Table of Glycemic Index and Load Values

Table of glycemic index and load values
The average GI of 62 common foods derived from multiple studies by different laboratories High-carbohydrate foods GI White wheat bread* 752 Whole wheat/whole meal bread 742 Speciality grain bread 532 Unleavened wheat bread* 705 Wheat roti 623 Chapatti 524 Corn tortilla 464 White rice, boiled* 734 Brown rice, boiled 684 Barley 282 Sweet corn 525 Spaghetti, white 492 Spaghetti, whole meal 485 Rice noodles 537 Udon noodles 557 Couscous 654 Breakfast Cereals Cornflakes 816 Wheat flake biscuits 692 Porridge, rolled oats 552 Instant oat porridge 793 Rice porridge/congee 789 Millet porridge 675 Muesli 572 Fruit and fruit products Apple, raw 362 Orange, raw 433 Banana, raw 513 Pineapple, raw 598 Mango, raw 515 Watermelon, raw 764 Dates, raw 424 Peaches, canned 435 Strawberry jam/jelly 493 Apple juice 412 Orange juice 502 Vegetables Potato, boiled 784 Potato, instant mashed 873 Potato, french fries 635 Carrots, boiled 394 Sweet potato, boiled 636 Pumpkin, boiled 647 Plantain/green banana 556 Taro, boiled 532 Vegetable soup 485 Dairy products and alternatives Milk, full fat 393
Milk, skim Ice cream Yogurt, fruit Soy milk Rice milk Legumes Chickpeas Kidney beans Lentils Soya beans Snack products Chocolate Popcorn Potato crisps Soft drink/soda Rice crackers/crisps Sugars Fructose Sucrose Glucose Honey
374 513 412 344 867 289 244 325 161 403 655 563 593 872 154 654 1033 613
Data are means. *Low-GI varities were also identified. Average of all available data.
Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values determined in subjects with normal glucose tolerance: 2008
Food Number and Item GI2 (Glucose = 100) Serve Size g
GL3 per serve
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9
10
BAKERY PRODUCTS Cakes Banana cake, made with sugar Banana cake, made without sugar Carrot cake, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) Chocolate cake made from packet mix with chocolate frosting (Betty Crocker, General Mills Inc., Minneapolis, USA) Cupcake, strawberry-iced (Squiggles, Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia) Lamingtons (sponge dipped in chocolate and coconut) (Farmland, Grocery Holdings, Australia) Pound cake 0% (Bimbo S.A de C.V, Mexico) Raspberry Coffee cake, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Vanilla cake, made from packet mix with vanilla frosting (Betty Crocker, USA) Desserts Apple Berry crumble, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
478 5510 36 383
60 60 60 111
14 12 8 20
7312 8717 385 504 424
38 50 60 60 58
19 25 9 13 24
413
165
14
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29
30 31 32 33
34 35 36 37 38 39
40 41
Bavarian (mousse filling on biscuit base), Chocolate 315 honeycomb, light (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) Danish, Apple & Peach, light (Sara Lee Bakery, 504 Australia) Doughnut, wheat dough, deep-fried (China) 757 Muffins Apple muffin, made with rolled oats and sugar 446 Apple muffin, made rolled oats and without sugar 4810 Apple Blueberry muffin (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) 494 Apple, oat, sultana muffin (Australia) 544 Apricot, coconut and honey muffin (Australia) 604 Banana, oat and honey muffin (Australia) 6511 Blueberry muffin (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) 503 Blueberry (Wild) 10-Grain muffin, President's 577 Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Chocolate butterscotch muffin (Australia) 535 Chocolate chip muffin (Sara Lee Bakery, Australia) 526 Cranberry & Orange Soy muffin, President's 486 Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Double chocolate muffin (Sara Lee Bakery, 464 Australia) Muffin, plain, made from wheat flour (Spain) 468 Muffin, reduced-fat, low-calorie, made from 373 high-amylose corn starch and maltitol (Spain) Raisin Bran Flax muffin, President's Choice 523 Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Raspberry Pomegranate muffin, President's Choice 587 Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Pancakes Pancakes, homemade (Fiji) 669 Pancakes, prepared from shake mix 675 (Green's General Foods, Glendenning, Australia) Pancakes, prepared from wheat flour (China) 804 Pancakes, buckwheat, gluten-free, made from packet 10211 mix (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, Australia) Pancakes, gluten-free, made from packet mix 616 (Freedom Foods, Cheltenham, Australia) Pancakes, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) 46 Pan de sal (sweet bread roll), containing coconut 61 flour (Philippines) Pastry, puff (PampasTM, Australia) 565 Pikelets, Golden brand (Tip Top Bakeries, 8514 Chatswood, Australia) Scones, plain, made from packet mix 928 (Defiance Milling Co, Australia) BEVERAGES Aussie Bodies Start the Day UHT, Choc Banana 243 flavored drink (Aussie Bodies Pty Ltd, Australia) Aussie Bodies Start the Day UHT, Chocolate 264
75 50 50 60 60 60 50 50 50 60 70 50 60 70
6 11 15 13 9 12 14 16 17 15 22 15 17 14
60 50 50 70 70
16 11 9 17 19
80 80 80 80
17 38 16 23
80 80 80 50 40 25
32 10 22 11 18 8
250 mL 250 mL
4 4
42 43 44
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
53
54 55 56
57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64
65
