C

{ u Bsk
uSv & I
h mkU S x
Aih vzumhx.

wsh J a\
wsh J [S
wsh uzu \

u|mk
h PP
Pa \, \ 600 006

c u|k A_
u v&2004
vzv v&2007

Sz u

\x. Sn\P
h
xP Ba] C x
a\ P, \ 600 030.

_. C\\

. \

xP mhu B] (C)
A_ {
PhUP, \ 600 024

u { (C)
A_ PU P
|u, \ 600 035

. P\
u { (C)
Co P (um])
\ 600 004

P. oP

Q C
xP mhu B] (C)
A_ P {
A\U |P, \ 600 083

. P|u

h (C)
Gzv P P
\ 600 008

xP mhu B] (C)
A_ P {
va\[Pk 637 211
|UP mh

]P

C. CS
xP mhu B] (C)
uzv Py P Psn
\mi {
\ 600 011

_. \
Eu ] (C),
S.R.M. P
S.R.M. A
u~m {
({P{ PU PP)
Pmh[ Pzy 603 203

N.
u
^ mU {
\, \ 600 073

u BUQ

_. C\\
xP mhu B] (C)
A_ {
PhUP, \ 600 024

.
h[P u : u|k A_UPP
UP CUPP, u|k
C 60 GSM u Aa]hmkx.


UP P UQx vP Ax
{U PS. x Pzvmhzvx CUS |UQ
PzvmhzvS UTi Pmhzv {U P Ex.
Aih A uPUP AizuP C
hzu n n uukUQ. xU P
uP u Aih A Hkzu, v
SP C h, v PzxPh Azxz
uP
Aihz
uPPh

\mk
iUPmkx.
J
h
AP

h
G
EUPmkx. Azx h[P u, u,
_UP UP[P PkUPmk. hzv Cv wUPmh
PnUSP u vmk UP PkUPmk.
h \uh PzxP x Pux P
UQuS. G, hzu P x Pa \x
n, n u[PP u[P Gsn[P UPna
\x A]Qx. C hzu Bh PS P
Ch UPh uhh kP PkUPmk.
B \ vP E|US vP n
nhzv UP UQzx AUPmkx. AP P
A[P \P zvS Eu G |Q.
Ch ]U TP.
N v uPP PkUPmk.
N h[P uP mk.
N n n Pn v US uzv
uvmk UP (vP mk) PkUPmk.
N Pouzv Aih C x P ix
Gu ] PouU PzxP \kP PkUPmk.
uS Bzu \ x. n n uvmk
Sv E UP / PnUSP mk, h /
hzvmhzvx
PmPhUTi
UP

PnUSPUS hUP BzukzvU P sk.

Cvz xnUP vmh Cu uPP Azu
Cv s B {zvS (ISRO) u | EzuSP!
\x. Sn\P
Szu

hzvmh
(180 h P)
AS 1 C EPzv u Ami
(7 h P)
C |UP \u u ~mzv C
uh
CP \P D, Pu AqUP \P.
Ami Aih ASP }, { P
Aku.
Ak PP xz u ~m, Aku
P UQ GsqUP, n[P C AP
n[P n S kP.

AS 2 CUP
(29 h P)
|UPmi CUP { P h P v\P,
^ ^ CUP[P ^P kUPmh CUP uhP.
P Uh AP UhP Tmh Pzu,
AS Uh, UhP S \PU TP, UhP UP
P, Uh UP.
Cn CUP Gzv CUP Gzv PP
Qhzu Qhzuzxh J Pnzv G[P,
\ { {mh u CUP v,
Eu {mh Csh CUP v \ AS PnzuUP
(Impulse) {mh CUPv & |UPmk Eu A
v kP \P \{ & UPnv, CnP
v u & US B.
^ mh CUP & Pnz v\P & Pn kUP & |UPmk
Pnz v\P[P uh & |US \ & \[Szx
mhzv CUP & vsi Kmi u & \\ mha \
P & Ezumh \ P.
\ \ \ & AS.
B & CUP B, & B u & { B & v.

uP & J n m] m] uP.

AS&3 _ CUP \
(14 h P)
C xP A & xUP & kP & P
\{, vs _] _ CUPa \kP, |UPmk
_] CUPzu Jh.
{z vv Au UQzx & _] B &
zuh u[P, | z usk, mh ,
mhzumk, E Pzv {z vz v.
\ vzv, Pn Eu, v \ & Pn Eu
A.

AS & 4 D s A
(16 hP)
D xv D kUP Szx,
SUSUPkP, B, _]a \x g ku, {,
{ D {.
D & D Azu & AQ D Azu
B & kk P & _UPz v\P & Gh & xnUP
CUP & UPmi CUP & xnUP Hu & _uP
B. & {z xnU PP xz xnU PP &
kP & UPmi k GP & Cvz xnUP
vmh.
`U Sk & `, U PP & PP CUP
P vP. ` & Jx PP & ]PP & P & s
] PP & PP A PP { & {
sh.
Ash & sP & is SUP & s vP &
s v & Ashzv u.

AS & 5 vh, P Cv
(18 h P)
{P & Aqh UTh \P.
vhP & m]zu, uP&v uh, U v &

US B & P m]U SnP[P & kP ( yUQP,

).
z uzv Azu P v kP (}
Ezv, } uh) Azuzv u D .
B C\, \Pn (i) xP
SP Eu (ii) ~s H (iii) \zyP \
C\ kP.
Q Gs hU v z v\P. AUPmiUP
Pu CUP k Gs & u & kP &
BP CUP Ezuku.

AS & 6 AP
(12 hP)
^ P Ch CUP & A P, Avs, Cha]
(Pzv \).
G ^\ CUP (SHM) & a_, Avs, Pmh & ^ mh CUP
J SHM.
_, vzu, uF\ & C AP & A Pzv
\k & \ & \ . SHM & B, CUP
{P & B A v.
C, vo uh AP. Jzuv.

AS & 7 A CUP
(17 h P)
A CUP & |mhP SUPP & v, n, &
CQh uh.
FhP[P AUP P & {mh \k &
vzu.
A & Cha]a \k & ]P.
xu uzx, SURmk & J \ {
(level) & P, { AP (Pou UP) & PP
SP { AP & _ & Jzuv Pz u & Aih
Av ^\P.
h & kP.

AS & 8 CUP
(17 h P)
UP CUP PP & GkPP & Azu &
CUP B, { & EiP (Kq, Dq, q
UTP) B \[Rmk v & APm Gs.
a \{ { ( CUP _ v),
, AP B. u &
Azuzv u Hzv. Cp CvUS Ch uh.
CUP u v & CUP A \
& {PP & \ { h
{PP & P Gg], Su & CUSv & CUP
Csh v.
& Phzu, \ Pv\ & vhP
Phzx v & P Pva_ & PP & Qa\
v & Ch a] v, j v (TP mk), {mh
S v. ` ` {
mh.

AS & 9 Pv J
(16 h P)
J Gv & \u P Gv.
AP Gv kP & J v\P PnUQku
& UP\ .
JP & PP _P & ] \k, _
EUS \k & EUP & ] v _P
Tmh.
mhPzv JP & {P & { & PnUQku &
.

AS & 10 Pu
(10 h P)
Pu PuU TP & \mhU Pu & PuU PkP.
Pu C (\mhU Pu) Aa] Aa] \[SzxU
Pmi Pu.

^ Pu zv Pu Cx Hk v \.
hgm v & S Pu & Tan A Tan B {P.
P Pu sP & PuUPa \ & Pu Hzv,
Puz ysh EmSv.
h, Pu P (GkzxUPmkPh) &
Puz uUP.

\uP
(12 2 = 24 hP)
1.

P Ahzv vS A C u_
Euh PnUQku.

2.

uF\ & (i) L T (ii) L T2 h[P x, ]ux Gx

GU Pshu. Cu D kUPzuU PnUQku.

3.

A C u_ Psk (i) E (ii)

vhU P n[P { Aku.
{z v vP PnUQku.

4.

] PU Psk P J [ SnPzuU
Pshu.

5.

AP _ J _ U PnUQku.

6.

\ Kmh Q GsnU PnUQku.

7.

PkUPmh PP z v\PzuU Pshu

vzv Q GsnU PnUQku.

8.

~s H } C\U PnUQku.

9.

_U Psk CzxU Pmhmh P Av vP

\zu.

10.

Jzuv PzuU PU Psk P A{

J v\PzuU PnUQku.

11.

SBi Sz uU PnUQku.

12.

Puz xzuzv UPmh Pu J (i) h uS

|UQ (ii) h hUS |UQ Ex Pu zu
u _PU Szu.

hUP
UP

Pou SP ................................................

1.

C EPzv u Ami

13

2.

CUP .........................................................

38

3.

_ CUP\ .....................................

128

4.

D s A .............

159

5.

vh, P Cv ...

208

n ...............................................................

258

hUP AmhnP ............................................

267

( AS 6 u 10 uSv Csi uhQx )

1. C EPzv u Ami
u[Pa _ EPzu xP, uha] w
]P uP Psiu Gx AP x
uQx. C P u, UPa _], GP,
P, QPn[P sP {u C ,
AP UPzuUP Ba] PP Avu. uPP
Ax
P
mPh
uP,
u[Pa
_
HhUTi PP E |UQu , CP {PP
x P ]zuP. CP x P Cu
mPu C | AUS, u ~mzvS
Szxx.

1.1 C
Ax Pu G h ""\i'' (Scientia) G
\ A (Science) GkQx. E|UP, Pn
Au, vP Pzv UP uzu
EhUQu A PS. PU Psh
A C J. QUPa \ C (Physics)
CP GuS. P Aih A C,
CP CP {PP USQx. A x
Px Gx C x Pvx uh[SQx.
C P, J | CP BP
xP iQx.
Azv Aih A C BS. C
EPzu | Ax Psh A {nUS
uzx[P , CP {PP E|UQu HmhuS.
C, Gu J uzx E|UQ Aumh
{PPh JzxP sk. G, Auk Aih
A, C GkQx.

1.1.1 C |UP
Cv, J, CUP,
UP, Aq C AqUP C
13

EmP C |UPzv xP. xPP

xPP Ah[Q x A CUPzu U Tx
Cv BS. u|UQP \k kP
sn[P Hkx J UPkQ. {
zv x, Hk Azu, [P, Su
(refrigerator) , CUP
USQx.
mhzxPP, Pu P, mh {P
Phzva _ Puzu i AP u
UP
USQx.
P
Pmh,
E, AqUP AqUPUP G GUm,
mh Aihz xPPh Ch Q Gu
Aq AqUP C USQ.
|a _ |hU Ti Ax, J iUS
x C Aih |UPS. | E|UQ,
Po&z (cause-effect) uhU Psk x P C
vP xnu ]UP {u Pzx GPz u.
C, P yskPP CUQx. ] AihU
PzxUP, vP {PP USx J Pz
yskPS. CP CP][Pz ux P & v
\uPa \z yskPP Ex. mk C
zuUPuP Ex. vP PzxUP miS ,
Ev & v ] ukQx.

1.1.2

C, \u u ~m

C PmkP, |h kzxx u
~m (technology) Gk. } Cvzv Pski u
|PPzv UQ uUPzu Hkzvx. 1933&B Bsk , AqUP
Cx B i G uk AvUP. B
1938&B Bsi , zu {mU Psk
UP i G Pskizu. Cx, Aq Bu[P AqUP
EPUS AihP Aux. B [PU
Pshv C [S ShzuUPx BS.
uvUS i GP (fossil fuel) P PP,
AvPP, | kzv u, B v, [P
EhiPU PskiUP si A] Hmkx. `
14

Bx, Bx \ Ezv \x
ux \zv Th, Au CUQ AhU PiP Ex. IC
(Integrated Circuit) GUPk uSa _, C
k BS. IC&UP a], \P P, Pooz
u (computer) Phu CuskP APhu ha
\x. S Ezva \, mh Ezvz u
~m, PooP ux EUPU Pn.
u ~m Azx UPUS h sk. |x
\u, , Ah uhhuP Qx.
C Aih vP x P v zxU
Pu , \Pzv | mh { Ah i.

1.2 CP \P
\ \ u u Szu \ I\U {mh
B.

K { Ax CUP {
Au x \kzuk UPo, \S.
CP Aih \P |S E. AP D
\, Pu \, UP AqUP\ S
AqUP \ BS.

D \
Ashzv E Hu C PUS Ch \kx
D \S. C\x, P {Pa \u Pa]
\S. {mh D vi, D \x, {P
UPUS |zuP, AQh u CiUS
GvzuP CUS. Aih \P, D \ P
S \S. B, Ashzv |kuSa
\hU Tix. \P A, xP Azx
P, H, B \hUTi J Pa] \P
C\ CUQx.

Pu \
GUmP C mhz xPPUQh Ax
mh {P C PhzvPUQh \kx Pu
\S. Cx, mh[PUS Pa] \P, K
15

mh[PUS US \P CUS. Pu \, Gvz uP

Ci vUS EmkQx. D \h Jkx, C\
UP huP CUQx. { Pu \P
uS Pu \S.

UP AqUP\
Aih \P, P Ehx C\ BS. Au
\zv, C\x 1015 m G SuS mk
\k. Aq AqUP mhP {mP
Jnzx x C\.

S AqUP \
- ]u Smh ]P AqUP P C\
UQuP Ex. D \ AS, Cx Sx
A.

1.3 Ami
P sP Ax P A G
C \. P sP x
P, }, {, P C AP Ak \u
Cux BS. C AP Ak \x, C
ShzuUP ]\ BS.

1.3.1 Aih AP AP
C AP, Aih AP AP G
CPkzu. Gu C AP Shh
iu AP Aih AP Gk. }, {, P,
{ Aih APUS GkzxUPmkP BS.
Aih AP ShUTi AP AP G.
, P A, Ahzv APUS GkzxUPmkP BS.

1.3.2 AS (Unit)
A (quantity) J Au, | Gx J] izu
(standard) Ah, Au JkQ. P J } 10 mh
Gu G? 1 mh }h }zu
P 10 h[S }x. C[S mh Gx izu AS. Cu
izu A AS Gk.
16

PkUPmk C Ah Jh k J
{mh izu A, C A AS G UPkQx.
Aih AP Au ASP Aih ASP
G, AP Au ASP ASP G
TkQ.

1.3.3 SI AS (System International de Units)

Pzv C AP Ah AQk P
mh. mi Ai & sm & |i Ax fps ,
P (Gaussian) \imh&Q & |i Ax cgs ,
mh & QQ & |i Ax mks BQ P
mh. J ^ J[S uPP 1960&
Bsi |h GhP AkP |mi, SI AS
EUPmk, A HUPmhx. Cx, ]
[Ph Ti mks S. Aux { mksA
(Rationalised metre kilogram second ampere - RmksA) Gx SI
S. C E Azx C APUS
ASP Cu { u A]Qx.
SI AS H Aih AP Csk xn
AP E. AP Amhn 1.1& PkUPmk.

Amhn 1.1 SI ASP

C AP

ASP

Sk

Aih AP
}

mh (metre)

QQ (kilogram)

kg

|i (second)

mh

B (ampere)

P (kelvin)

Ja\

Psh (Candela)

Cd

(mole)

mol

uUPn

i (radian)

rad

vsU Pn

ii (steradian)

sr

xn AP

17

1.3.4 SI ]P
SI x, AQk P ha ]ux. SI

E ] ]P, Au |hkzu EPuuP E.

{x U Pnu BQ C UQz uP, Gu J
izu AQS A]Q. AqUP sP Aih
Auu, SI izu ASP Pzu zx x. , SI AS
, K (coherent) P Ex. H, ] Smh Aih
ASP UP xn UP vP ASP
kQ. Amhn 1.2& ] AP A ASP
PkUPmk.

Amhn 1.2 AP A ASP

C A

\k

AS

m2

P A ()

} AP
E

v\P

Cha] / P

m s1

kUP

v\P / P

m s2

Pnz v\P

Pn Cha] / P

rad s1

Pn kUP

Pnz v\P / P

rad s-2

Ahzv

{ / P A

kg m3

Eu

{ v\P
{ (u)2

kg m s1

{ kUP
\ /

kg m s2 (A) N

\ u
\ P

N m or J

\ / }

N m-1
N m

mh

\ u
mh P

mh Ahzv

mh /

A m2

Puz ysh

\ / (mh })

N A1 m1

{z v v
\
Azu
B ()
PnzuUS \
C\
\ vz v
(v \)

18

m3

kg m2
N m-2 (A) Pa
N s

A s

1.3.5 SI izu[P (SI Standards)

}
C PUS Chmh u } G UPkQx.
}zv SI AS mh BS.

Qh UP UQ (lamp) Qh&86 G uzu

AqUP Emh Bg_ & ] J 1 650 763.73 A
}[P J izu mhUSa \.
{
A { BS. Cx
{ Azuzu zuu. {x ChzvS Ch
hx. { AS QQ BS.

, _US AQ \ G Chzv, GhP

AkP AzxP {zv UPmk mi & Ci
EPU P E |P { J QQSa \
BS.
Aq
Aih
izu
{,
Cx
HUPh. H, AP , xP
Aq AP {P Au i.

P
1960&Bsk izu P, \\ ` |U Psk
PnUQhmhx. Aux, wUPP P, P E `
PhUPUTi Akzukzu C {PPUP P ChU Psk
P PnUQhmhx. J Bsi \\P Ax PnUQhmhx.
Pzv SI AP |i, 1967&B Bsk Aq izuzv
HUPmhx.

J izu |i Gx, ^] &133 Aq C Ai B

{P, ~so mh[PUQh ^ {Pu
Hk Pva]S 9 192 631 770 AU P[PS.
B
hzv, J mh Ch UPmh, UPoUPzuUP
SUS Eh, C i }[P Eh CnU PhzvP
J mh }zv ^ mh, A
PhzvPUQh 2 107 N \ Hkzv, A mh J
B Gk.
19

P
P Gx } *(triple
CUP {

1
273.16

point)

Sv BS.

Psi
J J E 540 1012 Hz Avs Eh J {U
Pva] \, J Smh v\ J iiUS

1
683

G, Azv\ Ja\ J Psi BS.

0.012 QQ E P&12 AqUP Aihz

xPP EhUQ A Gk.
1.3.6 SI ASP A SkP kzxu
si vP P
1. A AbP P [Pk ASP
Gxx, u Gzx GzuP (capital letter) CUPU Thx.
GkzxUPmk : newton, henry, watt.
2. A AbP P [Pk ASP
SkP Gxx Gzu Gu sk. GkzxUPmk :
newton Gx N, henry Gx H, watt Gx W.
3. Smh [Phu ASP SkP ]
Gzu (small letter) Gu sk. GkzxUPmk : metre Gx m
kilogram Gx kg.
4. ASP SkPUS Cv Ax Ch
{zuSP GuU SP ChUThx. GkzxUPmk : 50 m
Gu 50 m. G ShUThx.
5. ASP SkP GuUThx. GkzxUPmk :
10 kg Gu 10 kgs G GuU Thx.
6. { kelvin AP Sk x iQU S
ChUThx. GkzxUPmk : 273 K Gu 273o K G GuU Thx.
* umk }, y } ES UPmi BQ \{ Ex CUS
{ } Gk. } { 273.16 K.

20

(\ A Skx iQU S Ch sk.

GkzxUPmhP 100 C G Gu 100o C G Gu sk)
7. ASP SkP SUSx mk \U Pmi
kzu. B, JUS mh \U PkP kzuU
Thx. GkzxUPmk : ms1 Ax m/s, J/K mol Ax JK1 mol1
(J/K/mol Gx Thx).
8. GsoS (number) AQ SmiS (symbol) Ch
\, Eu ASP C Tmk ASP
SkPUQh Ch h sk. GkzxUPmk : 2.3m Gx
\; 2.3 m Gu \S, kgms-2 G kg m s2 G Gu
sk.
9. HUPmh SkP mk kzu sk.
GkzxUPmk : ampere Gu amp G am G Gu A G
Gu sk. second Gu sec G s G Sh
sk.
10. Gu C A Gs v A
i Gu sk. GkzxUPmk : u\zv Ahzv
13600 kg m3 G 1.36 104 kg m3 GU Sh sk.

1.4 ] C APU Sku

Aih ASP \x mh, Au Aih
AP ] ASP Skx Gx. 10 Ax
(1/10)& UP vh Aih AS, SI h
uhhuP Ex. G, 1 km Gx 1000 m 1 mm Gx
(1/1000) m BS. izu SI kP, A
_UP[P, Amhn 1.3& PkUPmk.
P

kQ.

uP

Ah

RUPq

ASP

(i) J Bsk

Jx, hzv K Bsi \UTi u J

Bsk Gk.
Phu u = J v\P 1 Bsk
1 J Bsk = 3 108 m s1 1 Bsk (|iP)
= 3 108 365.25 24 60 60
21

= 9.467 1015 m

(ii) AS

zvx
` E
\\z u AS
Gk.

1 AS (AU)
= 1.496 1011 m

1.5 uU
PnUQku

Cx
{
Ax P J u
}sh uPU
PnUQh,
]
P
kQ. i &
Gv , \ xi
Ch u
P }sh
uPU PnUQh
kQ.

Amhn 1.3 & kP

zv AkUS

_UP

1015

femto

1012

pico

109

nano

106

micro

103

milli

10 2

centi

101

deci

101

deca

da

102

hecto

103

kilo

106

mega

109

giga

1012

tera

1015

peta

\ xi
Cx { u \ xiP Psk
PnUQh. vUP (transmitter) , \ xiP {
|UQ Ak. Cuz xiP { GvUPmk
sk . xiP AuS HuS Chmh P
xPU PnUQhk.
t Gx P Ch, c Gx \ xiP v\P G,

x { u, d =

ct
2

1.6 {U PnUQku
BU Thzv J {U PnUQh C
u] kzxx J UP S. 1 mg AS
{z xPU PnUQh i. uPzv { Pz xP
22

Au ih u_P kzukQ. {
EhiP Ax ih u_P ]\S.

1.7 PzuU PnUQku

Gu J P Ch PnUQh |US PiP
ukQx. Aq PiP[P, Pzv Tku izuzuz
uQ. P Ch Au ] P R
PkUPmk.

Sm_ PiP[P
iPzv
Azu & * G uzx, (piezo-electric)
Sm_
PiP[P
kQx.
CUPiP[P,
J
9
10 |iPUS J |i G A xzu .

Aq PiP[P
Aq |h AvP Aih CPU
PiP[P \kQ. CUPiP[P, 1013 |iP J [S G
A xzu .

1.8 Ak PP ~m xzu
Azx AkP PPU Psh \kQ.
Aku xzu PoPa \xx. GkzxUPmhP,
mh APU Psk }zu AUQ. mh AP
1 mm Ch P E. G, Au vSzu AP
\P CUS. P, SUPmh AP Pa] v
v
AUS
Ak
CUSx,
Au
|
PnUQ
GkzxUPv. G, HkQx. CP
P Gk. mh AP, Cu 0.5 mm BP
CUS.
BP Pm] vP Cx k C AP
Gx {uP CUQ. u Cu AkPa \
ix. Gso ~mx, AuS + G
Shk.
* iPzv Smh Aa_ J Azuzu Hkzv, \[Szx Aa]
zu k ES.
23

GkzxUPmhP, GLSz usi } 56.47 + 0.03 mm G, Au

Es } 56.44 mm&USU SP Ax 56.50 mm&US
AvPP CUP ix. Aumh v zv
Smh, Au (fractional error) G, UPi
Smh, Au UPk (percentage error) G T.
GkzxUPmhP, 470 , 10 % GU SUPmh uh Es
uh 470 - v 10 %&US zv\P CUPx. Aux,
Au Es v 423 &US 517 &US Ch CUS.

1.8.1 UQ GsqUP (significant figures)

Ak \x, uSu Pnzv, u G {zx
GsoUP \u (counted) CUP[P GsoUP UQ Gsq
BS. K Gso ChvP Au Gso UQ Gsq
G T. AkP ASPz uuku UQ
Gsq x.
GkzxUPmhP, 2.868 cm G Gs |S UQ GsqUP
x. Cu Gso 0.02868 m Ax 28.68 mm Ax
28680 m G Gxx |S UQ GsqUP E.
Ps GkzxUPmix RUPs vP SUPmk.
(i) _u (non-zeroes) GsP Azx UQ GsqUPPU
PnUQhk.
(ii)

_ C GsPUS Chmh _P
GsqUPPU PnUQhk (u\ J mh).

UQ

(iii) 1-I hU SP v Gso, u\US UP

E, B _u u GsoS ChUP E _P UQ
GsqUP BPx (0.02868-, AiUPimh _P UQ GsqUP
A).
(iv) u\ Cu Gso Cv E _P UQ
GsqUP BPx (23080 m-, Cv E _ UQ Gsq

A).
(v)

u\ E Gso Cv E _P UQ
GsqUP BS (0.07100-, UQ GsqUP |S).
GkzxUPmkP
(i) 30700- UQ Gsq 3, (ii) 132.73& UQ Gsq 5
(iii) 0.00345- UQ Gsq 3, (iv) 40.00- UQ Gsq 4
24

1.8.2 kzxu (Rounding off)

uPzv, PnURk \ PnUQk PP (calculators)
kzukQ. A iP CUP[PU (figures)
PshuP E. PnURmi Eh[S uPP (data) UQ
Gsqh i UQ Gsq AvPP CUPU Thx.
PnURmi i {u (uncertain) CUP[P JUS
mh Cu, Au Gsn kzu sk. Cu
kzxu ~mx, A mkz xP
kQx.
1.876 G Gs UQ GsqUP EhuP 1.88 G
kzukQx. 1.872 G Gs UQ GsqUP
EhuP 1.87 G kzukQx. AiUPimh UQ Gsq
Cu CUP 5-I h AvPP Cu, AuS E CUPzxh
1 Tmhh sk. Ax UQ Gsq Cu CUP 5-I hU
SP Cu, AuS E CUP hU Thx.
2.845 G Gso 5 G CUP UQ Gsq Cux. CuS

E CUP Cmhh CUPP Cu Au UQ

Gsq Cuu }UQmk 2.84 G kzu sk. 2.815
G Gso 5 G CUP UQ Gsq Cux. CuS E
CUP Jh CUPP Cu, Auh 1 Tmhmk 2.82 G
kzu sk.
GkzxUPmkP
(1) 17.35 kg, 25.8 kg 9.423 kg CU TmkP.

PkUPmh 25.8 Gx Pa] x uu A.

17.35 + 25.8 + 9.423 = 52.573 kg
52.573 kg Gu UQ Gsq A 52.6 kg G Gu

sk.
(2) 3.8 0.125 = ?

PkUPmh Pa ] UQ Gsq 2. G, i 2
UQ Gsq CUP sk.

3.8 0.125 = 0.475 = 0.48

25

1.8.3 Ak \u P
C A J Ak \ x Hk {
u Gk. C A Es vS
Aumh vS Ch E k S.
P PPP UP.
(i) u P

uha] Pm] vP, J v sk sk

Hmh, Ax u Gk. Ak P uP AP
SUPmiu u Hk. P AkP
\mk, \\ v PnUQhmh, CU SUP.
Aua \\ v Es vPU Puk.
(ii) P

Smh Pn Ax A Hkx
P BS. PnzuU Pshu CU
SUP. P P, umh \ P J
] P BS.
(iii) zu P

RU Smh Pn[P Hu J Ax JUS

mh zu P HkQ.
(1) P P zu
(2) AP zx Gxx uP v \u
(3) a\UP |hiUPP, Pnzu
Pzv P
(4) PnURmi u vP kzxu
\ua \ |P, PP \mh
zu PU SUP.
(iv) \ P

sk sk J A Ak \x, JUP
\ mh vP Qhxsk. CP P i
Hkv. \ HkQ. G, CP
26

P \ P GkQ. \u sk
sk \x, Azx vPUS Tmka\\ PnUQmh,
\ P SUPmk, \ i .
xP, J UPk PU Skx Esk.
x G A Aku, xzu x G, x- UPk ,
x
100%
x

BS.

1.9 n[P S
C A J
n[P Gx, Ai
h
AP
AkUS
PS.
v\P =

Ch a]
P

[L]
= T
[ ]
= [MoL1T1]

C[S M, L T
G, {, }
P G Aih
AP
n[P
BS.

Amhn 1.4 Aih

AP n[P
Aih A

mh

Ja\

cd

mol

G, v\P Gx { _ n, }zv
1 n, Pzv 1 n x. G, v\Pzv
n k [MoL1T1] Ax [LT1]. Aih AP
n[P Amhn 1.4& ] AP n[P
Amhn 1.5& PkUPmk.

n AP
n[P P n P (constants)
Gk. [ , x D n
P BS.
27

Amhn 1.5 ] AP n k
C A

\k

} AP

[L2]

Ahzv

{ /

[ML3]

kUP

v\P / P

[LT2 ]

Eu

{ v\P

[MLT1]

{ kUP

[MLT2 ]

\ u

[ML2T2 ]

/ P

[ML2T3 ]

[ML2T2 ]

PnzuUS \

\ P

[MLT1 ]

_] B

[L]

Azu

\ /

[ML1T2 ]

C\

\ / }

[MT2 ]

Avs

1/P

[T1]

C\

[MLT2 ]

\ vv
(v\)

\ u

[ML2T2 ]

Pnz v\P

Pn Ch a]
P

[T1]

uP

\ /

[ML1T2]

[ML2T2 ]

Hzv

B
{

[ML2T-2K-1]

mh

mh P

[AT]

APm
mh

[AT mol-1]

Puz ysh

\
( mh })

28

n k

[MT-2 A-1]

n[P , B { vP A
C AP n P (variables) Gk. GkzxUPmkP :
v\P, \.

n AP
] Smh C APUS n[P C. A
n AP Gk. GkzxUPmk : v, Pn, Jhzv.
CP J n k E C C AP uPP
Cu, n[P C.

n[P Jizu |
\k J C [P E AP
n[P \P C, Aua \k n i \
GS. Cu n[P Jizu | G T. J
v n[P Eh AP mk Tmh i. QhUPU
Ti A, Au n[P US Gu Aih
Cuz uzx Axx.
A + B = C G \k \P CUP sk, A, B C

C n[P \P CUP sk.

1.9.1 n S P
(i) C A J, J AQk x
AQk US C.
(ii) PkUPmh \k, n[P Aih \

\vzx A C.
(iii) \k J E C APUS
Chmh uh { C.
(i) C A J J AQk x

AQk US u.
cgs G- v 6.67 108 dyne cm2 g2. SI

Au vU PnUQkP.
cgs

SI

Gcgs = 6.67 108

G = ?

M1 = 1g

M2 = 1 kg

L1 = 1 cm

L2 = 1m

T1 = 1s

T2 = 1s
29

D n k M 1L3T 2 .
x
z
cgs , G- n k M 1 L1 T1
y

y
x
z
SI , G- n k M 2 L2 T2

C[S x = 1, y = 3, z = 2 BS.

G M 2x L2yT2z = Gcgs M 1x L1yT1z

Ax G = Gcgs

M1

M2

L1

L2

1g
= 6.67 108

1 kg

= 6.67 108

T1

T2

1 cm
1 m

1g

1000 g

1 s
1 s

1 cm
100 cm

[1] 2

= 6.67 1011

SI ,
G = 6.67 1011 N m2 kg2
(ii) PkUPmha \k n i \ \vzu

CUPzv \k, s = ut + ()at2

C [P n[P vh,
[L] = [LT1] [T] + [LT2] [T2]
( G US n C)
[L] = [L] + [L]

C [P J v n[P Cu, \k
n \ Gx UPkQx.
(iii)

\k J E
Chmh uh {u
u

F\

PzvS
30

APUS

\mi

AUP T, (i) F\ Ssi { m, (ii) F\ } l (iii)

F\ u[Phmh Chzv D kUP g, BQa \ux.
Aux, T mx l y gz

Ax

T = k mx l y gz

... (1)

C[S, k Gx n uP BS. n[P

\k (1)& vh
[T1] = [Mx] [L y] [LT2]z

Ax

[T1] = [Mx L y

+ z

T2z]

\mi C E M, L T- AkUSP JkP.

x = 0, y + z = 0 - 2z = 1 \kPz wUP.
x = 0, y = z =

\k (1)&x,

T = k mo l g

1/2

l
T = k
g

T = k

l
g

\u k- v 2 G Amh,
T = 2

l
g

1.9.2 n S P
(i)

C n P vPU PnUQh

Cx.
(ii) AkUSU S vPnv \P Ah[Q

\kPUS C kzu Cx.

(iii)
S mh C AP
\kPUS C kzu Cx.

Eh[Q

(iv) \mi, n A mk \, C G
UP i. Es, \k \, C GU Psh

ix. s = ut +

1 2
at Gx n \ G v
4

Es \k, s = ut +

1 2
at
2

GuS.

31

wUPmh PnUSP
1.1

Cx S u E P JS \ xi
Amk, 7 {h[P Pzx GvUPmh xi
kQx. US AuU PS Chmh u
6.3 1010 m G, \ xi v\P G?
uP : d = 6.3 1010 m,

t = 7 {h[P = 7 60 = 420 s

w : d Gx, P u G, xi \ u zuz
u 2d.
v\P =

1.2

2d
2 6.3 1010
=
t
420

= 3 108 m s 1

P J, 5.42 g { ] {UP J 1.2 kg

{ mi UQ. mi P zu
{, UQ Gsq uzxzv PnUQkP.
uP : mi { = 1.2 kg
]U P { = 5.42 g = 5.42 103 kg = 0.00542 kg
w : zu { = mi { + P {
= 1.2 + 0.00542 = 1.20542 kg

kzv S, zu { = 1.2 kg
1.3

h
G
mv

\k n A \ G UP.

( & A}, h - [ , m - {, v - v\P)

w : [ (h) n [ML2 T1]

- n [L]
m - n [M]
v - n [LT1]

\k = h

mv

& n[P vh

ML2T 1
L
=
[ ]
[M ] LT 1

32

[L ] = [ L ]
\mi C [P n[P
PkUPmha \k n A \.
1.4

\P

Cu,

2.2 0.225 C UP UQ Gsq

PnUQkP.

w : 2.2 0.225 = 0.495

PkUPmh uPP, Pa ] UQ Gsq 2. G,
h 2 UQ Gsq CUP sk.
2.2 0.225 = 0.50
1.5

n[P 76 cm u\ Azuzu N m2 G P.
w : cgs 76 cm u\ Azu
= 76 13.6 980 dyne cm2

Cu P1 GP. G P1 = 76 13.6 980 dyne cm2

cgs Azuzv n[P = [M1aL1bT1c]

Azuzv n[P = [ML1 T2]. Cu [M2aL2bT2c]h Jh.

| x a = 1, b = 1 c = -2.
a

M L T
SI Azu P2 = P1 1 1 1
M 2 L2 T2

10-3 kg 10-2 m
Aux, P2 = 7613.6980 1 kg 1 m

= 76 13.6 980 103 102

= 101292.8 N m-2
P2

= 1.01 105 N m-2

33

1s
1s

u vk
(Cuz uvmk Sv PkUPmk UP
PnUSP vP. C, h x Gu
Ax PnUQ iUP. n, n
uvmk
Svx
mk,
h
x
iUPhUTi UPUS PnUSPUS hUP Bzu
\x P sk.)

1.1

RPsh G \?
(a) 6400 km 6.4 108 cm
(b) 2 104 cm 2 106 mm
(c) 800 m 80 102 m
(d) 100 m 1 mm

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.6

] { J A} 7000 . m Au v
(a) 0.7 m

(b) 7 m

(c) 70 m

(d) 0.07 m

vz xP J { 1.6 1010 kg G, 1.6 kg {

AzxPP GsoUP
(a) 1010

(b) 1010

(c) 10

(d) 101

xP Jx \k \, Au v\PzvS |zuP
G, uP Ahk AS
(a) kg s-1

(b) kg s

(c) kg m s-1

(d) kg m s-2

0.0006032 & UQ Gsq

(a) 8

(b) 7

(c) 4

(d) 2

} 3.51 m G Ahmkx. xzu

0.01 m G, Ami UPk
(a) 351 %

(b) 1 %

(c) 0.28 %

(d) 0.035 %
34

1.7

D n k
1 3 2

(a) M L T
(c) M

1.8

1 3 2

o o

o o

(c) M L T

(d) M L

(b) M LT
(d) MLT

[ n k
(a) MLT
o 4

(c) ML T

1.10

L T

1 3 2

v\P, v = (x/t) + yt. x& n k

(a) ML T

1.9

1 3 2

(b) M

3 2

(b) ML T

2 1

(d) ML T

J v n[P
(a) \ Eu

(b) uP v

(c) Ahzv }hzv

(d) {

1.11

u ~mzv C [S x?

1.12

CP Aih \P SxP.

1.13

Aih ASP ASP kzxP.

1.14

(i) }, (ii) { (iii) P & C SI izu[PU TP.

1.15

AQk Ph, SI AS GP mhx?

1.16

SI ASPU Skv, h si vP

P ?
1.17

C AP Ah si A] G?

1.18

mh AP P E[Ph PkUPmk. P
mhzu G PnUQkP?

1.19

Pa ] uPU Sh kzuk ASPU

SkP.

1.20

\ P G ? A G SUP
i?

1.21

1
gt2
2

1.22

n S P ?

Gx u n[P x G UP.

35

1.23

n S P ? J J
GkzxUPmkh USP.

PnUSP
1.24

1 mh Gzu ASP E?

1.25

GUm J { 9.11 1031 kg

GUmP zu { 1 kg&BP CUS?

