enai n n.

II. (20 b.) O paraktw kdikac MATLAB mpore na ulopoihje tsi ste na pargei ta epijumht apotelsmata pol pio grgora. Na exhgsete ti tropopoiseic prpei na gnoun kai na gryete ton taqtero kdika, qrhsimopointac, an qreizetai, kai llec entolc kai sunartseic thc MATLAB . Upotjetai ti o bajmwtc p kai oi jetiko akraioi m,n qoun dh arqikopoihje.

A=rand(m,n); B=rand(m,n), C=rand(m,n); X=rand(m+n,s); D=eye(m+n,m+n); for i=1:m, for j=1:n, D(i,j)=A(i,j)*B(i,j)+C(i,j); end;end; for i=1:m, for j=1:n, if (i==j), D(i,j)=p+D(j,i); end;end;end; for k=1:s, Y(:,k)=D(1:m+n,1:m+n)\ X(:,k); end;
Eplush. To bma

for i=1:m, for j=1:n, D(i,j)=A(i,j)*B(i,j)+C(i,j); end;end;

mpore na gnei qwrc to brqo

D(1:m,1:n)=A(1:m,1:n).*B(1:m,1:n)+C(1:m,1:n);
en to

for i=1:m, for j=1:n, if (i==j), D(i,j)=p+D(j,i); end;end;end;

gnetai

k=min(m,n); D(1:k,1:k)=p*eye(k)+D(1:k,1:k);
kai tloc to

k=min(m,n); D(1:k,1:k)=p*eye(k)+D(1:k,1:k);
gnetai

[L,U] = lu(D(1:m+n,1:m+n)); Y=U\(L\ X);

III. (20 b.)

1. 'Estw ti to mhtro A Rnn diasptai wc A = U V pou enai diagnio me ta stoiqea tic diagwnou j,j = j ektc ap to teleutao pou enai n,n = 0, U U = I kai V V = I . a) Na exhgsete an to A enai antistryimo qi. b) 'Estw ti gnwrzoume ti b = U z pou z = [1, , 1, 0] . Na upologsete, an enai efikt, to x pou ikanopoie to ssthma Ax = b (Updeixh: Mporete na upologsete to x wc grammik sunduasm twn sthln tou V .) 2. 'Estw ti met thn paragontopohsh QR enc mhtrou A, to apotlesma pou epistrfetai sto A enai [1, 4, 5; 1, 2, 6; 1, 2, 3]. Ap aut ta stoiqea na upologsete touc pargontec Q, R kai to arqik A. Eplush. 1) To mhtro den enai antistryimo giat n = 0. Epshc A = j=1 j uj vj , epomnwc lgw orjogwnithtac tou U , U V x = U z epomnwc V x = z . Kajc to x Rn kai to V apotele orjognia bsh, mporome na gryoume x = V y gia kpoio y , epomnwc y = z . Parathrntac thn kje sunistsa, n1 fanetai ti j j = 1 gia j = 1 : n 1 en to n mpore na enai aujareto. Epomnwc, x = j=1 1 vj . j 2) To R enai to nw trigwnik tmma twn stoiqewn pou epistrfontai sto A. To austhr ktw trigwnik tmma twn stoiqewn pou epistrfontai sto A me epiplon mondec sth diagnio periqei ta stoiqea twn dianusmtwn Householder. Eidiktera:
n1

u1 = [1; 1; 1], u2 = [0; 1; 2]

opte

H1 = I 2u1 u1 /u1 u1 H2 = I 2u2 u2 /u2 u2

epomnwc

0 0 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 2 , H1 = I 1 1 H2 = I 5 3 0 2 4 1 1
epomnwc

1 1 , 1 2 2 . 1

5 1 H2 = 0 5 0

0 3 4

0 1 1 4 , H1 = 2 3 3 2

2 1 2

Epshc, H2 H1 A = R epomnwc A = H1 H2 R lgw orjogwnithtac kai summetrac twn Hj . Epomnwc

IV. (20 b.)

1. 'Estw ti o dekthc katstashc upologismo thc lshc enc sustmatoc Ax = b wc proc thn eukledeia nrma enai 101 106 pou en gnwrzete ti h upologismnh lsh x ikanopoie b A 2 = 1012 x kajc epshc ti x 2 = 10, A 2 = 10 kai b 2 = 1. Na upologsete na nw frgma gia th nrma tou sqetiko emprc sflmatoc, dhl. x x 2 / x 2 . 2. Na perigryete ti plhrofora sqetik me thn qrhsimopoiomenh arijmhtik kinhtc upodiastolc epistrfei to paraktw prgramma sto s kai na exhgsete giat:

s = 0; b = 1.0; while (((b*2 + 1.0) -b*2)-1.0 == 0.0), s= s+1; b = b*2; end

1) Eplush. Smfwna me th jewra mporome, me bsh ta parapnw, na upologsoume to (ek twn ustrwn) psw sflma

inf { | A
>0

A , b

b }

(qrhsimopoiome panto thn eukledeia nrma) wc

b A x 1012 1012 = = A x + b 10 10 + 1 101

Gnwrzoume epshc ti to emprc sflma frssetai wc exc:

xx x 2

22 (A) 1012 =2 101 106 1 2 (A) 101 1

1
1012 101 101

106

2 106 . 1 106

2) H metablht s metr ta bmata, ap to mhdenik. Sto bma s, h metablht b periqei ton arijm b = 2t . Prosxte pc ekteletai h prsjesh me to 1.0. To 1.0 prpei prta na diaireje me to 2s+1 ste ta do orsmata na apoktsoun ton dio ekjth: 2s+1 + 2(s+1) 2s+1 ). All o roc 2(s+1) gnetai 0 an s enai o arijmc twn duadikn yhfwn thc ourc opte isqei ti (b 2 + 1.0) = b 2, epomnwc tte (b 2 + 1.0) b 2) 1 = 0 tan s enai o arijmc twn yhfwn thc ourc.