MVA Method Short Circuit Calculation

http://s.pangonilo.com/index.php/tutorials Assumptions for MVA Method Short Circuit Calculations For Short Circuit calculations
y y y y

The Power Utility, generators and all motors are sources of electrical energy or short circuit currents. Transformers, reactors and cables limit short circuit currents. Capacitors and static loads such as heaters and lighting do not contribute to short circuit current. If actual motor impedance are not known o All motors 37kW or less are lumped and assigned an impedance Z = 25%. o All motors abover 37kW are lumped and assigned an impedance Z = 17%. For motors, 1 HP = 0.75 kW = 1 KVA

Short Circuit KVA of Circuit Elements

Utility: KVASC = Utility FAULT DUTY (KVA) Example: Fault Duty = 0.04 pu @ 100MVA KVASC = (100/0.04) x 1000 = 2,500,000 kVA Generator: KVASC = (100 x KVAG) / %Z = KVAG / X"d Example: Generator 50 MVA, 11 000 V, X"d = 0.113 KVASC = (50 x 1000) / 0.113 = 442,478 kVA Motor: KVASC = (100 x KVAM ) / %Z = KVAM / X"d Example: Motor 1500 HP, 4000V, FLA = 193, X" d = 0.167. KVASC = 1500 / 0.167 = 9000 kVA Transformer: KVASC = (100 x KVAT) / %Z = KVAT / Zpu Example: Transformer 132kV / 11kV, 3PH, 50/56MVA @ 55 OC, 66.5 / 74.5 MVA @ 65OC, OA/FA, Z = 9% @ 50MVA KVASC = 50 x 1000 / 0.09 = 555,555 kVA Reactor: KVASC = (1000 x KV2 ) / Z (ohms) Example: Reactor 11 kV, 0.125 ohms KVASC = 112 x 1000 / 0.125 = 1,523,520 kVA Cable: KVASC = (1000 x KV2 ) / Z (ohms) Example: Cable : 3/C - 185 mm2, 400V, 150 m, R = 0.0258 / km, X = 0.027 / km Z = (0.0258 2 + 0.0272 )0.5 x 150 / 1000 = 0.0056 ohms KVASC = 0.402 x 1000 / 0.0056 = 28,571 kVA

Combining KVAs
KVAs in series. The total KVAs in series (KVAtotal) is the reciprocal sum or inverse sum of all series KVAs.

KVAs in parallel. The total KVAs in parallel (KVAtotal) is the arithmetic sum of all parallel KVAs in parallel.

KVA total = (KVA1 x KVA3) / ( KVA1+KVA3) + ( KVA2 x KVAn) / KVA2+KVAn) To give an example to clarify that KVA in parallel are are added, say if you have two 500KVA transformers in parallel, what is the total KVA? It will be 1000KVA and not 250KVA.

MVA Method Short Circuit Calculation

In this example, we shall be presenting a short circuit study of a power system. Motors are are already lumped with ratings 37kW and below assigned an impedance value of 25% while larger motors are 17%. A 4MVA generator is also included into the system to augment the utility.

Figure 1 Utility: 33KV, 250 MVAsc Transformer 1: 10 MVA, 33/11KV, 9% Z

11KV Bus Generator: 3MVA, X"d = 0.113 Transformer 2: 5 MVA, 11/6.6KV, 7% Z Motor 1: 5MVA (Lumped), 17% Z 6.6KV Bus Transformer 3: 2 MVA, 6.6KV/400V, 6% Z Motor 3: 6.8 MVA (Lumped), 17% Z 400V Bus Motor 4: 300 KVA (Lumped), 17% Z Motor 5: 596 KVA (Lumped), 25% Z In the event of a short circuit, the sources of short circuit current are 1. Utility 2. Generators 3. Motors Static loads such as heaters and lighting do not contribute to short circuit. The "Equivalent MVA" are: Transformers and Motors

Generators

Cables and Reactors

In Figure 1, I have calculated the Equivalent MVAs of each equipment, writing it below the ratings.

