WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

FREQUENCIES FOR RADIO TRANSMISSION

Frequencies for mobile communication

VHF-/UHF-ranges for mobile radio simple, small antenna for cars deterministic propagation characteristics, reliable connections SHF and higher for directed radio links, satellite communication small antenna, focussing large bandwidth available Wireless LANs use frequencies in UHF to SHF spectrum some systems planned up to EHF limitations due to absorption by water and oxygen molecules (resonance frequencies) weather dependent fading, signal loss caused by heavy rainfall etc.

Basic Radio Frequency Management Principles

Internationally, frequency management is under the purview of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), a United Nations agency headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland

How Radio Frequencies Transfer

Allocation Status
Radio frequencies cover part of the electromagnetic spectrum (9 kHz to 275 GHz is currently allocated by ITU) is divided into many bands and often allocated to more than one use (or service) in a given band More than 30 different services Two types of allocation status, viz. primary and secondary

Frequencies and regulations

ITU-R holds auctions for new frequencies, manages frequency bands worldwide (WRC, World Radio Conferences)
Europe Mobile phones NMT 453-457MHz, 463-467 MHz; GSM 890-915 MHz, 935-960 MHz; 1710-1785 MHz, 1805-1880 MHz CT1+ 885-887 MHz, 930-932 MHz; CT2 864-868 MHz DECT 1880-1900 MHz IEEE 802.11 2400-2483 MHz HIPERLAN 1 5176-5270 MHz USA AMPS, TDMA, CDMA 824-849 MHz, 869-894 MHz; TDMA, CDMA, GSM 1850-1910 MHz, 1930-1990 MHz; PACS 1850-1910 MHz, 1930-1990 MHz PACS-UB 1910-1930 MHz Japan PDC 810-826 MHz, 940-956 MHz; 1429-1465 MHz, 1477-1513 MHz PHS 1895-1918 MHz JCT 254-380 MHz

Cordless telephones

Wireless LANs

IEEE 802.11 2400-2483 MHz

IEEE 802.11 2471-2497 MHz

Channel Capacity
Four concepts : Data Rate : rate (in bps) at which data can be communicated Bandwidth: bandwidth of the transmitted signal as constrained by the transmitter and the medium, expressed in Hz Noise : interfering electromagnetic signal that tend to reduce the integrity of data signal Error rate : rate at which receiver receives bits in error i.e. it receives a 0 when actually a 1 was sent and vice-versa