flavored drink (Aussie Bodies Pty Ltd, Australia) Beer, Toohey's New (Tooheys Pty Limited, 667 Australia)7 Chocolate DaydreamTM shake, fructose (Revival 334 Soy, Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc, USA)8 Chocolate DaydreamTM shake, sucralose (Revival 254 8 Soy, Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc, USA) Coca Cola Coca Cola, soft drink (Coca Cola Amatil, Sydney, 537 Australia) Coca Cola, soft drink (Coca Cola Bottling 63 Company, Atlanta, USA) Cordial, orange, reconstituted (Berri Ltd, 668 Berri, Australia) Fanta, orange soft drink 686 (Coca Cola Amatil, Australia) Fruit punch (USA) 67 Lemonade, Scheweppes, lemon soft drink 545 (Cadbury Schweppes, Sydney, Australia) Mars Active Energy Drink, flavored milk 464 (M&M/Mars, USA) Orange Delight Cocktail with pulp, 445 President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) RibenaTM blackcurrant fruit syrup, reconsituted 525 with water (GlaxoSmithKline Group, Australia) Rice milk drink Rice milk drink, low-fat, Australia's Own NaturalTM 929 (So Natural Foods, Taren Point, Australia) Vitasoy rice milk, low-fat, calcium enriched 798 8 (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Slim FastTM French Vanilla ready-to-drink shake 375 (Slim Fast Foods Company, Englewood, USA) Smoothie, made from milk and fruit Smoothie, banana (Australia) 304 Smoothie, banana and strawberry, V8 Splash 443 (Campbell's Soup Company, Camden, USA) Smoothie, mango (Australia) 324 Smoothie, raspberry (Con Agra Inc, Omaha, USA) 339 mean of four foods 353 Smoothie, made from soy milk Smoothie drink, soy, banana 303 (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 Smoothie drink, soy, chocolate hazelnut 343 (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 SoloTM, lemon squash, soft drink 585 8 (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia) Soy Beverage, Chocolate flavored, President's 405 TM Choice Blue Menu (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Soy Beverage, Original flavored, President's Choice 154 Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
5 6 1
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
14 16 13 23 19 15 15 7
250 mL
17
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
29 17 10
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
8 11 9 14 11 7 8 17 11
250 mL
66 67 68
69 70
71 72 73
74 75 76 77 78
79 80 81 82
83
84 85 86
87
Soy Beverage, Vanilla flavored, President's Choice 283 Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Up & Go, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal 435 liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium Health Foods, Australia)8 Up & Go, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal 465 liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium Health Foods, Australia)8 V8 Splash, tropical blend fruit drink 474 (Campbell's Soup Company, USA) Xpress, chocolate (soy bean, cereal and 392 legume extract drink with fructose)8 (So Natural Foods, Australia) V8 100% vegetable juice 434 (Campbell's Soup Company, USA) Yakult, fermented milk drink with 466 Lactobacilus casei (Yakult, Dandenong, Australia) Yakult Light, fermented milk drink with 366 Lactobacilus casei (Yakult, Dandenong, Australia) Sports drinks Gatorade (Spring Valley Beverages Pty 7813 Ltd, Cheltenham, Vic, Australia) Isostar (Novartis Consumer Health, 7015 Nyon, Switzerland) Sustagen Sport (Mead Johnson, 439 Rydalmere, NSW, Australia) Thorpedo Advanced Hydration for Kids, all flavors 112 (Thorpedo Foods, Australia) Thorpedo Ultra Low GI Energy Water, all flavors 164 (Thorpedo Foods, Australia) Drinks made from drinking mix powders Aussie Bodies Trim Protein Shake, Chocolate 394 flavored (Aussie Bodies Pty Ltd, Australia) Aussie Bodies Trim Protein Shake, French Vanilla 413 flavored (Aussie Bodies Pty Ltd, Australia) Build-UpTM nutrient-fortified drink, vanilla 414 with fiber, (Nestl, Sydney, Australia) CinchTM Caf Latte weight management powder, 273 prepared with skim milk (Shaklee Corporation, Pleasanton, USA) CinchTM Chocolate weight management powder, 163 prepared with skim milk (Shaklee Corporation, USA) CinchTM Vanilla weight management powder, 223 prepared with skim milk (Shaklee Corporation, USA) Complete Hot Chocolate mix made with 513 hot water (Nestl, Australia) Hi-Pro energy drink mix, vanilla, containing soy 363 protein and whey powder (Harrod foods, Sefton, Australia) mixed in reduced-fat (1.5%) milk Malted milk powder in full-fat milk (Nestl, 453 Australia)
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
4 11 11
250 mL 250 mL
13 13
250 mL 65 mL 65 mL
4 6 3
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
12 13 21 4 2
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
5 5 14 8
250 mL
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
6 12 7
250 mL
12
88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
96
97 98 99 100
MiloTM (chocolate nutrient-fortified drink powder) MiloTM (Nestl, Australia) dissolved in water MiloTM (Nestl, Auckland, New Zealand) dissolved in water MiloTM (Nestl, Australia) dissolved in full-fat milk MiloTM (Nestl, New Zealand) dissolved in full-fat milk MiloTM Breakfast Smoothie powder prepared with skim milk (Nestl, Australia) NutrimealTM, meal replacement drink, Dutch Chocolate (Usana, Salt Lake City, USA) (2000) NutrimealTM, meal replacement drink, all flavors (Usana Australia, Baulkham Hills, Australia) (2007) Proform Hi-protein powder, neutral flavor, prepared with skim milk (MGC Dairy Co Pty Ltd, Melbourne, Australia) Proform Hi-protein powder, vanilla flavor, prepared with skim milk (MGC Dairy Co Pty Ltd, Australia) QuikTM (sweet drink powder) QuikTM, chocolate (Nestl, Australia), made with water QuikTM, chocolate (Nestl, Australia), prepared with 1.5% fat milk QuikTM, strawberry (Nestl, Australia), prepared with in water QuikTM, strawberry (Nestl, Australia), prepared with 1.5% fat milk BREADS Bagel, white (USA)9 Baguette Traditional French baguette (prepared with wheat flour, water, salt and 20 g yeast) (France) Whole Grain Baguette, President's Choice Blue Menutm (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) French baguette with chocolate spread (France) French baguette with butter and strawberry jam (France) Pain au lait (Pasquier, France) Barley breads Coarse barley kernel bread, 80% kernels 80% scalded intact kernels (20% white wheat flour) 80% intact kernels (20% white wheat flour) Barley kernel bread, 50% kibbled barley (Australia) Sunflower and barley bread (Riga bakeries, Sydney, Australia) Sunflower and barley bread (Vogel's, UK) Barley flour breads Wholemeal barley flour (80%) bread (20% white wheat flour) (Sweden) Wholemeal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (50% regular