1.26

}QU P, \ G P zumkx. Ax
A \P Gv P GvUPmk sk x
\ 73.0 s BQx. } J v\P 1450 m s1G,
Gv P E uU PnUQkP.

1.27

RUPs, UQ GsqUP ?

G, Gzu

(i) 600900 (ii) 5212.0 (iii) 6.320 (iv) 0.0631 (v) 2.64 1024

1.28

= 3.14. G, 2 v UQ GsqSa \PU

PnUQkP.

1.29

5.74 g {h J 1.2 cm3 P AS

u, Au Ahzv UQ Gsq uzxzv PnUQkP.

1.30

\Pz uPk J }, AP ui 4.234 m,

1.005 m 2.01 cm BS. uPmi P A
UQ GsqUPUSa \PU PnUQh.

1.31

0.1 cm xzu Eh APU Psk, usk J

} 25.0 cm G AukQx. }zv UPk U

PnUQkP.
1.32

~sU S vzv C\
\mi, n S P.
C\x (T) (i) vzv { (m), (ii) vzv Azu (P),
(iii) ~sU S B (r) a \ux.
(, k =

1.33

1
2

mhu C[S x \k \ (F),

(i) { (m), (ii) v\P (v) (iii) mh u
B (r) a \ux. \ P n
S P (, k = 1).
36

1.34

n S , RUPq \kP \ C
Gua \vUP.
(i) F =

mv 2
(F-\, m-{, v-v\P, r-B)
r2

(ii) n =

1
2

g
l

(n - Avs, g - D kUP, l - })

1
mv 2 = mgh 2 (m - {, v - v\P, g - D kUP
2
h - E)

(iii)

1.35

n S RUPsh P.
(i)

18
kmph
5

&I m s1 &BP

(ii)

5
m s1
18

&I kmph &BP

(iii) 13.6 g cm3 &I kg m3 &BP

h-P-
1.1 (a)

1.2 (a)

1.3 (b)

1.4 (a)

1.5 (c)

1.6 (c)

1.7 (b)

1.8 (b)

1.9 (d)

1.10 (d)

1.24 6.68 1012 AU

1.25 1.097 1030

1.26 52.925 km

1.27 4, 5, 4, 3, 3

1.28 9.86

1.29 4.8 g cm3

1.30 4.255 m2, 0.0855 m3

1.31 0.4 %

1.32 T =

Pr
2

1.33 F =

1.34 u, \, u
1.35 1 m s1, 1 kmph, 1.36 104 kg m3

37

mv 2
r

2. CUP
C P , Aih Cv
(mechanics) BS. C, xPP Ax P K{
Ax CUP { TQx. uP Ba]
a] EUPmh sU
P i, Au
ua\ Pmkk, Cvzv mkz v, v[P
Cv uzx[P Aih
Ax. Cv { (statics) CUP\
(dynamics) G C P E.
P K{ x { BS. C
\P \{ \h six.
\P uUPzv PnP P C[Su Tx
CUP\ BS. v G h ""h'' (dynamis)
G QUPa \ hU (dynamics) GkQx. CUP\
CUP (kinematics) \ (kinetics) G C EmP
E.
CUPzu Hkzx \PU Pu, CUPzv Cha],
v\P, kUP P Qhz uh
U Tx CUP BS.
P CUPzvS \k \PUS Ch
uh Tx \ BS.
CUP
P.

Aih

ux

xP (particle)
n[P A, { (position) Eh ]Sv Ax
A xP Gk.

K { CUP
, Pzua \x ux { U P
Cu, Ax K { Ex Gk.
38

Pzua \x, { , Ax CUPzv Ex

Gk. CUPzu A sk, _zua
\u { zu (x, y, z TP) A sk. Pzua
\x P {x J, Csk Ax AzxU TP
(coordinates) , P { Ahxx
Gk. CUP PPP UPkQx.
(i) J n CUP

Pzua \x { u J TU (coordinate)
Psk Smh, Au J n CUP G. GkzxU
Pmk : |Pmi G J |Px, KiUPsiUS uhP .
(ii) C n CUP

CP, CUP C TP Shk. GkzxUPmk :

J uzv C[S .
(iii) n CUP

Pzua \x, { TP ,
AUPzu n CUP GQ. GkzxUPmk : US
CUP, Pi CUP, UT J CUP.

2.1 J n CUP (|UPmiUP)

|UPk J Hk CUP |UPmiUP BS.
CUPzu A {, Cha], v\P, kUP
UQ sP ukQ.

2.1.1 {, Cha] xP Phu u

Pzua \x, xP J {, uha]P Amh
mk Au CUPzu A i.
xP Psh u
zu }, Ax Phu u
BS. xP uhUP {US
Cv {US Chmh SQ
h 2.1 u Cha]
u Cha] Gk.
xP Phu u Gx Cha] Gx .
GkzxUPmhP h 2.1& Pmi, xP O G x P1
39

G {US S P2 G {US, |Pu, P2& Au Cha],

uhUP x x2 BS. B, xP Phu u
x1+x1+x2 = (2x1+x2) (h 2.1).
u Gx J P A; Cha] Gx J Uh
A.

2.1.2 P v\P
P
KS Pzv Phu u P Gk. Cx J P
A.

v\P
Cha] u, v\P Gk. Smh v\,
xP P G v\Pzu UP. v\P J Uh
A. CuS Gs v v\ Esk.
v\P =

Ch a]
P

Cu AS m s1 n k LT1.

^ v\P
J Smh v\ xP C[Sx,
P ChP Pa ]uP C,
\P ChP \ Cha]P
Psh,
xP
^
v\Pzv
C[SQx Gk.
Cha]&P hzv, (h
2.2) Azx P \ J P
Ex. H, xP ^ v\Pzxh
C[SQx.

t
h 2.2 ^ v\P

^ Ax v\P
xP J, \ P ChP \ Cha]P
Psh Ax CUPzv v\ hu Ax CUP u
v\ BQ Csk hu, xP v\P Qx.
40

\\z v\P
t1

Pzv Ch
a] s1 G t2 Pzv Ch
a] s2 G PP. (h 2.3)
(t2 t1) G P Ch,

s
t

\\z v\P =
Ch a] k
P
s2 - s1 s
=
=
t2 - t1
t

O
h 2.3 \\z v\P

Pmi \
Gx, hzvx uQx.

Ehiz v\P (Instantaneous velocity)

xP PhUS u Hu J Ax Smh
Pnzv E v\P Ehiz v\P BS.
v = Lt

t 0

s
ds
=
t
dt

2.1.3 kUP (acceleration)

Pzua \x, v\Pzv Gs v Ax v\ Ax
Csk Ahu, xP, kUP x Gk.
v\P u, kUP G UPkQx. kUP J
Uh A.
kUP =

v\ P k
P

u Gx xP uhUPz v\P t PzvS S Au

Cvz v\P v G, kUP
v u
a=
t

Pn| kUP, a =

dv d ds d 2s
=

=
dt dt dt dt 2

Cu AS m s2 n k L T2.

^ kUP
P ChP ]uP C, \P ChP \
A v\P [P {Pu, kUP ^x Gk.
41

Gv kUP
Pzua \x, v\P Su kUP GvUS .
GvUS Eh kUP, GvkUP Gk.

^ CUP
xP J u v\ Pzxh (_ kUP) C[Q, Ax
^ CUPzv Ex Gk.

2.1.4 hzv Pmhku

P {PP Aihz uPP h[P P Ax
P h[P kQ. Cha] Ax v\P
J A, P Ah uh
Psiu h[P EnzxQ.
xP J Cha], v\P kUP BQ
Pzua \x u (i) Cha] & P (st) h
(ii) v\P & P (v t) h (iii) kUP & P (a t)
h PmkQx.

Cha] & P h
Pzv \P (function) xP Cha]U Pmkx
Cha] & P hS.
v =

ds
Bu, Gu J Pnzv
dt

xP v\P, st hzv
\Sa (slope) \ BS. h 2.4&
Pmi
t1
Pzv
xPx
|USz v\Pzu, t2 Pzv,
_z v\Pzu, t3 Pzv
GvUSz v\Pzu x. O

v\P & P h

t3
t2
h 2.4 Cha] &
P h
t1

Pzv \P, xP v\PzuU Pmkx v\P & P

hS.
a=

dv
Bu, Gu J Pnzv xP kUP, vt hzv
dt

42

\Sa \ (h 2.5).

ds
B, v =
dt

v dt

G, ds = v.dt
t2 P[P
a]P s1 s2 G,
t1
s2

t2

s1

t1

dt

Ch
D

ds = v dt

h 2.5 v\P &

P h

t2

s2 s1 =

v dt =

ABCD

t1

v t hzv R E , Smh P ChP

Hk xP Cha] zuU PmkQx Ax xP |Pu
uU PmkQx.

kUP & P h
Pzv \P kUPzuU
Pmkx kUP & P h
BS. (h 2.6)
a =

a dt

dv
Ax dv = a dt
dt

t2
P[P
t1
v\P[P v1 v2 G,
v2

t2

v1

t1

dv = a dt

v2 v1 =

dt
R

a.dt = PQRS

h 2.6 kUP &

P h

t1

at hzv R E , Smh P ChP

Hk, xP v\P zuU PmkQx. P SUPmh Aa_US

CnP Pk Cu, xP u kUPzxh C[SQx
Gk.
43

2.1.5 CUPa \kP

^P kUPmh CUPzv Cha] (s), P (t), uhUPz
v\ P (u), Cvz v\P (v) kUP (a)
BQQh uh G \kPP .
(i) Gu Pnzv, kUP Gx, Pzua \u
v\Pzv u PUP (derivative) BS.
a =

dv
dt

Ax

dv = a.dt

t Pzv v\P ux vUS , Ps

\mii
v

dv = a dt = a dt

[v ]vu

= a [t ]0
t

v u = at Ax

v = u + at

...(1)

(ii) v\P, Pzua \u Cha]

u PUP BS.

Aux, v =

ds
Ax ds = v dt
dt

v = u + at Gu
ds = (u + at) dt
t Pzv Hkzv u s G,

ds = u dt + at dt

1 2
Ax s = ut + at
2

...(2)

(iii) J kUP Gx, Pzua \u v\Pzv

u PUP BS.
a =

dv
dv
ds
dv
=

=
v
dt
ds
dt
ds

ds

v = dt

44

Ax

ds =

1
v dv
a

G,

ds =

Aux s =
s =

v dv
a

1 v 2 u 2

a 2
2

1
2a

(v

u2

Ax 2as = (v2 u2)

v2 = u2 + 2 as

...(3)

\kP (1), (2) (3) CUPa \kP BS.

nBx |i Phu u \k

J u G uhUPz v\Pzv C[Pmk. Ax a G

^ kUPzxh |UPmi C[SQx.
CUPzv x, nBx |i Phu u,
Sn = (u n |iP Phu u) & [(n1) |iP Phu

u]

n |iP Phu u,

Dn = un +

(n1) |iP Phu u

(n 1)

1 2
an
2

= u(n1) +

nBx |i Phu u = Dn D

Aux, sn = un +

sn = u + a n -

1 2
an 2

1
a(n1)2
2

(n 1)

2
u(n - 1) + 2 a(n - 1)

Ax

sn = u +

1
a(2n - 1)
2

] |P
| (i) : R|UQ CUPzvS
R|UQ C[S xPS a = g, H xPx D kUPz
v\ C[SQx.
45

| (ii) : uhz u R
uhz u R S a = g u = 0, H
K {x kQx.

| (iii) : |UQ CUPzvS

|UQ C[S xPS a = g, H, D
kUPz v\US Gvzv\ C[SQx.

2.2 P Uh AP
C EPzu UP k P AP EhUQx
CUP BS. u, Cha], P, v\P, kUP,
{, Eu, B, , v AP ] GkzxUPmkPS.
Cu AP P, Uh G C PPP UP.
P APUS Gsv mk Esk. A, Gs
AQ Shk. GkzxUPmkP : }, {, P, P,
, B, {. J P PPa \un vPU
Psk Tmh, PUP, UP Ax SUP i.
Uh APUS Gs v v\ Esk. GkzxU
PmkP : Cha], v\P, kUP, \, Gh, Eu.

2.2.1 Uh JU Sku
Uh AP Ahmh Uh h[P
ShkQ. Smh v\ Ahmh Pk, Chk
AUS
Uh
AU Y
SuS. Ahmh Uh h
J h 2.7 Pmhmkx.
A : 1cm=1N
hzv Cx ux G
,

OA=4N
A

(i) A PkUPmkx.
(ii) Smh v\ AUS

Chmh Pk mkx.

m
4c

30

X
(iii) Uh Gs v v\ O

uPU Pmhmk. xAa_US

h 2.7 UhU Sku
30o Pnzv (v\) 4N Gs v

46

G CUQx. Pmi } Gs v, AUS v\

PmkQ. Uh uizu Gzx (A) Ax Gzv AUS

CmkU Pmh A. Au Uh A G Ax A Uh G

Ea\UP sk. Gs v A G Ax |A|G Sh.

2.2.2 UhP PP
(i) \ UhP

uhUP P G[Q, \ Gs v
J v\ C UhP \ UhP

Gk. h 2.8 Uh A Uh B \

Gsv v\ . G A B
UhP \UhPS.

B
h 2.8
\UhP

(ii) Jzu UhP

h 2.9 Jzu
UhP

J v\, B mh Gs vP Eh
C UhP Jzu UhP Gk (h 2.9).
(ii) Gv UhP

A
B
\ Gs vP Eh, B Gv Gv v\
Psh C UhP Gv UhP Gk
h 2.10 Gv
(h 2.10).
UhP

(iv) mh UhP

mh Gs vP Eh C UhP
Gvv v\P \mh, A mh

UhP Gk. h 2.11 A B mh

h 2.11 mh
UhP BS.
UhP
A

(v) KS Uh

KS Gs vh Uh, KS Uh Gk. J
Uh Auh Gs v SUPU Qhx KS Uh

^
BS. A& v\ KS Uh A G Gv, A cap Ax A
caret Ax A hat G Ea\UP sk.
^
A=

A
| A|

Ax

^
A = A |A|

47

G, J Uh Gs v Au v\ KS
Uh USu Au Uh .

Szx AS UhP
Pmj] T A, x, y z Aa_UP |US v\
E AS UhP i, j k G SUP.
AP JUP \[Szu v\P \ku, Szx AS
UhP GkQ.
(vi) _Uh

Gs v _ Eh Uh, _ Uh Gk. Ax 0 GU
Shk. Cuh uhUP i J. _ Uh
v\ A ix.
(vii) Uh (Proper Vector)

_ UhP Azx UhP BS.

(viii) \P & uhUP UhP

J x uh[S UhP

\P & uhUP UhP G. h 2.12 A

B O G J Bvx uh[Su,
A \P uhUP UhP BS.

h 2.12 \P
uhUP UhP

(ix) J u UhP

J uzv AvUS UhP J u UhP G.

Cu UhP E uzv UhP u G.

2.2.3 UhP Tku

UhPUS Gs v v\ Cu, A \un
CPou i Tmh ix.
UhP h P i P Tmh.
ux G kzv, h P C
UhPU Tmku Ax P.

J Pmi \k P Q UhPU PxP.

C UhP Tku Pn Q& Sv P& uSvh

CnUP (h 2.13).
48

P Q uS R = P + Q.

BS. AD G Pmi } R& Gs vz

uQx. P Q& v\ R& \

kQx.

P
A

BC

C Q

D
D

JUP \x, C UhP

Tku Pn, UhP UPn v Ax
UhP CnP v kzu.

(i)

h 2.13 UhP
Tku

UhP UPn v

R
D

Gs v v\ SUPmh C UhP, \i J
UPnzv Akzukzu UP[PPU Pumh, A uS,
Gv\, Au UPnzv i UPP CUS.

Pnzv \k P Q UhP uS Pn

RUPq kQx.

h 2.14 Pmi O A = P G P. P& uSv,

uh[Q, AB = Q I P. Cv, P& Sv uh[Q Q&

OB = R G Uh P. Uh
OB = R
uSvUS

Gx P Q G uS BS.

BP, R = P + Q

R& }zu Ax,

P &US R&US Chmh Pnzu

Ax P + Q& Gs vU PnUQh.
UPn[P
\ (sine) v
P\
(cosine)

vP kzv R&
Gs
v,
v\ i.

R,
P&h
uS
Hkzx Pn GU

PP. R& Gs v

h 2.14 UhP UPn v

R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 2PQ cos (180 o )

R =

P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos

49

P
Q
R
=
=
sin
sin
sin (180o - )

Gv

Cx

v\

i.
(ii) UhP CnP v

J \k C
UhP, CnP J
Q
Akzukzu
UP[PP
Gs
R
v, v\ Smh,
A
uS
C
UhP x Sv
O
D
A
a \ mhzv
P
Gs
v
v\
h 2.15 UhP CnP v
Shk.

h 2.15& Pmi, JUP Pnzv \x P

Q UhPU Px. P Q G, OACB G

CnPzv OA OB UP[PP, Gs v v\
Shmk. x Sv O&x \ mh
(OC), R& Gs v v\ uQx.

Cx }mhmh OAS CD G \[Szx P. R Gx

P&h Hkzx

COD GU PP.

\[Pn UPn OCD x,

OC2 = OD2 + CD2
= (OA + AD)2 + CD2
= OA2 + AD2 + 2.OA.AD + CD2

h 2.15x,

...(1)

BOA = = CAD

\[Pn UPn CAD

AC2 = AD2 + CD2

...(2)

\k (2) I (1) vh
OC2 = OA2 + AC2 + 2OA.AD

...(3)
50

ACD x,
CD = AC sin

...(4)

AD = AC cos

...(5)

\k (5)-I (3)- vh
OC2 = OA2 + AC2 + 2 OA.AC cos

Psh \mi, OC = R, OA = P,
OB = AC = Q G vh
R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos (Ax) R =

P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos

...(6)

uS Gs v \k (6) &x kQx.

OCD &x
tan =

CD
CD
=
OD
OA + AD

Psh \mi, \k (4) \k (5) I vh,

tan =

AC sin
Q sin
=
OA + AC cos
P + Q cos

1 Q sin
= tan P + Q cos

Ax

...(7)

\k (7) uS v\S.

] |P
(i) C UhP J v\ \ku

Cu {P, C UhPUS Chmh Pn = 0o,

cos 0o = 1, sin 0o= 0. \k (6)& Cx,
R =

P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ = (P + Q )

Q sin 0o
o
P + Q cos 0

1
\k (7)& Cx, = tan

Aux, = 0
G, uS Uh v\x, uzu UhP
51

v\ Gs v, C UhP Gs vP TkuUSa
\P CUS.
(ii) C UhP JUP Gv v\ \ku

Cu {P, C UhPUS Chmh Pn, = 180,

cos 180 = 1, sin 180o = 0
P 2 + Q 2 - 2PQ = (P Q )

\k (6)& Cx, R =

\k (7)& Cx, = tan-1 0 = tan1(0) = 0

P Q

G, uS Uh v\x, C UhP
Uh v\ Gs v, C UhP Gs vPUS
Ch E miSa \P CUS.
(iii) C UhP JUP \[SzuPa \ku

Cu {P, = 90, cos 90o = 0, sin 90o = 1

P 2 + Q2

\k (6)& Cx

R =

\k (7)& Cx

= tan1
P

G, uS Uh R&Bx P Uhh Pnzv

\kQx.

2.2.4 UhP Pzu

J Uh Cx Pzu Gx, J

GvUSh TmkuUSa \ BS. GkzxUPmhP, Q P = Q + (P)

G, P& Q& Cx PUP, Qh (P) U Tmh sk.

(h 2.16a). BP P&Q&C Cx PUP, vmh P& Q &h

Tmh sk. C \, u AB =

Q G P. S Q&

uSv uh[Q BC = ( P ) G x (P )& uSv

iUP. R&Uh Gx Q (P )& Tku BS. (Aux Q

P G k)
52

P
Q

Q+[-P]

BC

D
B

-P

(a)

(b)
h 2.16 UhPU Pzu

JUP GvnP E C UhP uS

, h 2.16b- Pmi, ] Uh Uhx
PUP sk. uS Uh v\x, Uh v\
CUS.

2.2.5 P Uh USu
P J Uh UQ Qhx J Uh
AS. Cu v\ Au Uh v\S.
GkzxUPmkP

(i) \ uUP PnP, m { xP J a kUPzu

F = ma.

(ii) Eu = { v\P P = mv.

2.2.6 UhP \PU TP

\PT Aa]S (coordinate) J Smh Pnzv E
Uh, Aa_UP P C TPP UP i. Uh J,
Au TPP SUS US Uh G .
X & Aa_h, Pnzu Hkzx Uh R = O A GuU
PxP. R Uh X & Aa_ Y &Aa_ P C TPP
UP. A G x X Aa_US Y Aa_US \[SzxU
PkP P. C Aa_UP mk P, Rx Ry

P TPS.
53

OP = Rx, G Gs v R&
x TS.

OQ = Ry, G Gs v R & Q
y TS.

OPA&
cos =

O P Rx
=
Ax
OA R
O

Rx = R cos
sin =

OQ Ry
Ax Ry = R sin
=
OA R
2

Ry

Rx

h 2.17 Uh \PU
TP

= Rx2 + Ry2

R &I, R = Rxi + Ry j G Sh. ( i j G

KS UhP)
Rx Ry&IU Psk & RUPsh Sh.
R

y
= tan1 R
x

2.2.7 C UhP UP
\un CPou (algebra) vPU Psk, J Uh
Uh UP ix. UhP USu (i) P
UP (ii) Uh UP G CPP E.
(i) P UP Ax UP

C UhP UP J PP Cu, Ax P

UP Gk. A B G C UhP P UP

A . B G Gv A B G Ea\UP sk. G, P
UP UP G TQ. Cu APUP (inner
product) Ax |h UP (direct product) G T.
C UhP P UP Gx, C UhP Gs
vP UP A UhPUS Chmh

Pnzv P\ v UPU QhUS PS. A B

54

C P UPU RUPsh
Sh.

A . B = |A| |B| cos

C[S | A | | B | G A

B Gs vP, Gx

US

BUS

Chmh

Pnzu

h 2.18 C UhP

SUQ (h 2.18).
(ii) C UhP Uh UP Ax SUS UP

CUhP UP J UhP Cu, Ax Uh

UP Gk. A B G C UhP Uh UP

A B G Gv A SUS B G Ea\UP sk. Cu UP

(outer product) G T.

C UhP Uh UP Gx, C UhP Gs

vP UP A UhPUS Chmh
Pnzv \ v UPU QhUS Uh BS. Cu
Uh v\, A UhP Au uzvS \[SzuP CUS.

h 2.19& Pmi,
B&I

Ah A& G ] PnzvS
_ sk, A SUS
UP

A xB

^
A B = |A| |B| sin n = C

O
A
B xA

D
h 2.19 C UhP
Uh UP

C[S |A| |B| G

A
B& Gs vPU

B Au
SUQ. A

uzvSa \[SzuP C Axx.

x B US
vS J A
_x, Au |P

v\ C v\ CUS. G, C,
OC \k. Cx

B A, OD Pa \k.
55

2.3 G CUP
Smh uhUPz v\Pzxh \mk, S D
\ C[P AvUPk G Ax G
Gk. G \ uU Pzu, Au, zv
JSvP Cx u. CP CUP G CUP
Gk.
(i) BP zvx \k Ssk (ii) uhP _ Dmi
Ax Ssk (iii) QUPm mh AiUPk v CUP

G[PUS GkzxUPmkP BS.

G[P PP h 2.20 Pmhmk.
J Csk P G.
(i) Smh Ezvx QhzuP Gu
(ii) uh J \U Pnzv Gu.

G[P, \[Szx CUP Qhzu CUP[PUS

EmkQ. G CUPzv C TP. (i) \[SzxU T
(ii) QhzuUT. CUPzv Cu Csk TP J
\vUPx.
Qhzv\h J Pnzv Gmh J, ^
Qhzu v\Pzu, D \ PnP UTi \[Szxz
v\Pzu x. G, x, J |zv Qh
\[Szx CUP[P x. A CUP[P Uh
Tku,
uS
CUPP,
P
u
uP CUS.
Psh UP[P Amhn 2.1 uSUPmk.

Amhn 2.1 Gzv Jh J \u CUP[P

CUP

\P

v\P

kUP

QhUPP

\x
\hx

ux

\[SzuP

D
kUPzv
\
R|UQ
\k.

U
Tix

R|UQx

(~10 ms1)

56

(~10 ms2)

h 2.20 G[P PP

P uh UPoUPzuUPx D kUP ux G
Pv G CUP UPkQx.

GPn
Gk uhUPz v\US, Gmh
Qhzv\US Chmh Pn GPn BS.

G v\P
J
v\P BS.

Guz

v\Pzv

GkQu,

Ax

a_
GUS, G u v US Ch Qhz
u a_ GQ.

_u
G P u _u Gk.

US P
G Gmh Pnzvx u x BS zu
P US P Gk.

2.3.1 QhP \mh Gzv CUP

OX Qhzuzv h Ezv, A G x, u v\Pz
xh QhP \kQx GU Px (h 2.21).
RUPs CUP[P, J |zv US.
57

u1=0
A

(i) OX G Qhzv\,

Gmhx
^ v\P

u
C

(ii)

D
kUPzv
PnP Hk ^ \[Szxz
v\P.

u2

u3
B
X

PkUPmh

h 2.21 Pzv Ea]x

QhP Gmh G

Csk
v\P[P
J \vx. Qhz
v\ kUP \h
Bu,

Qhz
v\P

CUS.
D
kUPzv PnP,
\[Szxz v\ v\P
hx Psh CUS.

G (Gzv) u
Ax CI Ah GkzxU Psh P = t
t Pzv Phx u \[Szxz u = s = y

CUPa \mix,
s = u1 t +

1
at 2
2

...(1)

Au vP \k (1)& vh,
1
1 2
gt 2 =
gt
2
2

y = (0) t +

...(2)

A&, Qhzv\ uhUPz v\P = u

t Pzv, Phu Qhzu = x
x = Qhzv\P P
x = u t

Ax

t =

x
u

...(3)

Cu \k (2) vh
2

1 x
g
y =
2 u

x2
1
g 2
2
u

...(4)
58

y = kx2, Cv k =

g
2u 2

Gx J .

Psh \k, zv \k BS. G, G

P u J S.
C& uS v\P
t Pnzv, C- CuPU P.
A , uhUP \[Szxz v\P (u1) = 0
C, Qhz v\P (ux) = u
C, \[Szxz v\P = u2

CUPa \mix,
u2 = u 1 + g t

Au vP Azx vhmh,
u2 = 0 + g t

...(5)

C uS v\P
v =

u x2 + u22 = u 2 + g 2 t 2

...(6) u
2

u2

gt
=
v v\, tan =
ux
u

...(7)

h 2.22 Hu J
uS
v\P

Gx, x&Aa_h v Hkzx Pn BS.

US P a_
OB = R G u, Gzv a_ BS.
a_ = Qhzv\P u Ah GkzxU P P
R = u tf

...(8)

Cv tf Gx US P BS.
A, uhUPa \[Szxz v\P (u1) = 0
tf Pzv Phu \[Szxz u, Sy = h

CUPa \mix,

Sy = u1t f +
59

1
g
2

t 2f

...(9)

Au vPa \k (9) vh,

1
2
h = (0) t f + g t f
2

Ax tf =

2h
g

...(10)

Cu, \k (8)& vh,

R = u

a_,

2h
g

...(11)

2.3.2 Qhzuzxh Smh Pnzv Gk Gzv

CUP (|UQa \P Gku)
h 2.23& Pmi, O G x,
Qhzuzxh Pnzv u G uhUPz v\Pzxh J
GkuPU PxP. u G v\ Pzu C TPP UP i.
(i) Qhz v\ OX, ux= u cos
(ii) \[Szxz v\ OY, uy= u sin

Qhzv\, kUP \huu, Qhzv\P

ux vUS. D kUPzv PnP, v\Pa
\[SzxUT SQx. , E Ex Auz

A (u3=0)
ux

u2

D
C

ux

ux

uy=usin

h
u4
u

E
O

B
X

ux=u cos

h 2.23 Qhzuzxh J Pnzv Gk Gzv CUP

60

v\P _S. CuS, v\Pa \[SzxU T uy R|UQa

\mk, u B G x AvPUQx.

Gzv u
Gmh Pnzvx, G C G Ah BS
P t1 GU PxP.
t1 Pzv G Phu Qhz u,
x = Qhzv\P P
x = u cos t1 Ax t1 =

x
u cos

...(1)

t1 Pzv, G Phu \[Szxz u s = y

O, uhUPa \[Szxz v\P, u1 = u sin . CUPa \mi

x,
s = u1 t1 1 gt12
2

Au vP vh,
y = (u sin ) t1 1 gt12
2

... (2)

\k (1)&Ia \k (2)& vh
x
1
x

y = (u sin )
(g )

2
u cos
u cos

y = x tan

gx 2
2u cos 2

...(3)

Ps \k y = Ax + Bx2 G izv Ex. Cx

zuU SUQx. G, Gzv u J S.
t1 Pnzv Gzv uS v\P
C-, Qhzv\ v\P, ux = u cos \[Szxz

v\ v\P, uy= u2.

61

CUPa \mix,

u2 = u1 gt1
u2 = u sin gt1

C& uS v\P,

u2

v = u x2 + u22

v
2

v = (u cos )

+ (u sin gt1 )

u 2 + g 2t12 2ut1 g sin

C

v v\,

h 2.24 uS
v\P

u sin gt1
tan =
=
u cos
ux
u2

Ax

ux

u sin gt1

u cos

= tan1

Gx, QhUPmkh, v Hkzx Pn BS.

G Ahu E
G Hkzv a \[Szx Cha], G Ahu
E GQ. h 2.23 EA Gx ES. Ax
h GU ShkQx.
O, uhUPa \[Szxz v\P, (u1)= u sin
A, Cv \[Szxz v\P, (u3) = 0

Phu \[Szxz u, sy = h.
CUPa \mix

u3 = u1 2gsy

Au vP vh
(0) 2= (u sin ) 2 2gh
2gh = u2 sin2

Ax h =

u 2 sin 2
2g
62

...(4)

 Ezu Ah GkzxU Psh P

Ezu Ah, G GkzxU Psh P t GP.
CUPa \mix,

u3 = u1 g t

Au vP vh,

0 = u sin g t

g t = u sin

t=

u sin
g

...(5)

US P
US P tf GP. Aux, G O&x A P B
Ah GkzxUPsh P. , uUS x, G
Hkzv uS \[Szx Cha],
sy = h h = 0

CUPa \mix,
sy = u1 tf

1
g t 2f
2

Au vP vh,
0 = ( u sin ) tf

1
g t 2f
2

1
g t 2f = (u sin ) t
f
2

(Ax) tf =

2u sin
g

...(6)

\kP (5) (6)& Cx

tf = 2t

...(7)

Aux, US Px, Ezu Ah GkzxU Psh

Pzu C h[PS.

63

Qhzu a_
OB G Qhz u, Gzv a_ BS.

Qhzu a_ = Qhzv\P US P
Aux, R = u cos tf
tf v vh,
R = (u cos )

2u sin
g

u 2 (2 sin cos )
R =
g

u 2 sin 2
R =
g

...(8)

a_
G Smh v\ PzvS, Qhzu a\x G
Pnzu mk \x CUS Gx \k (8)& Cx
AkQx. sin 2 P Cu mk, a_ P i.
a_ Hh, sin 2 = 1
Aux, = 45
GPn 45& BP CUS x, a_ P CUS.
R =

u2 1
g

R =

u2
g

...(9)

2.4 {mh CUP vP

CUPzu Hkzx AihU Pn[P uzx
AbP B \x. ^ v\Pzv C[S
, Au { UP, u \ Au x
uha]P \kzu sk G Ahi Pv. Pzv,
P, CuU Pzu UPozxmk, \uzv \u \uP
Aih Pzu mh. Ah Pzxi, u
64

v\Pzxh C[S , Au { UP, \ Hx

u. CUPzu {zu x E \S.
S C[QU PsiUS US Ch E \
SP C, K {US , AvP u PhUS.
PS S, {mh Ah PzxUP kzv,
CUPzu P B \u.
CUP uh vP {mh EUQ.
CUPzvP vP E. C vP S
\u , \ \ i. u v, \
Aih z uQx. Cshx v, \ Ahmh
n z uQx. x v, \
uz uQx.

2.4.1 {mh u CUP v

\ \mk Gu J ux
K { Ax |UPmi Au ^ CUP {
U P uhx Au { CUS.
Cv, P { v Aih Axx.
Aih s { , \
{mh uv USQx.
\P Cu {, J ua\Pz u
ux { U P Cu s { Gk. {
Pk. A: (i) K { (ii) CUPzv {
(iii) v\ {
(i) K {

, ua\Pz u ux
UP Cuu K { GQ.

GkzxUPmkP
(1) vj C[P BUS x J { Psi,
UQ Q. H, uhUPzv K { Cu,
x |P Bzu S, uhx K { CUQ.
(2) \ x zuP J, UPoP
|Pzuu, uhx K { CUS.
65

Au

(3) P (carpet) JU P izxU Psk Sa]

AiUSx, P |Pu, Av E vz xPP
Pzxh \ Pzv uhUP {USa \[SzuP,
A[P Q.
(ii) CUPzv {

, ua\Pz u ux CUP { U
P Cuu CUPzv { GQ.
GkzxUPmkP
(1) CUPzv E vx R C[S, x C[S
v\ UQ Q.
(2) CUPzv E P (car) Av P vj
{Sx UQ Q.
(3) Kmh uzv KiU PsiUS uhP , CvU Pmh
Ahu S uhx ]x y KkQ.
(iii) v\ {

, ua\Pz u, ux v\ U P
Cuu v\ { GQ.
GkzxUPmkP
|UPmi |Px PsiUS x J, xUPPz
v x, EUS oP ChxUP |UQ ukQP.
x xUP |UQ v S Th, oPz uhx
|UPmi C[P US { CuS PnS.
, ua\Pz u ux K { Ax ^
|UPmk CUP { Ax v\ U P iu s,
{ Gk. {, Au {US |zuP CUS.
K { Ax ^ CUP { , UPo
J, Aux \ ukQx Gx u v iS.
J K { Ax ^ |UPmk CUP
{ Gx Qu Ax Qu Ax \ G
UPkQx.

66

 { zu Hkzx uu Ax Czu
Gx \S. C PUQh Ch (interaction)
Hkx, J x \ \kzxQx.
Ch xmh, P x \ CUPx. Ch
PnP \P CUQ.
PUQh \P C PPU Pu.
AP, uku \P (contact forces) ua \
PnP Hk uku Au \P (non-contact forces) BS.
Ch C P Jh J
Psiu Hk \P uku \P BS.

umkU

C\, \[Szx \, Pz uh Hk \,
\kzuk \P E \P uku
\PS.
Ch C P, Jh J uh,
J CUPUTi Ax uUTi \P uku Au
\PS.
D \, \ Pu\ uku
Au \P BS.

Eu
C[S {zuz uk \ C PoPa
\ux G \uP PshmhuS. A :
(i) { (ii) v\P.
CUPzv E S Eu Esk. { v\Pzv
UP, Eu G UPk. m Gx

{ v Gx Au v\P G, |UPmk Eu,

p = m v

Gs v v\ Eh Eu J Uh AS. kg m s1
G AQ Eu AhkQx. Au n k , MLT1.
x \ \mh, Au v\P Qx. G,
Eu Qx. \{ C P, xP C[S
Eu, PP C[S EuzuhU S.

67

mh {P v\P[P Eh C P Eu

\ G, p1 = p2

Aux, m1 v1 = m2 v2
m1
m2

v2
v1

\ Eu[P Eh P v\P[P A {PUS

GvzuPUS.

2.4.2 {mh Csh CUP v

CUPUTi \P \kzukx, P u
{mh u v USQx. , u vx,
CUPzv ux v\ UP Ax v\Pzv
Gs v UP Ax Csh U P \
u Gx AkQx. Aux, \ G C A,
kUPzu HkzxQ Ax Hkzu Q J PoS.
CUPUTi \P \kzu hu x, P
u {mh Csh CUPv USQx.
Cvi, Eu k u Aux
\kzuk \US |zuP CUS; , \ v\
Eu k Ah.

p Gx Eu, F Gx Au x \k
\ G, {mh Csh CUPvi,
F

dp
dt

F =k

dp
dt

,k Gx

uP .

m { v v\ Pzv C[Q, Eu, p = m v

G, F = k

dv
d
(m v ) = k m
dt
dt

uP k v 1 G CUS \ AS u
\kQx.
F = m

dv
= ma
dt

68

C[S a =

dv
Gx, CUPzv Hmh kUPS.
dt

{ x \k \ Hmh
kUPzv UPP, \ AhkQx. \ Akx
, Csh CUPv TQx.
Hmh kUP, {zua \ux. Aux,
{ AvPP Cu kUP SP Hk.
KS { x \mk, KS kUPzu HkzuU Ti
\ J {mh (newton) G \.
\ J Uh AS. \ AS kg m s2 Ax newton
BS. Au n k MLT 2.

PnzuUS \, \ uUP
(i) PnzuUS \ (Impulsive force)

\ \k Pzv { Hk
UPoUPzuUPuP CUPUTi, PU S Pzv x
\k P AvP \, PnzuUS \ Gk. GkzxU
PmkP : _zv (hammer) Aizu, C k xPUQh
u.
(ii) \ uUP (Impulse of a force)
t Pzv \k F G u \ uUP J Gx, \
Pzv UP G UPkQx.