Figure 2 Utility: MVAsc = 250MVA Transformer 1: MVAsc = 10 / 0.09 = 111.11 MVA 11KV Bus Generator: MVAsc = 4 / 0.113 = 35.4 MVA Transnformer 2: MVAsc = 5 / 0.07 = 71.43 MVA Motor 1: MVAsc = 5 / 0.17 = 29.41 MVA 6.6KV Bus Transformer 3: MVAsc = 2 / 0.06 = 33.33 MVA Motor 3: MVAsc = 6.8 / 0.17 = 40 MVA 400V Bus Motor 4: MVAsc = 0.3 / 0.17 = 1.76 MVA Motor 5: MVAsc = 0.596 / 0.25 = 2.38 MVA

Figure 3 Upstream Contribution Starting from the utility, combine MVAs writing each one above the arrows. At Transformer 1: MVAsc @ 33KV = 250 MVA MVAsc @ 11KV = 1/ (1 / 250 + 1 /111.11) = 76.87 MVA At Transformer 2: MVAsc @ 11KV = 76.87 + 35.4 + 29.41 = 141.68 MVA MVAsc @ 6.6KV = 1/ (1 / 141.68 + 1 / 71.43) = 47.49 MVA At Transformer 3: MVAsc @ 6.6KV = 47.49 + 40 = 87.49 MVA MVAsc @ 400V = 1/ (1 / 87.49 + 1 / 33.33) = 24.14 MVA At 400V Motors Motor 3: MVAsc = 24.14 x 1.76 / ( 1.76 + 2.38 ) = 10.26 MVA Motor 4: MVAsc = 24.14 x 2.38 / ( 1.76 + 2.38 ) = 13.88 MVA

Downstream Contribution Starting from the bottom (400V Bus), I combined MVAs writing each one below the arrows. In this bus, the motor contribution to short circuit is the sum of the MVAs of the lumped motors Motor 3 and Motor 4. At Transformer 3: MVAsc @ 400V = 1.76 + 2.38 = 4.14 MVA MVAsc @ 6.6KV = 1/ (1 / 4.14 + 1 / 33.33) = 3. 68 MVA At Transformer 2: MVAsc @ 6.6KV = 3.68 + 40 = 43.68 MVA MVAsc @ 11KV = 1/ (1 / 43.68 + 1 / 71.43) = 27.11 MVA At Transformer 1: MVAsc @ 11KV = 27.11 + 29.41 + 35.4 = 91.92 MVA Note: Two downstream plus the generator contribution. MVAsc @ 33KV = 1/ (1 / 91.92 + 1 /111.11) = 50.3 MVA To determine the Faults Current at any bus on the power system, add the MVA values above and below the arrows. The sum should be the same on any branch. Example: 11 KV Bus: From Transformer 1: MVAsc = 76.87 + 91.92 = 168.79 MVA From Generator : MVAsc = 35.4 + 133.39 = 168.79 MVA From Transformer 2: MVAsc = 141.68 + 27.11 = 168.79MVA From Motor 1: MVAsc = 139.38 + 29.41 = 168.79 MVA This is a check that we have done the correct calculation. Ifault @ 11KV = 168.79 / (1.732 x 11) = 8.86 kA All we have done above are three phase faults, you may ask, how about single phase faults? For single phase faults, positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence impedances need to be calculated. If = 3 (I1 + I2 + I0) Examining the circuit in Figure 1, at the 400V Bus, on Transformer 3 contributes to the zero sequence current. For transformers, the negative sequence and zero sequence impedance are equal to the positive sequence impedance. Z1 = Z2 = Z0 or MVA1 = MVA2 = MVA0 At the 400V Bus