553 525 352 363 395 263 202 453
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
9 8 9 9 13 4 3 22
425
250 mL
21
535 414 648 353
250 250 250 250
4 5 5 4
101 102 103 104 105 106
69 579 736 728 627 6310
70 30 30 70 70 60
24 10 9 27 26 20
107 108 109 110 111 112 113
34 40 48 576 7010 67 50
30 30 30 30 30 30 30
7 8 10 6 8 13 7
114 115
116
117
118
119
120 121 122 123 124 125
126 127 128
129 130
131 132 133
barley flour, 50% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden) Wholemeal barley bread, flat, thin, soft (20% regular 43 barley flour, 80% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden) Barley flour bread, made from 50% wheat flour and 7415 50% coarse sieved barley flour (containing 4.2% total 1-3, 1-4 -glucan of which 2.8% soluble) (Italy) Barley flour bread, made from 80% wheat flour and 707 20% water-extracted barley flour (containing 6.3% total 1-3, 1-4 -glucan of which 5.7% soluble) (Italy) Whole grain barley flour bread, made from 50% 8514 barley flour and 50% wheat flour (containing 2.4% total 1-3, 1-4 -glucan of which 2.0% soluble) (Italy) Barley bread, 70% high-amylose barley flour and 49 30% white wheat flour, baked long-time at low tempertaure (Sweden) Barley bread, 70% high-amylose barley flour & 30% 70 white wheat flour, conventionally baked (Sweden) Wholemeal barley flour (80%) & white wheat flour (20%) breads - fermented or with added organic acids or salts (Sweden) Wholemeal barley flour bread (used as reference food 70 for the 5 breads below)9 Wholemeal barley flour bread with 53 sourdough (lactic acid)9 Wholemeal barley flour bread with lactic acid9 66 Wholemeal barley flour bread with calcium lactate9 59 Wholemeal barley flour bread with sodium 65 propionate9 Wholemeal barley flour bread with higher dose 57 sodium propionate9 Buckwheat bread Buckwheat bread, 50% dehusked buckwheat 47 groats and 50% white wheat flour (Sweden) Buckwheat bread (China) 672 Chickpea flour bread Chickpea flour bread, made from Amethyst-type 55 desi chickpeas (JK International Pty Ltd, Rocklea, Australia) Chickpea flour bread, made from extruded 67 chickpea flour (Australia) Corn tortilla, made from white corn, Diego's brand 496 (San Diego Tortilla Factory Pty Ltd, Andrews, QLD, Australia) Bread, flax, made from flax meal & wheat flour 67 (Canada)9 Fruit breads Brgen Fruit loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, 445 Chatswood, Australia) Brgen Fruit and Muesli bread 534 (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia)
30 30
5 12
30
11
30
15
30
30
30 30 30 30 30 30
14 10 12 12 13 11
30 30 30
10 13 7
30 50
8 11
30 30 30
8 6 7
134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143
144
145
146
147 148 149 150 151
152 153
154 155 156 157
Continental fruit loaf, wheat bread with dried fruit (Australia) Fruit and cinnamon bread (Finest, UK) Fruit and Spice Loaf, thick sliced (Buttercup bakeries, Moorebank, Australia) Fruit loaf, sliced (UK) HappinessTM (cinnamon, raisin, pecan bread) (Natural Ovens, Mannitowoc, USA) Muesli bread, made from packet mix in bread making machine (Con Agra Inc., USA) Whole-wheat bread with dried fruit (China) Gluten-free bread Gluten-free multigrain bread (Country Life Bakery, Dandenong, Australia) Gluten-free white bread (Country Life Bakery, Autralia) Gluten-free buckwheat bread, made with buckwheat meal & rice flour (Naturis Organic Bread, NSW, Australia) Hamburger/Hot dog buns 100% Whole wheat Gigantico Burger Buns, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) 100% Whole wheat Gigantico Hot Dog Rolls, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Oat bread Coarse oat kernel bread, 80% intact oat kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) Oat bran bread 50% oat bran (Australia) 45% oat bran and 50% wheat flour (Sweden) Oatmeal batch bread (UK) Rice bread Rice bread, low-amylose Calrose rice (Pav's Allergy Bakery, Ingleburn, Australia) Rice bread, high-amylose Doongara rice (Pav's Allergy Bakery, Australia) Rye bread Rye bread (50% rye flour + 50% wheat flour) (Turkey) Wheat and rye bread (75% wheat flour + 10% rye flour + 15% wheat bran) (Turkey) Rye kernel bread Coarse rye kernel bread, 80% intact kernels and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) Whole-kernel rye bread, 60% whole rye kernels and 40% rye flour (Finland)11 Rye bread (80% rye flour + 20% oat -glucan concentrate) (Finland)11 Rye bread, 69% whole-grain rye flour (Jalkiuunileipa, Oululainen Ltd, Lahti, Finland)
476 7111 546 576 635 546 472 7913 405 725
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
7 11 8 9 9 7 7 10 3 8
626
30
626
30
65
30
12
44 50 628 729 619
30 30 30 30 30
8 9 9 8 7
50 40
30 30
7 6
41 57 66 7810
30 30 30 30
5 6 6 11
158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166
167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187
188 189 190
191