Aux, \ uUP = \ P F
J = F t
t P Ch F G
\ uUP
t

J = F dt
0

...(1)

h 2.25& Pmi, \ &

P hzv R E
\ uUP G A. PU O
SQ P Ch \k
\ Hk uUP,
69

t1

dt

t2

h 2.25 \ uUP

J = F\\ dt

...(2)

\ uUP J Uh A. Au AS N s.

PnzuUP Euzv uzx

{mh Csh CUP vi, x \k
\ = m a
C[S m Gx {, a Gx kUP.
\ PnuUP = F t = (m a) t
u v G, uhUP Cvz v\P[P

G,
a=

(v u )
t

\ PnzuUP
= m

(v u )
t = m (v u ) = mv mu
t

PnzuUP = Cv Eu uhUP Eu
Aux, \ PnzuUP = Euzv .
P Ch J, Euzv Hmh zu
AuU P Ch \mh \ PnzuUPzvSa \ BS.
Cx PnzuUP Euzv uzxS.
GkzxUPmkP
(i) QUPm mk J v iUSx, v
v\ ux PPz uzxQ.

PU SQ P Ch, Euzv zu Hkzv,

\\ \ P AvPP CUS. \mii,
F =

mv mu
t

P Ch AvPu , \\ \U SUP.
Cu Aih, QUPm u iUSx, x Pz
uk Pzu AvPUP, PP v v\ uzxQ. G
P (hurt) Hhx.
70

(ii) nu x US P Hkv. B

]sm u US zu P HkQx. Cu Pzv

Aih, Szxa \sh E usku mkP
|h u UPmkx.
(iii) Pkh \P \x, P[P S[P
CUP A _P (springs) Avz u[QP (shock
absorbers) zumk.

2.4.3 {mh CUP v

|P x | AvUSx, |x Eh, |P x
R|UQ \, |P, |x Eh x |UQ \
\kzxQ Gx |USz uuu. Cu Ch P,
|Px J \ | Eh x \ G C
\P HkQ. C \P \ Gva \ \P
GkQ. Cua \ \PUS Ch uh {mh
v USQx. J \US AuSa \x Gvz
v\ Ex J Gva\ Esk Gx CvS.
Cvi, C P u (body) Cshx
x J Smh \ \kzxQx. Cshx
u x \ \ Gvzv\ \kzxQx.
{mh v \ Gva\ v G T.
1 2 G C P, J x \Pa

\kzxQ. 2, 1& x \kzv \ F12

1, 2& x \kzv \ F21 G,

vi

F12 = F21

Csk \P, \ F12 \ G \ F21

Gva\ BS. Ax \ F21 \ G, \ F12 Gva\

BS. G, Csi Pn (cause) Gx, (effect) Gx GU T
ix. \ Gva\ J x \hx;
Px \k. \ Gva\ J J }UPx
(cancel); Gx \iP (pair) CUS.
|x Ah , CUP v ,
\kP En. (i) xUQx, Smh \h (\)
71

Ssk (bullet) , A\USa \ Gv\ (Gva\)

xUQ x UQa \k.
(ii) hQx J, PUSz ux, Ahx hS
|Px k. hQ x A \kzx \ (\), hQ
CUPzvSU PnP, hS A x \kzx Gv \
(Gva\), P |UQ A CUPzvSU PnP
CUQ.
(iii) }x, Smh \h (\) } uQ.
AuSa \ Gv\ (Gva\) }x x } \kzv
uQx.
Y
(iv) Gva\ \ C,
| |hUP ix. |hUSx, |
Gva\
P uzu u Azxu
RY
\a \kzxQ. CuSa
\ Gv\, u | Puzv
x \kzxQx. Cu Gv\
Sa
\P
Ex.
O
X
Gv\ \[SzxUT, |x Gh
Rx
\
\kzxQx;
QhzuUT,
|
h 2.25a \ Gva \
UQ |hUP EuQx.
(v) CUPP Eu UQx. CUPP,
PU R|UQz uQ. (\) P, |UQz
uQx (Gva\)
(vi) _x | E[P (palm) zx Azv (\),
E[P i ]x Qx. H, _ | P x
\\ (Gva\) \kzxQx.

Eu A v
PnzuUP

Euz

uzxzvx,

uUP,

J = mv mu .
J = 0 G, mv mu = 0 Ax

mv = mu Aux, A

Cv Eu uhUP Eu \.
xP, A J zu Eu Gx x.
Aux, \P uUP _ G, A zu Eu
CUS. Cx Eu A vS.
72

m1

u1

m2

u2

F1

F2

v1

v2

uUS

u x

uUS S

h 2.26 Eu A v

zu
u1 G v\Pzxh C[S m1 G {h A,
Au v\ u2 G v\Pzxh C[QU PsiUS m2
{h B& x xuPU Px (h 2.26).

uUS , C P v\ P[P v1 v2 G
hx, uhUPz v\ C[SuPU PxP. u x
J x \ \kQx.
J x \k \ Gsv,
x \k \ GsvUSa \P Gvzv\ CUS.
C \P \ P ChP \kQ.
A, B x \kzx \ (\) F1 G,
B, A- x \kzx \ (Gva\) F2 G
PP. u x, C P uku (contact) P t GP.
t Pzv, B x \k \, Au v\Pzu u2
&x v2&BP Qx.
F1
= m2

= B- { B kUP

(v 2 u 2 )
t

...(1)

t Pzv, A x \k \, Au v\Pzu
u1x v1&BP Qx.
F2
= m1

= A { A kUP
(v 1 u1 )
t

...(2)

{mh CUP vi,

Aux, m2

(v 1 u1 )
(v 2 u 2 )
= m1
t
t

73

F 1 = F2

m2 (v2 u2)

= m1 (v1 u1)

m2 v2 m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m1 u1
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1+ m2 v2

...(3)

Aux, uUS zu Eu = uUS zu

Eu
A zu Eu US.
C, |UPmk Eu A v UP.

Eu A v kP
(i) xUQ UP

xUQ Ssi (bullet) {P mg mb GU

PxP. xUQ Ssk J AP E. xUQa
_kuS, Ssk xUQ K { E. Aux, A
v\P[P _S. G, A zu Eu mg(0) + mb(0) = 0
xUQa
_kx,
Ssk
UQ
xUQ
UQ C[SQ. vb vg G A
v\P[P G, A zu Eu = mb vb + mg vg
Eu A vi, _kuS zu Eu _mh
zu Eu \. Aux,
0 = mb vb + mg vg

vg =

Ax

mb
mg

vb

vg&x vb&US Gvzv\ \kQx. mb , mg vb

vP Avu xUQ UPz v\P vg&IU

PnUQh.
(ii) Ssk izu (explosion of a bomb)

Ssk iuS, Ax K { CuPU Pumh,

Au Eu _ BS. Ax, izx SvPPa ]ux,
J Sv J Smh Euzu US. J Sv,
Shh Euzxh J v\ ] Gmh Sv Au
A Euzxh Gvzv\ ] Gk. Ssk, C \z xskPP
izxa ]u, \ { PnP, A J Pzxh Gvv
v\ ] Gk.
74

{mh CUP v kP
(i) Ezv J Gh u C
M

{ u J Ezv (lift) J
UPmk Gh Ak Cvzv x {uPU PxP.
u Es Gh = Mg
Cu Gh (\) Gh Ak Cv Akuk
mk, Gva\ (R) HkzxQx. u x ukQ
AUS Cu Gva\, u u GhS.

| (i) Ezv K { E x
u kUP = 0
u x \k zu \ = 0
h 2.27(i)& Cx R Mg = 0 Ax R = Mg u u
Ghx Es GhUSa \.
R

a=0

Mg

(i)

Mg

Mg

(ii)

(iii)

h 2.27 Ezv Gh u C

| (ii) Ezv, |UQ Ax R|UQa ^P C[Su

^ CUPzvx u kUP _. G, C{P
u u Gh Es Gh \ BS.

| (iii) Ezv, |UQ kUPkx

Ezv E u |UQ kUP a G,
u u |UQ zu \, F = ma .
75

h 2.27(ii) Cx, zu \
F = R Mg = Ma

Ax

R = M ( g + a )

G, u Es Ghh u Gh AvP.

| (iv) Ezv, R|UQ kUPkx

Ezv E u R|UQ kUP a G, u
u R|UQ zu \, F = Ma
h 2.27(iii)& Cx, zu \
F = Mg R = Ma

Ax

R = M (g a)

G, u Es Ghh u Gh S. u
R|UQ kUP, D kUPzvSa \ G, Aux a = g G,
R = M (g g) = 0

G, u
Gh GQ.

Gh

_Qx.

Cu,

(ii) UPm m \ku

UPm J a \x (propulsion), {mh

CUPvUS Eu A vUS Pa ]u GkzxUPmhS.
UPm Gx, Pzua \x { hU Ti J AS.
UPmi, G Gmhku, E { E
Azuzv ES UP ] x (nozzle)

Q. UPm HkuSz u \[Szx \

(thrust) UP Gva\ HkzxQx.
|UPmk Eu A vi, UP
Eu UPmiSU Qhzu Eu \P CUP sk. Cu
P UP v\US Gvz v\ UPm
UQa \Qx. UPmiS AUPk \[Szx \ PnP,
Au v\P kUP uhx AvPzxU Psh \.
UP { PnP, UPmi {, G
A Sx Psh .

2.5 \P Ju \P (concurrent forces and

coplanar forces)

P \P Aih A, |h
kP (engineering) ukQx. {mh
76

CUPvP, \ , \mh uQ. \

Gx J Uh Au, Uh CPou vP kzv,
\P
CnUP
i.
AU
F3
F2
Shmh J |UPhP, \
hzv Sh. Pmi }
Gsv,
AUS
F1 \
F4
v\ SUS.
O

F5

Azx \P PkP J
x mi, Au \z
uSv \P Gk (h 2.28).

h 2.28 \P

Azx \P, J uzv

Au PkP P \mh Au
\z uSv Ju \P Gk (h 2.29).

2.5.1 vs x \ k
\z uSv uS
F1
vs

x,
F2
F3
Csk Ax AuS mh \P
J \zv \mk, AP
F5
F4
Hkzx u \
Hkzv, Auz u \,
h 2.29 Ju \P
\z uSv uS G.

P
Q G C \P J |zv J v\
x \mh, A uS,

R = P + Q

Cx, Au \P v\ \k. P Q Gvv

v\ \mh, A uS,

R = P ~ Q

Cx, \ v\ \k.

P Q G \P, Jh J \Pa \mh,

A uS \P CnPv \P UPn
v kzv A.
77

2.5.2 \P CnP v
J \k C
\P, CnP J Akzukzu
UP[PP Gsv v\
Shmh, A uS,
C \P x Sv
a \ mhzv
Gs
v
v\
Shk.

UP

P Q G C \P,
h 2.30& Pmi O G
Pnzv \kuPU

PxP.

O
B
Q

h 2.30 \P CnPv

P Q G \P Gs v v\, OACB G
CnPzv OA OB UP[PPU Shmk.

P Q G \P uS R, CnPzv mh

OC BS. uS Gsv,
R=

P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos

Q sin

uS v\, = tan1

P + Q cos

2.5.3 \P UPn v
J \k C \P uS UPn
vU Psk A.
Gs v v\ SUPmh C \P, \i, J
UPnzv Akzukzu UP[PPU Pumh A uS
GvP Au UPnzv i UPP CUS.

P Q G \P Pnzv \kQ. A
uS UPn J izx A, u u G
kzu.

h 2.31&, OA AB G P Q Gs v
v\ SkQ. UPnzv, Gv\ mh
78

hmh UP OB&x,
P

Q& uS
R&IU

R& Gs v
SUQx.
v\, UPn[P \ v
P\ v kzvU
PnUQh.

""J \k
\P
PnP,

O
A
P
\{ Cu, \P
h 2.31 \P UPn v
UPn J UP[PP
\i Shk'' G \P UPn vU T.

J \k P , Q R G \P,
UPn J UP[PPU
Shmh,

P
Q
R
=
=
OA AB OB

Y
F2

F3

2.5.4 Gva\

F1

{mh Csh CUP

X
O
vi, \ \k
x, J v\
Pzxh C[S. x,
F
\P \kzu
F
F
mh, Ax uS \
-
--
S
v\
C[S.
uS

u
\USa \ \,
F
O rest
A
x
Gvzv\
K{
\kzv, Ax K {US
--
a- -\

. G, \z uSv
Gv
Gva\ Gx, \Ph
\x
\mk,
a
(b)
\{
{zx
u h 2.32 uS Gva\
\S.
h 2.32a& Pmi, O- x F1, F2, F3 F4 G
\P \kuPU Px. Azx \P uS F
G, K { {zu, FUSa \ \ (Gva\)
Y

79

Gvz v\ Au x \h sk (h 2.32 b). (uS =

Gva \)

2.5.5 \P uS
h 2.33a& Pmi, O- x |S \P
\kuPU PxP. A\P, X Aa_h Hkzx Pn[P 1,
2, 3 4 G CUPmk.
Y
F1

F2

Ry

-X

R
O

F3

(b)

Rx

F4
-Y
(a)
h 2.33 \P uS

O \k J \ A \PU TP
F1x F1y, F2x F2y G UP.

GkzxUPmhP, 1 Pnzv \k
TP, F1x =F1 cos 1 F1y= F1 sin 1

F1 G

x \P Hkzx A TP
HkzxQ. F1x , F2x , F3x , ... G QhzuU TP S
Tmkz uP Rx G J QhzuU TS.
Aux, Rx = F1x + F2x + F3x+ F4x= Fx
A, F1y , F2y , F3y G \[SzxU TP S Tmkz
uP Ry G J \[SzxU TS.
Aux, Ry =F1y + F2y + F3y +F4y = Fy
80

Cu Rx Ry TP Uh Tku, uS
h 2.33b& Cx,
R 2 = R x2 + Ry2
tan =

Rx

Ax =

tan1

Ry

Rx

\P \k J
\{UP {vP u TQx.
""J \k \P \{
C,
J
\

C
\PUQhmh Pnzv \ vS
|zuP CUS'' Gx uS.

O G , P, Q R G
\P \kuPU Px (h 2.34).
C\P PnP O K {
C, ui

Aux

BS.

2.5.6 u (Lami's theorem)

R x2 + Ry2

Ax R =
Ry

R
h 2.34
u

sin
sin

sin

P
Q
R
=
=
=
sin sin sin

2.5.7 UPn v, CnP v uzu \u

\zu
h 2.35& Pmi, _ x zumh
P
UPzv,
C
P
]
PP
zumk. E Hx PP Gv _ CUP
sk. (string) J C PP \
AUPmkx. C P P Q G C GhP
(50g-iPP) Pmiz u[Phmk. } S,
u O- Pmhmkx. Cu R G
x Gh u[Phmkx. A, K { CUS,
P, Q R G GhPa \\ sk.
81

C
P
P

Q
R

O
P

D
R

h 2.35 \u \zu

P Pa \k P, Q R G \P, O
G \{ CUS. S z uh
z u J zx x (ia_) O OA, OB
OD G v\P u SUP sk. CU Psk, P,
Q, R G \P Gs vP mh Ami Sh.
(50 g = 1 cm)
P, Q R& vPUSa \u sk

sk \x, AkP Amhnkzu sk.

CnP v zu
P Q G C \P uS PnUQhh, OACB G
CnP mkx. CnPzv OA Gx P-, OB Gx
Q Szu, mh OC-x uSU SUQx.

mh OC- }zu, COD - Ax Amhnkzu

sk (Amhn 2.2).
OC Gx P Q- uS R' BS. O, K {
Cu uS R' Bx Gvzv\ \k x \
RUSa (Gva\) \P CUP sk. Aux OC=OD. OC
OD GvGv v\ Cu COD Gx 180o USa \P CUP
sk.
OC

OD

COD = 180o G Cu, CnP v

UPmhx G.

82

Amhn 2.2 CnP v zu

.Gs.

OA

OB

OD
(R)

OC
(R)

COD

1.
2.
3.

UPn v zu
\P UPn vi, P (= OA = BC) Q (OB)&
OC&P
Gv\
uS
Gs
v
v\
SUPkQx.
R
P
Q
,
,
OA OB OC

G vPU PnUQmk Amhnkzu

sk (Amhn 2.3). vP \ G Au
\P UPn v UP.
Amhn 2.3 UPn v zu
.Gs.

R1

OA

OB

OC

P
OA

Q
OB

R
OC

1.
2.
3.

uzu zu
P, Q R G \PUS Ch Pn[P,

PU Psk BOD = , AOD = , AOB = G Ax

Amhnkzu sk (Amhn 2.4).
Q
R
P
, sin , sin
sin

G vPU PnUQmk, A \ G

Aku uzu UP.

83

Amhn 2.4 uzu zu

.Gs.

sin

sin

sin

1.
2.
3.

2.5.8 \z uSv J \mi vs

J \{ CUP {uP
(i) \P \mi J \{

CUPsk, C \P uS, x \USa

\P Gvz v\ CUP sk. G, x \
\k Pk (line of action of force), C \P \k
PkP mk Pa \ sk. \{ CUS
Ju \P uSv, CnP v, UPn v
u HP sk. A |UPmiUP
Cuu Cu {v EvkzxQx.
(ii) Gu zu vz vP S Tmkz
uP _USa \P CUP sk.

Aux, Gu zu g_z v vP
Tku Au zu Chg_z vvP TkuUSa
\P CUP sk. _] CUP Cuu, Cu {v
EvkzxQx.

2.6 ^ mh CUP
`a _ CUP, _ \UP, AqUPa _
GUm CUP, _ , ] CUP CUP,
a _ { CUP mh CUPzvS
GkzxUPmkPS. Psh P Ax xPP mh
u \Q. G Au P CUPzu
xPx A]S.
xP J, ^ Pzv mh u C[Q, Au
84

CUPzu J uzv ^ mh CUP G. mh CUPzv

v\Pzv Gsv CUS. B, v\ UPsh
CUS.
v

h 2.36& Pmi, m
{ xP J, v v\Pzv,
P
O& PU Psh r Bh
s
mhzv
P
C[SuPU
r
Px. Smh J Pnzv xP,
A
v
O
D
P G { CUSx, OP G
BUPk DA G _mkU (reference)
Pmkh Pnzu HkzxQx.
v\Pzv Gs v
v
CUQx.
B,
Au
v\
h 2.36 ^ mh CUP
UPsh CUQx. |UPmkz
v\P, Gx xP {USz ukPmi

\kQx. Aux,
v G |UPmkz v\P
BUhUS \[SzuS.

r G

2.6.1 Pn Cha]
Q

m {h xP J r B

mhu C[SuPU Px
(h 2.37). xP uhUP { A GP. t
t + dt P[P xP {P
P Q BS. dt P
Ch, xPx mhu ds
u PhuuP CUPmk. CuU P
Ch, Ax Hkzv Pn
d = 2 1. Smh Pzv B Uh
Hkzx Pn, xP Pn Ch
a] BS.

85

h 2.37 Pn Cha]

r Gx mhzv B, Pn Cha]

Pn
Cha]
AhkQx.

(radian)

ds
r
AQ

d =

2.6.2 Pnz v\P

Pn Cha] u, xP Pnz v\P BS.
dt Pzv, xP Hkzx Pn Cha] d G, Pnz

v\P,
d
dt
Cu AS rad s1 n k T1.

J a_ x, BUh Hkzx Pn 360o Ax

2 rad. J a _S BS P T G, Pnz v\P,

2
T

1
xPx, J |i n _UP _, = 2 = 2 n
T

C[S n =

1
, _UP Avs BS.
T

2.6.3 |UPmkz v\PzvS Pnz v\PzvS E

uh
P G r B mh u v G |UPmkz
v\Pzxh G Pnz v\Pzxh C[SuPU
Px (h 2.38). Ax, dt Pzv Px QUS |Pu

BUh d Pnzu HkzxQx.

mhzv xP Hkzx mh }, PQ = ds G,
Pn Ch a]
Q
d =

ds
B ds = v dt
r

d =

d v
v dt
=
(Ax)
dt r
r

Aux, Pnzv\P, =

P
A

v
r

Ax v = r

Uh Smi, v = r

h 2.38 |UPmkz v\
PzvS Pnz v\
PzvS E uh

86

G, Smh Pnz v\PzvS (), xP |UPmkz

v\P (v) mh u zvx xP E uS
|zuP CUS. Aux, ^ mh CUPzv E US,
E Azx PUS Pnz v\P \; B,
PUS |UPmkz v\P P CUS.

2.6.4 Pn kUP
_ CUP P Pnz v\P ^uP
C, A Pn kUP x G. Pnz
v\P u Pn kUP BS.
mhu \ Pnz v\P, t Pzv
1 & x 2&US , Pn kUP
=

d d d d 2 2 1
=
=

=
dt dt dt dt 2
t

Pn kUPzv AS rad s2 n k T2

2.6.5 |UPmk kUPzvS Pn kUPzvS E uh

dt P Ch |UPmkz v\Pzv Hk ]
dv G, |UPmk kUP

a=

dv
d
=
(r ) = r d = r
dt dt
dt

2.6.6 |US kUP

^ mh CUPzv xP P CUS. B,
v\ UPsh Cu Auh v\P . Aux, ^
CUPzvS Emk xPS kUP HkQx.
xP J, v |UPmkz v\Pzxh Pnz v\Pz
xh r B mhu C[SuPU PxP. xP
|UPmkz v\P ukPmi \k. dt Pzv,
xPx A-x B-US |Px, zv d Pn Hkzu
kQx.
A B G P, |UPmkz v\Px
AH BT Pa \kQx. h 2.39 AOB = d = HET

87

(H, mhzv C B[P Hkzx

Pn C ukPkP Hkzx
Pn \.)
B xP v\P v, BC G
Pmkh d Pnzu Hkzxu,
Au V cosd G QhzuU TP
v sin d G \[SzxU TP SUP.

Qhzv\ v\P k =
v cos d v

D
T
O
d

h 2.39 |US kUP

d Pa ]x, G, cos d = 1

Qhzv\ v\P k = v v = 0
Aux, Qhzv\ v\P C.
\[Szxz v\ (AO P) v\P,
dv = v sin d 0 = v sin d
d Pa ]x G sin d = d

\[Szxz v\, Aux mhzv B v\P

,
dv = v.d

...(1)

B, kUP
a =

C[S =

dv
v d
=
= v
dt
dt

...(2)

d
, xP Pnz v\P BS.
dt

|UPmkz v\P, v = r

...(3)

\kP (2) (3)&x,

a = r = r2 =

v2
r

...(4)

v2
G, ^ mh CUPzvS Emk x kUP
BS.
r
Cx AO P, Aux, mhzv zu |UQ CUS.
88

mhzv Bzv P, zu |UQ xP

v\PzvSa \[SzuP Hk kUP, |US Ax
BP Ax \[Szx kUP Gk.

2.6.7 |US \

{mh u CUP vi,

F
F

J
v\
{zu
F
US. Aux, ux v\z
O
u U P Cx. \
F
Cux CUPzv v\
ix.
G,

J v
v
mhu
C[Sx,
Au
h 2.40 |US \
|UPmk ux uha]
zvS \ \h sk (h 2.40). C[S v\,
\kzuk \ T CUPU Thx Ax C[S
v\ J US \[SzuP \ \h sk. G,
Cu \ Bzv P, zu |UQa \h sk.
G, mh CUPzu Hkzu, Bzv zu
|UQ v\PzvSa \[SzuP u \ J
\h sk. C\ |US \ GQ.
{ m G, |US \ Gs v,
F = { |US kUP
v2
mv 2
= m (r 2)
=
r
r

= m

GkzxUPmkP
D \, E \, \, Pu \ P
|US \PPa \k.
(i) Pmhhh P J mhu _a \x,
Hk C\ |US \ HkzxQx.
(ii) u P (car) J vx hPUS
\US Ch E E \, |US \ HkzxQx.
(iii)

PP `a _ u, { a _
u, AQh D \, |US \
HkzxQx.
89

(iv) GUm, AqUPa _ x, AQh

{ Pa] \, |US \ HkzxQx.

2.6.8 US Gva\
{mh CUP vi, J \US \
Gv Gva\ J Esk. |US \USa \,
Gv Gva\ US Gva\ Gk. H,
zumk a \ Cu Gva\ \Qx. _
kUPzv PnPa \k Ax \kuP
{UPUTi J (pseudo) Ax u \ US
Gva\S.
J Pmhmh Px mh u _x,
P x mk P zu |UQ \
\kv; P | x P zu mk
Q \ ( US \) \kzxQx. Px
kzu, C\ x, mhu ukPmi
P ({mh u CUPvi) x k.
u J P (car) v x, P
Av |UQ \ EnQ. H, A
|US \ Hkzu i.
mv
G, A, \z uUP
r
Em |UQ \ \kzu
sk.
2

2.6.9 |US \P kP

mg

(i) \[Szx mhzv CUP

TB

m {
Pmhmk, O G zx, r
B \[Szx mhu _
uPU Px. (h 2.41) Cx mh
CUP. B ^ CUP A. H,
R x P AvPUS.
\x P S.
t

O
T
TA
A

X
2

mv

g
m
mg

mvA2

in

mg cos

mg

G Pnzv, P&
r
Cu, E T G C\ h 2.41 \[Szx mhzv
Gx O& |UQ \k.
CUP
90

P- Gh mg&I P |UQ
mg cos G Sa \[SzuP mg sin G C TPP

SUP.
P- Ex, Au x P RUPs \P
\k.
(i) OP P (P) \k mg cos
(ii) PO P (EmP) \k C\ T.
P& PO P u zu \ T = mg cos

u |US \

mv 2
r

I Cu \ Hkzu

sk.

mv 2
r
mv 2
T = mg cos +
r
u
Ai
cos 0o = 1. \k (1)& Cx

T mg cos =

TA = mg +

...(1)
A-,

mv A2
r

0o ,

...(2)
B-,

180o,

cos 180o= 1. \k (1)& Cx

TB =

TB

mv B2
mg
r

v B2

- g
= m
r

...(3)

TB > 0 G, u P CUS. TB < 0 G,

u Hmk, \[Szx mh CUPzu { \ ix.

v\P v2 Su, C\ TB- Sx, J
Smh ]z v\P {z v\Pzv _Q k.
vC Gx {z v\P G,
v2 = vC G x TB = 0
91

\k (3)& Cx
mvC2
mg = 0 Ax vC2 = rg
r
vc = rg

...(4)

B
G
,

v\P
{z
v\PzuhU SP C, u, uhx
mhu C[P R x k.

v2 G v\P, {z v\P rg &I

hU SP CUPUThu, Ai Sum\z v\P
vA Gx vB = rg G A CUP sk. Aux, v2 > rg G
Cu mk \[Szx mh CUP Hk.
Ai A, v\Pzu B A
v kzu. Ax BUS 2r EzvSa
\x SUTi CUP B {P AvPUQx.
G,
(A- { B + A- CUP B) = (B& { B + B&
CUP B)

Aux, 0 +

1
1
m v A2 = mg (2r) +
m vB2
2
2
m
&B SUP,
2

v A2 = vB2 + 4gr

...(5)

\k (4)& Cx, vB2 = gr

( v B

= vC )

(5)&x \k,
v A2 = gr + 4gr Ax
vA =

5gr

...(6)

vA& v (6)&x \mix (2)&x \mi vh,

TA = mg +

m (5gr )
= mg + 5mg
r

= 6 mg

...(7)

\[Szx mh CUPzv, v\P

92

gr &Ih

AvPP Ax C\ > 0 G CUP, Ai v\P

5gr &I h AvPP Ax C\ 6 mg&I h AvPP CUP
sk.
BP , \[SzuP mhh sk, Ai
v\P
5gr &I h AvPP CUP sk. Axu
v\P
gr &Ih AvPP CUS. C
CUSx, zv AvUS (Pilot) R mh.
(ii) \\ mha\ CUP

P J \\ u \x, Aux
|US \ \h sk. u \x,
Pzv \UP[P ux Q |UPmk u
\ ]US. \UP[P Cu ]
\US hPUS Ch E
\ GvUS. Cu E \
u zu |UQa \mk,
u |US \ HkzxQx.
R1

F1

R2

F2
mg

h 2.42& Pzv Gh mg
R|UQa \kQx. R1, R2 G,
\UP[P x \ Hkzx \[Szx
Gva\ \PS. \, \\P
(QhzuP) Cu R1 R2
\[SzuP |UQa \k.
BP, R1 + R2 = mg

...(1)

EU SnP * G,
u zu |UQ E \P
F1 F2 G CUPmk.
h 2.42 \\ a
\ P

*E : J x \USx, C uk
PU Qh \k \ E \S. CUPzvS
Gvzv\ Cu E \ \k. E \x, \[Szx
Gva\a \ux. ( x uk, Au Gh PnP
\kx \[Szx Gva\ \S)
Aux, E \ \[Szx Gva\
F R Ax F = R
C[S Gx EU SnP Gk uP S. EU
SnPx ua \ux.
93

 F1 = R1 F2 = R2

...(2)

\x Pzv v\P v G, uk
mv 2
.
|US \ =
r
C\, E \ mk Hkzu i.

mv 2
(F1 + F2 )
r
< ( R1 + R2)
< (R1 + R2)

mv 2
< mg
r
v2 < rg
v

( R1 + R2 = mg )

rg

G, P J \\ u |
\U Ti z v\P v = rg . v& v, B r
hPUS \US Chmh EU SnP BQa
\ux.
(iii)

a \P uP Ezu
mizu
P (car) J \\ \x, \US
hPUS Ch E \ u |US \
HkzxQx. P u \ Eu |US
\z u E \ xuP C, P UQ
x k. USuz uUP, \ Em h
EzumiUS. Cu a \P
uP Ezuku GQ.
u vsi Kmi (cyclist) u
mhu \ vsi Kmi, | xPPa
\, mhu zu |UQ ]u sk.
vsi Kmk, AUS UPPz v r B
mhu \u h 2.43 PmkQx. vsih \zx
A { m G, v\Pzu v G PP. vsi Kmi
\x, \[Szxz v\x Em |UQ Pn
94

R cos

R sin

mg
mg
h 2.43 u vsi Kmi u

Q. vsi Kmi x, u Hkzx Gva\ R GP.

Cu Gva\ C TPP SUP. (i) mh CUPzvSz
u |US \ Hkzx,
zu |UQ R sin G T,
(ii) vsih Kmk Gh
\ \ R cos G T,
Aux, R sin =

mv 2
r

R cos = mg

...(1)
...(2)

\k (1)&I (2)&B SUP,

l

mv 2
R sin
= r
R cos
mg

h 2.44
Ezumh \

tan =

v2
rg

...(3)

vsi Kmi SP uS (Aux ]uP CUP),

v\P SP B r AvPP CUP sk.
95

 Ezumh \ (h 2.44) E h
E h G \ AP l G C
sin =

h
l

...(4)

& ] vPUS, sin =

tan \kP (3)

(4)&x
tan =

h
v2
=
l
rg

...(5)

Pzv Smh v\PzvS mk \ Ax u

EzumiUS. G, u \x,
Kmk| Pzu AuU Smh Pzv mk Kmh sk.
Pzv P, Smh v h AvPP C, P
u P | k. B, E \
EmPa \mk, u Tku |US\ Hkzx.
Cx, Pzv P, Smh vhU SP C,
P u EmP | k. B, E
\ Pa \mk, |US \ SUS.

|uUP {v
E \h |US \ AvPP C |u
Hk. \US hUS (Tyre) Ch EU SnP G,
G E (E \),
f = R

C[S R Gx \[Szx Gva\ = mg

f = (mg)
G, | sk,
|US \ > E \
mv 2
> (mg)
r
v2
>
rg
v2

B, rg

= tan

tan >
96

Aux, Ezumhu Hmh Pnzv hg\m

v, EU SnPzu h AvP, |u |h.

2.7
B G C \P | |S Au.
Ah Gu \, zv Ax
u\| vP ukQ. \ \k x, \
v\ Ax \US Gvzv\ |Pu, A\ Ax
A\ Gvzx \mhx G C Tk.
Cha] {P \h. G,
\h, Cu C {vP;
F

(i) \ \h sk.
(ii) \x, CUPzu
Cha] Hkzu sk.

Ax
P1

xP J x \kzuk \
F xP Ahu Pa] Cha]

ds G, \ \u dw = F . ds.

ds

h 2.45 \ \

Cu UP Gs v (F cos ) ds BS. Aux,

dw = F ds cos = (F cos ) ds. C[S Gx F &US ds&US Chmh

Pn BS. (h 2.45)

G, Pa] Cha] x, \ \u Gx,

Cha] ds Cha] v\ \ T F cos &
UP USa \.
Gx Gsv mk Eh J P AS.
P G {x P1US Ch x \
\mh Ps \mhz uP Psu
.
W=

dw =

(F cos ) ds

97

u \ \mh
h
2.46&
Pmi,
x u Gsvh
\x
|UPmk
o

Pnzv
ux
\mh

x
s1
s2

s2
W = F cos

ds = F cos (s2 s1)

s1

h 2.46 u \ \u
Y

W = F cos (s2s1) = ABCD

F cos

u \ J \u ,
h
2.47&
h

Pmhmkx.

ds

\mh

A
O s1

D
s2

,
hUTi h 2.47 hzv u \
\
\mi
Ch
\u
u, h 2.48& Pmi,
\mh ,
Y
F

dw = F cos, ds = abcd G

P1

]Sv
d

P2
ds

, S1&x S2&US
|Px \mh zu

dw= W = P1 P2 Pmi R
E = S1 P1 P2 S2

AS (joule). 1
{mh
\ \mk, \
x
s1
s2
s
a b
v\, \ \k 1 mh
h 2.48 k \
|Pu \ \u 1
\u
BS.

98

] |P
(i) \ F \k v\ Cha] s Hmh, = 0o

, W = F s cos 0 = F s
(ii) CUPzv v\USa \[SzuP \ \kuPU Pv,

= 90o

, W = F s cos 90 = 0

GkzxUPmhP, E Qh C[Sx,
Au Gh Gva\ JUP \[SzuP Cu,
\hx. Cx , J Pmhmh P,
mhu ^ Pzv _a \x P
CUPzv\ |US \ uhx Qx. Cu \
CUPz v\US Gx \[SzuP Cu C\
\v.
(iii) Cha] v\US Gvzv\ \ F \mh,

= 180
, (W) = F s cos 180= F s
GkzxUPmk : x | Pzu E \
Su, C\ Gv (GvUS) \Qx.
\ \mh | (positive work) G
\US GvPa \mh Gv (negative work) G
\.

2.8 B
\ v (capacity) B G UP i.
Cv B, B, , v B, J B,
AqUP B G B PPP Ex.
{ Ax CUPzv Ax B
Cv B Gk.
Cv B, { B CUP B G C
Pk.

99

2.8.1 { B
{ zx Ax vz u zx,
Au \UPmk B { Gk. uUQ
UPmk }, _mk Pa _, AUPmk P,
CUPmh C xsk { .
J {x {US |Px,
x \ \ A {PU
PnUQhkQx.

{ \k
h 2.49& Pmi, m { ,
ux h Ezv K { CuPU
Px.
h
ux
,
Ezxx \k
{P \UPmkx.

mg

EzvS

h 2.49 { B

, u x Au A
sk i. \[SzuP Ezu, Au
GhUSa \ mg G \ \kzu sk.
, h EzvSa \[SzuP Ezukx, \mh
, W = \ Cha]
W = mg h

Cu , {P \zx UPmkx.
EP = mgh

2.8.2 CUP B
CUPzu zx, Ax B CUP B
BS. K{US , \k \PUS GvP,
Ax \UTi AP CUP B AhkQx. R
, xUQx Ssk, A F\
CUP B .
|P , a \UTiuS. B, a
\ x, v\P S. \UTi A,
100

v\Pzv Gs v { G Csh \ux.

\ v\Pzv \ J Ah C xUQU SskP,
\ Sshh P Ssk UPmh BPz xzxa
\.

CUP B \k
h 2.50& Pmi, m { , v v\Pzxh
|UPmi C[SuPU Px. Au CUPzuz ukzx {zx
P, ^ \ F \mk Gv kUPzu HkzxuPU
P. (kUP Su GvkUP GQ)
F = { GvkUP = ma

...(1)

, K {US ,
Ahu Cha] dx GP.

GvkUP,
a =

dv
dv dx
dv
=

=
v
dt
dx dt
dx

C[S,

dx
dt

v,

...(2)

v
F

h 2.50 CUP B

v\P.

\k (2)&Ia \k (1)& vh
F = mv

dv
dx

...(3)

G, K {USU Psk \k ,
0
0
dv
.dx = m vdv
W = F .d x = mv .
dx
v

v 2
1
W = m 2 =
mv 2
2
v

Cu , CUP BUSa \ BS.

CUP B, Ek =

1
mv2
2

101

...(4)

2.8.3 B uzx ( & B u)

T
Cha] x, \k \
\k x, Au Cha] x Hk CUP
B miSa \.

zu
h 2.51& Pmi, F G \ \mk, m {
, J u P v v\Pzv C[SuPU
Px. Bv O& Cx, J Smh Pnzv
{ P GU PxP.
P& mh ukPmkh \ v\ Hkzx
Pn BS.

\ F-I C \PU TPP SUP.