1 / MVAsc =1/3 (1 / MVAsc1 + 1 / MVAsc2 + 1 / MVAsc0) 1 / MVAsc = 1/3 (1 / 28.28 + 1 / 28.28 + 1 / 33.33 ) MVAsc =3 x 9.93 = 29.79 MVA If = 29.79 / (1.732 x 0.4) = 43 kA At 6.6KV Bus 1 / MVAsc = 1/3 (1 / MVAsc1 + 1 / MVAsc2 + 1 / MVAsc0) 1 / MVAsc = 1/3 (1 / 91.17 + 1 / 91.17 + 1 / 71.43) MVAsc = 3 x 27.83 = 83.49 MVA If = 83.49 / (1.732 x 6.6) = 7.26 kA Conclusion: This example illustrates that using the MVA Method of Short Circuit Calculation, it will be very easy to calculate the fault current at any node within a power system.

MVA Method Load Flow Calculation

In previous tutorials for the MVA method, we have discussed the importance of Short Circuit Study, combining KVAs and Short Circuit Calculations for three (3) phase and single phase faults. In this part of the tutorial, we will be discussing about Load Flow and Voltage Dips during motor starting. We shall be using the same single line diagram as in the previous tutorial, except that the 2 x 150 MVa motors at the 400V Bus are now separate. We will calculate the Load Flow and Voltage dips for starting a 150MVA motor at the 400V Bus when all loads are running.

In Load Flow Calculations, the "Equivalent MVA" of equipment are: Utility: MVAsc = Utility Fault Duty ( MVAsc ) Generator : MVAsc = 100 x MVAG / %Z = MVAG / X"d

Running Motor: MVAM = Motor HP / 1000 = Motor KW / 0.75 Starting Motor : MVAS = 6 x Motor HP / 1000 = 6 x Motor KW / 0.75 Transformer:

Reactor & Cable:

Static Loads: MVASC = Actual MVA The differences between a Short Circuit Calculation and Load Flow Calculation are: 1. Motor MVAs are equal to the rated Equivalent MVAs. 2. Starting Motor MVAs are equal to 6 times rated Equivalent MVAs. 3. Static Loads are included in the calculations. In this Load Flow Calculation, we assume that a 150 MVA motor is being started at the 400V Bus after all loads has been started. In Load Flow, the upstream contribution is equal to the downstream. Available MVAs are equal to the ratio of the MVAsc of each branch. At 11KV Bus: Upstream: MVAt = 76.87 + 35.4 = 112.27 MVA Downstream: MVAt = 7.49 + 5.0 = 12.49 MVA Voltage dip at the 400V Bus during motor starting Vd = 2.97 / (2.97 + 0.9) = 76.7 % or 306.8 V The above calculation indicates that when all loads are already running, starting a 150MVA motor at the 400V Bus is not possible as the voltage dip is lower that the 85% which is the minimum starting voltage for a motor. It means that operational procedures should be in placed to have efficient plant operations. Here are the steps in calculating the values in above Figure 2: I. Downstream Values: Note: These are the values above the arrow. 33KV Bus: MVAsc = 250MVA 11KV Bus 10MVA Transformer:

4M M l t

t :

4M t l l t t l t i l tM t t i t M t l t t M t t

II. Upstream Val es: At 400V B s:

At 6.6KV B s: M :

At 11KV B s: M :

4M

At 33KV B s: 10M Transformer:

At t is point we have completed all the val es in the upstream M A contri ution for load flow.

Let us now calculate the bus voltages: @400V B s:

MVA Method Unbalance Fault Calculation

In the M A Method Short Circuit Calculation tutorial we have discussed how to calculate the three (3) phase and phase to ground fault currents. The faults currents for three (3) phase unbalance faults are as follows: 1. Three (3) Phase Fault

2. Phase to Ground Fault

 

The calculation will be the same for the other buses. (N t

I will l

         

Let us now go back to the downstream calculation where we stopped.(N t c lc l ti n f y t d )

I will l

tt y

t )

t i

3. Phase to Phase Fault

4. Phase to Phase to Ground Fault

Using the same example as in the MVA Method Short Circuit Calculation tutorial, we will calculate the 1. Phase to phase Fault 2. Phase to phase to Ground Fault