Specialty rye breads Blackbread, Riga (Berzin's Specialty Bakery, 7614 Sydney, Australia) BrgenTM Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, 5512 Australia) BrgenTM Rye (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 513 Country Grain Organic Rye 534 (Country Life Bakery, Australia) Roggenbrot, Vogel's (Stevns & Co, Sydney, 595 NSW, Australia) Rye Hi-Soy with Linseed 554 (Country Life Bakery, Australia) Schinkenbrot, Riga (Berzin's Specialty Bakery, 8615 Sydney, Australia) Sourdough rye (Australia) 48 Wheat Breads Coarse wheat kernel bread, 80% intact kernels 52 and 20% white wheat flour (Sweden) Spelt wheat breads White spelt wheat bread (Belgium) 65 White spelt wheat bread (Slovenia)12 74 12 Wholemeal spelt wheat bread (Slovenia) 63 Scalded spelt wheat kernel bread (Slovenia)12 67 Spelt multigrain bread (Pav's bakery, Australia) 5410 White wheat flour bread White flour (UK) 5911 White flour (Canada) 695 White flour, SunblestTM (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia)70 White flour (Sainsbury's, UK) 7010 White flour bread 713 White flour (Pepperidge Farm, Norwalk, CT, USA) 716 White flour (South Africa) 717 White flour (Italy) 72 White flour (Hovis, UK) 7312 White flour (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan) 75 White flour (Vodova veka Penam, Olomouc, 7510 Czech Republic) White flour (Hovis, UK) 7512 White flour (Hovis Classic, British Bakeries Ltd, 87 UK)9 White flour (China) 883 White flour (Italy) 8912 White flour, homemade (UK)9 89 mean of sixteen studies 752 White wheat flour bread, toasted White bread, toasted (Hovis, UK) 507 White bread, fresh, toasted (British Bakeries Ltd, 63 UK)9 9 White bread, homemade, fresh, toasted (UK) 66 mean of three studies 60 9 White wheat flour bread, frozen and defrosted White bread, frozen and defrosted 75
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
10 6 5 5 8 5 12 6 10
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
10 17 12 15 7 8 10 10 10 10 11 9 11 11 10 13 11 11 12 18 12 11 7 8 9 8 9
192
193 194
195 196 197
198 199
200 201 202 203
204 205 206 207 208
209 210 211
212
(British Bakeries Ltd, UK)9 White bread, homemade, frozen and defrosted (UK) 62 White wheat flour bread, frozen and defrosted, toasted White wheat bread, frozen, defrosted and toasted9 64 (British Bakeries Ltd, UK) White bread, homemade, frozen, defrosted9 54 and toasted (UK) WonderTM, enriched white bread (Interstate Brands Companies, Kansas City, USA) WonderTM, enriched white bread 719 WonderTM, enriched white bread 724 TM Wonder , enriched white bread 773 mean of three studies 73 White bread with enzyme inhibitors White bread + acarbose (200 mg) (Mexico) 50 White bread with insoluble fiber White bread, enriched with 9 g lupin kernel fiber 74 (viscous insoluble fiber) (Australasian Natural Ingredients Pty Ltd, Perth, Australia) White bread with added wheatgerm and fiber (UK) 5911 White bread with soluble fiber White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago 65 psyllium) (Mexico) White bread, enriched with 12 g Arabinoxylan fiber14 41 (soluble fiber) (Australia) White bread, enriched with 6 g Arabinoxylan fiber14 56 (soluble fiber) (Australia) White bread enriched with Sunfibre (Cyamoposis tetragonolobus) (Indian cluster guar beans) White bread with 3 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 634 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 645 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread with 10 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 685 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread with 15 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 561 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 2 552 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread consumed with fiber drink White bread consumed with 5 g Sunfibre (Taiyo 494 Kagaku Co, Ltd, Japan) dissolved in 250mL water White bread consumed with 10 g Sunfibre (Taiyo 575 Kagaku Co, Ltd, Japan) dissolved in 250mL water White bread consumed with 10 g insoluble dextrin 666 (Matsutani Chemical Industry Co Ltd, Japan) in 250 mL water White bread consumed with 10 g inulin (Orafti, 676 Tienen, Belgium) in 250 mL water White bread with added ingredients
30
30 30
8 7
30 30 30 30 30 30
10 10 11 10 8 7
30 30 30 30
6 11 4 7
30 30 30 30 30
10 10 11 10 9
213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227
228 229 230 231
232 233 234 235 236 237 238
White bread (100% wheat flour) + 2% pectin 85 (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread (100% wheat flour) + 5% fruit fiber 76 (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread (80% wheat flour + 20% chickpea flour) 79 (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread (90% wheat flour + 10% modified corn 78 starch) (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread (90% wheat flour + 10% tapicoa starch) 77 (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread (95% wheat flour + 5% oat bran) 74 (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread, containing 2% guar gum 66 (George Weston Foods Ltd, Australia) White bread, containing 2% vinegar and 2.5% 79 sourdough (Noble Rise Crunchy Toast, Australia) White bread containing Eurylon high-amylose 42 15 maize starch (France) White bread eaten with powdered dried 48 seaweed (Nori alga) (Spain) White bread eaten with vinegar as vinaigrette 45 (Sweden) White bread eaten with 18 g white vinegar 63 (6% acetic acid) (Sweden) White bread eaten with 23 g white vinegar 73 (6% acetic acid) (Sweden) White bread eaten with 28 g white vinegar 54 (6% acetic acid) (Sweden) White and wholemeal bread (ratio 1:1), fermented by 54 sourdough lactobacilli (pH 1.5) and fiber-enriched with oat fiber (Italy) White bread, with different proving times and bread volumes White bread, prepared with a 10 min prove and a 384 second 2 min proving (low loaf volume) (UK) White bread, prepared with a 30 min prove and a 727 second 12 min proving (moderate loaf volume) (UK) White bread, prepared with a 60 min prove and a 869 second 30 min proving (moderate loaf volume) (UK) White bread, prepared with a 40 min prove, a second 1007 25 min proving and a third 50 min proving (large loaf volume) (UK) White resistant starch-enriched bread Fiber WhiteTM (Nature's Fresh, 7710 Auckland, New Zealand) WonderwhiteTM (Buttercup Bakeries, Australia) 808 Wholemeal (whole wheat) wheat flour bread Wholemeal flour (Hovis, UK) 689 Wholemeal flour (China) 693 Wholemeal flour (Sainsbury's, UK) 7112 Wholemeal flour (Canada) 726 Wholemeal flour (Australia) 74