Y

s2

Ft

(ii) Fn = F sin (P& \[SzuP)

B, Ft = mat

P
s1

(i) Ft = F cos (ukPmi)

...(1)

at

Gx ukPmi v\
kUP

Fn

h 2.51 & B u

B at =

F cos = mat

...(2)

dv
dt

...(3)

\k (3)& \k (2)& vh,

F cos = m

dv
dv
ds
= m
.
dt
dt
ds

F cos ds = mv dv

...(4)
...(5)

Cv ds Gx ] Cha] BS.
{P 1 2&, v\P[P v1 v2 G,
uhh uP S1 S2 G PxP.
102

\k (5)&I uP \.
s2

v2

s1

v1

(F cos ) ds = mv dv

... (6)

s2

B (F cos ) ds = W1 2

...(7)

s1

Cv, W12 Gx \ \u .
\kP (6) (7)&x
v2

W12 = mv dv
v1

v2

v 2
mv 22
mv12
= m 2 = 2 - 2
v

... (8)

G, = Cv CUP B uhUP CUP B

= CUP B k

2.8.4 hu \P h \P
hu \P (conservative forces)
C {PUQh, |Pzx \ \ ,
P ua \vUPx G, A\
hu \ G.
GkzxUPmkP : D \, _ \ m] \.
hu \P \ x, uhUP
Cv {P mk \ux.
Aux,

F . dr = 0

i u P hu \ \ _S.

103

h \P (Nonconservative forces)
iu Gi (arbitrary) \ \k
, ]x uS \UTi \ h
\ GQ.
h \ \ x Cha]
ua \vUS.

Aux, F . dr 0 .
GkzxUPmkP : E \, Q \.

2.8.5 B A v
h \P uSv PnP, Ax
P uSv J C[S x, CUP B {
B Tku J Gx B A vS.

UP
B uzxzvi,
= CUP B k
Aux, W12 = Ek2 Ek1

...(1)

hu \ |Pu, \k
{ BP \UPmiUS.
W12 = (EP2 EP1)

...(2)

\k , { B GvS zvSa \.
\kP (1) (2)&x
Ek2 Ek1 = (EP2 EP1)
EP1 + Ek1 = EP2 + Ek2

(3)

Aux, h \P xPP uSv J

C[Sx, { B CUP B Tku
CUQx.

104

2.8.6 v (power)
\k u G v UPkQx.

v =

Cu AS m (watt) n k ML2 T3.

1 |i, 1 \kuPU Tmh, v Gx
1 m BS.
dt P Ch \u dw G,

v =

dw
dt

...(1)

B dw = (F cos ) ds

...(2)

Cv Gx \ v\US Cha]US Chmh

PnS. F cos Gx ] Cha] ds& v\
\ T BS.
\k (2)I \k (1) vh
v

ds
(F cos ) ds
= (F cos ) v
= (F cos )
dt
dt
ds

= v

dt

v = (F cos ) v

F , v& J v\ Cu,

= F v cos 0 = F v

= \ v\P

v UP Sh.

Aux P = F . v

2.9 uP
C P J E_x Ax J CUP
u x u Gk. C, u
Gx P J E\ (strike) sk G A]
C. J uh, J CUPzu x
u BS.
105

C P xx, J
x \a \kzxQx. C \P, \ B ] P
Ch J |zv \kQ. {mh
CUPvi, J x \, Gv\
J ux HkzxQx. u x B
A v Eu A v G C Aih
A vP EmkQ. CvP kzv, uUS
S C P v\P[PU PnUQh.
uP (i) m] u (ii) m] u G C
Pk.

2.9.1 m] u
u x, A CUP B C,
Au m] u Gk. Aux, uUS uUS
zu CUP B h CUS. AqUPz
xPUQh u xP, m] uS. C GLS Ax
Psni xPUQh u Hzu m] uS. m]
u A |UPmk Eu CUP B hx.

J n m] u
C P uUS S |UPmi C[Q,
Au J n uS.
m1 m2 G {P
Eh
A B G C
m2
P, J |UPmi, J
B
A
v\ u1 u2 G
v2
v
1
A
v\P[Ph
C[SuPU
B
PxP. (h 2.52) u2&I h u1
AvP G CUPmk. P A
B, | m] uUS
h 2.52 J n m] u
Emmk,
uhx
Au
|UPmi v1 v2 G v\P[Ph C[SQ.
m1

u1

u2

|UPmk Eu A vi,
uUS zu Eu = uUS zu Eu
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
106

...(1)

u x P CUP B x. G,
uUS zu CUP B = uUS zu CUP
B.
1
1
1
1
m1u12 + m 2u 22 = m1v12 + m 2v 22
2
2
2
2

...(2)

m 1u 12 m 1v 12 = m 2v 22 m 2 u 22

...(3)

\k (1)& Cx,
...(4)

m 1 (u1 v 1 ) = m 2 (v 2 u 2 )

\k (3)&I (4)&- SUP,

u12 v12 v 22 u 22
=
u1 v1
v 2 u2
u1 + v1 = u2 + v2
(u1 u2) = (v2 v1)

...(5)

J n m]u, uUS C P
J |[Q C[S \z v\Px uUS
J mk Q C[S \z v\PzvSa \.
\k (5)&x
v2 = u1 u2 + v1

...(6)

v2 va, \k (4)& vh,

m1 ( u1 v1) = m2 ( v1 u2 + u1 u2)
m1u1 m1v1 = m2u1 2m2u2 + m2v1
(m1 + m2)v1 = m1u1 m2u1 + 2m2u2
(m1 + m2)v1 = u1 (m1 m2) + 2m2u2

m1 m 2
2m 2u 2
+
m1 + m 2 (m1 + m 2 )

v1 = u1

...(7)

Cu ,
v2 =

u (m m1 )
2m1u1
+ 2 2
(m1 + m2 )
(m1 + m2 )
107

...(8)

] |P
| (i) : u P {P \ G, Aux
m1 = m2 G
v1 = u2 v2 = u1

...(9)

|m] uUS S, C P v\P[P U

PkQ.
| (ii) : B, uhUPzv K { C, u2 = 0
G
v1 =

(m1 m2 )
(m1 + m2 )

v2 =

u1

...(10)

2 m1
u
(m1 + m2 ) 1

...(11)

2.9.2 m] u
C PUQh Hk u x, CUP B
C Hmh, Au m] u GQ. Gu
u, Gx CUP B ]x C Hku
uP m] BS. m] u
|UPmk Eu x. B B . uUS S C
P JmiUPsh, Cx m] uS. B,
Cu m] u J ] {PP iU u G
Puk. GkzxUPmhP, xUQU Ssk UPmh xx
Au vx kQx. CUP B Hk C, Ax
J BP kQx.
mA mB G {P Eh C PUQh
m] | uU Px. u P, uhUPzv uA
u2 G v\P[Ph C[SuPU PxP. uUS C
P JmiUPsk v G x v\Pzv C[SQ.
uUS A zu Eu = mAuA + mBu2
uUS A zu Eu = Tmk {
x v\P = (mA+ mB ) v
Eu A vi,
mAuA + mBu2 = (mA+ mB) v
108

(Ax) v =

m A u A + m B uB
m A + mB

BP, C P {P uUS A
v\P[P Av, uUS A x
v\PzuU PnUQh.
Cshx , uhUPzv K { Cu, Aux
u2 = 0

.
v =

m AuA
(m A + mB )

uUS A CUP B,
EK1 =

1
m A u A2 [ u2 = 0]
2

uUS A CUP B,
EK2 =

1
(m A + mB )v 2
2

- U
- -S
- CU
- P B
- -
E K 2 u
=
- U
- -S C-U
- -P B
- -
E K 1 u

(m A + m B )v 2
m A u A2

v& v Ps \mi vh,

EK 2
mA
=
E K 1 m A + mB
EK 2
EK 1 < 1
Aux, m] u, uUS E CUP
Bx, uUS E CUP BhU S. CUP
B Hk C, BP UTk.

109

wUPmh PnUSP
2.1

72 kmph Pzv \ PsiUS P Kmk, AUS

P 300 m u E USzxa \PU Pmi
(traffic signal) ] \P UQ. Au ]a \P 20 s

PzvS mk }izx, S a\a \PP UTix. Kmk|,

Pzu {zv a\ \PUPPU PzvUP Phx \ (i)
PUSz uk ^ kUPzu (ii) USzxa \PU
Pmi PhUSx A Pzu PnUQkP.

uP : u = 72 kmph = 72

5
m s 1 = 20 m s 1 ;
18

S= 300 m ; t = 20 s
a = ? ;

w :

v = ?

i) s = ut +

1
at2
2

300 = (20 20 ) +
a = 0.5 m s

1
a (20)2
2

ii) v = u + at = 20 0.5 20 = 10 m s

2.2

50 m E Pzv Ea]x P J R hkQx.

Au |zv P, Pzv AiSvx |UQ

25 m s 1 v\Pzv \kQx. Ea]x, R Guz
u G Pzv C PP J
PhUS?
uP : Pzv E = 50 m
u1 = 0 ; u2 = 25 m s

t G SQ Pzv C PP Phu u

GU PxP.
G, s1+s2 = 50m
s1 = ? ; t = ?

w :

u PS s1 =

1
g t2
2

Csh PS s2 = u2t
s2 = 25 t

1
g t2
2

110

1
g t2
2

s1 s2

G, s1 + s2 = 50 =

1
1
gt2 +25 t
gt2
2
2

t = 2 second
s1 =

2.3

1
1
gt2 =
(9.8) (2)2 = 19.6 m
2
2

3.6 m E _ (wall) Phx \ P ] J

v _Q. _x ] CUS u 4.8 m. _
UPzv 3.6 m u, Au x u u, \mh
v v\PzuU PnUQkP.
uP : v a_ = 4.8 + 3.6 =8.4m _ E = 3.6m
u = ? ; =?
w : Gzv u x _ Ea] AC CvUPsk.

Gzv \k

y = x tan

gx 2
2 u 2 cos 2

...(1)

C G (x = 4.8m, y = 3.6m ) _u CUQx

Au vP (1) vh
3.6 = 4.8 tan

g ( 4.8 ) 2
2 u 2 cos 2

...(2)

Gzv a_
R=

u 2 sin 2
= 8 .4
g

...(3)

(3)& Cx,
u2
8.4
=
g
sin 2

...(4)

111

(4)&I (2)& vh
3.6 = ( 4.8 ) tan

( 4.8 ) 2
2 cos2

3.6 = ( 4.8 ) tan

( 4.8 ) 2

2 cos 2

sin 2
( 8.4 )

2 sin cos
( 8.4 )

3.6 = ( 4.8 ) tan ( 2.7429 ) tan

Ax

& v (4)& vh
u2 =

8.4 g
8.4 9.8
=
= 95.5399
sin 2
sin 2( 6015' )

Ax u =9.7745 m s1
2.4

Gzv Smh v\PzvS (90o ) G C

GPn[PUS Qhzu a_ \ G UP.

w :

u 2 sin 2
...(1)
g
2.0571
3.6 ) tan ) u 2 sin 2
3.6 = u( 2
tan
= ( 2 sin = cos
1.7500=
2 sin
uR
2 = 22.0571
R1 =
g
g
...(2)
g
1
R=

Qhzu a_

= G,

= (90o ) G,
R2 =

= tan

[1.75 ] = 6015'

u 2 sin 2( 90 ) u 2 [2 sin( 90 ) cos( 90 ]

=
g
g

B sin( 90 ) = cos ;

...(3)

cos( 90 ) = sin

...(4)

(90 o ) BQ C Pn[PUS Qhzu a_ \

G \k (2) (4)&xz uQx.
2.5

2000 m Ezv 540 kmph Pzv x PsiUS BP

zv , u E CUS Jz uUP {UQ.

CUQx Guz u Ex Ssi (bomb)
kzu, CUS uUPk?
112

uP : Ssi uhUPz v\P, zv P \.

QhUPz v\ Ssi uhUPz v\P = 540 kmph
= 540

5
m s1 = 150 m s1
18

\[Szxz v\ uhUPz v\P

(u) = 0 ; \[Szxz u (s) = 2000 m ; US P t = ?

w :

s = ut +

CUPa \mix

1 2
at
2

Au vP vh 2000 = 0 t +
2000 = 4.9 t 2

Ax t =

1
9.8 t 2
2

2000
= 20.20 s
4.9

h=2000 m

C-U-S B

Qhzu a_ = QhUPz v\P US P

= 150 20.20 = 3030 m

2.6

C \ \P, JUP 60o Pnzv J x

\kQ. uS \ 203 N G, J \
Gs vU PnUQkP.
uP : \UPUQhmh Pn, = 60 ; uS
R = 203 N ;
P = Q = ?

w :

R =

P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos

P 2 + P 2 + 2P .P cos 60o

2P 2 + 2P 2 .

= P

3
113

1
2

20

3 = P
P

2.7.

= 20 N

hzv Pmhmhx , xPx F1 = 20 kN

F 2 = 15 kN
G \P \kQ. UPn
vUPsk, A uSU PsP.
uP : F1 = 20 kN; F2 = 15 k N; R=?
w : P\ v kzxu
R2 = P2 + Q2 2PQ cos (180 )
R2 = 202 + 152 2 (20) (15) cos 110

R = 28.813 kN
\ v kzxu,

15

R
15
=
sin
sin 110

2.8.

70

= 29.3

20

J \k C \PUS Chmh Pn 120o.

AvP \ v 5 kg wt A uS S
\USa \[Szx G, uS S \
PnUQkP.
uP : AvP \ = 5 kg wt
S \h uS Hkzx Pn = 90
uS = ?
S \ = ?
w : OA OD Pa \k \P P QUS
Chmh Pn AOD =120
OACD CnPzu { \x, OC CnUP. G
OA-USa \[Szu OC, uSS. G,
OAC
C
D
OCA = COD=30
AOC = 90
R
Q
OAC = 60
0
120
G
P
Q
R
=
=
sin 30 sin 90 sin 60

114

2.9

= 5 kg wt Bu

5 sin 30
sin 90

= 2.5 kg wt

5 sin 60o
sin 90o

kg wt

RUPsh |S \P J \mh, A
uS v\U PsP.
(i) 10 kN C \ N 30 E v\
S 45 W v\

(ii) 20 kN u \

(iii) 5 kN u \ N 60 W v\

(iv) 15 kN C \ S 60 E v\

uP : F1 =10 kN ; F2 =20 kN ; F3 = 5 kN ; F4 = 15 kN ;
R = ? ; = ?
w : J \k \P hzv
Pmhmk.
Qhz v\ \P SUP

Fx = 10 sin 30 + 5 sin 60 + 20 sin 45 15 sin 60

= 10.48 k N

\[Szxz v\ \P SUP

Fy = 10 cos 30 5 cos 60 + 20 cos 45 + 15 cos 60

= 27.8 kN

uS R =
=

( Fx )2 + ( Fy )2

30
60

(10.48)2 + (27.8)2
W

= 29.7 kN
tan

10 kN

5 kN

Fy

27.8
=
=
= 2.65
Fx 10.48

45 60

15 kN

20 kN

= 69.34o
115

2.10 1500 N Gh Cv J, C PP Pmhmk

u[Phmkx. J P, Qhzuzxh 30o Pnzu
Hkzx _ E Bo Pmhmkx. P,
Qhzuzxh 45o Pnzu Hkzx T Pmhmkx.
C PP E C\PU PnUQkP.

uP : W = 1500 N
PP C\ = ?

w :SRPs \P Cv \{ CUS
(i) R|UQ Cvzv Gh W
(ii) P OA C\ T1
(iii) P OB C\ T2.
O uzua\kzu
T
B

A
T1

T2
T1
T3
=
=
sin (90o + 45o ) sin (90o + 30o ) sin 105o
T2
1500
T1
=
=
o
o
sin 135
sin 120
sin 105o

T2
105

30

45

W= 1500 N

T1

T2

1500 sin 135o

sin 105o

= 1098.96 N

1500 sin 120o = 1346.11 N

sin 105o

2.11 1500 m B C u (railway) 72 kmph

Pzv C si \Qx. ush[PUS Chmh
u 1.54 m. E ushzuh zush
Ezumh EzuU PnUQkP.

uP : r = 1500 m ; v = 72 kmph= 20 m s

h = ?

w :

tan

h v2
=
l
rg

lv 2 1.54 (20)2
=
= 0.0419 m
h =
rg
1500 9.8

116

; l = 1.54 m ;

2.12 9 kmph Pzv \ PsiUS \US C Cx 2 hP

{ J |, R x 2 {h[P K {US
Qx. x \k Gv\ G?

uP : m = 2 tonne = 2 1000 kg = 2000 kg

v1 = 9 kmph = 9

5
5
=
m s1
18
2

v2 = 0

w :

Gv \ R GP
Eu PnzuUSz uzv i, ( mv1 mv2 ) = Rt
Ax m v1 Rt = mv2
2000

5
R 120 = 2000 0
2

(Ax) 5000 120 R = 0

R = 41.67 N

2.13 uhUPzv K { Cx, 8 |iP 2 kg {h

J, E x \ x 0.5N \
|PzukQx. 8 |iP \ \u U PnUQkP. Cu
, CUP B miSa \ GU PmkP.

uP : M = 2 kg ; F = 0.5 N ; t = 8 s ; W = ?
w : Hkzumh kUP (a) =

F 0.5
=
= 0.25 m s2
m
2

8 sUS S v\P = at = 0.25 8 = 2 m s1

8 s Phu u = S = ut +
S= (0 8) +

1
at2
2

1
(0.25) (8)2 = 8 m
2

8 s \ \u = \ u = 0.5 8 = 4 J
uhUP CUP B
Cv CUP B =
117

1
m ( 0) 2 = 0
2

1
1
mv2 =
2 (2) 2 = 4 J
2
2

 CUP B k =
Cv C.B uhUP C.B = 4 0 = 4 J
\k , CUP B miSa \.
2.14

, 39.2 m s 1 v\Pzxh, ux
|UQa \[SzuP GkQx. uhUP CUP B,
|Q J [PPU SvUS EzuU PnUQkP.

uP : v = 39.2 m s1 ; h = ?
w : |UQ Gx v\P SQx.
{ AvPUQx.
{, Au uhUP v P [PP CUS E
h GP.
Aux, CUP B C = { AvP
3
4

1
2

3
1

2
4

mv2 = mgh
(39.2)2 = 9.8 h

h = 58.8 m

2.15 xUQ Jx 10 g {h Ssk, P

Pmiz u[Phmh, 5 kg {h UPmhz xzx,
Au vx kQx. Cu u, Pmh A,
uhUP mhzxh 5 cm EzvSa \Qx. xUQU Ssi
uhUPz v\PzuU PnUQkP.

uP : Ssi { = mA = 10 gm = 0.01 kg
UPmh { = mB = 5 kg
uUS Ssi uhUPz v\P = uA = ?
uUS Pmh uhUPz v\P = uB = 0
Ssk Pmh Cvz v\P = v

w : |UPmk Eu A v i,
mAuA + mBuB = (mA + mB) v
(0.01)uA+ (5 0)=(0.01 + 5) v
118

5cm
uA

mB

Sn-k

Ax
0.01

v = 5.01 uA = A
501

...(1)

B A v kzv,
Jnu { CUP B = Ea] {
Ax

1
(mA + mB) v2 = (mA + mB) gh
2

...(2)

\k (1) (2) x,
u A2
= 2 gh (Ax)
(501)2

119

u A=

2.46 105 = 496.0 m s 1

u vk
(Cuz uvmk Sv PkUPmk UP
PnUSP vP. C, h x Gu
Ax PnUQ iUP. n, n
uvmk
Svx
mk,
h
x
iUPhUTi UPUS PnUSPUS hUP Bzu
\x P sk.)

2.1

2.2

2.3

K { CUS xP, Qhzuzv |UPmi ^

kUPzxh C[SQx. |Px x |iP,
Ax Phu uP uP
(a)

4
3

(b)

(c)

7
5

(d) 2

26
9

uh[Pz u R , 1, 2 3 |iP
Phu uP uP
(a) 1 : 2 : 3

(b) 1 : 3 : 5

(c) 1 : 4 : 9

(d) 9 : 4 : 1

t Pzv, xP |UPmk Cha] x = a0 + a1 t +a2 t 2

(a0,a1, a2&P) G, xP kUP,

2.4

(a) a0

(b) a1

(c) a2

(d) 2a2

C[S kUP GuSa \?

(a) v\P & P hzv
(b) u & P hzv
(c) v\P & P hzv \
(d) u & P hzv \

2.5

RPsh, Uh A Gx?
(a) u

(b) {

(c) {

(d) Eu
120

2.6

Qhzuzxh 45o Pnzv Gmh, Au

Qhzu a_ GuSa \?
(a) \[Szx E
(b) \[Szx Ezu C h[S
(c) \[Szx Ezu h[S
(d) \[Szx Ezu |S h[S

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10

2.11

2.12

Qhzuzxh (90 ) G Pn[P C xUQU

SskP \ Pzv \, A US P[P uP
(a) 1:1

(b) tan :1

(c)1: tan

(d) tan2 :1

Qhzuzv, | u C[QU PsiUS C

si \ P P J \mh,
u E JUS AUP u Giz u?
(a) |UPk

(b)

(c) mh

(d) Av

Qhzuzxh 60o 30o Pn[P xUQ J, C

SskP \v\P[P Qx. C xUQU
SskP E[P uP
(a) 2 : 1

(b) 3 : 1

(c) 4 : 1

(d) 1 : 1

{mh u CUPv Cx Ak Pzx

(a) B

(b)

(c) Eu

(d) {

{ |hP Gua \ux?

(a) v\P

(b) {

(c)

(d)

Guih UPm \kQx?

(a) {mh u CUP v
(b) {mh Csh CUP v
121

(c) {mh CUPv

(d) {mh u Csh CUP vP

2.13

J \k \P \{ E x
(a) J \ C \P Uh TkuUSa \.
(b) J \ C \P Tkuh AvP.
(c) J \ C \PUQh E

mh h AvP.
(d) J \ C \P UPUSa \.

2.14

xP J mhu _x, Au kUP

(a) ukPmi Hk
(b) Bzv Hk
(c) mhu Hk
(d) _

2.15

mh CUPzv E xP J, \ P[P \ Pn[P

Hkzv Au v\P,
(a) Gs v mk
(b) CUS
(c) v\ mk
(d) Gs v v\

2.16

2.17

\ \ku, xP mhu C[SQx.

\ \u
(a) |US, _

(b) _

(c) GvUS, _

(d) Psh Hx

\\, Ez uh \, m { vsi
Kmi J v v\Pzxh r B u
\Q. A | CUP,
(a) (mv2/2) > mg

(b) (mv2/r) > mg

(c) (mv2/r) < mg

(d) (v/r) = g
122

2.18

2.19

x F \ \mk, Ax v v\Pzv
C[Q, v
(a) F.v

(b) F/v

(c) Fv2

(d) F/v2

m] u
(a) CUP B u AvPzx S S
(b) Cv CUP B CUPx
(c) uhUP Bh Cv CUP B S
(d) uhUP CUP B, Cv CUP B \

2.20

Qhzuzv E E \ x UPmh,
xUQU Psk v, Au vx kQx.
RUPsh Gx ux?
(a) Eu CUP B

(b) CUP B mk

(c) Eu mk

(d) { B mk

2.21

QUS |UQ 4 km |hx, S hUS |UQ 3 km |hx \

n J (i) PhUS u (ii) Hkzx
Cha]U PnUQkP.

2.22

vsi Kmk J a _ _ x (i) Phu

u (ii) Hmh Cha] G?

2.23

P v\Pzu kzxP.

2.24

Gv kUP Gx G?

2.25

v\P & P hzv UQzx x?

2.26

^P kUPmh CUPa \kP .

2.27

P Uh AP G ?

2.28

Uh A G Sk?

2.29

J Pmi, J v\ \k C UhP
uS Gs v v\ x?

2.30

UhP CnPv, UPn v TP.

123

2.31

Jh J Pnzv \x C UhP
uS Gs v v\UPa \kP P.

2.32

{mh CUP vPU TP.

2.33

P {[P GkzxUPmkPh USP.

2.34

|UPmk Eu A vU T, USP.

2.35

\ uUPzu .

2.36

|US kUPzvP P P.

2.37

US Gva\ G G?

2.38

\[Szx
mhzv
_
v\PzvP P P.

2.39

Ezumh u Gu G?

2.40

u \ vsi Kmi, \ PnzvSa

\k P.

2.41

C P uP ? A USP.

2.42

J n CUPzv, C P uUS S,
v\P[PUP PP P.

2.43

\ {h C PUQh, J n m] u
|hx v\P[P Ahu UP.

{z

PnUSP
2.44

|UPmi ^ kUPzxh C[S xP 8&x |i

55m u 13&x |i 85m u Phu,

Au uhUPz v\Pzu kUPzu PnUQkP.

2.45

BP J Qhzuzxh 45 o Pnzv UPz

uh[SQx. Au \[Szxz v\PU T 300 kmph G,
Es v\PzuU PnUQkP. Au Qhzuz v\PU
T G?

2.46

QhzuzvS 60o \P \ J \kQx. A\

QhzuU T 40 kg wt, G, \[SzxU TU PnUQkP.

2.47

Qhzuzxh 30o Pnzv, 30 m s1 G v\Pzxh

GkQx. (i) US P, (ii) a_
(iii) Ah E BQU PnUQkP.
124

2.48

G J Qhzu a\x, Ezu 43

h[S G, GPnzuU PnUQkP.

2.49

Qhzu a\x, Ezu 3 h[S CUS

G Gmh GPnzuU PnUQkP.

2.50

65 kg {h z yUSuS Ezv (elevator) J

ukQx. u x 800 N Gva\ HkzuUTi

Au Ezv kUPzuU PnUQkP.

2.51

6 kg {h x \k \, Au

v\Pzu 3 m s1&x 5 m s1&US Qx. \

uUPzuU PnUQkP. 2 |iPUS \ \mh,
A\U PnUQkP.
2.52

36 m s 1 Pzv C[S 150 g { QUPm

x, mh v, \ v\ sk 21 m s 1
v\Pzv UQ Qx. Hmh Eu G? x,
mhh (1/20) s, PzvS umkU Psiu,
\kzumh \\ \ G?
2.53

12 N 8 N Gs vP Eh C \P J
\kQ. C \PUQhmh Pn 60o G,

uS \ Gs v G?
2.54

JUP \P E C \P Tku 18 kg wt.

] \USa \[SzuPa \k, A \P
uS 12
kg wt . C \P vP,
AQhmh Pnzu PnUQkP.

2.55

3 m } 4 m } E C PP 20 kN Ghz u[Q

izx. C PP PUS Chmh u

5 m. PP E C\PU PnUQkP.
2.56

RUPq \P J \k x uS
\ Gsv v\ PnUQkP.
(i) hQUSz v\ 30o \P 20 N
(ii) hv\ 25 N
(iii) hSz v\ 45o \P 30 N
(iv) uSz v\ 40o \P 35 N
125

2.57

JUP \[SzuPa \k C \P uS
10 N. B, A \PUQh 60o Pn Ex,
uS
PnUQkP.

2.58

13 N G, C \P Gs vPU

880 m Bh C u 44 m s 1

v\Pzv C[S C si xPPa \, Emz

ushzu h Ezumh z ushzv \U
Pn G?
2.59

200 m B u 60 hP { C
Gg] J 36 kmph v\Pzv \Qx. u
zu |UQ, ush[P x \k \U
PnUQkP.

2.60

4.5 kmph Pzv \ Sv J, 300

N G u

\h si Qhzuzv Czxa \Qx. 5 {h[P

Sv \u U PnUQkP.
2.61

30 m Ezvx, 10 m s1 v\Pzv x J R|UQ

\kQx. x, u x v\Pzu B
A vU Psk PnUQkP.
2.62

30 kg { mi J ux _x PsiUS J,
(i) \[SzuP (ii) Qhzuzv 10 m u \x

A \u U PnUQkP.
2.63

2 kg 5 kg {P \ CUP Bh C[Q, A
Eu[P uPU PnUQkP.

2.64

60 kg { J 3 m Ezv iiP 4

|iP HU PhUQ. A Hkzumh vU

PnUQkP.
2.65

8 m s 1 Pzv C[S mh hS JS, } Hkzx

uh 2000 N G, Gg] vU PnUQkP.

2.66

300 kg 200 kg {Eh C P, E

Qhzuzv 50 m s1 100 m s1 v\P[Ph

J |UQ C[SQ. m] u Hi,
J Cvz v\Pzu PnUQkP.
126

hP
2.1

(c)

2.2

(c)

2.3

(d)

2.4

(c)

2.5

(d)

2.6

(d)

2.7

(b)

2.8

(b)

2.9

(b)

2.10 (d)

2.11 (b)

2.12 (c)

2.13 (a)

2.14 (b)

2.15 (c)

2.16 (b)

2.17 (c)

2.18 (a)

2.19 (d)

2.20 (c)

2.44 10 m s1 ; 6 m s2

2.45 424.26 kmph ; 300 kmph

2.46 69.28 kg wt

2.47 3.06s; 79.53 m ; 11.48 m

2.48 30o

2.49 53o7

2.50 2.5 m s2

2.51 12 N s ; 6 N

2.52 8.55 kg m s1; 171 N

2.53 17.43 N

2.54 5 kg wt ; 13 kg wt ; 112o37

2.55 16 k N, 12 k N

2.56 45.6 N ; 132o 18

2.57 3 N ; 1 N

2.58 12o39

2.59 30 kN

2.60 1.125 105 J

2.61 26.23 m s1

2.62 2940 J ; 0

2.63 0.6324

2.64 441 W

2.65 16000 W

2.66 70 m s1 ; 80 m s1

127

3. _ CUP\
3.1 {
J GsoUP UP ~so xPP
BUPmhx. |UPmk CUPzvx, J xP
Smh Pzv \ Cha] AhQx. G, Jmk zu

CUP
J
xP
CUPPU
ShkQx.
|UPmiUPzv _x Ax Avhx, Au
CUPzu A u J PU Sh. Cu
CUPx, uzvUS xPx \P \mk Au
CUSx CUS. A, Jmkzu
{ \vUS { Gk. G,
A, Csk Ax CsiS mh xPP EhUQuP
C, Au |UPmiUPzu { zv CUPPU T.

3.1.1 C xP A J {
m1

m2 {P Eh C xPP Ah[Q
AU Px. h 3.1& Pmi, t Pzv xPP
{P P1 P2 G, Bv O-x A uP r1
r2 G PxP. xPP v\P kUP,
v1=

dr1
dt

...(1)

P1

dv1
a1 =
dt

...(2)

dr2
v2 =
dt

...(3)

a2 =

r1

dv 2
dt

F21

F12

...(4) O

P2

r2

h 3.1 {

P1& E xP x Csk \P \kQ.

(i) P2& E xP Hk \, F12 (ii) AS
US ] xPP Hk \, F1e

128

Csk \P uS,
F1 = F12 + F1e

...(5)

Cx, xP P2& x \k uS \,
F2 = F21 + F2e

...(6)

C[S, F21 Gx xP P2- x xP P1 \kzx \S.

{mh Csh CUPv kzxu,
F1 = m1a1

...(7)

F2= m2a2

...(8)

(7)&x \mh (8)&x \mh Tmh,

m1a1 + m2a2 = F1 + F2

\kP (5) (6)&x F1, F2 vP vh,

m1a1 + m2a2 = F12 + F1e+ F21 + F2e

{mh x vi, P2& E xP, P1& E xP x

\kzx AP\x (F12), P1 xP P2 xP x \kzx
\USa (F21) \P Gvzv\ CUS.
Aux, F12 = F21

...(9)

F = F1e+ F2e

...(10)

[ m1a1 + m2a2 = F ]
C[S, F Gx A x \k zu \S.
A zu {,
M = m1+m2

...(11)

A x \k F G zu \, aCM G kUPzu
HkzxQx. Cu, A { zv kUP G.
{mh Csh vi, C xPP AS,
F =M aCM

...(12)

\kP (10) (12)&x

M aCM = m1a1+m2a2

...(13)

RCM Gx { zv { Uh G,

129

d 2 (RCM )

aCM =

...(14)

dt 2

\kP (13) (14)x,

2
2
d 2 RCM
1 m d r1 + m d r2

1
=
dt2
dt2
M
dt2
2

1 d2
2 (m 1 r1 + m 2r2 )
M dt

RCM
RCM

1
( m1 r1 + m 2r2 )
M

m 1 r1 + m 2 r2
m1 + m 2

...(15)

m1, m2 {Ph C xPP A, {zv

{ Ca\k SUQx.

{P \ (m1 = m2), { zv { Uh
RCM =

r1 + r2
2

...(16)

C {P CnUS Pmi zv {
CUQx Gu \k (16) PmkQx.

3.1.2 n xPP EhUQ {

r1, r2, r3rn G { UhP m1, m2, m3 mn G
{P Eh n xPP EhUQ A J zu {,
M = m1 + m2 +m3 +.+mn

Bv O& zx { zv { Uh,
RCM =

m1r1 + m2 r2 .....+ mn rn
m1 + m2 .....+ mn
n

m
=

i=1
n

m
i=1

i i

=
i

m r

i i

i=1

M
130

A { zv x T y TP,
x =

m1 x1 +m2 x2 +.....mn xn
m1 +m2 +.....mn
y =

m1 y1 + m 2 y2 + .....mn yn
m1 + m2 + .....mn

{ zv CUPzvS GkzxUPmk
&{ A { zv CUPzuU Px.
{, a _ mhu, , `a _ }
mhu C[SQ (h 3.2).
,
{,
A
x
{
zu
zx mhuP
_UPsh, `
}mh u _
Q Gu \
TS.

h 3.2 & { A {

&{ A, AQh D Pa]

\P, A AP\PP, { BQ Csi
x ` Pa] \ \PP, A {
zv x \kQ.

3.1.3 D (Centre of gravity)

Gx J zu |UQ D
\ PUTi GsoUP xPP BUPhhx G.
C\P Jzu Cn \P uSvP CUQ. Cu Cn
\P uS Gh Gk. Cu Ghx
{ G C, a \u { J
\k. Cu { , D
Gk.
A i Ex, A
Ax { G, Au Azxz xPP GhP
uS \hU Ti D BS.
131

h 3.3 D

h 3.3& W1,W2,W3.. G

E
u,
Cshx,
x, ......... xPP GhPS
(h 3.3). Azxz xPP uS
Gh W G, W \hU Ti
D BS. zu
Gh D \hU
Tk. BUS xPP GhP
A
{PUS
|zuP
Cu, x US
Ax S AP C,
Au { , D zxh
JUS.

3.1.4 P \{ PP
M G P S G
Qsnzv zu,
Ax Eshi A G Ai
x \{ Ah. (h 3.4a)
Cua
\{x
]
{BUS EuS. P B
G USU Psk \x,
Au B AvPUQx. Au
kzu sk Eshi A&US
xk. G, P A G
{ Eva \{ (Stable equilibrium) G.

S
M

A
(a)

A
C

S
(b)

Qsnzuz
uRPU
M
Pzx, Au A& P
A
CuPU PxP. (h 3.4b).
P C&G USa ]u
(c)
Cha
\u,
Au
h 3.4 P \{
{
Sx,
\{
x |Px \
] B E { Ah. P Cu { Eva
\{ (Unstable equilibrium) G.
132

P, \u UPmiuPU Pu. (h 3.4c).

Cu ]u Cha \u, Au { x. C[S,
P |k{a \{ (Neutral equilibrium) Ex.
], Ax u {U Psk, Ev,
Ev Ax |k{ G \{U Sh.
\k \P, A uzu zx,
Cv A {zu A.
(i) A x \k \P, { ]P CUS

uhUP {US \u, Ax Eva \{US EuS.

(ii) A x \k \P, { P

CUS {x |Pa \u, Ax Ev \{US EuS.

(iii) Ax \k \P, { vUS,
Gi sk |Pa \u, Ax |k{a \{US EuS.
A

G1
G

G2

(a) Eva \{

(b) Eva \{

(c) |k{a \{

h 3.5 \{ PP

h 3.5 a, b, c& Pmhmkx ^ \mh[PU

PxP. J \mh, A \{ P Cx ]u
Cha \uPU Px. zumh A G
\mhzu Cha \u, Au D G&x G1&US
E. S, Au kzu uhUP {US . Cu Eva
\{ GQ.
R zumh B G \mhzu Cha \u,
Au D G&x G2&USz ux k. Au kzu
S uhx, uhUP x Qa \. Cu
Eva \{ GQ.
133

D zv zumh C G \mhzu Cha

\u, Au D Au Ezv CUS. \mhzv
kzu S uhx v { CUS. Cu |k{a
\{ GQ.

3.2 vs P _ CUP
3.2.1 vs
\P \kx J, ux izv Ax
h Cu, Au vs G
UP. \ v G AvPP C, vs
x \ \kx, Gu C xPPUS
Chmh u CUS.
|h, Gu
\Pa \kzxx, J
EUS.
vh,
\P
UPoUPzuUP A ]uP C,
PU Pu.

vs A.
]u
Hkzx

A vs

3.2.2 _ CUP
{ Aa\ zx
_,
AUPzua
_
CUP
GQ. J xP,
_] Aa_ Gk |UPmi Au
zu zx mhu C[Q,
vs _ CUPzv Ex Gk
(h 3.6).
_] Aa_, E Ax
CUP. _] Aa] uu xPP
{P CUS.
mhu C[S xPP {
r G BUh & G Pn Ch
a] UP kQx.

