Christa Thornton Section 008/Wed TA: Josh Kirwin

Formal Exercise Physiology Lab Report

Introduction Exercise is an important activity that helps keep the society healthy. Obesity is a serious problem in the United States and exercise is one mechanism that is used to stay in shape and improve health. Although exercise can be beneficial to the body, too much exercise or not using the appropriate exercises can cause harm to the body. (3) Exercise is not only a change in appearance. Exercise changes the body internal environment and causes the body to make changes to maintain homeostasis. The hemoglobin saturation remains constant during exercise. (4) Body temperature increases when exercising. The heat from the muscles moves throughout the body which causes the temperature to rise. (5) When the muscles are worked during exercising, energy is produced. (5) When the body needs more oxygen to generate more energy, cellular respiration and oxygen consumption increases. Cellular respiration increases in order to give the body more energy and it also produces more carbon dioxide. (5) Both cellular respiration increases and the carbon dioxide increases during exercise. At the resting period, the heart rate, carbon dioxide clearance, temperature, hemoglobin saturation, oxygen consumption and mean arterial pressure are normal in the body. The body is at a stable point and is maintaining homeostasis. When the exercising period starts, the heart rate, carbon dioxide clearance, temperature, mean arterial pressure and oxygen consumption increase. The mean arterial pressure increases significantly when exercise begins and causes the
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cardioinhibitory center to decrease and the cardioacceleratory center to increase.(2) The cardioacceleratory center sends a lot of action potentials to the heart to increase speed and pump more blood. (2) The muscles around the arteries contract and the arteries constrict. (2)The body returns to normal at the beginning of the recovery period. The carbon dioxide clearance, temperature, and oxygen consumption decrease. The mean arterial pressure decreases and the cardioinhibitory center send many action potentials to the heart. (2) The cardioacceleratory center decreases. (2)The heart rate begins to slow down and pumps less blood. The muscles around the heart relax and the arteries dilate. (2)

Method The method used in this experiment came from the exercise lab handout. (1) There were many instruments used to collect the data. The skin thermometer headband was used on the runners heads. The heart rate monitor was around the runners chests. The heart value was seen on the treadmill. The pulse oximeter was used to collect the runners hemoglobin saturation. The sphygmomanometer collected the blood pressure, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The oxygen analyzer collected the oxygen consumption. To collect the oxygen consumption, you will use the equation, (Atmospheric air (20.9%)-O%) * (Tidal Volume) * (Respiratory Rate). The capnometer was used to collect the carbon dioxide production. To calculate carbon dioxide clearance, you will use ETCO that the capnometer provides and divide it by the atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg). The respiratory rate is collected by recording the number of breaths the runner has taken throughout the entire exercise. The spirometer is used to collect the tidal volume. To collect the tidal volume, you will use the readings off the spirometer dial and divide

by the number of exhale breaths in the spirometer. The average runner took 2 to 3 breaths. To calculate the mean arterial pressure, you will use the equation D+(S-D). In the experiment, three runners were used to exercise on the treadmill. For 12 minutes, data was collected at the resting period, during the exercise period and the recovery period. At the first 2 resting data points, the skin temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, hemoglobin saturation, tidal volume, respiratory rate, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production were collected. After the resting points were collected, the exercise data points were recorded. The skin temperature, hemoglobin saturation and blood pressure were not collected. These points are used when the runner is standing or at resting. While the runner ran on the treadmill during the last 45 seconds of each 3 minute exercise period, the oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production data was collected first. Then the tidal volume was collected second. The rest of the data, heart rate, and respiratory rate, were collected after the first 2 data points were collected. When all the data were gathered after 3 minutes, the speed of the treadmill increased by 5mph and the incline increased. This will continue every 3 minutes until the runner reaches the duration of 12 minutes on the treadmill. After the exercise data points were collected, the recovery points were recorded. The recovery phase lasts for 6 minutes. The runner walks on the treadmill at the speed of 2 mph and no incline for 3 minutes. All data points were collected. After 3 minutes, the runner was now sitting and the data points are collected again

Results Fig. 1

Changes of Heart Rate Overtime

225 200 175 150 125 100 75 50 25 0 Resting 0min Resting 3min Exercise 3min Exercise 6min Exercise 9min Exercise 12min Recovery Recovery 3min 6min

Bpm

Data Points Runner 1 Runner 2 Runner 3

Heart rate increased at start of resting period until the end of the exercise period. During recovery, the heart rate decreased. The heart did not go back to the resting heart.