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
11 9 9 10 10 10 8 9 8 7 7 9 11 8 6
30 30 30 30
5 9 11 13
30 30 30 30 30 30 30
11 11 7 9 8 8 10
239 240 241 242 243
244 245 246 247
248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258
259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266
Wholemeal flour (Hovis, UK) 748 Wholemeal flour (South Africa) 759 Wholemeal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 779 Wholemeal flour (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 7816 Wholemeal flour (France) 8527 mean of ten studies 74 2 Wholemeal stoneground (whole wheat) wheat flour bread Wholemeal bread, stoneground flour (Bill's Organic 598 Bread, Cardiff, Australia) Wholemeal flour, stoneground (Waitrose, UK) 6613 Specialty wheat breads Bakers DelightTM Hi Fibre Lo GI white bread 527 (Bakers Delight Holdings, Australia) Bakers DelightTM Wholemeal Country Grain bread 539 (Bakers Delight Holdings, Australia) BrgenTM Mixed Grain bread (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, Australia) BrgenTM Mixed Grain 344 TM Brgen Mixed Grain 4512 BrgenTM Mixed Grain 524 mean of three studies 44 BrgenTM Oat Bran & Honey Loaf with Barley 313 (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) (1995) BrgenTM Oatbran & Honey bread 494 (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) (2002) BrgenTM Pumpkin Seed bread, containing 6% 494 pumpkin seeds (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Brgen Soy-Lin, kibbled soy (8%) and linseed (8%)364 loaf (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Brgen Wholmeal & Seeds 398 (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) Crusty malted wheat bread (Finest, UK) 528 English MuffinTM bread (Natural Ovens, USA) 777 English Muffin, Whole Grain Multigrain, 453 President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Golden HearthTM Organic Heavy Wholegrain bread 537 (Gold Coast Bakeries, QLD, Australia) Healthy ChoiceTM Hearty 7 Grain 556 (Con Agra Inc., USA) Healthy ChoiceTM Hearty 100% Whole Grain 626 (Con Agra Inc., USA) Helga'sTM Classic Seed Loaf (Quality Bakers, 689 Sydney, Australia) Helga'sTM Traditional Wholemeal bread 7014 (Quality Bakers, Australia) Hunger FillerTM, whole grain bread 598 (Natural Ovens, USA) Malt loaf, organic (UK) 599 TM Molenberg (Goodman Fielder, Auckland, 7510 New Zealand)
30 30 30 30 30 30
8 9 9 9 13 9
30 30 30 30
7 8 8 6
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
4 5 5 5 3 5 4 3 2 7 11 5
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
7 8 9 9 9 7 12 11
267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293
294 295 296
Multigrain bread (Sainsbury's, UK) 8010 Multigrain batch bread (UK) 628 9-Grain Multi-Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Australia) 435 Multigrain Loaf, spelt wheat flour (Australia) 5410 Multigrain (50% kibbled wheat grain) (Australia) 43 Multigrain loaf, containing coconut flour 60 (Philippines) Multiseed bread (UK) 544 TM Nutty Natural , whole grain bread 597 (Natural Ovens, USA) PerformaxTM (Country Life Bakery, Australia) 383 Ploughman'sTM Wholegrain, original recipe 47 (Quality Bakers, Australia) Ploughman'sTM Wholemeal, smooth milled 6410 (Quality Bakers, Australia) Seeded bread (UK) 497 Sourdough wheat bread (Australia) 54 TM Sourdough Vienna bread, Bakers Delight 666 (Bakers Delight Holdings, Australia) Soy & Linseed bread (made from packet mix cooked 506 in bread maker) (Con Agra Inc., USA) Stay TrimTM, whole grain bread (Natural Ovens, 7010 USA) Tip TopTM EnerGI white bread 54 (Tip Top Bakeries, George Weston Ltd, Australia) Tip TopTM EnerGI white bread 58 (Tip Top Bakeries, George Weston Ltd, Australia) 3 Grain Bread, sprouted grains (Stonemill Bread, 556 Toronto, Canada) Vogel's Honey & Oats (Stevns & Co, Sydney, 555 Australia) Vogel's Wonder White 'Low GI' white bread 543 (Quality Bakers, Australia) Vogel's Wonder White 'Low GI' white bread 59 (Quality Bakers, Australia) 100% Whole GrainTM bread (Natural Ovens, USA) 5111 White wheat flour flatbread (Sweden) 79 Wheat bread, Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) wheat, 71 leavened with crushed whole grains (Denmark) Wheat bread, Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) wheat, 65 leavened with honey and salt (Denmark) Wheat bread, Einkorn (Triticum monococcum) wheat, 67 leavened with yeast (Denmark) Unleavened Breads Lebanese bread, white (Seda Bakery, Sydney, 759 Australia) Pita bread, white, mini (UK) 685 Pita bread, wholemeal (UK) 5613 BREAKFAST CEREALS All-BranTM (high-fiber, extruded wheat bran cereal)
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
8 9 6 8 6 7 7 7 5 7 9 6 8 10 5 10 7 7 5 8 6 7 7 13 8 8 8
30 30 30
12 10 8
297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306
307
308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315
316 317 318