_] Aa_
h 3.6 _ CUP

h 3.7& Pmi, u (paper) uzvSa \[SzuP,

O- a \ XOX G Aa\ zx _
vsU PxP.
134

 A G Chzvx B&G
ChzvSa _uPU P. vs
E P1,P2,P3. . G
xPP, \P ChP
P1P1, P2P2, P3P3. G \
uPU
PhUQ.
BP,
A |UPmkz v\P[P
P CUS. B, Au P
Ch, Azx G \
PnzvSa _. G, vs
Azxz xPPUS Pnz
v\P \P CUS. BP, _
CUPzv, Eh[Q xPP
mh |UPmkz v\P[P
\Pnz v\Pzu US.

A
h 3.7 vs _
CUP

3.2.3 _ CUPa \kP

|UPmiUPzu
,
^ Pn kUPzu US CUPa \kP
UP.
xP J, 0 G Pnz v\Pzxh G Pn
kUPzxh _uPU PxP. t G Pzv xP Hkzx Pn
Cha] G xP Pnz v\P G CUPmk.

t Pzv Pnz v\P k = - 0

B, Pn kUP =
Aux, =

Pnz v\P k
P

...(1)

= + t

...(2)
+ o

\\ Pnz v\P =

zuU Pn Cha] = \\ Pnz v\P P

+ o
t
2

Aux, =

...(3)

135

\k (2)&x & v vh
o + t+ o
t
2

= ot +
\k (1)&x

1 2
t
2

...(4)

o
t =

...(5)

\k(5)& (3)& kzu,

+ o o

=
2

o2 )

2 = 2 02

(Ax) 2 = 02 + 2

...(6)

\kP (2), (4) (6) _ CUPa \kP BS.

3.3 {z vv Au UQzx
{mh u CUP vi, UPo \
\hu uhx ux K { Ax ^
CUP { UP ix. ux K {
Ax ^ CUP{z u UP iu u {
Gk. { Gx Aih sS. J
Smh \US, { AvPP C, CUPzvP Gv
AvPP CUS Ax { AvPP CUS. BP,
|UPmiUPzv {zv { AkQx.
Cx, _ CUPzv, Smh Aa\ zx _
, Au { Hhsi zu GvUS. Gv
A, { _ Aa\ zu {
(distribution) \ux. _ CUPzv {zu, Aa\
{z vzv G.
|UPmiUPzv { B [Q _ CUPzv
{z vz v [PQx. , _ {
Hkzu v \ \kzu six.

136

3.3.1 _ CUP B vs {z vz
v
vs XOX G Aa\ zx Pnz
v\Pzxh
_uPU
PxP.
_]
Aa]x
m1, m2, m3 G {Ph xPP r1, r2, r3 G
uP
CuPU
PxP. Azxz xPP
Pnz v\P \. B,
O
X/
xPP |UPmkz X
r3
v\P[Ph _Q.
r2 r1
m3
xPP
|UPmkz
m2 m
v\P[P v1,v2,v3 G
1
CUPmk.
u xP CUP B
=

1
m v 2
2 1 1

h 3.8 _ CUP B {z
vzv

B, v1= r1
u xP CUP B =

1
1
m1( r1)2 =
m r 2 2
2
2 1 1

Cx , Cshx xP CUP B =
x xP CUP B =

1
m r 22
2 2 2

1
m r 2 2
2 3 3

_ vs CUP B, Azxz xPP CUP

BP TkuUSa \ BS.
1
2

_ CUP B = (m1r122 + m2r222 + m3r322 +

..... + mnrn22)
=

1 2
(m1r12 + m2r22 + m3r32 + .. + mnrn2)
2

Aux, ER =

1
2
2

m r
i=1

2
ii

|UPmiUPzv, CUP B =
137

...(1)
1
mv2
2

Ps \mkh (1)-&I

Jh,

m
i=1

2
i i

r Gx {

[Q QUQx G A iQx. Cx, _ vs ,

_ Aa\ zu {z vz vS. G, {z
vzv,
I = { (u)2

_ CUP B

1 2
I
2

= 1 rad s-1 G x, _ CUP B,

= ER =

1
(1)2I (Ax) I = 2ER
2

1 i-/|i Pnz v\Pzxh _ CUP

B Ch[S {z vz vUSa \ BS.
{z vz v AS kg m2. Au n k ML2.

3.3.2 _] B
_ vs {z vzv
n

I =

i=1

miri2 = m1r12 + m2r22 + ...mnrn2

vs xPP Azx \ { ,
Aux m1 = m2 = m3 =.. = m G, Ps \hx
I = mr12+ mr22+ mr32+..+ mrn2
= m (r12+ r22+ r32+..+ rn2)
I = nm

r12 + r22 + r32.....+ rn2

Cv n Gx, vs E xPP GsoUPS.

I = MK2

... (2)

Cv M = nm = zu {

K2

r12 + r22 + r32.....+ rn2

n
138

K =

r12 + r22 + r32.....+ rn2

n

K Gx _] Aa\ zu vs _]
B BS.

_] Aa]x, xPP Cia \\

Ciz uS (rms) _] B \S.
Jmkzu Gh \x US _] Aa_US
Chmh \[Szxz u G _] Bzu UP.
\k (2)&x, K 2 =

I
M

Ax K =

I
M

3.3.3 {z vzv u[P

(i)

Cn Aa_UP u

X1

T
,
Gu
Aa\

{z
vzvx,
D
a \ Cn
Aa\ {z vz
v

{ C Aa_UPUS
Chmh
u
Ci UQ
UP
BQ
TkuUSa \S.

P
r
O

y
G

X1

X'

h 3.9 Cn Aa_UP u

zu
h 3.9& Pmi, D G- E JU
Px. XX G Aa_ D P uzvSa
\[SzuP \Qx. X1X1 G Aa_, O&P XX Aa_US
CnP \Qx. C Cn Aa_UPUS Chmh u x
BS.
139

J m { Hz xPPP,
UP. Ox r u E P G xP, X1OX1 Aa\
{z vz v mr2 BS.
X1X1 Aa\ zu {z vzv
I0 = mr2

...(1)

P-x, }mhmh OG&US PA G \[SzxUPk

. P, G-I CnUP.
OPA&,
OP 2 = OA2 + AP 2
r2 = (x + h)2+AP 2
r2 = x2 + 2xh + h2 + AP2

...(2)

GPA&,
GP 2 = GA2 + AP 2
y 2 = h 2 + AP 2

...(3)

\k (3)&I (2)& vh,

r 2 = x 2 + 2xh + y 2

...(4)

\k (4)&I (1)& vh,

Io = m (x2 + 2xh + y2)
= mx2 + 2mxh + my2
= Mx2 + My2 + 2xmh

...(5)

D \ Aa\ {z
vzv, My2 = IG BS. D G&I zx,
\{ Cu, D zua \x Azxz xPP
v vP Tku _S.

(mg) (h) = 0
Ax mh = 0 (H g J )
\k (5)&x
I0 = Mx2 + IG

...(6)
...(7)

C Cn Aa_P uzu UP.

140

(ii)

\[Szx Aa_UP u

T
JUP \[Szu Aa_UP x
mk CUP, \u h uzvSa
\[Szu Aa\ {z vz vx, uzv Au
JUP \[Szu C Aa_P {z vP
TkuUSa \.

zu
h 3.10& Pmi, uzv Au OX OY Aa_UP
Eh \u U Pu. OZ G Aa_, O P
uzvSa \[SzuP \Qx. J m {h H
xPPP

UPkQx.
O&x
r
Z
u E P G xP, (x, y)
TPU Pskx.
r2 = x2+y2

...(1)
B

OZ Aa\ zx xP
P- {z vz v = mr2

A X

P(x,y)

OZ Aa\ zx zu

{z vzv,

h 3.10 \[Szx Aa_UP u

Iz = mr2

...(2)

OX Aa\ zx zu {z vzv,
Ix = my 2

...(3)

Cu, Iy = mx 2

...(4)

\k (2)&x
Iz = mr2 = m(x2+y2)
Iz =mx2+my2 = Iy+Ix

Iz = Ix+Iy
C \[Szx Aa_UP uzu UP.
141

Amhn 3.1 P {z vzvP \kP

(n zu PkUPmkx)

_ Aa_

^ usk

Dzv
P,
}zvS | SzuP \
Aa_.

Ml 2
12

M - {
l - }

J P, }zvS
| SzuP \ Aa_

Ml 2
3

M - {
l - }

zvP uzvS
\[SzuP \ Aa_.

MR2

M - {
R - B

mhzv \
Aa_.

1
MR2
2

M - {
R - B

ukPmi \
Aa_.

3
MR 2
2

M - {
R - B

zvP uzvS
\[SzuP \ Aa_.

1
MR 2
2

M - {
R - B

mhzv \
Aa_.

1
MR2
4

M - {
R - B

ukPmi \
Aa_.

5
MR2
4

M - {
R - B

mhzv \
Aa_.

2
MR 2
5

M - {
R - B

ukPmi \
Aa_.

7
MR2
5

M - {
R - B

Au Aa_

1
MR2
2

M - {
R - B

mh

mhz umk

vs P

vs E

{z vz v

zvP }zvS
\[SzuP \ Aa_.

142

R2 l 2 M - {
M 4 + 12 R - B

l- }

3.4 \ vzv
vSU Sk (Wrench)G P \kzuk \x
vS (nut) J _ Ax RP x (hinges) Pu
_x, \x Puz vUQx. Aux, \x,
\kzuk v\ CUSuk mk,
a _ \Qx. Ca_] Aa_, \ \k
Pmi mh \x; AuS CnP CUPx. _]
Cs
\
v
Aa_
Ax Smh Aa\
F
zu \ vzv
G. \ Gs v
\ \k Pmix
CUS

\[Szxz
u
UP
vP
P
O
A zu \
A
vzv
Gsv
\.
h 3.11& Pmi,
x P G
\ F \kuPU Px.

h 3.11 \ vzv

O- zx, \ (F) vz v = \ Gs
v \ v\US vzv Pn si US
Ch \[Szxz u (F OA)
x \k \, O&a \x, Chg_z
v\ _, Azvzv Chg_z vzv Gk.
\x, g
F1
_z v\ _, Az
O
vzv g_z vz
v Gk (h 3.12).
\ vzv AS
Nm n k
M L2 T -2.

O
F2
h 3.12 g_ Chg_z
vzvP

143

Chg_z vzv
|US
g_z
vzv GvUS

Skx UPzv () Ex. vzvPU Tmkx,

J vzv v\ Pzv P sk.

Uh UP i, \ vzv, m = r F GU

Shk. Cv, r Gx O&a \u { Uh BS. r

F CUS uzvSa \[SzuP m & v\ CUS.

3.5 Cmh Cmh vzv (v \)

x C \P Cnx \mk, vzv
Ax v HkzuUTi GkzxUPmkP
|h PsQ. \UP J X
F
Y P C PP Pmhmk,
\UPzv ukPkP C
\ Gv\P (F) \kuP
CUPmk (h 3.13). \UP, Au
90
O-
zumiu,
O& X
O
Y
zx Ax Chg_zv\ _.
90

\mi PkP Jh J
u, \hUTi C \
Gvv \P Cmh EUS G
Cv Tkxsk. Cu C F h 3.13 Cmh
\P, Gx v Ax
vzv US. Cuz v \ G. Cmh
Hkzx C \P \mkU PkPUS Chmh
u, Cmh G.
Cmh EUS \P Cmh zv UP
v, Cmh vzv Ax v\ Gk.
v \ = \P J \PUS Ch \[Szxz
u
|UPmiUPzv \ [Q _ CUPzv
v\ [S QUQx. \ Hk _
AhUTi J A v\ Gk. Uh Smii

= r F

= 90 Aux, \kzuk \x rUS \[Szx

G, v\ S.
144

CmhUS GkzxUPmkP
1. vS Azv (screw press) PiUS \kzuk
\P
2. } S ku Ax vzu
3. (Pen) iz vu
4. P _a \UP (Steering)

Cmh \mh
\UP (W) Jx ukPkP C \ Gvv
\P (F) \mk, Au Pn _Qx. (h 3.14)
J \ \u = \ u = F r
( x J
|Pu u r )
F

B, v \, = F 2r = 2F r

Cmh \mh ,
W=

3.6

zu , W = F r + F r
= 2F r

xP Pn Eu

F
F

r
h 3.14 Cmh
\mh

|UPmiUPzv |UPmk Euzu x, _ CUPzv

Pn
EuS.
|UPmi
Z
C[S
xP
|UPmk
Eux,
Au
{

v\Pzv UP vS.
L=rxp
Aux, p = mv. xP |UPmk
Euzv vzv, Au Pn
O
X Eu G UPkQx.
r

psin

h 3.15 xP Pn Eu

Bvx r u
m
{
xP
CuPU
Px (h 3.15). Ax XY G
uzv v v\Pzxh,
145

p =m v

G |UPmk Euzxh C[SuP CUPmk.

XY uzvSa \[SzuP, O&P \ Aa\ zx,

xP Pn Eu,
UPkQx.

&

SUS

UPP

Aux, L = r p
Au, Gs v L = r p sin
Cv Gx

r US

US Ch Pn BS. L-

v\x r p CUS uzvSa \[SzuP CUS.

Pn Euzv AS kg m2 s1 n k M L2 T1.

3.6.1 vs Pn Eu
_] Aa]x
r1, r2, ..rn uP
E m1, m2 .. mn {P
Eh
xPP
uSvU
Px.
(h 3.16) v1,v2, v3 ..
G
xPP
| U P m k z
v\P[PS.
u
xP
|UPmk Eu = m1v1

r3
m3

r2 r1
m2

m1

h 3.16 vs Pn Eu

v1= r1 G

u xP |UPmk Eu = m1(r1 )
u xP |UPmk Euzv vzv
= |UPmk Eu \[Szxz u
= (m1r1) r1
u xP Pn Eu = m1r12
Cx, Cshx xP Pn Eu = m2r22
x xPPn Eu = m3r32
vs Pn Eu Gx, _] Aa\ zx,
146

_ vs Azxz xPP |UPmk Eu[P

vzvP Tku BS.
_ vs Pn Eu = Azxz xPP
Pn Eu[P Tku
Aux, L = m1r12 + m2r22 + m3r32 + mnrn2
2

L = [m1r 1 + m2r22 + m3r32 + .....mnrn2]

n
2
= mi ri
i =1

L = I
n

Cv I = miri
i =1

Gx _] Aa\ zx _ vs

{z vzv BS.

3.7

v \US Pn kUPzvS E uh

vs
XOX Aa\ zx G Pnz
v\Pzxh _uPU Px (h 3.17).
_] Aa]x
r1 u A- CUS
m1 { xP x X
\ k \ = {
kUP
d
(r1 ) = m1 r1 d
dt
dt
2
= m1 r1 d
dt 2
_]
Aa\
zx,
Cu
\

X
r1

A1 F A

= m1

h 3.17 v \US Pn
kUPzvS E uh

vzv = \ \[Szxz u= m1r1

d 2
r1
dt 2

G, Azxz xPP x \k Azx \P

vzvP Tku,

147

= m1r1

2
d 2
2 d
+
m
r
+ ...
2 2
dt 2
dt 2

2
v \ = miri
i =1

Cv I =
2

m r
i =1

i i

d 2
(Ax) = I
dt 2

, Gx vs {z vzv

d
Gx Pn kUP BS.
dt 2

3.7.1 v \US Pn EuzvS E uh

_ vs Pn Eu L = I
Ps \mh Pzua \x PPn,
dL
d
d
=I
Gx Pn kUP)
= I ( =
dt

dt

dt

B, v \

= I

v \,

dL
dt

Pn Eu mk u, Au x \k z
v \USa \.

3.8 Pn Eu A
_ vs Pn Eu, L = I BS.
vs x \k v \, =

dL
BS.
dt

A x zv \ \h G,
=

dL
= 0
dt

Aux L = I =
zu Pn Eu =
x zv \ \hux, _ vs
zu Pn Eu US. Cx, Pn Eu A
v Gk.
148

h 3.18 xUSvzx } uu

Pn Eu A GkzxUPmkPh USu
Pn Eu A vi, I = .

1
, _] Pnz
I
{zvz vUS GvzuP CUS.
Aux,

v\P,

Pn Eu A vUS R GkzxUPmkPS.
1. _ uu Px, xUSvzx, } u
J, P SmiUPnmkU Psh } \. H, A
ux Eh SUSu {z vzv Sx Pnz v\P
AvPUQx. } z ukQx, A ux P, PP
}mku, {z vzv AvPzx Pnz v\P SQx.
G, A } \unz v\Pzxh ~Q.
149

2. h Hx |hk (ballet dancer), PP izxU

Pu {z vz vU SUQ. G, A,
ux Pnz v\Pzu AvPzxU P iQx.
3. P h (dumbell) G Eh]U PP, ux C
PP izxU Psk, PP }mhmh {, _ \ x
Av h 3.19a PmkQx. \x, Smh Pnz
v\Pzxh _Qx. h 3.19b& Pmi, A, vj,
GhP ux UPP Psk Q. ux, _ P
AvPuU Pn.

(a)

(b)

h 3.19 _ \ x _

4. `a _ _u, P J `UPQ
\x, P Pnz v\P AvPUS. H, `
zx, P {z vzv SQx.

150

wUPmh PnUSP
3.1

{ usk J CnUPmh C {P Ah[Q uSv

J x&Aa] Ex. x = 2 m u 0.4 kg { x = 7 m
u 0.6 kg { E. { zv x TU
PnUQkP.
uP : m1 = 0.4 kg ; m2 = 0.6 kg ; x1 = 2 m ; x2 = 7 m ; x = ?
w : x =

3.2

m1x1 + m2 x 2
(0.4 2) + (0.6 7)
=5m
=
(0.4 + 0.6)
m1 + m2

UP 1m Eh \UP UPnzv P m 1 = 1 kg,

m2 = 2 kg, m3 = 3 kg {P UPmiUS A D
zuU SkP.

uP : m1 = 1 kg ;

m2 = 2 kg; m3= 3 kg ;
A- v\U TP = (0,0)
B- v\U TP = (1,0),

m3

1m

A D = ?
w :
J mh UP
\UP UPn J PxP.
hzv Pmi, X
Y Aa_UP PxP.

60
m1

0.5m

C TPU PnUQh :

\UP UPnzvS, CAB = 60

UPn ADCU PxP,
sin =

CD
CA

Ax CD = (CA) sin = 1 sin 60 =

hzvx C& TP ( 0.5,

x=
x=

3
),
2

m1x1 + m2 x 2 + m3 x 3
m1 + m2 + m3

(1 0) + (2 1) + (3 0.5) 3.5
=
m
(1+ 2 + 3)
6

y=

m1y1 + m2y2 + m 3y3

m1 + m2 + m3

151

3
2

m2


3
(1 0) + (2 0) + 3

2
3

y=
=
m
6
4

3.3

m { r B Eh mhzumk J \ x Eshha
\kQx. Au Pnz v\P G, zu B
E=

3
mr22
4

GU PmkP.

w : umi zu B = _ CUP B + |UPmk CUP

B
E =

1
1
I2+
mv2
2
2

1
mr2 v = r
2
\h (2)&I (1) vh,

B, I =

E =
=

3.4

... (1)
... (2)

1 2 2
1
1
1
1 2 2

( mr2) (2)+
m (r)2 =
mr +
mr
4
2
2
2
2
3 2 2
mr
4

1 kg { 0.6 m mh Eh EP J,

K {x \z uzv Eshi Qx. uzv

AiSv Ahx zv |UPmkz v\P
5 m s-1 G, (i) zv {z vzv (ii) _]
CUP BU PnUQkP.
uP : R = 0.3 m ;
M = 1 kg ;
v = 5 m s1 ; I = ? C.B = ?
2
2
2
w : I = MR = 1 (0.3) = 0.09 kg m
1
C.B =
I2
2
2
v
1
5
v = r ; =
; C.B =
0.09
= 12.5 J
0.3
r
2
3.5

200 kg {h vs E J Au Aa\ zx 100 s1 Pnz v\Pzxh _Qx. E B 0.25

m.E _]h uhh CUP BU PnUQkP.

E Pn Euzv Gsv PnUQkP.

uP : M = 200 kg ;

= 100 s1 ; R = 0.25 metre ; ER = ? ; L = ?

152

I=

C.B

ER

= 3.125 104 J

= 6.25 kg m2

1
1
I 2 =
6.25 (100)2
2
2

= 6.25 100 = 625 kg m2 s1

L = Iw

3.6

200 (0.25)2
MR 2
=
2
2

w :

100 g { 100 cm } Eh usk J }zvSa

\[SzuP D P \ Aa\ zu
_] BzuU PnUQkP.

uP : M = 100 g = 0.1 kg
l = 100 cm = 1 m
K = ?

w : }zvSa \[SzuP, D P \
ML2

Aa\ zx usi {z vz v = I = MK2 = 12

Ax K2 =
3.7

L
=
12

L2
Ax K =
12

1
= 0.2886 m.
12

100 g { 10 cm B Eh mhz umk J, Au uzvSa

\[SzuP zv P \ Aa\ zx,
1 |i 2 _]P HkzxQx. Au CUP BU PnUQkP.

uP : M = 100 g = 0.1 kg ; R = 10 cm = 0.1 m ; n = 2

_] CUP B = ?

w : = Pnz v\P = 2n = 2 2 = 4 rad / s

1
_] CUP B =
I 2
2
1
1
1
1
=

MR2 2 =

(0.1) (0.1)2 (4)2

2
2
2
2
= 3.947 102 J

3.8

mh J E _\UP, K {x 10 |iP
100 rad/s Pnz v\Pzu AhQx. (i) Pn kUPzu
(ii) 10 |iP Hk Pn Cha] PnUQkP.

uP : o = 0 ; = 100 rad s1
t = 10 s

= ?
153

w : _ CUPa \mix = 0 + at
(Ax) =

o
t

100 0
= 10 rad s2
10

1 2
t
2

Pn Cha] = ot +

1
10 102 = 500 rad
2
5 cm Bh mhz umk J {z vzv 0.02 kg m2.
Au ukPmkz v\ 20 N \ \kzumh,
Hk Pn kUPzuU PnUQkP.
= 0 +

3.9

uP : I = 0.02 kg m2 ; r = 5 cm = 5 102 m ;

F = 20 N ; = ?

w : v\ = = F 2r = 20 2 5 102 = 2 N m
Pn kUP = =

2
= 100 rad /s2
0.02

3.10 hzv, A zx 45N \ vzv G?

uP : \ F = 45 N ; A& zx \ vzv = ?
w :
A &
zx
\ vzv
= \ \[Szxz u
= F AO
= 45 6 sin 30 = 135 N m

154

u vk
(Cuz uvmk Sv PkUPmk UP
PnUSP vP. C, h x Gu
Ax PnUQ iUP. n, n
uvmk
Svx
mk,
h
x
iUPhUTi UPUS PnUSPUS hUP Bzu
\x P sk.)

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

PiPzv, {h Pn P.
(a) /21600 rad s1

(b) /12 rad s1

(c) /3600 rad s1

(d) /1800 rad s1

{z vzv [Px
(a) |UPmiUPzv

(b) _ CUPzv

(c) Gzv CUPzv

(d) ^ CUPzv

|PmiUPzv {USa \ _ CUP A

(a) Gh

(b) {zvzv

(c) v\

(d) Pn Eu.

{zvzv Gua \uu?

(a) Pnzv\P

(b) {

(c) _] Aa_

(d) {

m { r B E mh , uzvSa \[SzuP
zv P \ Aa\ zx, Pnz

v\Pzxh _Qx. Au CUP B

3.6

(a) mr2

(b)

1
mr2
2

(c) I2

(d)

1
I2
2

M { R B Eh mhz umk J, uzvSa

\[SzuP zv P \ Aa\ zu
{z vzv
(a)

1
MR2
2

(b) MR2

(c)

1
MR2
4

(d)

155

5
MR2
4

3.7

Pn Eu Gx G Uh UP BS?
(a) |UPmk Eu BUh
(b) {z vzv Pnz v\ P
(c) |Pmk Eu Pnz v\P
(d) |UPmkz v\P BUh

3.8

3.9

Pn Eu mk u GuSa \?
(a) \

(b) Pn kUP

(c) v\

(d) {z vzv

Pn Eux
(a) Gx x
(b) hx Psh CUS
(c) zv\ Cux x
(d) zv \ Ex x

3.10

3.11

PP }mhmh {, _ |P x AvUS
J, vj PP hUSx, Pnz v\P
(a) S

(b) AvPS

(c) _S

(d) US

_ uu P vx xU SvUS }a\ , }
x , P SmiUPn[Pkx, ux Gx?
(a) |UPmk Eu

(b) {z vzv

(c) CUP B

(d) Pn Eu

3.12

C xP A { zv {UP \mh P.

3.13

A { C[Su GkzxUPmkh
USP.

3.14

\{ PP ?

3.15

_ CUPzv \kP .

3.16

|UPmk CUPzu _ CUPzu JkP.

3.17

{z vz v UQzxzu USP.

3.18

_ {z vzv, _] CUP
B C h[QSa \ GU PmkP.

156

3.19

Cn Aa_UP u \[Szx Aa_UP uzuU T

UP.

3.20

mh zv (i) uzvSa \[SzuP zv P

\ Aa\ zx (ii) mhzu zx, (iii) ukPmh
zx {z vzv PP P.

3.21

mhz umi (i) uzvSa \[SzuP zv P

\ Aa\ zx (ii) mhzu zx (iii) uzv
ukPmh zx (iv) uzvSa \[Szu ukPmh
zx {z vzv PP P.

3.22

_ vs Pn Euzv P P.

3.23

Pn Eu A vU TP.

3.24

R x, Au PP u vQ. C
Guz uzx kQx? USP.

PnUSP
3.25

H CUP P (Seesaw) J 45 kg {h
J 15 kg {h ] Ax.
APUQh 4 m u C, ]hx {
Ax u Gx? H CUP P Gh
UPoUPzuUPx.

3.26

0.5 m UPh \UP UPn P 2 kg, 4 kg,

6 kg {Ph P UPmk. 2 kg
Bv, 4 kg |US x&Aa] CUPUTi

A {U TPU PnUQkP.
3.27

a = 1 m, b = 2 m UP[P Eh \P |S P
1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg, 4 kg {P Eh |S P

UPmk. { zuU SkP. (A

Bv 1 kg {, |US x&Aa] 2 kg , y
Aa] 4 kg CuPU Pu).
3.28

h (dumbbell) i P U\k (CO) UT, P

AqS BU] AqS Chmh u d G,
P Aqx, UT D E uU
PnUQkP. P Aq{ 12 amu BU] Aq {
16 amu. (1 amu = 1.67 10

27

157

kg)

3.29

E Qhzu \ x, 50 g { 2 cm mh Eh
vh P J |UPmi 5 m s 1 ^ v\Pzxh
Eshkx, CUP BU PnUQkP.
(S : EK =

3.30

1
1
mv2 + I2 )
2
2

2 kg { \UP J |iUS 6 _]P PQx.

\UPzv _] B 0.22 m G _ CUP BU

PnUQkP.
3.31

\i (Jar) J i mh 8 cm. Auz v, 20 N

vh C \, Gvv \P i S CnP
\kzukQ. \kzumh v \
GsvU PnUQkP.

hP
3.1

(d)

3.2

(b)

3.3

(b)

3.4

(a)

3.5

(d)

3.6

(a)

3.7

(a)

3.8

(c)

3.9

(c)

3.10

(b)

3.11

(d)

3.25

3 m u

3.26 0.2916 m, 0.2165 m

3.27

0.5 m, 1.4 m

3.28

3.29

0.875 J

3.30 68.71 J

3.31

1.6 N m

158

16 d
28

4. D s A
D PnPz uh R
CUP HP Px. D \, Pu
\, AqUP \ CP Aih \PS.
A P Sux D \S. B,
C\x, s u, PP _uPU
Pmkkzxu, Ashzv u UQ [S QUQx.
x P x, C s G
17&B skUS AP |. uhz
u P P Ba \u.

4.1 {mh D v
C[Qx |mi, Pm |P, mmi P (Trinity
College) nPUS, PP, { ` CUP
Ax P B Cux. I\U {mh
G Au nP J. U
(plague) G Pi | PnP 1665&B
Bsk, P P hmhx. 23
u {mh [P (lincolnshire)
E ux miSz v. miS u
S PP { CUP
]u Cu. J |, {mh
ux |sPh B zv R Ax
u} AvU Psiu. Ax, B
J R U Psh. Cu {Pa], R
P A Ba]z
h 4.1 { kUP
ysix. B J DUS D
\, { Dzx, _u
zvUQx G i \u. _u { |US
kUP x R |UQ kUP J
uzu (origin) EhS. { u mhu G Pv,
Au |US kUPzu {mh PnUQmh (h 4.1).
159

 x D kUP, g = 9.8 m s2
{ x |US kUP, ac =

v2
r

C[S, r Gx { _u B (3.84 108 m) v

Gx { P.
a _ { _U P, T = 27.3 |P.
{ u, Au P, v =
v =

2 r
T

2 3.84 108
27.3 24 60 60

v = 1.02 103 m s1

|US kUP,
ac =

v2
(1.02 103 )2
=
r
3.84 108

ac = 2.7 103 m s2

{ B, zu |UQ kUPkQ G
{mh Pv. B, A CUP[P kQ. H,
{S ukPmk v\P Esk B, BUS C.
ac& v g& vhU SP Cu Au

{mh, zvx u AvPzu D

Pa] SQx G iS u. Cu kUP, G, \x
zvx E u C iUS GvzuP CUQx
G A Pv. { _u B r Gx Bzu
Hzu 60 h[S Cu, ac& v, g& v 1/3600
[S G {mh Pshu.
ac& v RUPsh PnUQhmhx.
2

ac 1 r 2 R
1
1
=
= =
=
2
g 1R
3600
r
60

ac =

g
9.8
=
3600 3600

= 2.7 103 m s2

160

C PUS Chmh u CiUS Gvz uP

D \ UTk G Pzu {mh uzu. CuU Pa]
\x. Gu C PUS, Ashzv G[Q
\hUTi J xU (universal) Pa] G Es {mh
Ax Psk, x D v EUQ.
Ashzv E J xP xP,
A {P UP US |zuP AQh
u CiUS GvzuP CUS \h PQ.
CUT x D v Gk.
m1 m2 {Ph C P [P r u
CuPU PxP. AQh D \,
F m1m2

m2

m1

F 1/r2

F = G

m 1m 2
r2
m 1m 2
r2

h 4.2 D \

, C[S G Gx x D BS.

m1 = m2 = 1 kg r = 1 m, G, F = G.

Aux, J 1 kg {h C PUQh
1 m u CUS x, AQh, D Pa]
\ D G G UPkQx. G v
6.67 1011 N m2 kg2. Au n k M1 L3 T2.

4.1.1 D v ]z uP
(i) C PUQh D \x, J \ &
Gva\ \iS.
(ii) \ PUQh, D \ PU SP
CUS. P PUS \ AvPP CUS. `US
US Ch E D \ P AvP.

161

4.2 D kUP (acceleration due to gravity)

D Pn CUPzu
B u u P Psh. \ (Pisa) |PzxU
Pzv vx P a \x, D Pn
CUPzu A B \u. ""P Cu {, Azx
P \ Pzv R Q'' G EsU Pshu.
DU PnP R PQuzxsk Ax Sh u
(parachute) J CUP PzuU Pz uh SUQx. P Cu
Chzv, P P J Sh u J J |zv
a \u, Csk \ Pzv R .
DU PnPz uhz u R v\P
^ uzv AvPUQx Ga \uPx uQx (Aux,
kUP ^x). D \ Hk kUP D
kUP Gk. Ax g G ShkQx. Smh Chzv,
Azx PUS, { i g v \ BS. Au
v, ChzvS Ch k. Szxzu
zx Bzu zx kQx.
Ph mhzv, 45o Am\zv E g v izu (standard)
vP PukQx. Aux, g = 9.8 m s2.

4.3 D kUP
h 4.3& Pmi, m {h
x CuPU PxP.
zvx, Ax E u R
( B) BS .
u D \,
F =

GMm
R2

h 4.3 D kUP

Cv M Gx { BS.
{mh Csh CUPvi, \
Psh C \P \kzu,
GMm
= mg
R2

162

F = mg.

g =

GM
R2

g v, { zuu Gx Psh

\mix uQx. B, Ax zvx E

ua \x k. R B PP U Pv,
x g v, g =

GM
R2

4.3.1 {
g =

GM
R2

G \mix, { RUPsh

PnUQh.
M =

gR2
9.8 (6.38 106 )2
=
6.67 1011
G

M = 5.98 1024 kg

4.4 D kUP ku
(i) Szxzua \x g ku

x P G , h
Szxzv Q G PxP. { M
G Au B R G PxP. P
i PU Px. , P
D kUP,

Q
h
P

g =

h 4.4
Szxzua \x
g ku

GM

... (1)

R2

x h Ezv Q G
C, Q&, D kUP,
GM

gh =

(R + h)2

\k (2)I (1)&B SUP,

gh
R2
=
g (R + h) 2

163

... (2)

Ca\mha _UQ, DU PP kzv S,

gh = g 1 -

2h

S , E AvPUS x D kUP
SQx.
(ii) Bzua \x g ku
R B M { ^ Ahzv Eh
PP U PxP.

x P G ,
Bzv Q G PxP.

g =
M =

GM
R2

x,

kUP

Ahzv G, {

4
R3
3

h 4.5 Bzua
\x g ku

4
GR
3

g =

P
d

... (1)

x d Bzv, Q D kUP
gd =

GM d
(R d)2

(Rd) Bh EmP {,
Md =

4
(R d)3
3

gd =

4
G (R d)
3

... (2)

\k (2) I & (1) B SUP,

gd R - d
=
g
R

164

gd = g 1 d

B AvPzu D kUP S.
(iii) SUSU Pmia (Latitude) \x g ku ( P

i u )
, P. h 4.6& Pmi, Ax Hzu
}mh izvx. 90o SUSU Pmi, Aux x[P
umhP 0o SUSUPmi, Aux {|kUPmk Sv
hzx (bulge) CUQx.
x Sv B Rp &I h,
{|kUPmkz uzv E B Re Hzu
21 km AvP BS.
D kUP, g =
g

Rp
Re

GM
R2

1
R2

h 4.6 P
i u

G, g v, Bzv CiUS GvzuP

Qx. { |kUPmk Sv B P AvP. G,
{|kUPmk Sv g v ]. x Sv B
PU S. G, x Sv
g v . {|kUPmk
N
Svx x[PUSa \
P
Fc
B
x g v AvPUS.

(iv) SUSU Pmia \x g

ku ( _])
M

{ R B E

J
^
PPU
Px. h u x[P
Pa \ Aa] zx
_Qx. Qx QUPP,
24 o |zv _Qx. Au
Pnz v\P 7.3 105 rad s1
165

S
h 4.7 _]

 , SUSU Pmi (latitude) P G , m

{ CuPU PxP. Gx Pnz v\PP
CUPmk. F = mg G \ (Gh) PO Pa \kQx. Au
(i) PB P mg cos G (ii) PA P mg sin G C
\PU TPP SUP (h 4.7).
OPB&,
BP = R cos . x,
B& P
BP = R cos BP Psh mhzu HkzxQx.
_] PnP P& E US \
( \) HkzxQx.
(i.e)

FC = mR2 cos

PC Pa \k zu \, = mg cos mR2 cos

x PA PC P C \P \kQ.
C \P uk F=(mg sin)2+(mg cos mR2

cos)2

F = mg
R 2 4
g2

1-

2R 2 cos 2 R 2 4cos 2
+
g
g2

Pa]uu

R 2 4 cos2
UPoUPzuUPx.
g2

\,

F = mg

1-

2R 2 cos 2
g

... (1)

F \ PnP P kUP g Gmh

F = mg

... (2)

\kP (2) (1)Ia \kzu

mg = mg

2R 2 cos2
g

R 2 cos2
g = g 1
g

166

| (i) x[P, = 90o ;

cos = 0

g = g
| (ii) {|kUPmk Sv, = 0 ; cos = 1

R 2

g = g 1 g

G, x[P D kUP BS.

4.5 D
C {P J Smh u UPmkx, J
x D \a \kzxQx. Cuz
u \ (action at a distance) GQ. A, J
uh C, Cu Ch {P. Cu Ch
G Pzv UP i. J UPmh xP Ax
Aua _ HkzvU P Chzu (space) D
GQ. xP Czv Psk u, Ax D
Pa] \ Hkzx. J {a _ E Chzv
{ x D \ \k, Au Chzu D
G UP.

4.5.1 D a\
J UPmh KS
{
x
\k
\,
A D a \ Ax
G UPkQx. Ax
E GU SUPk. Ax J Uh
A. Au AS N kg1

M
r

h 4.8 D

M {h Q G , m {h
P G CuPU Pu. {P [PUS
Chmh u r GP.
M {x P& E G zu HkzxQx. Cu
\kzx \ F = mE BS. m {US M {US Ch
D Pa] \

167

F =

GM m
r2

P, D a \, E =

E =

F
m

GM
r2

D a \ Aku D zu Ax
P.

4.5.2 D Azu k
D Pa] \US GvP J
x US KS
{
|Pzx
x
\k
A, A PUS
Ch D Azu k G
UPkQx.

A B
dr
h 4.9 D Azu
k

D zv dr u UPmk
PU PxP.

B G

A&x B&US, KS { |Pzu \k ,

dv = WA

D Azu k
dv = E dr

D zvS GvP \ku GvUS SUQx.