Figure 1 In the above example, we calculated the Single Phase to Ground Faults At the 400V Bus

MVAsc =3 (1 / MVAsc1 + 1 / MVAsc2 + 1 / MVAsc0) MVAsc = 3 (1 / 28.28 + 1 / 28.28 + 1 / 33.33 ) MVAsc =3 x 9.93 = 29.79 MVA If = 29.79 / (1.732 x 0.4) = 43 kA At 6.6KV Bus MVAsc = 3 (1 / MVAsc1 + 1 / MVAsc2 + 1 / MVAsc0) MVAsc = 3 (1 / 91.17 + 1 / 91.17 + 1 / 71.43) MVAsc = 3 x 27.83 = 83.49 MVA Iff = 83.49 / (1.732 x 6.6) = 7.26 kA Knowing the values of MVA1, MVA2 and MVA0, we will be able to calculate the following unbalanced faults. Phase to phase Faults At the 400V Bus

Using MVAs instead of KVAs MVAsc = 1.732 ( MVAsc1) / 2 MVAsc = 1.732 ( 28.28 ) /2 MVAsc =24.5 MVA If = 24.5 / (1.732 x 0.4) = 35.4 kA At 6.6KV Bus MVAsc = 1.732 ( MVAsc1) / 2 MVAsc = 1.732 ( 91.17 ) /2 MVAsc =78.96 MVA If = 78.96 / (1.732 x 6.6) = 6.91 kA

At the 400V Bus

Using MVAs instead of KVAs MVAsc = 3 x 28.28 x 33.33 / (28.28 + 28.28 + 33.33 ) MVAsc = 31.46 MVA If = 31.6 / (1.732 x 0.4) = 45.4 kA At 6.6KV Bus MVAsc = 3 x 91.17 x 71.43 / (91.17 + 91.17 + 71.43) MVAsc =77 MVA If = 77 / (1.732 x 6.6) = 6.73 kA

Voltage Drop Calculation

This article is the first of a series in the selection of electrical cables. Cable selection is an important part of electrical installation design. Selecting the correct size of cable could lower initial cost, lower operating cost, better voltage regulation notwithstanding the safety factor. Cable parameters are provided in values per unit length, usually ohms per kilometer( /km) for IEC or miles( /mi) for North American Standards. The following table illustrate the typical parameters for industrial cables

Table 1. 600/1000 V. Cu/EPR/CSP/GSWB run on open trays or enclosed in air. 1 to 6 x single, 3 or 4 cores
Single cores in trefoil Resistance at 90oC Reactance (ohm/km) at 50Hz 3 cores Resistance at 90oC (ohm/km) Reactance at 50Hz Approximate armouring resistance GSWB at 60oC 3 4 cores (ohm/km)

Nominal conductor area (mm2)

1.5 2.5 4 6 10 16 25 35 50 70 95 120 150 185 240 300 400

15.6 9.64 5.99 3.97 2.35 1.48 0.936 0.674 0.499 0.344 0.271 0.214 0.175 0.140 0.108 0.087 0.069

0.185 0.173 0.163 0.153 0.148 0.134 0.125 0.121 0.118 0.112 0.108 0.106 0.105 0.105 0.103 0.101 0.0992

15.6 9.64 5.99 3.97 2.35 1.48 0.936 0.674 0.499 0.344 0.271 0.214 0.175 0.140 0.108 0.087 0.069

0.118 0.111 0.108 0.105 0.0983 0.0933 0.0892 0.0867 0.0858 0.0850 0.0825 0.0808 0.0808 0.0808 0.0800 0.0800 0.0795

46.2 51.3 60.3 30.5 36.7 23.1 28.1 10.43 11.81 13.61 10.87 11.92 7.38 8.15 8.94 10.10 10.00

This article is the second part on the discussion about voltage drop calculation. We shall be providing real world example for you to be able to appreciate it better as it may have already been a part of what you have already done or currently doing in your design. We shall be presenting an IEC standard equipment in our sample calculation.