319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327
All-BranTM (Kellogg's, Pagewood, NSW, Australia)17 30 All-BranTM (Kellogg's, Battle Creek, MI, USA)11,14 38 All-BranTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada) 515 TM All-Bran (Kellogg's, Battle Creek, MI, USA) 557 mean of four studies 446 All-Bran Fruit 'n OatsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 419 TM All-Bran Soy 'n fiber (Kellogg's, Australia) 333 All-Bran Wheat FlakesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 608 TM Balance (Sainsbury's, UK) 745 Barley flakes (China) 693 Barley porridge Barley flour porridge, made from milled dehulled 46 barley kernels (flour:water = 1:3) boiled for 2.5 min (Sweden) Barley flour porridge, made from milled high39 amylose (covered) barley kernels (flour:water = 1:3), boiled for 2.5 min (Sweden) Barley porridge made from steamed thin (0.5 mm) 62 dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) Barley porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) 65 dehulled barley flakes (Sweden) Wholemeal barley flour porridge (100% regular 68 barley) (flour:water = 1:3), boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) Wholemeal high-fiber barley flour porridge (50% 55 barley flour: 50% high-fiber barley flour) (Sweden) Bran cereal, high fiber (UK) 4310 Bran Flakes Branflakes (Healthy Living, UK) 507 Bran Flakes, President's Choice Blue MenuTM 658 (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Bran FlakesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 74 mean of three studies 63 ChocapicTM (Nestl, France) ChocapicTM, wheat-based flaked cereal (2003) 7010 TM Chocapic , wheat-based flaked cereal (2003) 749 ChocapicTM, wheat-based flaked cereal (2003) 849 mean of three studies 76 Coco PopsTM (cocoa flavored puffed rice) Coco PopsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 778 Coco PopsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 773 TM Cornflakes Cornflakes (China) 743 CornflakesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 77 Cornflakes (China) 794 CornflakesTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada) 806 Cornflakes (Kellogg's, UK) 9314 mean of five studies 813 TM Cornflakes, Crunchy Nut (Kellogg's, Australia) 724 Corn PopsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 804
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 50 (dry)
4 8 12 12 9 7 4 12 17 14 15
50 (dry)
11
50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
17 18 23 8 5 10 12 13 12 17 19 22 20 20 20 19 19 20 21 23 20 17 21
328 329 330 331
332 333 334 335 336 337
338
339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361
Energy MixTM, wheat-based flaked cereal 807 (Quaker, France) Fibre First Multi-Bran Cereal, President's Choice 5610 Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Froot LoopsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 699 FrostiesTM, sugar-coated cornflakes 55 (Kellogg's, Australia) Fruit and FibreTM Fruit and FibreTM (Sainsbury's, UK) 614 Fruit and Fibre (UK) 677 Fruit and Fibre (Value, UK) 687 mean of three studies 65 TM Fruity-Bix , berry (Sanitarium, New Zealand) 11310 Golden WheatsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 718 Granola Clusters, Original, low fat, 634 President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Granola Clusters, Raisin & Almond, low fat, 707 President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) GrapenutsTM (Kraft Foods Inc, Port Chester, USA) 756 GuardianTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 379 HealthwiseTM for bowel health (Uncle Toby's, 669 Wahgunyah, Australia) High-fiber cereal (UK) 526 Hi-LiteTM, containing 55% rolled barley grains 545 (Freedom Foods, Cheltenham, Australia) Honey Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 774 TM Honey Smacks (Kellogg's, Australia) 7110 Hot cereal, apple & cinnamon (Con Agra Inc, USA) 376 Hot cereal, unflavored (Con Agra Inc., USA) 255 Just RightTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 6015 TM Just Right Just Grains (Kellogg's, Australia) 6211 Kashi Seven Whole Grain Puffs 6510 (Kashi Company, USA) KompleteTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 485 Mini Wheats, whole wheat Mini WheatsTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 588 Mini Wheats (Sainsbury's, UK) 597 TM Mini Wheats , blackcurrant (Kellogg's, Australia) 7210 Muesli Alpen original muesli, made from steamed rolled oats 5510 with dried fruit and nuts (Weetabix, UK) Brgen Fruit & Muesli 51 (George Weston Foods, Australia) Brgen Soy-LinTM Muesli 513 (George Weston Foods, Australia) Brgen Rye Muesli 41 (George Weston Foods, Australia) Muesli (Value, UK) 649 Muesli (Canada) 669 Muesli (Healthy Eating, UK) 8610
30 30 30 30
20 6 18 14
30 30 30 30 30 30 30
13 14 13 13 25 16 14
30
15
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
16 5 12 9 10 20 16 8 5 13 14 16 10 12 12 15 11 10 9 7 12 16 18
362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379
380 381 382
383 384 385
386 387 388 389 390 391 392