4.5.3 D Azu
D zvS GvP, J x Dz uS,
KS { |Pzxx \k A, A
D Azu G UPkQx. Cx J P A. Cu AS
N m kg1.

4.5.4 J D Azuzv P
C G M {h CuPU Pu. C&

168

Cx r u E P G
D AzuzuU PnUQh,
A B G C PU PxP.
KS { UPmk
A&x C- Cx x u
CUQx.
A D , E =

M
P

dx
x

h 4.10 D Azu

GM
x2

Ax BUS, KS { dx G ] uS |Pzx

x \k ,
dw = dv = E.dx

D zvS GvP \ku GvUS SkQx.

GM
x2

dv =

dx

Px Dz uS, KS { |Pzx x

\k ,

dv =

v =

GM
x2

dx

GM
r

D Azu GvUS CUS. H, D zvS

GvP \kQx. Aux, D \ Gx Pa]
\S.

4.5.5 D Azu B

M { zv
x r u, P G
m
{h

CuPU PxP.

Q
r

dx
x

Q- Cx x u A G
{ m Ex, Au

h 4.11 D Azu B

x M { Hk D Pa] \, F =
169

GM m
x2

m M G C {P [P CnUS Pmi P,
Ax B&US m { dx G ] uS |Pzxx
\k , dw = F.dx

D
SkQx.

zvS

GvP

\ku

GvUS

GM m
. dx
x2
M {x r u CUS { m& D Azu
Bx, r ux Dz uS m { |Pzx
dw =

x \k G UPkQx.
r ux Dz uS m { |Pzxx

\k zu ,

dw = -

GM m

W = GMm

x2

dx

x2 dx
r

GM m
r
Dz u, D Azu B _ BS. u
S x D Azu B S. H, Jx
Hkzx D \ Pa] \S. G D Azu
B U GvUSS.
B
*U =

4.5.6 S AQ D Azu B
R Gx B M Gx
{ GU PxP. A G x, B
G x h Ezv E.
m G { Ax BUS |Pzx x
\k
U = UB UA

1
1
-
U = GMm
(R + h) R
* D Azu B U (Upsilon) GU SUPkQx.

170

A
O

h 4.12
S AQ D
Azu B

1
U = GMm
R
(
R
+
h
)

U =

GM mh
R (R +h)

x, PQ C, R-I Jkx h v
Pa ]x BS. G (R + h) Gu R GU Sh.

U =

GM mh
R2

U = mgh

GM

2 = g
R

4.6 { {
{mh Csh CUP vi (F = ma)u \,
Hk kUPzuU PnUQku Au {U PnUQh
i. Aux, m = F/a. \ Hk kUPzu
GvUPUTi v (ability) Akx, { { BS.
u \ J mA mB G {Ph Csk
P \mk, aA aB G kUP[P
HkzxQx G,
F = mAaA = mBaB

mA
a
= B
mB
aA

C {P uP, u \a \uu. C
P x \ A \Pa \kzxx, kUP
SP Hk S { { AvPS.
Csk {P J, QQ G izuP (standard)
C, A kUP[P Jku uu {U
PnUQh i.

171

4.7 D {
{mh D vi, u D \,
A {US |zuPS. x,
P Hkzx D \ Auu ,
A {U PnUQh. US US Ch
D \ Gs v AhUTi A {
D { Gk. Cu \mhz u_ Psk PnUQh.
PnP, mA mB {P Eh C P
x \k D Pa] \P FA FB G,
G m AM
R2

Gm BM
R2
C M Gx {, R Gx B
FA =

FB =

G Gx D .

mA
F
= A
mB
FB

Csk {P J QQ G izuP (standard)

C, A D \P Jku uu
{U PnUQh i.

4.8 kk P
|UQ Gu Smh E \
sk R|UQ . CuSU Pn D Pa]S.
AvP Pzxh Gu AvP EzvSa \. 11.2 km/s
Pzv Gmh, sk R x ua
\ k. P D zvx kmkz ua \,
Gh si ] P kk P Gk.
m { , x CuPU PxP. Au D

Azu B,
EP =

GM m
R

Cv, M Gx { R Gx B BS.
ve G Pzv, |UQ Gmh, CUP B,
EK =

1
mve 2
2

172

 uhUP zu B Ei =

1
GM m
mve 2
2
R

...(1)

S , h Ezu Ahu, D Azu

B,
EP =

GM m
(R + h)

Ezv P v G, Au CUP B,
1
mv 2 .
EK =
2
h Ezv Cv zu B
Ef =

1
GM m
mv 2
2
(R + h)

... (2)

D \x, hu \ G | Auu. G,
zu Cv B h CUS.
Ei = E f
Aux,

mve 2 GMm mv 2
GMm
=
2
R
2
(R +h)

D i Ezv, x D
kmk, ua \. Aux h = . P v&x
h = & _S.
BP,

mve 2 GMm
=0
2
R

ve =
g =

GM
R2

2GM
R

G uhx,

GM = gR2

BP, kk P, ve =

2gR

173

 kk P 11.2 km/s BS. u P 4 km/s

BP, P 60 km/s BP, { 2.5 km/s BP
kk P[P vP PnUQhmk.

4.8.1 P J shzxh kk Pzv

kk Px, {a \uu Gx |
Auu. BP J UTPUS Su {h, P
UPmkPUS u Ax P Cu Ax
{ Cu kmkz ua \z uk uhUP P
\P CUS.
E UTP \\z v\P, A
u { \ux. \un {P,
BU], |m P&h&BUk UP \\z
v\P 0.5 km/s x1 km/s BP, i
\ UP \\z v\P 2 u 3 km/s BP
CUQx. \ UP v\P[P, { kk PzvS
Hzu \P Cu, { Cx A kmka \k.
{ D SuP Eu, { CUP
uhx CUP ix. ` shzv \ UP
Cv x. H, ` D Pa] UP
x, kk P 620 km/s G AS P AvP.

4.9 xnUPP
P J, J Smh _ u _
xnUP G. US, CP Au xnUP {
BS. Cx, , 3.85 105 km B mhu,
27.3 |PUS J _ Qx. 1956&B Bsk, mU
(sputnik) G u \Pz xnUP \zumhx. Cv
u xnUP Bmh 1975& Bsk H u 19& uv
\zumhx.

4.9.1 _UPz v\P

xnUPP, ] QmhP Ezv, _u
_a \kQ. Cu Ezv, P Hkzx Ez uh
UPoUPzuUPx. UPm J, xnUP uk EzvS
Gkzxa \, HUS mhu uhx C[S, AvP
v\Pzxh Qhzuzv kUS.
174

P x PnUQhmh
mhu _, xnUPSU
v\P _UPz v\P Gk.

Ezv, AUP
PkUPk QhUPz

m { xnUP J, r B E mhu vo G

^ Pzv C[SuPU Px.

x xnUP h Ezv CuPU PxP.
R Gx B, r = R+h.

xnUP
|US \,
F =

mhu

\z

uk

mvo 2 mvo 2
=
r
R+h

US xnUPS Ch D \,
F =

GMm
GMm
=
r2
(R + h) 2

{ _UPzvS,

mv o 2
GMm
=
R + h (R + h) 2
vo =

R
vo

GM
R+h

x D kUP,
g =

h 4.13 _UPz v\P

GM
,
R2

vo =

gR 2
R +h

xnUPx ] QmhP (200

Ex, (R + h) Gu R GU Sh.
_UPz v\P, vo =

km)

Ezv

gR

PkUPmh QhUPz v\P, PnUQhmh vSa \P

C xnUP mhu _ x. PkUPmh
175

v\Px PnUQhmh vh AvPP, B, kk

PzvS (ve =2 vo) SP Cu, xnUP }mh
u _ . PkUPmh v\P, kk v\Pzuh
AvPP C, xnUP a _ sUSz
ua\ k. PkUPmh v\P PnUQhmh v hU
SP C, xnUPx x x k.

4.9.2 xnUP _UP

xnUPx, J a_ _ BS P
_UP BS.
T =

_UP,

u _
_UPz v \ P

_u r = R+h G T =
R+h
GM

T = 2 (R+h)

T = 2

2r 2(R + h)
=
vo
vo

GM
vo =

R
+h

(R + h) 3
GM

B, GM = gR2
T = 2

(R +h) 3
gR 2

US P AQ xnUP _x, h << R

T = 2

R
g

4.9.3 _ xnUP B
mhu _ xnUP J, {
B CUP B US. S
xnUP E E h B R G, xnUP
_u B, r = R + h.

176

 { M xnUP { m G, Au
{ B (D Azu B),
EP =

-GMm
-GMm
=
r
(R + h)

xnUP _UPz v\P

vo =

GM
(R + h)

G, CUP B, EK =
EK =

1
mv o 2
2

GMm
2(R + h)

xnUP zu B, E = EP + EK
GMm

E = 2(R + h)

xnUP, Pmkmi Ex Gu zu B
GvUS _miU PmkQx.

4.9.4 &{z xnUPP

uUPm] u]z uh hU Ti J
Pz xnUPP, &{z xnU PPS (GeoStationary
Satellites). {|kUPmk SvUS , J Smh Ezv
{ Ch[P Cx u uz uhz
xnUPP, JzvUS (synchronous) xnUPP Ax
&{z xnUPP GkQ. ] uUPm] {Pa]P
Ax |kP |h {Pa]P |hP (live) J
\ Cuz xnUPP EuQ.
xnUPx, US J Smh Chzv {P
Cx u sk, Auh _U P,
ua\ _]U P \P CUP sk.
zvx r u m { xnUP J,
mh u C[SuPU PxP. JzvUP sk
(Synchronisation) a _ xnUP _UP,
177

_]U PzvSa \P CUP sk.

(Aux, 1 | = 24 o = 86400 |iP)
xnUP P,
v =

u _
_U P

v =

2 r
T

|US \, F =
F =

m v2
r

4m 2r
T2

xnUP u D \, F =

GMm
r2

{ _UPzvS,
GMm
4m 2r
=
2
r2
T

r3

B, g =
r3 =

GMT 2
4 2

GM
R2
gR 2T 2
4 2
1/3

gR2T 2

&{z xnUP _ u B, r =
2

4
Cu, xnUP {zx u (Parking orbit) G.
T = 86400 s, R = 6400 km, g = 9.8 m/s2, G vP vh,
&{z xnUP _u B 42400 km
GU

PnUQh.
S

&{zxnUP

CUS

h = r R = 36000 km. xnUP J, Cu Ezv zu, Ax

{P Cx u.
178

AmsiU, ]U CxU PhPUS 120o Pn

Ch xnUPP {zv, EP x J
|zv uz uh Hkzu.

4.9.5 xz xnUPP (Polar Satellites)

hUS & uS Aa] a _U Ti , Au h&u
x[PUS \ _u _ xnUPP
xz xnUPP G.
500 u 800 km Ezv {zuk xz xnUPP J
xzvx xzu 102 {h[P PhUQ.

s {P CUS xa _uUS E _x
CUS. Cu P, SvP, xa
_u E xnUPU Phx \. Cu xa
_u, P P |PU PoUP i. {
Aku
{h
Gkzu
xz
xnUPP
kQ.

4.9.6 xnUPP P
(i) xnUP \vz uh

i, uUPm] u]a \PP }sh

uPUS A \vz uhz xnUPP kQ.
x \PP HP, sk v\P ,
CzxnU PP, PP zumiUS.
(ii) B \u

sox P[P {h GkUP, x

sk U Pva] A Ah Bz
xnUPP kQ. Cua \vPU Psk, ]u
P A AbP AUP i.
xnUPP A |x |mi hzv, v uUPm]a
\vP \vz uP }[P zvUPU Tk.
(iii) uU Pmkmk En (Remote sensing)

Jz uh, A uP
\PUPku uU Pmkmk En Gk. uUPmk
mk Enz xnU PP \PUS uPP \, Pk
xP, m] {, P a\ Po, P AvP
179

CUS SvPU Pshu, {h Gkzu { Aku

kzu i.
(iv) |hzxz xnUPP

Azx u P x, PP Ax
[P |hzxv CPz xnUPP EuQ.

4.9.7 Cv sz vmh
1957&B Bsk, Au \z (USSR) mU G
xnUP H Eh, Cv \P u a]
s A u ~mzv UQzxzu Enx
Pshx. Cv s ]P 1960B Bsk uh[Pmh.
A shzu B \ vu AP x {|kUPmk
UPm H { {mhx. Cv s Ba]US
Aizu Azu, Cv sz vmhzv uu G
AUPk Dr. U \ B. uhUPzv sz
vmh[P Aq B x Pmh. 1972& Bsk
u sz xx uP {mhx. sz
x R C[S Cv s B { (ISRO), sz
vmh[P, Cv Ch[P E ux AP P
\kzv Qx (u|mi PvQ, Bv u\zv
Pmh, Pzv vu, P|hP [P, Szv
APuz). xnUP J iUP, EUP
_u HuS v hzu EP |kP |x Cv
Bx |hP [SQx. Cv s B UQ
{PP R PkUPmk.

Cvz xnUPP
1. Bmh & u Cvz xnUP 1975& Bsk H
u 19& uv Hmhx.
2. P & 1
3. Qo (Rohini)
4. B (APPLE) Ariane Passenger Pay Load Experiment
Gu _UP APPLE BS. Cx, & {a _u
UPmh u Cv \vz uh xnUPS.
5. P & 2
180

6. C\m (INSAT)

1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D, 3A, 3B, 3C,
3D, 3E (Indian National Satellite). Cv u]z xnU P A

Gx, sz x, uz uhz x, Cv
Ba]z x, AQ Cv uUPm]
TmhS.
7. SROSS A, B, C D (Stretched Rohini Satellite Series)
8. IRS 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, P2, P3, P4, P5, P6 (Indian Remote
Sensing Satellite)
IRS- Cx k uPP, m] {, zu
(Flood) Hk A vku, A SvPU Szu,

|Pz vmhh, ux P Po, PkP Po

kQ.
9. METSAT (P & I) BPP mk Amh

u xnUP.
10. GSAT 1, GSAT 2 (&{z xnUPP)

Cv H P[P (UPmkP)
1. SLV3 Cx Cv u \u xnUP
H PS. Satellite Launch Vehicle G Cu SLV 3 UPm
22 m }, 17 hP { Ehx. Cu |S Pmh[P vh
G kzumhx.

Cv sz vmhzv uu Dr. U \
AP u|US , Cv
sz vmhzu |hzxQx.
""
|mi,
sa
\kP A] G P
] CUQ. Cv, |USU S
C. { Ax PP Ax u
\ s Kh BP
|hzx, uzv Ahu
|kPh mik Gsn |US
C. |kP JkP, |
GUS \zuP A GuU Pmk P u
\uzv ]z u ~m[P P Szu sk.
181

2. ASLV Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle. Cx 40 hP

{, 23.8 m } Eh vh G CUPmh Ix Pmh

UPm BS.
3. PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) & xz xnUP
H Cu UPmi E |S Pmh[P, vh v G
kzx. Cx 44.4 m }, 294 hP { Ex.
4. GSLV

(Geosynchronous satellite launch vehicle)

JzvUS xnUP H UPmh GSLV& Pmh[P
E. Cx 49 m }, 414 hP { Ehx. GSLV UPm,
1800 kg {h xnUP Gkzxa \, _ u

US v x.

Cv u { n
2008&B Bsi B sU P {US A
C (ISRO) vmhmkx. Cu sU PUS \v & 1 G
hmkx. { A A UP \,
Cvz u~mz v kzu, C uUS
PP Ba]UP UP HkzvU PkUP x
k. Cu { nzvS 5 |P BS GU PnUQh
mkx.
\v & 1, { S 100 km Ezv, _ u
_UPsk { B \. \v & 1I PSLV & UPm
Gkzxa \.

4.9.8 Gh
a _ sU PP CUS s
P P uu (Float) uUPm] h[P {
h[P zvUP. Cuz u Gh _&D (zero
gravity) {v HkQx G uuPU Tkxsk. S,
Gu HkQx?
s , u {uPU Pu. u x A
\a (Gh) \kzxQ. Au |zv, u A x
\, Gva\ \ Gvzv\ HkzxQx. Cu Gva\
\ PnP A ux Gh EnQ.
_ sU PUS s CUSx,
AUS sU PUS zu |UQ \ kUP
182

CUS. G, s , sU P u x Gu
\ \kzxv. BP, sUP Ax
Gva\ \ Hkzxv. Gva\ \ Cu,
s Gh EnQ.

4.9.9 UPmkP & uzx

ux { J Sv z u C[S
J P UPm Gk. UPmkP, xnUPPU
Psk \ kQ. PSLV GSLV
UPmkP PmiUQ. C Azx
{mh CUP v Aih Au.
C hmh, J ] x E
Eh E i, PP JU PxP (h 4.14).
Au Gv GUTi G P {miUS.
G Gmhmh, AvP Azuzv P .
Cu E Azu, z y (Nozzle) P
AvP \h u. C\ \ A GU
Shk. G Gv\ J Aux Gva\ R,
PP x \mk, Au UQ C[Pa \Qx.

UP { u \, G, UPm
u \x (Fm), KS Pzv
dm

{US v\PzvS (v)

dt
|zuP CUS.
Aux, Fm

dm
v
dt

F dt(m v)

A
h 4.14
UPmi
uzx

C\, Eu AUP (momentum thrust) Gk.

Azu (Pe), UPmiS E Azuzxh (Po)
i, TkuP v\P AUP (Fv ) G \ \k. A Gx
UP y G, Fv = A (Pe Po)
G, UPmi u zu \, F = Fm + Fv

4.9.10 GP PP
Gv GUTi P P ES
UP CUS P (Propellants) Gk. P Gx w
183

G G GuUSz u BU]U PkUS

BU]Po (oxidizer) BQ TmhS. CUSP vh i
Ax v i CUP.

4.9.11 xnUP Hku

300

km

EzvS xnUP J Gkzxa\, Hz

v\P Sum\ 8.5 km/s Ax 30600 kmph BP CUP
sk. Cu P AvPz v\P, UPmkUSU
PkUPmh, P E PnP Ax Gx k. ,
C AvPz v\P[P JPmh UPm J Hkzu
ix.
xnUP J, _u zvh, H UPmi,
Ax u EzvS Ezumk \ v\, \
P PkUPk (h 4.15).
B (unmanned) Ax B (manned) xnUP
Ea] CUP, UPmhx Huzv \[SzuP CUQP (clamps)
{zumiUS. ux, UPmi Gh g_ (exceed) AS
UP |USzx \ (upward thrust) EUS.
S, uUPmkk (remote control) CUQP }UQ
UPm |UQ kUPh.
xn-U-P-
xn-U-P-

C-s-h Pm-h

- Pm-h
-

C-s-h Pm-h-

uPm-h-

G-u
um-i

u Pm-h-
G-u-u-m-i

h 4.15 xnUP Hku

184

shzv Ahzv RSv Fka \,

uhUPzv UPm \[SzuP |UQa \. S, |hzx
A \PU \ \k. UPmi u Pmh
Hzu 2 {h[P Gmhmk, 3 kms1 Pzv UPmh 60 km
EzvS Psk \. S, u Pmh UPmix x
R x k.
ux, UPm ux _u CUS EzvSa \
(160 km), SQ Pzv QhUPP C[S. S UPmi Csh

Pmh Gmhmk, _uUSz u Pzu AvPUS.

uUPmkmk A , ] UPmkP Gmhmk,
Csh Pmhzvx xnUP zx, _u _a
\k.

4.10 Ash (Universe)

P CUP[P, Ch[P A BUPU
TP (composition) A A
(astronomy) Gk. s (star) ` PP _Q.
zv (milky way) Gk |x s v (Galaxy)
CUPUTi sP ` J. D \
PnP Jh J nUPmh H sP uS
s v Gk. Cx P sP \ux
Ash BS. BP, `U Sk, sP s vP
Ashzv SvPS.

4.10.1 `U Sk (Solar system)

A zv ` CUP, A E PP,
{P, ]PP, P Azx P
` uh nzx zvUS, Ashzv J Sv `U
Sk GQ. _ PP P
CUPzu uPU Pmkkzxx ` D Pa]S.
u (Mercury), (Venus), (Earth), \ (Mars),
(Jupiter), \ (Saturn), (Uranus), |i (Neptune),
mh (Pluto) Jx PP `a _ Q.
U P, AvP QUS , S
| Pn. ` S Q, ` EuzvS
QUQ u P ] |[P Pn i. 2003&B
Bsk BPk u 27& uv, \ Px US P AQ
185

uu Au | |S Pn iux. 380 106 km

ux, 60000 BskPUS S \ P, | US P
AQ 55.7 106 km u Cux. 2287& Bsk, sk Cx
{P.
`U Skzu
uSUPmk.

\vP

Amhn

4.1&

4.10.2 PP CUP
Pzv P, `U Skzv PPU
Pshv, BskP P Ch A {P
uU Skv B Pmi. Cuz uPP, `U Sk
vP, PPP { Szu.
PP CUP u PP &U
PP QUP u EUQ. Ashzv zv
, PU Psk AzxU PP {P
sP _uP _ Q. 5&B
si
u,
Cv
Pa]u
Pou
|
Bm G ux Aa] _uPU T.
R |kPUS |kPUS Ch \vz uh
Cuu, A Pzx |mk AbPa \h.
x |mk , {P P{P G Pv
U PP G v PPU T. CUPPi,
AzxU PP K { CUS ` mhuP
_Q. PP CUP Pz x Pm]
vP h hP v \u. C Pm]
vP, P P G PP
Szx zx, PP CUP Gs vP (empirical)
Szu.

PP CUPzvP P vP
(i) _uPUP v

`
J
SPU
P
Psk, J P Au
}mh u _Qx.
A Gx `a _

PS. `US P |UPzv

186

|mha_
`
h 4.16 _uUP v

187

1.524

2.767

5.203

9.540

19.18

30.07

39.44

0.107

0.0001

317.9

95.2

14.6

17.2

0.002

0.0123

\ (]P)

|i

mh

1.000

1.000

0.723

0.815

AQ

0.387

0.056

_u
A&|mha_

_UP
(BskP)

247

164.1

84.01

29.46

11.864

4.603

1.881

1.000

0.615

0.241

_]U P
27.32 days

6.39 days

15 hours

(E W)

10 hours 49 minutes

10 hours 14 minutes

9 hours 50.5 minutes

90 hours

24 hours 27.4 minutes

23 hours 56.1 minutes

(E W)

243 days

58.6 days

\\ Ahzv
3340

2030

1660

1330

700

1330

3340

3970

5520

5100

5,400

AQ
0.27

0.179

3.88

3.98

9.41

11.23

0.055

0.53

1.00

0.96

0.38

AQ g
0.170

0.051

1.435

0.922

1.074

2.522

0.18

0.383

1.000

0.886

0.367

kk P
2.5

1.1

22.5

21

37

60

11.2

10.5

sh
Nil

H2, He, CH4

CH4

H2, He,

He, CH4

He, CH4, NH3

CO2

N 2 O2

CO2

0.07

0.14

0.35

0.35

0.61

0.45

0.15

0.40

0.85

0.06

Gvz
v

(km/s)

(kg m3)

Amhn 4.1 `U Skzv E P sP (uUS Eu)

gE = 9.8 m s2, 1 Bsk = 365.257 |P ; 1 AU = 1.496 x 108 km ; RE = 6378 km ; ME = 5.98 x 1024 kg

24

[P

30 + 3

38

xnUPP
GsoUP

(AU)

P CUS { (P) As{ (Perigee) G, `US P

AvP u P CUS { (Q) \{ (Apogee) G
Tk.
(ii) P v (Law of areas)

` P CnUS Pk (B Uh) \P
ChP \ P Hkzx.
`a _ P J _u h 4.17&
Pmhmkx. BUh \P[P A1 A2 G P
HkzxQx. Px, S1 S2 \ P, \ Pzv
PhUQx. P P u CuSU PnS. P, `US
P AQ Ex, Smh Pzv AvP uU PhUQx.
G, As {,
P
P

P
BS. P, `hx
`--
P
}sh
u S
A1
A2 S2
1
Ex, Au Smh
Pzv
Suz
AvP
P-
uU
PhUQx.
h 4.17 P v
G, \ {,
P P ] BS.

P v zu
P J A&x B&US C[SuPU Px. dt G ]
P Ch BUh OA zv d Pnzu HkzxQx.
h 4.18&x, AB = rd. B Hkzx ] ,
dA =

1
r rd
2

B
O

C dt&B SUP,
dA 1 2 d
= r
dt 2
dt

d
r

h 4.18 P v
zu

dA 1 2
= r
dt 2

( Gx Pnz v\P)

188

Pn Eu, L = mr2
r2 =

L
m

1 L
dA
=
dt
2m

G,

D \ \k Pk, Aa] \u, z

v \ _S. G PnEu x.

dA
dt

Aux, KS Pzv BUh Hkzx \.

(iii) _UP[P v

`a _ P _UPzv Ci, `US

AUPS Ch E \\z u iUS |zuP
CUS.
Aux, T 2 r3
T2
=
r3

_UP[P v zu
m {h P J v v\Pzv, M {h ` r
B mhu _uPU
P
v
Px.

`US PS Ch
GMm
D Pa] \, F= 2
r

|US \, F =

mv 2
r

`--

C \P \kzu,
mv 2 GMm
=
r
r2

GM
v =
r
2

.....(1)

189

h 4.19 _UP[P
v zu

`a _ P _UP T G,
v =

2r
T

.....(2)

\k (2)&I (1)& vh,

4 2r 2 GM
=
r
T2

r 3 GM
=
T 2 4 2

Gu J PS GM S.
T2 r

4.10.3 `U Skzv u
P J u, h Gv xPU
PnUQh i. C, h Px i \PP,
P |UQ Ak. Ca\PP, P
GvUPmk sk . Gvzx \P Ax xi
HPmk Pshk. \Px, PSa \ sk
P t SUPk. \P, J v\Pzv (c) \Qx.
G,
ct
x P u, s =
2

4.10.4 P
P u (s) Amh Au U
PnUQh i. J u|UQ Pqx,
J mhzumk uQ.
J Smh zx Au
mhzumi P A B Hkzx
Pnzu () u|UQU Psk PnUQh.
CuU Pn P Pn mh Gk. G
P |UPmk mh.

P
B

d = u Pnmh
d = s

h 4.20
P

190

4.10.5 PP {P
PP, u[PP J Ev. A x `
J A GvUQ. `U Pva] ] Sv mk
EmPmk P kzukQx. S, Ax BU
Pva\P EQx. Pva_ j v E = T4& Cx, P
{U PnUQh. Cv, Gx j
E Gx KS Pzv KS E Pva_ B BS.
`hx u AvPUS x PP {
S. H GvzuP Ci vi PP HS ` B
S. G, `US AQ E PPU Pmi,
Su E PP P Sa]P CUQ. u
P P | { (340oC) H, Ax `US P
AQ Ex. mh P { ] (240oC)
P&h&BU\k Eh shzu u, J
vUPP Ex. Cu sh J \mk
P zxx. BP, h
Jkx, { 480oC G P AvP A Ex.

4.10.6 ` PP {
Ashzv, J, P ({UP)
a _ Qx. (, `a _ Qx; {, a
_ Qx). { S , {UP a _ z
uk |US \, AsiQh D
Pa] \ AUQx. J Smh B Eh _ u
{S _ si Pzu, {UP
{nUQx. {S _UP uu {UP
{U PnUQh. GkzxUPmhP, `& A,
x ` u (r), `a _ _UP (T)
D (G) u, ` {
M =

4 2 r 3
G T2

G uhxU PnUQh.

4.10.7 sh
P J GvUPmh ` B AS
Px k ` B AS E uP Gvz v (albedo) GkQx. Gvz v PzuU Psk PP
191

sh Cu A. UP Gvz v 0.85.
Jx PP, CUP P AvPP Aux, kQ J, 85%
GvUQx. G, Cua _ AhzvUP sh CUP
sk. , , \, |i PP
sh CUQx. H, C Gvz v AvPP
Ex. u P { 6% A ` J GvUQ.
G, C sh C Gz uQx. As
Amh s ~snP CUPzu Evkzv.
PP sh Eu, C Gu C PoP
{nUQ. AP (i) A D kUP
(ii) P {.
{ g v PU S ( v 1/6 Sv).
Cu P, { kk P PU S. {
{ shU P UTP \\z v\P, kk
Pzu h AvPP Cu P UTP { Dx
ua \Q.
uP g v { v h AvP. Cuv,
u sh C. H, u, `US P AQ Eu
{ AvP. G, UTP v\P P AvP.
Au, UTP, D Pa] kmkz ua \
kQ.

4.10.8 P E[P CUP {vP

u[P [SP E RUPs {vP P J
CUP sk.
(i) Ez uSu { P CUP sk.
(ii) u A, EPUSz uSu sh P CUP

sk.
(iii) P x A } CUP sk.

4.10.9 `U Skzv E P
(i) ]PP (asteroids)

\ PP _uPUQh,
`a _ ] P ]PP Gk.
192

P D PnP, Ehx P P xskP ]

PPS. Hzu 1600 ]PP `a _Q. A
P x \ (Ceres) G ]PS. 700 km mhh
Aa]P ` 4 BskPUS J _ Qx.
(ii)

P (Comets)

}, A, zu `mk x
BS. CP Gv BPU Ti. P, }sh
}mh u `a _ Q. A,
|[P `hx Su CUQ. ,
`
|[Sx,
`U
Pva_
B
PnP
kzumk, BQ Hzu 10000 km mhh uSv
EQx. u Sv Gx `US Gv
v\ CUS. ] P Smh ^ P
ChP Pn. (Halley's comet) ^ P
Ch uuS. 1910& Bsk 1986&B Bsk AuU
Pn iux. Au sk 2062&B Bsi | UP i.
(iii) s ]PP s PP

, `US P AQ \x ]] xskPP
EhQx. _u, _uh SUQkx,
Ehu xskP x Q. xskP
shzv E PnP Gx kQ. A s ]
PP Ax GP (meteors or shooting stars) GQ. u,
{ zv Cu GP | Pn i.
Ehu xskP A, P C,
shzv E Hk zu u[QUPsk,
P G, uh. A s
PP (meteorites) GQ.
uP, \ P { P, H
s PP xu {USP (craters) EQ.

4.10.10 sP
P Hzu P iu AvP A Pva_ B
Chx hUTi zv s Gk.
sP uS, s vS (galaxy). sP
193

Pk. A, (i) Cmh sP (ii)

sP (iii) J QP QP (novae and super novae)

` J sP J ] mk s v
E. sP Cmh sPP Ax
sPP E. x D zu zx
{a
\{
_
s
\iP
Cmh
sP Gk. s u
UPsh CUS. ] sP P uSz vj
P AvP , S ]x ]uP [Qk. CP
sP J QP Gk. P JQP
QP Gk.
C |zv zv Pnk sP, ] (u),
P (APv), P (]z), AUS (v), (x) G
hmk. `US Akzx, US AQ E s B
\_ (Alpha Centauri) BS.

`
E { E, _ h CUS
` BS. `, i Pu UP BUPmhx.
Cx, US AQ E s BS. Cu { Hzu 1.9891030 kg.
`B Hzu 6.95 108 m. x ` 1.496 1011 m
u Ex. Cu AS (AU) GQ. ` J,
8 {h[P 20 |iP uhQx. ` D
\x Eu 28 h[S CUQx.
` ua\ QUQx PPa _Qx. x
Sv Au _]U P 34 |P |kUPmk Sv
25 |P BS. 14 106 K { umk
CUS ` Sv Jsh (photosphere) Gk.
6000 K { E ` AkUS {sh
(chromosphere) Gk.

4.10.11 i s SUP (constellations)

sP, zv SUPP J \x [SP
Ax uP izv Ax. Cu SUP i s
SUP G. zv u sP 88 i s SUPP
UPmk.
194

u, { hUS , Pi (bear) izv H

sP \u S, BPk u[P
Pn. CUS |S sP Pi Eh |S P,
sP Au Sv ] [P sP P
u[P u Cx E. CUS A (Ursa
Major) Ax \u Ax Pi (Great Bear) G
AUPkQx. K (Orion) G sS h izv,
u () G sS Pk izv E.

4.10.12 s v
D J\UPmh UP, vzxPP
Psh Gsn sP uS s v GQ.
s vP G, CP sPU Psh
TmhS. ] s vP, k zuU Pva] Su
A iU Pva_UP CUS. A C s vP
G. s v G |x s v, _ izv
CUS C s vS.
|US P AQ E Bsmh (Andromeda) s v
J C s v BS. Cx 2 106 J Bsk u Ex.
(Ksi J PhUS u 9.467 1012 km J Bsk Gk). ]
s vP, C s vPh Jkx P
h[S i AP kQ.

4.10.13 s v
zv SUP }mh s v
uQx.
(i) i A

s v, <
zv
uizx
P
x
PnkQx. Cu mh
105 J BskP BS.
Cu ui zv 5000
J BskPP `
CUShzv 1000 J
BskPP P
500 J BskPP

105 J BskP

<

27,000

>

>

J BskP
h 4.21 s v

195

CUQx. v zvx `, 27000 J BskP u

Ex.
(ii) s Fk (Interstellar matter)

s v, s Fk { vz
xPP UP s Fk Gk. C
_ 90% i Ex.
(iii) s PzxUP (Clusters)

D \ PnP, s v sP
Jnx TmhP Eu s PzxUP G. s
Pzx J, s v Jnu AP C[SQx. 100
u 1000 sP CUS Tmhzu v s Pzx (Galactic
cluster) G. 10000 sP CUS Tmh ]P s
Pzx (Globular cluster) Gk.
(iv) _]

zv \ Aa\ s v _Qx.
s v E Azx sP zu,
_ 300 BskPUS J G uzv _ Q.
sP J |x `, 250 km/s v\Pzv _ 220
BskPUS J z v zua _Qx.
(v) {

s v { _ 3 x 1041 kg GU PnUQh
mkx.

4.10.14 Ashzv u
Ashzv u RUPs PPP USQ.
(i) iU PP

iU PPi. Ashzv Azx

AhzvUP wx Cux. 20 BskPUS
, Hmh i PnP ] ], xskPP
Ehx s vPP Azxz v\P ] Gmh.
uha] CUPzv H svP GUP
\ x k. Cu P, KS UP s
196

vP GsoUP Sx Psh . S J Pmhzv

Ashzv Gx CUPx.
(ii) xiU PP

Ashzv zu {x. J Smh vh AvPS

x. s vP UP D Pa] {h.
S, Ash sk _[PUTk. J Smh { AS
_[Qh, sk i Hk. 8 BskPUS J
_UP Hk. BP. _UP Hmk
xiUS Ash ES.
(iii) { U PP

Ashzv J Svx ua \ s vP
Chzu {uPP. J sx (empty space) v
svP uhx EUPk. G CUPPi,
Ashx Cx A CvUP sk. ,
Ashzv h u Pzv Cux GvPzv
CUS. G. { Ahx Ashzv CUS zu
sP GsoUP CUS.

197

wUPmh PnUSP
4.1

E J 200 kg {h C
PUQh 2 m u CUSx, AQh
D Pa] \U PnUQkP. Ask P,
u { Cu \ k GuU
TP.
uP : m1 = m2 = 200 kg ; r = 2 m ; G = 6.67 1011 N m2 kg2; F = ?
w :

F =

G m1m2 6.67 10 -11 200 200

=
r2
(2) 2

Pa] \ F = 6.67 107 N

GGx x Gu, {P x Gu, {

Pa] \ hx.
4.2

{ D kUP 1.67 m s2, { B 1.74 106 m

G. Au {U PnUQkP.
uP : g = 1.67 m s2 ; R = 1.74 106 m ; G = 6.67 1011 N m2 kg

;M=?

w : M =

gR 2 1.67 (1.74 106 )2

=
G
6.67 1011

M = 7.58 1022 kg

4.3

x Hk D kUPzv, vP CUS D
kUP S Gu Ezv CUS? ( B
6400 km)

uP : h = ?; gh =
w :

g
3
; R = 6400 10 m
2

2
gh
R2
R
=
=

g
(R + h) 2 R + h

g
R
=

2g R + h

R
1
=
R+h
2

h = (2 1) R = (1.414 1) 6400 103

3

h = 2649.6 10 m

198

4.4

{ x kk PzuU PnUQkP ({ B
6
22
1.74 10 m { { 7.36 10 kg).
uP : G = 6.67 1011 N m2 kg2; R = 1.74 106 m ;
M = 7.36 1022 kg ; v = ?
e

w :

ve =

2 6.67 10 -11 7.36 10 22

1.74 106

2GM
=
R

v = 2.375 km s
e

4.5

{ { { 81 h[S
zvx { E u 4 105 km. x
{S sU P Ax zvx,
uS D Pa] \ _S uU PnUQkP.
w :

S
Mm

Fm

FE

x
ME
sU P { m GP. S sU P x
\k Pn D \, { Pn D
\US GvP CUS. S G sU P
zvx x
u { zvx
(4 105 x) u CUPmk.

GM mm
GM E m
=
2
x
(4 10 5 - x) 2
ME
Mm

x2
= 81 =
(4 10 5 - x) 2
5

x = 3.6 10 km.

zvx 3.6 105 km u uS D

\ _S. 3.6 105 km u \ uS
\x |UQ, S { |UQ \k.
4.6

12 kg {h P J x Qx. {
6 1024 kg D kUP 9.8 m s2 G x P

Hkzx kUPzuU PnUQkP.

