Angle Measurement

Sine bar

Sine bar is a precision instrument used along with slip
gauges for the measurement of angles.
Construction
The sine bar is made up of high carbon, high
chromium hardened steel. It is corrosion resisted,
precision ground and stabilized.
Sine bar consists of a steel bar and two rollers. The
rollers are of accurate and equal diameters. The two
rollers are attached to two end of the bar.
The axis of rollers are parallel to each other and
also parallel to the surface of the bar.
The distance between axis between two rollers may
be 100mm, 200mm, 300mm.
There are two grades of sine bar is available. Grade
A of accuracy 0.01mm/m of length and Grade B of
accuracy 0.02mm/m of length.
Principle of Sine bar

The principle of sine bar is based on laws trigonometry.
To set a given angle, one roller
is placed on surface plate and
slip gauges are inserted under
the second roller.
If h is the height of the
combined slip gauge and L is
the distances between roller
center.
Then,
|
.
|

\
|
=
=

L
h
sin
L
h
sin
1
Use of Sine bar

1. Loading any work to a given angle
The surface plate is assumed
to be perfectly flat, so that its
surface could be treated as
horizontal. One of the
cylinders or rollers of sine bar
is placed on the surface plate
and other roller is placed on
the slip gauges of height h.
L
h
sin =
Thus knowing angle, h can be found out and any
work could be set at this angle as the top face of
sine bar.
Use of Sine bar

2. Checking of unknown component
(a) For Small type components
Use of Sine bar

2. Checking of unknown component
(b) For large and heavy type components
Limitation of Sine bar
Sine bar can measure angle fairly up to 45, but more
reliable if angle is less than 15.
The sine bar is physically uncooperative to hold in
position.
Slight errors of the sine bar cause large angular errors.
The size of gauges, instruments or parts that a sine bar
can inspect is limited, since it is not designed to
support large or heavy objects.
Source of error in Sine bar
Error in distance between two rollers.
Errors in slip gauge combination used for angle setting.
Error if the surface and axes of roller is not parallel.
Parallelism error between axis of two rollers.
Error in flatness of the upper surface of the bar.
Slip gauge
Slip gauges are often called Johannsen gauges also, as
Johannsen originated them.

These are rectangular blocks of steel having a cross-section
of about 30 by 10 mm. These are first hardened
to resist wear and carefully stabilised so that they are
independent of any subsequent variation in
size or shape.
The longer gauges in the set and length bars are hardened
only locally at their measuring ends. After being hardened,
blocks are carefully finished on the measuring faces to such
a fine degree of finish, flatness and accuracy that any two
such faces when perfectly clean may be wrung together.
Use of Slip gauge
Slip gauge may be used as reference standards for
transferring the dimensions of the unit of length from the
primary standard to gauge blocks of lower accuracy.
For the verification and graduation of measuring
apparatus.
Length measures for the regulation and adjustment of
indicating measuring apparatus.
For direct measurement of linear dimensions of industrial
component.

Classification of Slip gauge
Slip gauges are classified according to their guaranteed
accuracy :
AA for master slip gauges
A for reference purpose
B for working slip gauges
Sine center
Sine centre is basically a sine
bar with block holding centres
which can be adjusted and
rigidly clamped in any
position. These are used for
inspection of conical objects
between centers. These are
used upto inclination of 60.
Rollers are clamped firmly to
the body without any play.
The principle of setting is
same as of sine table
Sine Table
The sine table is the most
convenient and accurate
design for heavy work piece.
The equipment consists of a
self contained sine bar,
hinged at one roller and
mounted on datum surface.
The table may be safely
swing to any angle from 0 to
90.
The angle measured is half of angle of work piece.
Problem
Set up a sine bar of 5 length between rollers to measure
an angle 15.
a) What height of gauge block is required.
b) Suggest an appropriate set of gauge blocks from an 81
piece set having blocks:
0.1001 to 0.1009 in 0.0001 steps
0.1010 to 0.1490 in 0.0010 steps
0.0500 to 0.9500 in 0.0500 steps
1, 2, 3, 4 blocks.
c) What is the actual angle of sine bar ?
d) If the room temperature is 95F, the coefficient of
expansion is 0.000001 per inch F and the gauge blocks
are calibrated to 68F.
Then calculate the sine bar angle.
e) Suggest a new gauge block stack for the condition same
as (d).
0.1001 to 0.1009 in
0.0001 steps
(9 no.s)
0.1010 to 0.1490 in 0.0010 steps
(49 no.s)
0.0500 to 0.9500 in
0.0500 steps
(19 no.s)
1" to 4" in 1" steps
(4 no.s)
0.1001 0.1010 0.1260 0.0500 1.0000
0.1002 0.1020 0.1270 0.1000 2.0000
0.1003 0.1030 0.1280 0.1500 3.0000
0.1004 0.1040 0.1290 0.2000 4.0000
0.1005 0.1050 0.1300 0.2500
0.1006 0.1060 0.1310 0.3000
0.1007 0.1070 0.1320 0.3500
0.1008 0.1080 0.1330 0.4000
0.1009 0.1090 0.1340 0.4500
0.1100 0.1350 0.5000
0.1110 0.1360 0.5500
0.1120 0.1370 0.6000
0.1130 0.1380 0.6500
0.1140 0.1390 0.7000
0.1150 0.1400 0.7500
0.1160 0.1410 0.8000
0.1170 0.1420 0.8500
0.1180 0.1430 0.9000
0.1190 0.1440 0.9500
0.1200 0.1450
0.1210 0.1460
0.1220 0.1470
0.1230 0.1480
0.1240 0.1490
0.1250
Problem
Set up a sine bar of 5 length between rollers to measure
an angle 15.
a) What height of gauge block is required.
b) Suggest an appropriate set of gauge blocks from an 81
piece set having blocks:
0.1001 to 0.1009 in 0.0001 steps
0.1010 to 0.1490 in 0.0010 steps
0.0500 to 0.9500 in 0.0500 steps
1, 2, 3, 4 blocks and two wear blocks at 0.05.
c) What is the actual angle of sine bar ?
d) If the room temperature is 95F, the coefficient of
expansion is 0.000001 per inch F and the gauge blocks
are calibrated to 68F. Then calculate the sine bar angle.
e) Suggest a new gauge block stack for the condition same
as (d).
Auto-Collimator
Auto-Collimator is an optical instrument used for the
measurement of small angular differences, changes or
deflection.

Principle