Muesli, fruit (UK) Muesli, fruit and nut (UK) Muesli, gluten-free with Psyllium (Freedom Foods, Australia) Muesli, Light, mixed berry & apple flavor, Special K brand (Kellogg's, Australia) Muesli, Lite (Sanitarium, New Zealand) Muesli, Morning Sun Natural Apricot & Almond (Australia) Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, Australia) Muesli, Natural (Sanitarium, New Zealand) Muesli, Natural Style Original Swiss Formula (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Muesli, Naytura Fruit and Nut (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Muesli, Swiss Bircher (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Muesli, Swiss Formula (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Muesli, toasted (Purina, Sydney, NSW, Australia) Muesli, toasted, with nuts (Australia) Muesli, wholewheat (UK) Muesli, yeast & wheat free (Freedom Foods, Australia) Vogel's Caf Style Fibre-Rich Muesli (Specialty Cereals, Mt Kuring-gai, NSW, Australia) NutrigrainTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Oat bran, consumed as a drink mixed with 41g glucose and water 15 g Oat bran (containing 2 g -glucan), consumed as a drink with glucose and water (Finland) 30 g Oat bran (containing 4 g -glucan), consumed as a drink with glucose and water (Finland) 30 g Oat bran (containing 4 g -glucan), consumed as a drink mixed with glucose and water, frozen for 13 days and then thawed before consumption (Finland) 45 g Oat bran (containing 6 g -glucan), consumed as a drink with glucose and water (Finland) Oat 'n Honey BakeTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Oats, rolled, uncooked (Lowan's Whole Foods, Box Hill, Australia) Porridge made from rolled oats Porridge (Uncle Toby's, Australia)17 Porridge, made from rolled oats cooked for 20 min (Canada) Porridge oats (Freedom Foods, Australia) Traditional porridge oats (Lowan Whole Foods, Australia) Porridge, made from steel-cut oats, cooked in water (USA) Porridge (China) Traditional Rolled Oats (Woolworths Limited,
677 5911 507 647 5412 495 406 579 626 486 525 568 43:4 655 566 455 486 6612
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
14 11 5 13 10 6 8 11 11 7 9 9 7 11 10 4 9 10
846 586 648
10 10 10
2 2 2
649 7711 594
10 30 30
2 13 11
42 498 504 518 524 552 575
250 250 250 250 250 250 250
9 11 10 11 17 13 11
393 394 395 396 397 398 399
400
401 402 403
404 405 406 407
408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415
416 417 418 419 420 421
Australia) Old-Fashioned Steel Cut Oats, President's Choice 578 Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Porridge (Hubbards, New Zealand) 589 Porridge (Australia) 584 Porridge (Value, UK) 6315 Porridge, organic (UK) 6311 Porridge, Scottish (UK) 637 mean of thirteen studies 552 Multi grain instant oatmeal, Regular and Cinnamon 557 & Spice, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Multigrain porridge, containing rolled oats, wheat, 552 triticale, rye, barley and rice, cooked with water (The Monster Muesli Company, Beecroft, Australia) Wholemeal oat flour porridge (flour:water = 1:3), 74 boiled 2.5 min (Sweden) Oat porridge made from thick (1.0 mm) 55 dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from 0.5-0.6 mm thick flakes, 767 cooked for 10min (Elovena; Raisio Group Ltd, Raisio, Finland) Oat porridge made from roasted thin (0.5 mm) 69 dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from roasted thick (1.0 mm) 50 dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from roasted and steamed thin 80 (0.5 mm) dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Oat porridge made from steamed thick (1.0 mm) 53 dehulled oat flakes (Sweden) Instant Porridge Instant porridge (China) 693 Instant oat porridge, cooked in microwave 8210 with water (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Instant oatmeal porridge, made from packet (China) 837 Instant oat cereal porridge prepared with water (UK) 8310 mean of four studies 793 TM Pop Tarts , Double Chocolate (Kellogg's, Australia) 702 Puffed Wheat (Sanitarium, Australia) 8011 TM Raisin Bran (Kellogg's, USA) 615 Rice Bran, extruded (Rice Growers Co-Operative 193 Ltd, Leeton, Australia) Rice Bubbles Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia)17 81 Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 853 TM Rice Bubbles (Kellogg's, Australia) 928 Rice BubblesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) 95 mean of four studies 883 Shredded Wheat (Canada) 6710 Soy Crunch Multi-Grain Cereal, President's Choice 474 Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada)
250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
14 12 12 19 18 20 13 14
250
19
50 (dry) 250 250
24 15 19
250 250 250 250
19 14 22 14
250 250 250 250 250 50 30 30 30
14 20 18 30 21 25 17 12 3
30 30 30 30 30 30 30
21 22 24 25 23 13 9
422 423 424 425 426
427 428 429 430
431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441
442 443 444 445 446 447 448
Special KTM - formulation of this cereal varies in different countries Special KTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Special KTM (Kellogg's, USA) Special KTM, made from rice (Kellogg's, France) Soy TastyTM (flaked grains, soy nuts, dried fruit) (Sanitarium, Australia) SoytanaTM, Vogel's, soy and linseed bran crunch with sultanas (20.1 g fiber per 100 g), (Specialty Cereals, Mt Kuring-gai, NSW, Australia) Sultana BranTM (Kellogg's, Australia) (2007) Sultana BranTM (Kellogg's, Australia) (1997) SustainTM, Original (Kellogg's, Australia) (2007) Ultra-branTM, Vogel's, soy and linseed extruded wheat bran cereal (30.2 g fiber per 100 g) (Specialty Cereals, Australia) Vogel's Cluster Crunch Classic (Specialty Cereals, Australia) Vogel's Cluster Crunch, Honey Hazelnut (Specialty Cereals, Australia) Wild Oats Cluster Crunch Hazelnut Chocolate (Specialty Cereals, Australia) Wheat-bitesTM (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Wheat biscuits (plain flaked wheat) Vita-BritsTM (Uncle Toby's, Australia)17 Vita-BritsTM (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Weet-BixTM (Sanitarium, Australia) Weet-BixTM (Sanitarium, Australia) WeetabixTM (Weetabix of Canada Ltd.) Whole wheat GoldiesTM (Kellogg's, Australia) Wheat based cereal biscuit (UK) mean of seven studies Wheat biscuits (flaked wheat) with additional ingredients Good StartTM, muesli wheat biscuits (Sanitarium, Australia) Hi-Bran Weet-BixTM, wheat biscuits with extra wheat bran (Sanitarium, Australia) Hi-Bran Weet-BixTM with soy and linseed (Sanitarium, Australia) Honey GoldiesTM (Kellogg's Australia) Lite-BixTM, plain, no added sugar (Sanitarium, Australia) Oat bran Weet-BixTM (Sanitarium, Australia) Sultana GoldiesTM (Kellogg's Australia) BREAKFAST CEREALS WITH MILK Branflakes (Sainsbury's, UK), with semi-skimmed milk Cereal flakes with fruit (30 g), consumed with 125 mL skim milk (UK)