199

uP : m = 12 kg; M = 6 1024 kg; g = as = 9.8 m s2; aE = ?

w : PS US Ch D \ F GP.
P kUP (g) = aS = F/m
kUP aE = F/M
aE m
12
=
=
= 2 1024
aS M 6 10 24
24

a = 2 10

9.8

a = 19.6 1024 m s2
E

4.7

s J 0.75 m EzvSU SvUP

iQx. Au ]h { , A Gu EzvSU
SvUP i? ({ Ahzv Ahzv (2/3) h[S
{ B Bzu 1/4 h[S)
2
3

uP : m =

E; Rm =

1
R ;
4 E

hE = 0.75 m ; hm = ?

w : m {h s x hE EzvS
{ x hm EzvS SvUQ. { \A
CUP BU Pku hE hm E[P {P
\P CUS.

mgh =

mg

= mg h
E

hm g E
=
h E gm

US, gE =

...(1)

GM E 4
= G R
E E
3
RE 2

{US, gm =
g

GM m
Rm

4
G Rm m
3

E
E
E
g = R .
m
m
m

...(2)

(1) (2)&I \kzxP.

200

R E E
= R h
E
m m
RE

hm = 1

4.8

RE

E
0.75
2
E
3

= 4.5 m

UP a Eh \UP UPnzv PnP (vertices),

J m {h {P UPmk.
{P UPnzv zv Hk D zu
D Azuzu PnUQkP.
w : O&x J { u OA = OB = OC
ODC&, cos 30o =

OC =

a /2
OC

a/2
=a
3
cos 30 o

EA

Cx OB = a 3 and OA= a 3
(i)

D E =

GM
r2

A& O& D , EA =

EB

3GM
(A&
a2

Aa / 2

|UQ)

3GM
(B& |UQ)
a2

C& O& D , E =

3GM
(C& |UQ)
a2

30o

B& O& D , E =
B

EC

ER

E E PnP, uS
B

E = E
R

2
B

E = E
R

+ E

2
B

+ E

+ 2E E cos 120

B C

uS ER =

= E

[ E = E ]

3GM
(OD P \k)
a2

OA Pa \k E & OD Pa \k E &
A

\P GvvP E. G, zv D _.
201

(ii)

D Azu v =

GM
r

O uS D Azu
v = -

GM
GM
GM
GM GM GM
= - 3 a + a + a
a/ 3 a/ 3 a/ 3

v = 33

4.9

GM
a

S 6R Ezv {z xnUP J a
_Qx. S 2.5R Ezv _
xnUP _U PzuU PnUQkP (R Gx B).
uP : x, {z xnU P E, h = 6R
x, xnU P E, h = 2.5R
w : xnUP _U P
T = 2

(R + h)3
GM

T (R+h)3

&{z xnU PS, T1 (R + 6R)3

3

T (7R)

... (1)

xnU PS,

T2 (R + 2.5R)
3

T (3.5R)
2

(2)&I (1)&B SUP.

T2
(3.5R) 3
1
=
=
3
T1
(7R)
2 2

T =
2

T1
24
=
2 2 2 2

( &{z xnUP _U P 24 o)
T = 8 o 29 {h[P
2

202

...(2)

u vk
(Cuz uvmk Sv PkUPmk UP
PnUSP vP. C, h x Gu
Ax PnUQ iUP. n, n
uvmk
Svx
mk,
h
x
iUPhUTi UPUS PnUSPUS hUP Bzu
\x P sk.)

4.1

4.2

C {PUQh u Ch[PUPi, A
D Pa]
(a) vPU S

(b) PSvPU S

(c) Ch[PS

(d) |S h[PS

S , Bzu (1/20) h[S E

Ezv D kUP 9 m s2. Cu u USU R
(Bzv) J D kUP
2

(a) 0

(b) 9 m s
2

(c) 9.8 m s

4.3

4.4

(d) 9.5 m s

Gh W. x
|UQa \x v u A Gh
(a) W

(b) W/2

(c) W/4

(d) W/8

SUSUPk Sv, D \ ]PU Ti Pn

(a) 0o

(b) 45o
o

(c) 60

4.5

4.6

(d) 90

, _x {mh, |kUPmk Sv g- v
(a) AvPS

(b) S

(c) US

(d) _Qk

x kk P 11.2 km s1. { 8
h[S Bzu 2 h[S E P J kk
P
1

(b) 5.6 km s

(d) 44.8 km s

(a) 11.2 km s
(c) 22.4 km s

1
1

203

4.7

M {h P r B _u _
xnUP { m G, Au v\P
(a) v2 =
2

(c) v =

4.8

GM
r

(b) v =

GM
r

GMm
r

(d) v =

Gm
r

x, `hx ux E u |Q J [S
u CUSx, K Bsi P
(a) uu Bsi |Q J [S BS
(b) uu Bsi vS
(c) uu Bsi Gmi J [S BS
(d) uu Bsi B J [S BS

4.9

`U Skzua \u Gx?
(a) P (Comets)

(b) | (Nebulae)

(c) ]PP (Asteroids) (d) PP (Planets)

4.10

P vi, BUh \P[P \ P Hkzx.

Gu A P Cv Ex?
(a) Pn Eu

(b) |UPmk Eu

(c) B

(d) Psh Azx

4.11

\unP, | kzx C PUQh D

Pa] \ En iv. H?

4.12

x D vU TP.

4.13

D zx, Au AQ n
mh TP.

4.14

D kUP (i) Szxzu (ii) Bzu \x k.

UP.

4.15

_] PnP, SUSU PkP zx g ku

USP.

4.16

D kUP {|kUPmk Sv ] x[P

G Ex. Pn TP.
204

4.17

g& v vUS PoP ?

4.18

J Svu h { AvP E SvUP

i. H?

4.19

D a \ .

4.20

D Azuzu .

4.21

D Azu B . D zv E {
D Azu BUP P .

4.22

J D AzuzvP P P.

4.23

{ { D { kzxP.

4.24

{ sh C. H?

4.25

kkP Gx G? Au \mi P.

4.26

_UPz v\P Gx G? Au \mi P.

4.27

_ xnUP v\P {Px x?

4.28

&{z xnUPP G ?

4.29

{z xnUPP J _u B 36000 km
G UP.

4.30

a _ s Khzv CP Gh
Enu?

4.31

D vx _UP[P v .

4.32

Pn Eu A Aih P vU T,
UP.

4.33

PvU PPU TP.

4.34

U PPU TP.

4.35

`U Sk Gx x?

4.36

PP CUP P vPU TP.

4.37

Gvz v G G?

4.38

]PP G ?

4.39

i s SUP G ?

4.40

s v U SxP.

205

PnUSP
4.41

10 kg 20 kg {Ph C P[P 5 m Ch

E. {PUQh D Pa] \U PnUQkP.

4.42

Bzv (1/4) [S, { 1/80 [S Eh

{ D kUP x? (9.8 m s2)

4.43

{ D kUP 1.67 m s2 { {
{ 81 h[S G, BzvS {
BzvS E uP G?

4.44

{ , mh mk uu v C
h[P, x Gh G
vUPk?

4.45

x Gh 250 N. x
|UQ |Q J [S Bzv A Gh G? (
^ Ahzv Eh PPU Pu)

4.46

B 6400 km G, 500 km Szxzv D kUP

G?

4.47

zvx, Au mhzvSa \ u D
kUPzuU PnUQkP.

4.48

|kUPmk Sv E P Gh
u Pnz v\PzuU PnUQkP. CuU Pnz
v\Px uu Pnz v\Pzu Gzu
h[S P? (g = 9.8 m s2 ; R = 6400 km)

4.49

Dx kmk ua \, \[SzuP
Gk SU PkUPh si PzuU PnUQkP.
3

(R = 6.4 10 kg ; g = 9.8 m s )

4.50

P {, { 318 h[S
Au B Bzu 11.2 h[S G,
kk PzuU PnUQkP. ( kk
P 11.2 km/s).

4.51

x 1000 km Ezv xnUP J mh

_u a _Qx. _UPz v\Pzu
_UPzu PnUQkP. B 6400 km {
6 1024 kg.

206

4.52

\Pz xnUP J 3400 km Ezv a _

Qx. Au _UPz v\Pzu _UPzu
PnUQkP. B = 6400 km ; g = 9.8 m s2.

4.53

600 kg {h xnUP J x 500 km

Ezv, a _Qx. Au (i) CUP B (ii) { B
(iii) zu BU PnUQkP.
24

( M = 6 10

6300 kg m

kg ; R = 6.4 10 m)

4.54

Ahzv Eh P J S AQ,
xnUP J AUPa _ Qx. xnUP _U
PzuU PnUQkP. P B 6400 km GU PxP.

4.55

S AQ, sU P J mhu
_ \zukQx. D \ kh, Au
sU PUS, Aa_u PkUPh si Tku
v\P G? (R = 6400 km; g = 9.8 m s2).

hP
4.1

(b)

4.2

(d)

4.3

(b)

4.4

(a)

4.5

(a)

4.6

(c)

4.7

(a)

4.8

(c)

4.9

(b)

4.10 (a)

4.41 53.36 10

11

4.42 1.96 m s

4.43 3.71

4.44 W/4

4.45 187.5 N

4.46 8.27 m s

4.47 2.45 m s

4.49 11.2 km s

4.48 1.25 10

4.50 59.67 km s

rad s ; 17
1

4.51 7.35 km s1; 1 o 45 {h[P 19 |iP

4.52 6.4 km s1; 9614 |iP
4.53 1.74 1010 J; 3.48 1010 J; 1.74 1010 J
4.54 4734 |iP

4.55 3.28 km s1

207

5. vh , P Cv
Smh { Eh S. vh,
} (v) () G {P P
PnkQ.

AUPmh
AqUPUP
B
|P { (plasma) Gk. |
P u {P mk C[S Ps.
J {US ] usP Esk. GkzxUPmhP,
vhUS , i, m] s Esk. J x
Au EhUQ i PP U PsiUS. J
Smh { } (v) { US.
B, AuS i C. Cu mh sPUP PoP (i)
Aqh Ax UTh \ (ii) zv {P
UTP ^ CUP Ax Quu S.
vh, AqUP UTP A {
AihPU Psk uh AvhQ. CvP
x A AvPzu UTP Azxz v\P
Avhz uh[SQ. C{, i Sx
PP i Qx. Cx } (v) {S.
B AvPu PnP UTP AvP A Avhu,
AP J mk Qa\ () {
Ah. C{zvS } J ]u GkzxUPmhS. } vh {
UPmi (ice) BS. { AvPu UTP Av
AvPUSx UPmi EQ }P Qx. } {
AvPUPmh,
uhx
Avx
PsiUS
UTP
Qa\ } EQx. { AvPUPmh
UTP AqUPP xkQ.

5.1 UTh Ax Aqh \P

Csk uzu m AqUP J |[Q uPU
P (h 5.1).
A J |[Q x RUPq ChP
(interactions) HkQ.
208

(i) J Aq PS

GUmUS
Ch \k A G
Pa]\. CUPa] \
x AqzuSv {
B SUPx BS.
(ii) J Aq PS

h 5.1 Aqh \P

Aq PS Ch , J Aq GUmUS
GUmUS Ch Hk R G US \
(repulsive force). Cu US \P Gx AqzuSv
B AvPUP Q.
Azx APUS u { v ]zvS
SzxU P x s Esk. Ca] {,
A {zuUS (maximum stability) EuS.

{ B--

Pa] US \P {P , uSv J {
B SUS, Csk AqUP |[Q x u[Ph
GUmP Qx Psk \P n EUS. P, US
\ AvPP Cx uSv B AvPUS, AqUP
J USu n Hhx.

Rr0
vh --P-

}--[P
-
-

-[
- P
-
-

i-- Aq-U-P--U-Q-h Aq--hz y-

h 5.2 Aqhz yzu zx { B k

209

Aqh yzu zx { B mh h 5.2

PsUQx. AqUP J |[Q u, Aux, A
Aqhzy
Su,
uSv
{
Su
hzvx A. Csk m AqUP x A
|[Q u, APUQh GUm [Rk |h,
{B ]P CUS. Cu PnP \P n HkQx.
, Aqhzy ro G CUQx.
vhP Aqhz y ro GP. v[P Ax ro I h
AvP. [P Ax ro I h PP AvP.
{<mh
ChP
PnP
AqUP
<mh[PUQh \k \ Aqh \ Gk.
BP Aqh \P CP u Eh.
AqUPUQh y 1010 m G A Cu Aqh
\P \k. UTPUQh
109 m G A
C\ a_ CUQx.

5.2 m] s
{ x \ (external force) Ja
\kzv, xPP Ch \ Cha] Hk. m]
s PnP xPP A uhUP{ Ah kQ.
\x }, izv zu
Hkzu. C[P HkzuUTi \ EUSUS
\ (deforming forces) G AUPkQx. Cx J \
En EUSu (deformed body) Gk.
EUSUS \P }UPmh, x ux uhUP {
AhuS A u \ PnQx. Cu \ \
(restoring force) G AUPkQx. ux \kzumh
EUSUS \P }UPmhh ux uhUP { sk
u m]s GkQx. Cs
US P m]z u P (elastic bodies)
GkQ. m]s Cu P iU (plastic)
Gk. Smh uPUPP \ Pz uukUP
P Cv sP A |US EuQx.
GkzxUPmhP, GLS AvP m]zu Ehu, _P GLQ
\kQ.

210

uP v (stress and strain)

EUSu
z
uhUP
{USU
Psk
,
A \ EQx. Cu \ A
EUS zuuS. EUSu KS
\k \, uP Gk.
uP =

Cu AS N m2, Cu n k ML1T2BS.
EUSUS \ \ku, }, Ax
i kQx. Aux A v { Ex Gk.
J Hmh n zvS Au uhUP {
nzvS Ch uP v GkQx.

nzv
v = uhUP { n
C Jzu AP uPu, vUS AS Qhx.

m] G
m]z u J , J Smh GUS AvPP
}mhmh Ax CUPmh, Ax u uhUP {
Ahx, {uP EUSvUS. {u EUS Hk
G m] G G AUPkQx.

U v (Hookes law)
1676B Bsk mi C Cm U (1635 1703)
G, J P }m]US (extension) Av Hk \US
Ch E uh UQ. Czuh Aih Tmh
v U v GQ. U vi, m] GUS J
vx Au HkzuUTi uPUS |zuP Ex.
Aux, uP v
uP
v = , Cx m]U SnP Gk.

Cu AS N m2 BS. Cu n k ML1T2 BS.

211

5.2.1 U v \u UPku
h 5.3& Pmii _ P J u[Q u[P
hsk. Ghu[Q
zumk _ P SPmi
(pointer)
mh Shmh
AP x u[S uh
|Pi AUPkQx. AP
_ P-
uhUP AmhU SzxU P
sk. 'm' kg Gh u[Q 1
\zx SPmi AmhU SzxU 2
P
sk.
Cu
3
Gh-P-
J Tku m kg GhUS 4
5
AkP
SUPkQ.
_
P }m]x GhUS |zuP 6
CuU Pn. C U v h 5.3 U v zu
UPkQx.

5.2.2 uP vUS Ch uh Au
P J Ev u[Q u[PhmkuPU P.
GhP x P u A Au
J Ghu[Q CnUPkQx. P }m] E
AUPmk uP v h h 5.4 Pmii kQx.
(i) hzv OP G
Svx
|UPhP
Ex.
Smhu
uPUS,
vx
\kzuk. uPS
|zuP CUS. Cx
U vS. P
Ah
,
Gh
APmh Px
PO P u uhUP
}zu Ah. P G
m] G G, PO
Gx m]
a_ (elastic range) G

uP-

v-
h 5.4 uP v Ch uh

212

 OB m] (elastic strength) G AUPkQ.

(ii) P G US A, hx |UPhP C.
Px PQ G Sv m]P, iU
P Ex. Q G x GhU SUPz
uh[Q, h P P O G uh QA G
|UPmh uhQx. BP, P OA G {u v (permanent strain) HkQx. Cx {u (permanent set) G

AUPkQx.
(iii) QUS A Gh ]u AvPzu Ax P AvP
v HkzxQx. Q G (yield point) G,
QR Sv iU a_ (plastic range) G TQ.
(iv) R G US A, Px EUSx uP
U Psh x S G x kQx. BP S Gx
(breaking point) BS. SUP uP z uP (breaking stress) GkQx.

5.2.3 P m]U SnP[P

, uP UPk v u
zx P m]U SnP[P E. A, (i) [ SnP (Young's
modulus) (ii) U SnP (Bulk modulus) (iii)
U SnP (Rigidity modulus) BS.
(i)

[ SnP

l } A SUS Psh P J,
Au }zv F G \ \mk P
}mhkuPU P. P }m] dl GU
Px.

\
F
}m]z uP =
=
- A

}m]z v =

}zv
dl
uhUP } = l

}m]z uPUS }m]z vUS

E uP [ SnP G UPkQx. Ax q
G SUPQx.
213

h 5.5 [
m]U SnP

}m]
- z uP

[ SnP = }m]
- z v
F /A

Aux q = dl /l
Ax q =
(ii)

F l
A dl

U SnP

h 5.6 Pmii V Psh Pa\x B

UP[P \ \P \[SzuP \kuPU P.
C\P \mi dV SuPU Px.
Cx z uP =

\
F
=

- A

F
d

z v =

- k
dV
=
V
uhUP
-

( S SuU PmkQx)

z
uPUS zvUS E
uP
U
SnP
G
UPkQx.

Ax k G SUPQx.

Aux k =

Ax k =
(iii)

P
F /A
=
dV
dV

V
V

g
e

h 5.6 U SnP

- z uP

- z v

USnP =

P = A

-P V
dV

U SnP
AiP AB {P zumh vs Pa \x J
214

 x F G uk \ \kuPU P
(h 5.7).
Cu
uk
\
\mi,
izv
Hmh Au

CUQx.
AD
G UP, Pn
Q AD G {
AhQx.

F
A G \US
F/A
a]z uP =
BS.

D/

C/

B
A
h 5.7 U SnP

\US a]z uPUS, \US a]U PnzvS Ch

E uP U SnP G UPkQx. Ax n G SUP
Qx.
\US a]z uP
\ US a]U Pn

U SnP =
Aux n =

F /A

F
A

(Amhn 5.1 xP kzuk ] P

P m]U SnP[P vP PkUPmk)
Amhn 5.1 m]U SnP[P v (uUS Eu)

A
\
C
GLS
h[h

m]U SnP ( 1011 Pa)

q

0.70

0.70

0.30

1.1

1.4

0.42

1.9

1.0

0.70

2.0

1.6

0.84

3.6

2.0

1.5

215

5.2.4 ]
Pn

[SnPzuU

] Px h 5.8 Pmi
A, B G C GLSa \mh[PU
Pskx. A Csk F G
\mhzv Ro nUPmk.
AQh AUPmh C\mhzv
J B G \mhzv Ro
zumk,
x
Akzu
\mhzvu C[S
vS J T Ex. vQ
Aih mh AUP C CnUP
mkx.
Cu
mh
APx
mh AP SUP \[Szu
AP V x C[SQx. \[Szx A
P mh AP ~sn
J
UPP
uUPP
\kQ.
A, B G \mh[P PQ, RS G

F
L
C

h 5.8 ] P

C
PP

EvP
u[Phmk. A \mhzxh CnUP PQ G Px
BUS PS. RS P P |P AUS
mk B \mhzv u Gh W u[Phmkx. A G \mhzv
GhPa \UPUTi Ghu[Q J u[Phmkx.
\u uhUPzv Gh u[Q 0.5 kg A
GhP |S Ax Ix H }UQ BUS Px
m] [Q \kQx. Au , a_ (dead
load) Hmh { ~snz vQU PPz vQ Csk
\mh[P \ { A \kQx. Cx C\ mhzv
Euk \kQx. UP uUP AkP
~sn Ak PnkQx.
0.5 kg h[SPP Gh u[Q 4 kg GhPa \zx

J C\mhzua \ \u ~sn A
PnkQx. Au \ GhP }UQ AkP
Pnmk AP Amhn 5.2 Pmix SUPkQ.
M kg GhUP \\ }m] dl PnUQhkQx.
216

Amhn 5.2 M kg GhUP }m]

Gh u[Q
Gh kg

~sn Ak
Gh H Gh }US
x
x

\\

M kg GhUP
}m]

W
W + 0.5
W + 1.0
W + 1.5
W + 2.0
W + 2.5
W + 3.0
W + 3.5
W + 4.0

BUS P uhUP } l G \\ B r G
Psh, P [ SnP
q =

F/A
F/ r 2
=
dl/l
dl/l

Aux q =

F l
r 2 dl

5.2.5 m]U SnPzv kP

E uSu AP (}, AP ) \
miSz u \ P m]U SnPzu A
|US EuQx. GkzxUPmkP Cu US.
(i) AvP _z yUSuS |PzxuS yUS Cv
(Crane) ku | zvUP. Av ui EPU

P Ex. CuU P yUPk _ v

Shh sk. Gu `{ _ vx
P m] G h AvPP Czu Thx. m]
G v KS }zvS Hk }m]
BQ Au , P SUS mk U PnUQh.
Cvx (P) P Bzu A.
217

(ii) J (bridge) iUSx, Aux \UTi

P[P A _,
zv Gh, P \
Pzv Psk, Ax x h, x h
iUP sk.

5.3 [P
\
J
\mi
UTi
P
[PS. G \ } BQ Csh SUS.
} [P G AUPmh CsiS
Ch ShzuUP kP Esk. GkzxUPmhP, [P,
AUPhU Ti. B, }[P HUS AUP Cu.
[P CvU Pq x } [P
uUS uhh sP mk GkzxUPQ.
5.3.1 }z uzv Azu
SUS mk A E J EU Pzv }z uzv
E h GU P. }zv Ahzv
G Au Gh
W = }zv { g
W = Ahg

KS \k \, Azu
G UPkQx.
Azu =
=

} zv Gh
SUS mk
Ahg
= hg
A

h 5.9 }zuzv
Azu

P = hg
5.3.2 P v

}zv, Khzv Hk Azuzv x ]x

Azx P[PUS Qx Gx zv Azu
J UQ EsS. P (Blaise Pascal,
1623 1662) G g_ Pou C Cu
Gkzxzu. Cu v P v GkQx.
218

D kUPzu UPoUP i, \{ Eu
zv, Azu Azx Ch[P
\P CUS Gu P vS.
A, B G Csk P zv
PxP. A, B G Cu Csk P,

A
J P E
R CUS PxP. (h 5.10).
zv
x
\k
\P
Ex
\{
B
CuPU
P.
Cu
\P
E
x
\[SzuP,
Azxz
h 5.10 D kUP
v\Px \kQ. R
P v
mh x \k \P
x \k \PUS \[SzuP E. BP, A
B x \k \P \P GvvP Eu
AP TmkzuP _S. Cu Csk P
\u, A& Hk Azu B& AzuzvS \ GU
P. Cx D kUPzu Pzv Pux P
v {nS.
P v D kUPzv
D kUPzuU Pzv Psh,
P v UPh sk.
J P h Eu E
}z uzu GkzxUP (h 5.11).
}zv Ahzv GU P.
D kUPzu UPozu, M& E
Azu N& E AzuzvS \S. D
kUPzu Pzv Psh A Csk
\Px.
} E \{ Cu, Au
x \k \P \P CUQ. RUPs
\P \[SzuPa \kQ.

P1
M
h
N
P2
h 5.11 P
v D
kUPzv

(i) , \[SzuP R |UQa \k \ P1 A

(ii) \[SzuP R|UQa \k }z uzv Gh mg
219

(iii) R \[SzuP |UQa \k \ P2 A.

Cv P1, P2 G , R P E
Azu, A Gx mh m Gx }z uzv
{ BS.
\{,

P1A + mg P2A = 0

Ax P1A + mg = P2A
P2 = P1 +

B m = Ah

P2 = P1 +

mg
A

Ahg
A

Aux P2 = P1 + hg
\
Bzv
Azx
P
Azu
Jzu
vhS Gu Cua \k {UQx. Cx P
v uP TuS SUQx. ""hmh P K
{ CUS zv Hu J Hk Azu ,
]x S zv Azx PUS mk,
Azxz v\P \k.''

5.3.3 P v kP
(i) } yUQ (hydraulic lift)

P AvP _z yUP k } yUQ P v

UQ kP JS. } yUQ J h 5.12&
Pmhmkx.
F

} yUQ J vU PPU
Pshx. ] E
PU Psh Cu PP
Csk hP zumiUS.
hP A B
a1 a2 G, A& x \zuk
\ F B& x _ W G
F

Psh, a = a
1
2

h 5.12 } yUQ

220

Ax W = F

a2
a1

Cx, A- x F G \a \zv, yUPUTi _

vS. Cua \mi

a2
a1

Gx } yUQ Cv

(mechanical advantage) GkQx. Cx } yUQ P

xUS {[P | Pn.

(ii)

} uk (Hydraulic brake)

Kk si vj ukP (brakes) \kzumh,

si \US \zv Esk. H, \UP[P Azx ^P
{zukv.
Cu
Azvx
,
ukP
\kzumh Azxa \UP[P J Pzv PzuU
SUS uk A CUP sk. } uk C
\kQx. Ax P vi C[SQx.
h 5.13 } uk AU PmkQx. } uk,
uk Gsn (brake oil) {u J UQ E Ex. Cu UQ
E zumk h P Bx |P A (lever
uk-
-
- v-UP
- m
-
- h

U-Q E-
T - i S-

\U-P- [
- P
- -U
- S
- a
\- S

|--P A--
uk- Gs-n-

P2

P1

S2

S1

\U-P-z
- v
- E --

h 5.13 } uk

221

assembly)

P
uk
vPmhh
(brake
pedal)
zumiUS. UQ E T i S
vUS. P1, P2 G C hP zumh \UP E
(Wheel cylinder) T iU Sk zumiUS. P1, P2 G
hP S1, S2 G Ch[Pk vUS.
uk vPmh Azvh, h P Bx |P
A ukQx. UQ E Azu P1, P2
hPUS Qx. P1, P2 hP uhUPmh (brake shoe)
uQ. Au PmhP \UPzv E AzxQ.
C \UPzv CUP {zukQx. P1, P2 BQ
P h AvPS. BP vUPmh \kzu
k ] \x \UPzv AvP Azuzu HkzxQx.
Azxa \UP[PUS \ Azu u siu, UQ
Ex G \UP[Pk SP CnUPmiUS.

5.4 S{
J v Csk SP (funnels) J }
UPsn \ A F, } PP
UPsn xP uU PsQ. CuS }zv
\kQ E \ PnS. Akzukzx } HkP
Hk Cu \ S{ \ G Czu S{
G TQ.

u HkP \ CUPzu GvUS }zv u

S{ BS. }[P [P Czu u,
}[P S{ [P S{ h AvPS.
Q Gs
J S }
Q
dx
^P uPU Px
P
(h 5.14). S _Pz
v
umkU
PsiUS
}
HkP v\P _ BS.
S
Aa\
|UQ
\P,
}
HkP
h 5.14 }zv ^ Kmh
v\P AvPUS.
Hmi v\P v v Qx. dx Chz u
222

Ax P, Q G Csk } HkPU Px. CP

v\P k dv GU P.
Csk HkPUQh ukPmi v\ \k S{
\ F Bx (i) uh Csk } HkP A&US
|zuP (ii) KmhzvSa \[SzuP Hk v\Pa \

dv
&US
dx

|zuP CUS.

F A

dv
dx

F = A

dv
dx

Cv Gx Q Gs BS. Cu \mh {mh

[P S{ KmhzvP v G TQ.
Cv A = 1m2

dv
= 1s1 G
dx

F =

KS , \[SzuP KSz v\Pa \U Psh

Csk } HkPUQh ukPmi v\ \k S{
\ Gs v Q Gs BS.

AS N s m2 BS. Au n k ML1T 1 BS.

5.4.1 a^ Kmh
}zv J
c
a
xP
AuS

\
xP
b
u, J

PhUS
v2
v1
xP v\P AuS
h 5.15 a^ Kmh
\ xP
v\Pzv \ ^ Kmh a^ Kmh Gk.

v3

abc P } J uPU Px. a, b, c G

P }zv v\P v1, v2 v3 GP. a^
Kmhzv, a G uh Azxz xPP Au v\P
v1 IU PsiUS. Ax a G k ukPmi
223

v\US. b uh xPP v\P v2 BS.

Czv\P v2 Bx v\P v1USa \P Ax \
CUP. Cu cU PhUS xPP v3 G v\Pzu
Ah. BP, a^ Kmhzv, J xP v\P J
Smh U PhUS x \P CUS.
zv v\P J Smh AS Cu mk
a^ Kmh }iUS. CuU Smh v\P {z v\P
(critical velocity) Gk.

5.4.2 _] Kmh
}zv v\P {z v\Pzuh AvP,
}zv u v\P J[PuP CUS. C{ }
u ^ Kmhzu CUS. Cx _] Kmh Gk. _] Kmhzv
] GkzxUPmkP :
(i) Fxzvx Px ]x y
S J[P P.
(ii) P Hk vj&.

Gu Smh v\PzvSU R } Kmh a^

KmhP, AuS Ax _] KmhP Qu
Azv\P {z v\P Gk.

5.4.3 k Gs
k Gs Gx J Sh Hk } Kmhzv
u A Eu GsnS.
Ax NR G SUPQx.
Au \k NR =

v D

BS.

Cv v Gx v\P, Gx }zv Ahzv, Gx

Q Gs D Gx S mh BS.
NR& v 0x 2000 CUSx } a^
Kmhzv CuPU Puk. _] Kmhzv NR& v 3000&US
k.
Cs
2000US
3000&US
ChUS,
Amh a^P C, _]P C, Jx
P UTk.
224

SQ S AvP S { Psh }[P a^

Kmhzu Ah . AP S Su S{
}[P _] Kmhzu Ah .

5.4.4 hU v (AvP S{ }[PUS)

AvP S{ Psh }zvh R|UQ |Px, J
x Auh uh Psh HkP CUS. Cu
HkPUQh J CUP (relative motion) HkQx. Cu
PnP, R|UQa \ x S{ \ F \kQx.
}[P, P i Psh P CUPzu Bu
hU, P i x \k S{ \ F Bx
(i) Q Gs
(ii) Pzv B a
(iii) P i v\P v BQa \ux G
Evkzv.

n i F = k av G {UP. k& v 6 G
\u hU Pshu.
k = 6

F = 6 av
Czuh hU v Gk.

5.4.5 zv\Pzv (terminal velocity) \k

a B Ahzv Psh ] EPU Sshx Ahzv

Psh }zv D \ R|UQ |PuPU Px.

Ssi v\P AvPUSx, Au x
\k S{ \ AvPUS. J
F
{ Ssi Ghx (W), |UQ
U
\k Q \ (F) u \ (U)
BQ Tmkz uPUSa \Qx.
(h 5.16) C{ Ssix {P \ (net
W
force) Hx \h. Ssk, z
v\P v G z v\Pzv R|UQ
C[SQx.
W F U = O

...(1)
225

h 5.16 S{
}zv P
R[Su

S{z u }zv R|UQ |P

z v\P z v\P Gk.
(1)&x, W = F + U

...(2)

hU vi, S{ \ F = 6av.
u \ U = Ssi Ch a] \mh }zv Gh
=

4
a3 g
3

Ssi Gh W =
(2)& Dk \

4 3
4
a g = 6 av + a3 g
3
3

Ax 6 av =

v =

4
a3g
3

4
a3 ()g
3

2 a 2 ( )g
9

5.4.6 AvP S{ } J
Pn
AvP
S{
Psh
UPsn }[P Q
Gsn
hU

Pn.
BUS }zu E, AP P
GkzxU P. h 5.17& Pmii,
B, C G CSkPU SUP. ]
GLSU P J xP }zv
a \.
GLSU P B& Ahx
Au v\P z v\Pzu
USi B& } S AvP
Bzv Szu sk.

Q Gsn \u

B
s
C

h 5.17 AvP S {
E vzv Q
GsnU PnUQk \u

GLSU P B&U PhUSx

{zx PiPzu (Stop clock) CUQ, Ax
C& Ah GkzxU P P t& PnUQh sk. BC G
226

u s G, z v\P v =
2 a 2 (-)g

z v\P v =

s
t

t
s 2 a 2( - )g
2
=
Ax = a2 ( - )g s

9
t 9

a, BQ Au, vU PnUQh.

hU v k
zx u : zxP ]uP CUSx Au z
v\P S. BP A P[PP P uUQ.
B xP Jk J Cnx u, A z
v\P[P AvPUS. H v a2. G, A z
xPP R Q.

5.4.7 \ \k (Poiseuille's equation)

\ G ~sUS (capillary tube) J
\ } J ^ CUPzu Bu. S J
|i }zv UP uh J .
r B, l } Psh ~sUS Q Gs
PsiUS } ^P uPU P. ~sU S
PUQh Azu k P G J |i S
P

, r Azua \ l BQa

}zv V Bx
\vUS.
Ax V
V = k

ry

ry

P

l

P

l

...(1)

Cv k Gx uP
\k (1)I, n Gv
[L 3 T 1 ] = [ML 1

ML-1T-2

T 1 ] x [L] y
L

227

L, M, T BQ iP JkP x = 1, y = 4, z = 1 G

A.
\k (1) Dk \, V = k
V =

r4

kPr 4
l

P

l

\u P k = 8 GU Pshmhx.
V =

Pr 4
8l

Cx \ \k BS.

5.4.8 } Q Gsn \ Pshu

~sUS J C S
\[SzuP UPmh mkh
CnUPmk, h 5.18 Pmii,
QhmhP UPkQx. mi
} {mk Ah (stopper)
APkQx. }x A Smix B
Smh Ah GkzxU P P
PshkQx. A, B SkPUQh
V G J |i
}zv A Vt . ~sU S }
B l r G,
V Pr 4
=
t
8l

h1

B
h2

...(1)

Gx }zv Ahzv G,
h 5.18 \
~sUS
C
PU
Q Gs Pn
Qh uhUP Azu k P1 =
h1g Cv Azu k P2 = h2g BS. \\ Azu k
P G
P =

P1 + P2
2

h1 + h 2
= 2 g = hg

h1 + h2
h =

228

(1)x,

V
hgr 4
=
8l
t

Ax =

hgr 4 t
8lV

5.4.9 S{ & kP
S{
A.

UQzxzu

RUPsh

GkzxUPmkP

(i) P }[P (organic liquids) UT Gh S{

Gsn kzvU Psh.
(ii)

Smh Cv[PUSz uSu EPz (lubricants)

uukUP, Q Gsq {h Au mh
A |US EuQ. CS P Cv[P Su S{
Psh Ah Su (thin) Gsn (GkzxUPmhP, PiPzv
k E Gsn) kzukQx. PP Cv[P AvP
S{
Psh
Gsn
[GkzxUPmhP,
Q
(grease)]
kzukQx.

5.5 C\
UTPUQh \ UTh
\ GQ. Aih Cx u Ehx. Csk
UTP Ch Ch AvPP C, UT J
Gvv
mh[PUS
Chmh
Chx,
Jzu
mh[PUS Chmh Ch hU SP CUS
UT mh[P Au Pa] \
\kQx. UTh u SP C UTP
GUmP |UPP Cu UP US \ CUS.
UTh \x (i) KU Pa] \ (cohesive force)
(ii) U Pa] \ (adhesive force) G C Pk.

KU Pa] \
J UTPUQh Pa] \ KU Pa]
\ Gk. Cu KU Pa] \x vhP P
uP }[P SuuP, [P
uP PnkQx.
229

U Pa] \
mh P UTPUQh Pa] \
U Pa] \S. GkzxUPmhP, Gxx u
JmiUPx U Pa] \ Pnzv BS. P,
Px (gum) u AvP \U Psk.
} UTPUQh KU Pa] \, }
Psni
UTPUQh U Pa] \U
Pmi SP Cu }, Psni DUSQx. B
u\
Psni
Jmkv.
H
uzv
UTPUQh KU Pa] \, u\ Psni
UTPUQh U Pa] \ h AvPS.

UTP Pa] G A Pa]

J UT x Pa] \ \kzuUTi
z u UTP Pa] G Gk. vs
}[P Cu v Hzu 109 m BS.
J UT P, UT Pa] G BP
Psk J P mh Ax UT Pa] Gk.
zv UTx ux Pa] zxUS E Azx
UTP x Pa] \ \kzx.
5.5.1 }zv C\

}
{P
CUSx,
Au
U SzxU PuPP, zxUPmh
m] hzu \k }zv
s C\ GQ.

{P CUS } AB G
PU Pk CuPU P.
C\ Gx Cu PU Pmi KS
h 5.19 }
}zvS \k \ AS. Cu x \
\x PmiSa \[SzuP }zv
S ukPmkz v\ \k. AB G Pmi l
}zvSa \k \ F G C \ T =

F
l

}zv C\ Gx Au mh
PU Pmi KS }zvSa \[SzuPa \mk,
230

Pmi C
CUP

\
AS. Au AS N m1

Au
n
k M T2 BS.
C\ US
\uP
(i)

J
yP
}US Azv, Au
CP
x
x
Pnk.
B,
Au
yP Gkzu,
CP
JP
JmiU
PQ. H,
C\ PnP }
_[P Qx.

y-P Gk-z-u CP Jm-iU P-Q-

-
Tv
T

(ii) J u F]

} xP zu
F]-x }-- u-z-u-
Ax uUS. F] R
E
}
\
h 5.20 C\
AUPmiUS

GkzxUPmkP
C\x ukPmi
v\ \k. F] Gh, C\ \[SzxU T
\ \Qx.