A 120 mm2 3core XLPE insulated cable 120m in length supplies a 110 kW induction motor that has a starting current of 6 times the full-load current of 180 amps. The starting power factor is 0.25 lagging. If the sending end line-to-line voltage is 400 volts, the specific resistance r and reactance x for the cable are 0.197 and 0.072 ohm/km respectively at 90OC and 50 Hz. Find the percentage volt-drop on starting the motor.
Solution

For the 120 mm2 cable the series impedance is: R = rl = 0.214 x 120 / 1000 = 0.02568 o hms/phase X = xl = 0.0808 x 120 / 1000 = 0.009696 ohms/phase For the 110kW motor the starting current is: I = 6 180.0 = 1080.0 A The power factor is: cos = 0.2500, therefore sin = 0.9682 Let us assume the sending voltage remains constant at 400 volts, AB = 1080.0 x 0.02568 x 0.2500 = 6.9336 volts/phase BE = 1080.0 x 0.02568 x 0.9682 = 26.6805 volts/phase EF = 1080.0 x 0.009696 x 0.9682 = 10.1386 volts/phase DF = 1080.0 x 0.009696 x 0.2500 = 2.6179 volts/phase

%Vd = ( 1.732 / 400 ) x 1080.0 x ( 0.02568 x 0.25 + 0.009696 x 0.9682 ) x 100% %Vd = 4.6764 x ( 0.00642 + 0.006738 ) x 100% %Vd = 6.15% Therefore, Vr = 400 x ( 1 - 0.0615 ) / 1.732 Vr = 216.74 volts/phase Typical minimum starting voltage for motors is 80% x rated voltage. Since the calculated volt-drop in our example is less than 20%, the motor will accelerate to full speed easily. In practice, since the actual motor parameters are not known during the design stage, the minimum starting voltage is raised to 85% to provide a factor for safety. In our example in Voltage Calculation, we have only considered a single cable and checked only the voltage drop at starting. In actual practice, we shall be comparing several cable sizes, selecting the cable that provides optimum design consideration.

In this example, we shall be using several cables from 35 mm2 up to 120 mm2. Likewise, we shall be considering, not only the starting condition but the running condition of the motor as well. You might be asking, why we selected a motor in our example. The reason, a motor is a dynamic load. A motor circuit load varies from the starting to the normal running condition, thus there will be multiple considerations when selecting the cable for a motor circuit. In Table 2 Cable Selection, we have considered 5 cables sizes, all cables except one satisfy our design consideration which are the following: Voltage drop during starting < 15% Voltage drop during running < 5% Again we will be using values from our previous example which are the following: Voltagesending end = 400 volts Motor Running: Irunning = 180 A PFrunning = cos running = 0.87 sin running = 0.493 Motor Starting I starting = 6 * 180 = 1080 A PFstarting = cos starting = 0.25 sin starting = 0.968 Using the formula

Table 2. Cable Selection

Size r50 x50 R X %Vdrunning %Vdstarting

35 50 70 95 120

0.674 0.499 0.344 0.271 0.214

0.0867 0.0858 0.0850 0.0825 0.0808

0.0809 0.0599 0.0413 0.0325 0.0257

0.0104 0.0103 0.0102 0.0099 0.0097

5.9% 4.5% 3.2% 2.6% 2.1%

14.2% 11.7% 9.4% 8.3% 7.4%

In Table 2. Cable Selection, the 35 mm2 cable passes the motor starting voltage drop but fails the motor running voltage drop which makes this cable to be eliminated from our selection list. The 70 mm2, 90 mm2 and 120 mm2 cables satisfy all our design conditions, however, selecting any of these cables will make the installation more expensive than required. The 50 mm2 cable satisfy all conditions and cost of the project. Cable selection considerations does not stop here, there are more that need to be considered such as operating temperature and short-circuit withstand. In our next article, we shall be discussing about cable operating temperatures.