Fig. 2

Carbon Dioxide Clearance Overtime

2.5 2 l CO/min 1.5 1 0.5 0 Resting 0min Resting 3min Exercise 3min Exercise 6min Exercise 9min Exercise 12min Recovery Recovery 3min 6min

Data Points Runner 1 Runner 2 Runner 3

Carbon dioxide clearance decreased slowly at resting period and increased significantly at the start of the exercise period. During the exercise period, the carbon dioxide slowly decreased and then increased again. At the recovery period, the carbon dioxide clearance decreased reaching close to the resting period.

Fig. 3

Oxygen Consumption Overtime

2 l O/min 1.5 1 0.5 0 Resting 0min Resting 3min Exercise 3min Exercise 6min Exercise 9min Exercise 12min Recovery Recovery 3min 6min

Data Points Runner 1 Runner 2 Runner 3

Oxygen consumption increased slowly at the resting period and increased when the exercise period started. During the exercise period at 9mins, the oxygen consumption decreased until the end of the recovery period. The oxygen consumption was close to reaching the resting period.

Fig. 4 Temperature Data Points Resting (0 min) Resting (3mins) Exercise* Recovery (3mins) Recovery (6mins) Runner 1 36C 36C 37C 36C 35C Runner 2 33C 33C 33C 34C 35C Runner 3 34C 34C 34C 36C 36C

*Exercise data point was collected after the end of the period. Temperature stayed the same at resting. Between the endpoint of the exercise and the ending of recovery, the temperature changed only by one to two degree.

Fig. 5 Hemoglobin Saturation Data Points Resting (0 min) Resting (3mins) Exercise* Recovery (3mins) Recovery (6mins) Runner 1 98% 99% 94% 94% 94% Runner 2 94% 92% 98% 97% 95% Runner 3 98% 97% 98% 96% 96%

*Exercise data point was collected after the end of the period. Hemoglobin saturation values starting from resting point to the end of the recovery point decreased slowly.

Fig. 6 Mean Arterial Pressure Data Points Resting (0 min) Resting (3mins) Exercise* Recovery (3mins) Recovery (6mins) Runner 1 87 mmHg 94 mmHg 106 mmHg 92 mmHg 95 mmHg Runner 2 81 mmHg 88 mmHg 97 mmHg 98 mmHg 84 mmHg Runner 3 91 mmHg 93 mmHg 92 mmHg 88 mmHg 85 mmHg

*Exercise data point was collected after the end of the period. Mean arterial pressure increased at resting and significantly changed at the end of the exercise period. At the recovery period, the mean arterial pressure slowly decreases.

Discussion The experiment shows that the results support my hypothesis for the mean arterial pressure, hemoglobin saturation, carbon dioxide clearance and heart rate. The mean arterial pressure and the heart rate increased. During the recovery period, the mean arterial pressure and the heart rate decreased. The hemoglobin saturation remained the same from the start of the exercise period to the end of the recovery period. The carbon dioxide clearance at the start of the exercise period increased and decreased back in forth throughout the period. At the recovery period, the carbon dioxide clearance decreased. The oxygen consumption increased at the start of the exercise period. Around 6 minutes of the exercise period, the oxygen consumption began to decrease significantly until the end of the recovery period. The results did not support my hypothesis for
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body temperature. The results showed that the body temperature after the exercise period and during the recovery period did not show any significant change. At the recovery period, the body temperature decreased by one degree. At the end of the experiment, the heart rate, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide clearance and the mean arterial pressure did not return back to resting. The overall experiment shows that the data collected is strong. During the resting, exercise and recovery period, it shows what internal changes the body goes through during exercise. The exercise experiment can inform individuals who like to exercise about the changes that the body goes through. This information about exercising can help avoid short and long term effects from individuals who over exercise. There are some changes that the experiment can make to avoid weak data. When collecting the body temperature of the runner, the temperature environment should be a data point in the results. The temperature in the environment that the runner exercises in may have an effect on the body temperature.

References 1. Exercise Physiology Lab Handout (Bio 142 Fall 2011) 2. Heart sounds and blood pressure Lab Handout, Dr. John Waters (Bio 141 Fall 2011) 3. Washington University in St. Louis. How does exercise affect the body? , Retrieve from http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~courses/genchem/Tutorials/Buffers/excercise.htm (August 2008) 4. Retrieve from http://www.livestrong.com/article/361702-why-does-body-temperatureincrease-during-exercise (June 2011) 5. Retrieve from http://www.livestrong.com/article/489553-athletes-how-to-measure-rates-ofcellular-respiration/ (July 2011)

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