5.5.2 C\ UT Pmk
h 5.21& Pmii P, Q G Csk
UTPU Px. CP PU
Psk, UT Pa] G BP
zx Aa _
Pa]
kQx.

P G UT Aua _
UTP Azxz v\P \P
h 5.21 UT
PkQx. G, P& x uS \
Pmmi Aih
Hx. Q G UT }zv
C\
231

Ex. Au Pa] zv Rv AvP GsoUP

UTP Eu v x } S
Cu Ax R|UQ uS\ Qx. G }
E Azx UTP R|UQ uS \
US.
J
UT
}zv
EmSvx
USU
Psk uS, R|UQ Cu \ Gvzx \h
sk. UTP x \k Cx {P
uUQUPkQx.
\{
Ah
Ax
]
{ zu sk. }zv ]
{ . }zv x _[Q PUSu
, m] hzu Gx
C\huP CUQx.

5.5.3 C\ B
KS

B
Gk. ABCD G EPa \mhzv
AB |PUTiuP CUPmk. \mhzu
\U P\ Pa \x
GkUP. C\ PnP,
\ hx AB E|UQ
CUS. T Gx hzv
C\ l Gx AB }
G, CUS \ v 2 T l
BS. 2 G Gs hzv C
PU SUQx.

l
C

x
A/

B/

h 5.22 B

h 5.22& Pmii AB G {US AB G P x u

|Pzumh, \mh
W = 2 Tlx = T2lx

KS S \mh =
B =

W
2lx

T 2lx
= T
2lx

C\x Gs v BUSa \S.

232

5.5.4 \ Pn (Angle of contact)

}zv J vs h uh Psh,
uk \ vUS. }zv ukPmiS
}zv vs S Chmh Pn \Pn
Gk.
h 5.23& QR Gx Q
G uk mh
ukPhS.
PQR
G
Pn
\Pn
BS.
}zv Sx Cu,
\Pn
S[PnP
CUS. }zv Sx
Cu
\Pn
PnP CUS.

R
Q

}-U-S

u--\-z-v
- -S
h 5.23 \Pn

\Pn, } Auz umkU PsiUS vs

BQ zux. } PsniUS \Pnzv
v 8o x 18o BS. y } PsniUS Cu
v PU S. G _P GkzxUPkQx. u\
Psni \Pn 138o BS.

5.5.5 } P Hk Azu
}zv

\u,

C\x
Qhmhzv \k (h 5.24a). Qhmh Sa \[SzuP
Au T \hx. Cu } SvUS Au SvUS
Ch Azu k C.
}zv SP Cu (h 5.24b),
UT x C\ PnPa \k uS \ R
P A-zu
-
T

R
T

P A-z-u-
(a)

(b)

h 5.24 } P Hk Azu k

233

(c)

|UQa \k. Cua \ \ P Azu R|UQa

\h six. P Sx Cu (h 5.24c)
uS \ R R|UQ \k. Cu \ \ P Azu,
|UQa \h si CUS.
G, C \ PnP }zv
Su UPzv Azu Gx Su UPzv Azuzu h
AvPP CUS.

5.5.6 }z x Pzu
r B Psh }z x JU Px. }z x
UTP, C\ PnP E|UQa
\k J uS \ Q. Cu x
Emzv E Azu
Azuzu h AvPP CUS. }z
P
x E P Azux
C\
uS
\a
D
\kzu } Sa \[SzuP
C
|UQa \k J \z A
u. }z x C \PP
B
UPmhuPU P \ x
AUPzv \{U Pzv
T
Psh, ABCD x P
h 5.25 }z x
Azu P& PnPa \k
Pzu
|UQ Azu P r 2 BS (h 5.25).
T Gx }zv C\ G, }z x ABCD G
mhzv v P R|UQa \k C\
Hk \ v T 2r USa \S.

\{ P r 2 = T 2r
P =

2T
r

\U S Pzu
\U SUS, Ph uk Csk P E. S
Emzv J zv AQ. G,
C\ Hk \ = 2 2rT
\{ P r 2 = 2 2rT
234

Aux P =

4T
r

BP, }z x J E P Azu Au BzvS

GvzuP CUS. Aux P

1
r

G, Pa ] S

Azu AvP. Cu PnP, Fv uUP, u AvPP

P Fu six. hu, Au ha
\ ]x Azu xx.

5.5.7 ~s ~ (Capillarity)
C\ sx, ~s ~ {P
HkzxQx. ~sU S } Azxx }x S
|UQ
HQx.
S
}
mh,

E
mhzuh
AvPP
h
h
CUS (~s H).
h
~sU
S
h
u\zv
Azv,
u\
S
|UQ H. B,
S u\zv mh,
}-US
u-\- z
- v
- --S

mhzu
h 5.26 ~s
hU SP CUS
(~s CUP).
~sU S } ~u ~s ~ (capillarity)
GQ. h 5.26& Pmhmh h G A ~szu (})
Ax ~s CUPzu (u\zv) SUQx.

~szv GkzxUPmkP
(i) Eg_ ux ~s ~ PnP Eg_Qx.
u E ~so x[P ~sU SP
\kQ.
(ii) Gsnx v E Ph CUS Pa]
Ch HQx.
235

(iii) ~s ~ s PnP Eg_ x

(sponge) } uUPzxU PQx.
(iv) UP[P \[PP } Eg_u _P DQ.

R cos

^ x ~sUS
J P E } \[SzuP
AvuPU
Px.

C\
PnP
}x
~sUS h EzvS HQx
(h 5.27). } C\ T
E|UQ, S Gv R
|UQ \kQ. R Bx
T Gs vSa \P, Gvz
v\ Ex. Gv RI
RUPs Csk \PU TPP
SUP.

R cos

5.5.8 ~s ~U Psk C\ Au

R
r

R sin

R sin
C

D
T T

(i) Bzv |UQa

\k QhzuU T R sin .
(ii) |UQa \k
\[SzxUT R cos

h 5.27 ~s ~U
Psk
C\ Au

S v x \k
QhzuU TP J \
\Q. \[SzxU T S H }z uzv Gha \
\Qx.
zu |US \ = R cos S v
Aux F = 2r R cos
Aux F = 2r T cos

...(1)

[ R = T ]

Cu |US \ PnPzu ~s
HkQx. S }x \{ Cu, |US \,
R|UQ \k }zuzv Gh \S.
Aux F = W

...(2)
236

S } x (i) S h E }zuzv
(ii) CD G uzvS zuzv }
BQ Csi Tmkz uPS.
E }zuzv = r2h
zuzv } = (r E, r B Psh
E ) & (AUPzv )
2

3
= (r2 r) r
3

1
r 3
3

S } zu
= r2h +

1
r3
3

r
C

= r2 h + 3

} Ahzv G, ~sS
h 5.28 zuzv v
H } Gh
r

W = r2 h + 3 g

...(3)

(1) (3)&I (2) Dk\

r

r2 h + 3 g = 2rT cos

h + r g
3
2 cos

T =

hEh JkP r- v Pa ]u

uUPuS.
hrg

T = 2 cos
}US v ]x. BP cos
T =

hrg
2

237

r
3

UPoUPz

5.5.9 } C\ ~s PnUQku
J

y, ^

Eh
~sU
S,
P
E
},
S
R
CUS AzvUSi
\[SzuP zu sk.

h 5.29& Pmii
h
J TU P NI
N
Sh zu sk.
P
Ezv
Ax
uzv, Au T }
mhzua \ uk
\ sk. ~sU
S E } zu
uPz u
~snUQa \ \u
h 5.29 ~s
sk. uzv R
C\ Pn
Pzv Ak R1-I SzxU
P sk. ~snUQU R CUQ T u
\\x Au Ak R2 U SUP sk. R1, R2- k
~s h& vS.
~snUQU Psk S BzuU PnUQh sk. }
Ahzv G, Au C\ T =

hrg
. Cv g Gx D
2

kUPS.

5.5.10 C\ vUS PoP

}zv _ P C\U Po\P
vUQ. AvP PUTi E C\
AvPUQx. SP PUTi \
C\U SUQx.
}zv { AvP C\ S.
C\ _S {, }zv { { (critical
temperature) Gk.
238

5.5.11 C \ kP
(i) Ph, _ x Pa _ Gsn Fk.

Gsn C\ } C\U Pmi S.

Au Gsn } x z uh[S. C\ Su,
Ph AP v\P Sx P xPP CUS.
(ii) EP (lubricants), Su C\ Psh.
BP, A Cvzv Azx SvPUS Gv .
(iii) }h ]x \zy \UP AUP BhPz

xx Pi. } \zya \u, Psh F]

i Psh \z y UTP J } PkQx.
AUQ UTP PkQx. BP AUPx
\z y UTP `mk uUQx. Au Gv
. \ Ax \zy \uh }
C\ Su Cu US \USU PnS.
(iv) PhU P[P zv BhP AokQ.
H, zv BhP ~soz x[P US
~sU SPP \kQ.

5.6 J }zv zu B
} JS Azu B, CUP B {
Esk.
T

(i) Azu B

Azu B Gx } u
Azuzv BS.

J AP umi T Ahzv
x
Eh
}
JU
Px.
(h 5.30) AUP UPU S
E a SUP Eh h
h 5.30 Azu B
A CnUPmkx. h
Aa_U Pmix h Ezv }zv CuPU Pv,
h x } Azu P = h g. h x uUS E|UQ
|Pzxx umi uk }zv = ax
umi uk }zv { = ax
239

umi AP Cu, Au uk }zv A PU

SP Cu, E h Azu P PU Puh.
h x u uuSa \k = h x
\k \ |Pu u
Aux, W = Pax
\mh Cu x ax {Psh }zv Azu
BS.
KS { }zv Azu B =

Pax P
=
ax

(ii) CUP B

CUPzv x } US B CUP BS.

m {h } v v\Pzv C[Q, Au CUP

B =

1
mv2.
2

KS { }zv CUP B

1
mv 2
v2
2
=
=
m
2

(iii) { B

}, umhzvx E Ezu zx US
B { BS.
umhzvx h Ezv }zv { m G, }zv
{ = mgh
KS { }zv { =

mgh
= gh
m

CUPzv }zv zu B = Azu B + CUP

B + { B.
KS {h CUPzv }zv zu B
=

240

P v2
+
+ gh
2

5.6.1 uha \k (Equation of continuity)

h 5.31& Pmii, ^
SUP Psh AB G S
P S{ a^ Kmhzv
} uPU P.
A B SvP S
SUSmk a1,
a2G, }zv v\P
v1, v2G CUPmk.

J |i A Sv
}zv = a1v1.

h 5.31 uha \k

}zv Ahzv G, J |i A Sv }zv

{ = a1v1.
Cu J |i Bx }zv { =

a2v2.

}zv Kmh ^P Cu, S }zv C

Cuu, J |i A& }zv {x Au |zv
Bx }zv {USa \S.
Aux a1v1 = a2v2
Ax a1v1 = a2v2
Aux av =
Cx
v

uha

\k

Gk.

Ca\mix

1
G A. Aux S SUSmk AvPP
a

C, Kmhzv v\P SP CUS.

5.6.2 u (Bernoullis theorem)

B A v AihPU Psk }zv a^
KmhzvP uzu h (Daniel Bernoulli) G
1738& Bsk Szu. uzvi, AUP Cu,
S{, KS { }zv a^ Kmhzv, Azu B,
CUP B { B BQ Tmkz uP uuP
CUS.
241

Aux

P v2
+
+ gh =
2

S.

Ca\k \hS.
^ SUS mk Psh AB G S P
Ahzv Eh } a^ Kmhzv C[SuPU Px.
P2a2
B

P1a1
h2
h1

umh

h 5.32 u

A B Azu[P P1, P2 G SUS mk

P a1 a2 G P A- Sa
\[SzuP v1 v\Pzv } uP, B Sa
\[SzuP v2 v\Pzv uP Px. B E
A Ezu h AvPu, Ax }, BUS x \
D \UPvP kUPkQx. BP P2I h P1 AvPP

CUS. Cx \ \kQx.
uha \mii, J |i S Gu
Sv P Phx \ }zv {, a1v1 = a2v2 = m BS.
Ax a1v1 = a2v2 =

m
= V

...(1)

a1 > a2 Gu, v1 < v2

A }zv x \k \ = P1a1
B }zv x \k \ = P2 a2
A& J |i }zv x \k = P1a1 v1 = P1V
242

B }zu \k = P2a2 v2 = P2V

}zu Ax BUSU Psk \ Azu B J

|i \mh {P
= P1V P2V

...(2)

J |i Ax BUS }zv Gh m G, J
|i Au { AvP = mgh2 mgh1
J |i }zv CUP B AvP =

1
1
mv22 mv12
2
2

& B Pmmii, Azu B J |i

\k = J |i { AvP + J |i
CUP B AvP
Aux

P1V + mgh1 +
P1 V
m

P1V P2V = (mgh2 mgh1)+ mv 22 mv1 2

2
2

1
1
mv12 = P2V + mgh2 + mv22
2
2
1
2

2
+ gh1 + v1 =

P2V
m

+ gh2 +

1 2
v
2 2

P2
P1
1
1
+ gh1 +
v12 =
+ gh2 +
v 2
2

2 2

Ax

=
V

P
1
+ gh + v 2 = .

...(3)

BP, KS { Psh }zv zu B CUS.

\k (3)I g SUP
P
v2
+
+ h =
g 2g

Ca\mi,

S.

uSv

}zv

nzuU Psku J Pk Gk.

Azu Pk G, h&I D Pk G,
G TQ.
243

v2
2g

v\P Pk

] |
Qhmh S (horizontal tube) P } u,
Aux h1 = h2 Gu }zv { AvPUPx. Aux,
D Pk _S.
\k (3)x

P
1 2
+
v = .

Cx, \mi iS.

5.6.3 z uzv kP
(i) v CUP Azu

P a^ Kmhzxh v CUP SUS mkz

u h 5.33 Pmhmkx Pmhzxh CUP
v\x, CUP Sv Pmh \UPkP
(flow lines) |UPha \Qx. Cu PnP CUP R
Sv \k |US \x Au Sv \k
R|US \h AvP. BP CUP x {P |US
\ \kQx.
AvP v\--P, S- A-zu-
P-

S- v\--P, AvP A-zu-

h 5.33 v CUP Azu

(ii) `UP T yUQ Gku

Ax `UP _x, SvPUS \u Hh

sn Si\P TP uPmh TP yUQ
Gk. _ Px TUS P1 G Su Azuzu
244

P1

S A-zu
-
-

P2

h 5.34 T yUQ Gku

HkzxQx. TUSU R E Azu (P2), P1&I h AvPP

Ex. Cu Azu mi, T Ph \x yUQ
GkQx.
(iii)

\ GP

\ GP, G ~s x
P AvP v\Pzxh Qx.
Cu PnP
usi (S) E
Azu SQx. G UPx P-
PP GP ~Qx.
(iv) CnP C[S Csk hSP

P-

Csk hSP J v\ ]x
Ch
\x
hSPUQh E } v\P
A } v\PzuU
Pmi AvPUS. Cu PnP, Csk
h 5.35 \ GP
hSP Ch E Azu SQx.
zv E AvP Azu hSP E |UQz u. Cu
hSP J J |[Q, vUPUTk.

245

wUPmh PnUSP
5.1

J zumh 4 m }, 3 mm mh Psh
P 50 kg { u[Phmkx. P
G }m] Hk? P q = 7 1010 N m2 G
PP.
uP : l = 4 m; d = 3 mm = 3 103 m; m = 50 kg ;
q = 7 1010 N m2

w :

q =

Fl
Adl

Fl

50 9.8 4

dl = r 2 q = 3.14 (1.5 10 -3 ) 2 7 1010

= 3.96 103 m

5.2

PhUS 1 km BzvS P JU Psk \, Au

0.01% SQx. Ph } Ahzv 103 kg m3 G P
U SnPzuU PnUQkP.
uP : dV = 0.01%
Aux,

dV 0.01
=
; h = 1 km ; = 103 kg m3
V
100

w : dP = 103 103 9.8 = 9.8 106

k =

dP
dV /V

9.8 10 6 100
0.01

= 9.8 1010 N m2

5.3

} PzyUQ J 3000 kg { Psh PPz

yUPuP iUPmkx. _z u[S h
SUS mk 425 104 m2G Ax u[PUTi
Azuzv v?
uP : m = 3000 kg, A = 425 104 m2

246

w : h x Azu =
h x Azu =

P Gh
mg
=
h
A

3000 9.8
425 10 -4

= 6.92 105 N m2

5.4

0.1 m UP Psh \xz umh 0.1 m s1 v\ Pzxh

umkUS CnP C[SQx. Csk umkP } Q

E. S{ \ 2 103 N } Q Gs 103 N s m2
G AQh E ChU PnUQkP.
uP : umi A = 0.1 0.1 = 0.01 m2
S{ \ F = 2 103 N
v\P dv = 0.1 m s1
Q Gs = 103 N s m2
w : Ch dx =
=

Adv
F
10 -3 0.01 0.1
2 10 -3

= 5 104 m

5.5

102

B Psh S
v\PzuU PnUQkP. P
= 1.3 kg m3
= 187 107 N s m2.

uP : r = 102 m ; = 1.3 kg m3 ; = 187 107 N s m2 ;

NR = 2000

w : v\P

N R
D

2000 187 10 -7
1.3 2 10 -2

= 1.44 m s1

247

5.6

E E E } s xPP PUPkQ.
E } B 0.3 m G, 40 {h[PUS
S uUS P sxP A? so
Ahzv = 2600 kg m3 G, } Q Gs = 103 N s m2
G PP.
uP : s = 0.3 m, t = 40 {h[P = 40 60 |iP,
= 2600 kg m3
w : s xPP P i EhPP umh
AP EuP P. P xP B r GP.
z v\P v =
B r =
=

0.3
= 1.25 104 m s1
40 60

9v
2( - )g
9 10 -3 1.25 10 -4
2 (2600 - 1000) 9.8

= 5.989 106 m

5.7

0.03 m B Eh

mh iU Px } J
UPmk CUPkQx. Au CUP,
}zv h EhuP \ h 0.003 kg wt AvPP
\ ukQx. }zv C\U PnUQkP.
w : AvPi 0.003 kg wt \ F Gx, C\
vS.
C\ F = T
zv }

}zuk umkU PsiUS

Aux F = T 2 2r = 4Tr
Aux 4Tr = F

4Tr = 0.003 9.81

Ax T

0.003 9.81
4 3.14 0.03

= 0.078 N m1
248

5.8

u\zv CUP 2.219 mm E J ~sU S

mhzuU PnUQkP. u\zv T v 0.54 N m1,
\Pn 140o u\zv Ahzv 13600 kg m3 G
PkUPmk.
uP : h = 2.219 103 m;
= 13600 kg m3

T = 0.54 N m1 ; = 140o ;

w : hr g = 2T cos
r

2T cos
h g

2 0.54 cos 140o

(2.219 103 ) 13600 9.8

= 2.79 103 m

mh = 2r = 2 2.79 103 m = 5.58 mm

5.9

1 103 m B Psh K }zx, J Ah K

}zvPP uSz u
PnUQkP. } C\ = 0.072 N m1

BU

uP : x B R = 1 103 m
vP GsoUP n = 103 106 = 109 ; T = 0.072 N m1
w : }zv B r GP.
109 vP = x
4
3
109 3 r =

4
R3
3

109 r3 = R3 = (103 )3
(103r)3 = (103)3
r =

103
= 106 m
103

AvP ds = (109 4r 2 ) 4 R2

249

Aux ds = 4 [ 109 (106)2 (103)2 ]

= 4 [103 106] m2

ds = 0.01254 m2
\mh

W = T.ds
W = 0.072 0.01254
= 9.034 104 J

5.10 Cuzvx, Czu Kmh uUSa \uSz (\[SzuP

u 0.5 m) u Sum\ AzuzuU PnUQkP.
Czuzv Ahzv = 1040 kg m3. E \z uzvkP.
uP : h2 h1 = 0.5 m
= 1040 kg m3
P1 P2 = ?

w : uzvi,
P1 P2 = g(h2 h1) +

1
2
(v
2
2

v1 )

v2 = v1 G, P1 P2 = g (h2 h1)
= 1040 9.8 (0.5)
= 5.096 103 N m2

250

u vk
(Cuz uvmk Sv PkUPmk UP
PnUSP vP. C, h x Gu
Ax PnUQ iUP. n, n
uvmk
Svx
mk,
h
x
iUPhUTi UPUS PnUSPUS hUP Bzu
\x P sk.)

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.6

[ SnP Pq \u J, P }
u[Phmh { C h[S AvPUPmh, P
[ SnP
(a) CUS

(b) C h[S BS

(c) |S h[S BS

(d) v h[S BS

vs [ SnPzv v
(a) _

(b) D

(c) 1

(d) 1

J \mh Jzu B Psh C PP

}zv uP 1 : 2. C J v \P }mhmh,
PP Hk v uP
(a) 1 : 4

(b) 1 : 2

(c) 2 : 1

(d) 1 : 1

J }zv { AvPzu, Au C\
(a) S

(b) AvPUS

(c) x

(d) Q GsqUSa \

2 : 1 G uP mh Eh Csk \U SP P
Azuzv Qu
(a) 1 : 4

(b) 2 : 1

(c) 1 : 2

(d) 4 : 1

} Psh \x ia \mhx \U P\
AzukQx. \mhzu GkUSx \ h
Av EQx. \ P\ C\ \mhzv
\k \
251

5.7

(a) 8 Tl

(b)

4 Tl

(c) 10 Tl

(d)

12 Tl

sox zxP | PPz uUSu

Ax u x[P EshUSu C. H A
(a) kUPzxh Q
(b) kUPzxh Q
(c) Pzxh Q
(d) v\Pzv Q

5.8

50 km Ezvx, 1 : 2 G uP B Psh Csk

B[Pmi zxP R Q. AP z
v\Pzv uP

5.9

(a) 1 : 9

(b) 9 : 1

(c) 4 : 1

(d) 1 : 4

0.2 m3 s1 G uzv }x ^ SUS mk

Psh Qhmhzv S Qx. S

SUS mk 0.01 m2 E J }
v\Pzv v

5.10

(a) 2 ms1

(b) 20 ms1

(c) 200 ms1

(d) 0.2 ms1

AvP v\Pzuk
wizx Gu Pn

shzv

(a) P S{ BS
(b) shzv E z u BS
(c) Smh [P AzuS
(d) g& AvP vS

5.11

: (a) m]z u (b) m]z u

(c) uP (d) v (e) m] G (f) \

5.12

U vz uP.

5.13

P m]U SnP[P USP.

252

5.14

] \u .

5.15

C Ax GLS & GuS m]z u AvP? Buzxh

USP.

5.16

D U Pzv P, P vU T Au
{P.

5.17

D \U Pzv Psk P v USP.

5.18

} uk Pmk, A \
BQ USP.

5.19

k Gs G G?

5.20

}zv {z v\P G G?

5.21

vP PP T,
Hkzx i Psk. H?

5.22

}zv S{ GsnU Pn \u J .

5.23

z v\P G G?

5.24

hU v USP.

5.25

S{ }zv R|UQa \ J ] Ssi z

v\PzvP \mhz u.

5.26

KU Pa] \ U Pa] \ .
GkzxUPmkP uP.

5.27

: (1) UT a_ (2) UT Pa] (3)

C\

5.28

UT Pmmi Aih C\ USP.

5.29

C\ B Ch uhz u.

5.30

C\ kP |Qz uP.

5.31

} a]P G KkQ?

5.32

xoPz
xuSz
kzukx H?

5.33

KS { Psh
Pz u.

253

a^mh

uspU
}zv

CUPzu

Pmi
zu

BUP

5.34

uzuU T {P.

5.35

uPUS, Czu Azu, Cu h

AvP. H?

5.36

PP (tin) Jx Gsn F Csk xP

ChkQ. H?

5.37

PP \ PsiUS C si AQ {S
J si |UQ UTi A Esk. Pn TP.

5.38

] S }zv |UQ G. B
Sx PP |UQ G H?

PP

PnUSP
5.39

2.5

mm mh Psh J Px 980 N \
}mhkQx. P [ SnP 12.5 1010 N m2 G
,P AvPzu }zu UPi PnUQkP.

5.40

J Csk PP \kQ. u P
} Csh P }zu v, Au mh
Csh P mhzu Ch[S BS. \ GhP
Csk PP zumh, A }m] uPU
PnUQkP.

5.41

J zuz usi mh 4 mm BS. Au }zv 0.25%

}m]ha \mh, Au uP vU
PnUQkP. Av \k \ v x? zu
q = 9.2 1010 N m2 GU PP.

5.42

40 mm UP Psh uzu vs P \xzv 2 107 Pa

Azu \ku Au Hk G?
uzv USnP 1.25 1011 N m2. BS.
5.43

} yUQ J, h P2 mh 50 cm h P1
mh 10 cm. G, P1 x 1 N \ \mh P2 x
\ v G?

5.44

1 m } 102 m B Eh S }
Azu 0.2 m } E G 10 {h[P } {U
PnUQkP. } Q Gs = 9 104 N s m2, g = 9.8 m s2GU

PP.

254

5.45

103 Pa Azuzv 0.1 m } 103 m B Psh S

J } Qx. }zv Q Gs 1.25 103 N s m2

G, } u Sx } P
BQU PnUQkP.
5.46

E SP k Gs Hzu 2000 BS. S

mh 2 cm G, Av } v\Pzu PnUQkP. }
= 103 N s m2.

5.47

\ \u J RUPsh SzxU Pmh.

(a) J {hzv }zv = 15 106 m3
(b) }zv Pk = 0.30 m
(c) S } = 0.25 m
(d) mh = 2 103 m
(e) }zv Ahzv = 2300 kg m3.
Q Gsn PnUQkP.

5.48

800 kg m3 Ahzv Psh }zv 0.01m B Psh K PU

S 5 103 m s1 ^ Pzv |UQ \Qx. }zv

Q GsnU PsP. P Ahzvz uzvkP.

5.49

1 mm B Psh J x 0.2 N s m2 S{ Gs Psh

} 0.07 m s1 G Pzv C[Q Au x

Q \U PnUQkP.
5.50

U iU P J \U P\ AzukQx. U PUS
|PUTi PUS Ch ES \ h 1.5 102 N
Ghz u[SQx. |P P } 30 cm G, hzv
C\U PnUQkP.

5.51

0.02 m B Psh mh umh } x

APuSz uk \U PnUQkP. }
C\ 0.07 N m1GU PP.
5.52

0.5 104 m2
Eh J \U S
4
2
1.1 10 m Eh SUP Fusk
AuS \k U PnUQkP. \U P\
C\ 0.03 N m1.

255

5.53

0.5 103 m mh J ~sU S } H

G GU PnUQkP. } C\ 0.074 N m1. G

PkUP mkx.
5.54

4 mm Emh Psh ~sU S J u\ E K

Qsnzv \[SzuP {zv UPmkx. u\zv Ahzv

13,500 kg m3, Au C\ 0.544 N m1 BS.
S u\ mh E u\zv mhzuh
2.33 mm R Cu, u\ Psni BQ \Pn
PsP.
5.55

5 104 m E B Psh J ~sU Sx

0.075 N m1 C\ Psh } AzukQx.

~s ~ PnP E } mhzu h
G E }x S H? S }zuzv
GhU PnUQkP.
5.56

J 108 m mh Eh 1000 }zvP J \x

J xP , hk B A x?
} C\ 0.075 N m1.

5.57

Qhmhzv UPmh ^ SUS mk Psh

S J P } Qx. 32 102 m v\P Psh
J } Azu 2 102 m s1 u\ Azu G
C, 40 102 m s1 v\P
\k AzuzuuU PnUQkP.

256

hP
5.1

(a)

5.2

(b)

5.3

(d)

5.4

(a)

5.5

(c)

5.6

(a)

5.7

(d)

5.8

(d)

5.9

(b)

5.10 (a)

5.39

0.16 %

5.40 1 : 8

5.41

2.3 108 N m-2, 0.0025, 2.89 103 N

5.42

-1.024 10-8 m3

5.43

25 N

5.44

5.13 103 kg

5.45

3.14 10-6 m3 s-1, 1 m s-1

5.46

0.1 ms-1

5.47

4.25 10-2 N s m-2

5.48

34.84 N s m-2

5.49

2.63 10-4 N

5.50

2.5 10-2 N m-1

5.51

8.8 10-3 N

5.52

1.8 10-6 J

5.53

6.04 10-2 m

5.54

124o36

5.55

3.04 10-2 m, 2.35 10-4 N

5.57

2636.8 N m-2

5.56

2.12 10-14 J

257

n
(uUS Eu)
uzu zu

P,

Q R G \P \ku, O G

\{ CUQx. OA OB (=AD) G, \P P

Q& Gs v v\ SUQ. \P CnP

vi, P Q G \P uS OD SUS. \P
\{ Cu, DO Gx x \ R-IU Sk.
OAD, \P v kzv,
OA
AD
OD
=
=
sin ODA
sin AOD
sin OAD

h.2.35&x,
D

ODA = BOD = 180o BOC

Q

AOD =

180o

AOC

OAD = 180o AOB

G AQ.
OA
sin (180o - BOC )

Aux

O
R
C

AD
sin (180o - AOC )

uzu
zu

OA
AD
OD
=
=
sin AOB
sin BOC
sin AOC

BOC =, AOC = , AOB = G,

P
Q
R
=
=
sin sin sin

258

OD

= sin (180o - AOB )

1 ^ usk J {z vz v
(i)

}zvSa \[SzuP D
Aa] zx.

h 1& Pmi, l },
M { Eh AB G
^ usk JU Px.
Au KS }zvP {

Y1

M
l

BS.
YY G Aa_ usi D
G P, } AB&USa

dx
B
x

\[SzuP \Qx.
usi, dx } ]Sv
Cx
x
u
Y 1/
CuPU PxP.

l
2

G&

Y/

h 1 ^ usk J

]Sv { = KS
}zv { ]Sv }
=

{z vzv

M
dx
l

...(1)

YY Aa\ zx ]Sv dx& {z vzv,

dI = { (u)2

dx
l

(x )
2

...(2)

M
M
2
dx x =

l
l
l/2

+ l/2

\k (2)&I
u +
E GPh uPh,
2
2
YY Aa\ zx z usi {z vz v .
+ l/2

ICG=

x2 dx

l/2

+ l/2

ICG

3
3
M x3
M l l

=
= 3l 2 2

l 3 l/2

259

M 2l
M l3 l3
+ =

=
3l 8 8
3l 8
3

ICG =

M l3
M l2
=
12l
12

...(3)

(ii) }zvSa \[SzuP J P \ Aa\

zx
A \ Y1Y1 G Cn Aa\ zu {z
vzv, Cn Aa_UP uzvU Psk PnUQh.
l

Ml 2

Ml 2

+
I = ICG + M =
12
4
2

I =

Ml 2
3

mh zv {z vzv

(i)
Au uzvSa \[SzuP zv P \
Aa\ zx

h 2& Pmi, M { R B Eh O& PU

Psh

zuU
Px.

uP
Y
Cu, J xP XOY
R
Aa]x R u CUS. XOY
Aa\x,
zv
uzvSa
\[SzuP
O&
P
O
\Qx.
XOY

Aa\
zx,
zv vUS m {hz
xP {z vzv mR2.
G, Aa\ zx zv
{z vzv,
I = mR2 =

( m ) R2

= MR2

260

X
h 2 zv {z
vzv

(ii) Au mhzu zx

CD
G,
JUP
\[SzuP
E
zv mh[PS (h 3).
x Gu mhzu
R
O
zx \a^P Cu, AB&I D
C
zu {z vz v CD&I
zu {z vz v \P
CUS. Cu Id GP. uzvSa
\[SzuP, zv P
B
\ Aa\ zx, zv E
h 3 mhzu zx
{z vzv I G, \[Szx
zv {z vz v
Aa_UP uzua \kzu,

AB

I = Id + Id = MR 2 (Ax) Id =

1
MR2
2

(iii) ukPmh zx
AB&US Cn EF G ukPmh zx, zv

{z vz v, Cn Aa_UP uzuU Psk .

Gu ukPmh zx zv {z vzv,
IT = Id + M R 2 =
IT =

1
MR 2 + MR 2
2

3
MR 2
2

mhz umi {z vz v

(i)

uzvSa \[SzuP zv P \
Aa\ zx

h 4& Pmi, M { R B Eh O& PU

Psh mhz umk JU Px. mhz umi KS
P { G SUPkQx. 0 u R UTi B[P
Eh

[P
umk
BUPmkuPU
Pu.
A[P r B dr ui Eh J zuU Px.
zv _ = 2r
261

zv = 2r dr
zv {
= 2r dr = 2r dr

uzvSa
\[SzuP,
zv P \ Aa\
zx,
zv
{z
vzv,
dI = { (u)2
= (2r dr) r2

dr

...(1)

...(2)

h 4 mhz umi {z
vzv

uzvSa \[SzuP zv P \ Aa\

zx, zumi {z vz v,
R

I =

2r3dr

= 2

r3dr

r 4
= 2
4 O
2 R 4
1
= ( R 2 ) R 2
(Ax) I =
4
2
1
2
MR
=
2
Cv, M = R2 Gx umi {S.

...(3)

(ii) mhzu zx

mhzumhx, Gu mhzu zx \a^P

Cu, mh AB&I zu {z vz v, mh CD&I
zu {z vzv \P CUS (h 5). Cu Id GP.
\[Szx Aa_UP uzvi, uzvSa \[SzuP zv
P \ Aa\ zu {z vzvx,
JUP \[Szu AB CD mh[P zu {z
vzvP TkuUSa \P CUS.
G, I = Id + Id =
Aux, Id =

1
MR 2
2

1
MR 2
4

262

(iii)

Au
zx

uzv

ukPmh

AB&US
Cn
EF
G
ukPmh zx, mhzumi
{z vzv, Cn Aa_UP
A
uzuU Psk (h 5).
IT = Id +

MR2 =

1
MR 2 + MR 2
4

5
MR2
4

h 5 ukPmh zu
{z vzv

4 Pzv {z vzv
(i) mhzu zx

h 6& Pmi, M {
R B Eh O& PU

Psh ^ vh P JU
Px. AB G mhzu
R
zx, Au {z vzvU
B PnUQh. Px, H,
O
O
A
Ka] Au mhz umkP Bx
x
G Puh. A
R
dx
AB& A u[P AB&USa
\[SzuP E. PO = y G
B, O &I P, dx G
E
F
D
ui Eh mhzumk J
h. 6 mhzu zx
Pzv {z vzv
O&x x u CuPU
PxP.
y

umi = y2 dx

...(1)

umi { = y 2 dx .

...(2)

h 3.16&x, R2 = y
y2 = R

+ x

...(3)

\kP (3) (2)&x

mhz umi { = ( R

x 2) dx

263

...(4)

mh AB&I zx mhz umi {z vz v,

dI =

1
({) (B)2
2

1
(R 2 x 2 )dx .(y )2
2
1
2
2 2
= ( R x ) dx
2

... (5)

\k (5)&I x = R u x = + R E GPh
uPh, mh AB-I zx, UPzv {z vz
v .
+R

2 (R

I =

x 2 )2 dx

1
( ) (R 2 x 2 )2 dx
I = 2
2
O
R

( ) (R 4 + x 4 2R 2 x 2 )dx

R 5 2R 5

5
3

R 5 +

R5 = R3 R2
15

3
5

2
2

M . R 2 = MR 2
5
5

Cv M

4
R 3
3

Gx vh

Pzv {S.

I =

2
MR 2
5

(ii) ukPmh zx

mh AB&US Cn EF G
ukPmh zx, vh Pzv
{z vzv Cna_UP
uzu kzvU PnUQh.
(h 7)
264

h 7 ukPmh zx
Pzv {z vzv

IT = IAB + MR2 =

IT =
5

2
MR 2 + MR 2
5

7
MR2
5

vh E {z vzv

i) Auh Aa\ zx
l }, R B, M { Eh vh EU

Px. vh Ex, H, J x P
AkUPmh mhz umkP BUPmiuPU PxP. A
J B R { m GU PP.
uzvSa \[SzuP zv P \ Aa\
zx, umh {z vzv =

mR 2
2

Au Aa\ zx, E {z vzv,

I=
I =

mR 2
2

R2
MR 2
R2
M =
m =
2
2
2

(ii) }zvSa \[SzuP zv P \ Aa\

zx
E KS }zv { =

M
l

...(1)

O Gx E D BS (h 8). YOY
G Aa_, E
Y
Y
}zvSa \[SzuP,
l/
2
D P
\Qx.
x
1

YY Aa]x x
u dx AP

Eh ] mhzumk
JU PxP.

X/

dx

Y1
Y/
h 8 E {z vzv

265

umi { = KS }zv { AP =

M
dx
l

...(2)

YY &US Cn Aa\ zx, Aux, mhzu zx,

B 2

umi {z vzv = ({) 4

R2

MR 2

= l dx 4 = 4l dx

...(3)

Cn Aa_P uzvi, mhzvS CnP E

zv P \ Aa\ zx, ( YY&I zx) umi
{z vzv
MR 2

dI = 4l dx + dx (x2)
l

...(4)

G, YYI zx E {z vzv,
+l /2

I =

MR 2
M 2
dx +
x dx

4
l
l

l /2

MR 2
4l

+l /2

dx +

l /2

M
l

+l /2

x 2dx

l /2

+l /2

MR 2
M x3
+l /2
[ x ]l /2 +
l 3 l /2
4l

I =

l 3 l 3

MR l l M 2 2
I =
+

4l 2 2 l
3

I =
=

3
M 2l
MR 2
(l ) + l 24
4l

MR 2 Ml 2
+
4
12

R2 l2
I = M 4 + 12

...(5)

266