544 695 8412 605 493
30 30 30 30 45
11 14 20 12 12
643 7313 555 414
30 30 30 30
12 14 12 5
506 433 436 7211 61 686 69 694 7510 704 7210 692
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
10 8 8 18 12 13 12 12 16 14 14 13
684 614 573 723 703 574 656
30 30 30 30 30 30 30
14 10 9 15 14 11 13
449 450
765 578
30 155
15 16
451 452 453
454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468
469 470 471 472
Cocoa Crunch cereal (30 g) with 125 mL skim milk (UK) Cornflakes (Sainsbury's, UK) (30 g), consumed with 125 mL skim milk Honey Crunch cereal (30 g), consumed with 125 mL skim milk (UK) Hot oat cereal, prepared with 125 mL skim milk Hot oat cereal (30 g), berry flavor (UK) Hot oat cereal (30 g), cocoa flavor (UK) Hot oat cereal (30 g), fruit flavor (UK) Hot oat cereal (30 g), honey flavor (UK) Hot oat cereal (30 g), orchard fruit flavor (UK) Hot oat cereal (30 g) (UK) Hot oat cereal (30 g) (UK) mean of seven foods Muesli, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Australia) with 1.5% fat milk Muesli, Original (Sainsbury's, UK), consumed with semi-skimmed milk Muesli, Swiss (Sainsbury's, UK), consumed with semi-skimmed milk Muesli, Wheat free (Pertwee Farm's, UK), consumed with semi-skimmed milk Porridge, jumbo oats (Sainsbury's, UK), consumed with semi-skimmed milk Porridge, small oats (Sainsbury's, UK), consumed with semi-skimmed milk PreciseTM (Sainsbury's, UK), with semi-skimmed milk Rice PopsTM (Sainsbury's, UK), with semi-skimmed milk Wheat biscuits consumed with 125 mL skim milk Cereal biscuit (30 g), cocoa flavor (UK) Cereal biscuit (30 g), fruit flavor (UK) Cereal biscuit (30 g), honey flavor (UK) Cereal biscuit (30 g), wheat based (UK) mean of four foods
5811 655 546
155 30 155
16 16 16
436 405 478 476 507 476 409 451 396 606 606 497 406 616 594 806
155 155 155 155 155 155 155 155 30 30 30 30 250 250 30 30
11 9 12 12 12 11 9 11 7 11 12 9 9 14 14 20
467 567 527 478 502
155 155 155 155 155
12 15 14 12 13
473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482
BREAKFAST CEREAL BARS Cereal bar, cranberry flavor (UK) 425 Cereal bar, hazelnut flavor (UK) 336 Cereal bar, orange flavor (UK) 333 Crunchy Nut CornflakesTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia) 726 Fiber PlusTM bar (Uncle Toby's, Australia) 789 Fruity-BixTM bar, wheat biscuit cereal with dried fruit 564 and nuts with yoghurt coating (Sanitarium, Australia) Fruity-BixTM bar, wild berry, wheat biscuit cereal and 514 covered with yoghurt coating (Sanitarium, Australia) Hi-LiteTM breakfast bar (Freedom Foods, Australia) 533 K-Time Just RightTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia) 724 TM K-Time Strawberry Crunch bar (Kellogg's, 775 Australia)
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
6 4 5 19 18 11 9 11 17 19
483 484 485 486
487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494
495 496 497
498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505
506
507 508
509
510 511 512
Muesli breakfast bar, gluten-free 506 (Freedom Foods, Australia) Omega bar, containing linseeds, sunflower kernels 212 and nuts, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Australia) Rice Bubble TreatTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia) 6311 SustainTM bar (Kellogg's, Australia) 5710 CEREAL GRAINS Barley Barley kernels, high-amylose (hull-less) boiled in 20 water for 25 min (kernel:water = 1:2.5) (Sweden) Barley kernels, waxy (hull-less), boiled in water 22 for 25 min (kernel:water = 1:2.5) (Sweden) Barley kernels, boiled in water for 25 min 25 (kernel:water = 1:2) (Sweden) Barley kernels, high-amylose (covered), boiled in 26 water for 25 min (kernel:water = 1:2) (Sweden) Barley, pot, boiled in salted water 20 min 252 (Goudas Food Products, Concord, Canada) Barley, pearled, boiled 60 min (UK) 354 Barley, pot, boiled (Goudas Food Products, Canada) 354 Barley, pot, boiled 20 min (Goudas Food 37 Products, Canada) mean of eight studies 282 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India) 48 Barley, rolled (Australia) 665 Buckwheat groats, hydrothermally treated, 45 dehusked, boiled 12 min (Sweden) Corn/Maize Corn granules (China) 523 Maize (Zea Mays), flour made into chapatti (India) 59 Cornmeal porridge (China) 683 Sweet corn Sweet corn, 'Honey & Pearl' variety (New Zealand) 3712 Sweet corn, on the cob, boiled 20 min (Australia) 48 Sweet corn (China) 552 Sweet corn (USA)11 60 Sweet corn (South Africa) 625 mean of five studies 525 Couscous Couscous, rehydrated with hot water 657 (San Remo, Australia) Millet Millet porridge (China) 623 Quinoa, cooked, refridgerated, reheated in microwave 535 for 1.5 min (Nature First Organic, Australia) Rice, white Arborio, risotto rice, boiled (SunRice brand, 697 Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Rice, boiled white, type NS Type NS (India)9 43 Type NS (Canada) 729 Type NS, boiled in salted water (India) 72
30 30 30 30
9 3 15 14
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 50 (dry) 150
8 9 10 11 11 15 15 16 12 20 25 13
150 30 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
15 8 9 11 14 18 20 20 17 9
150 150
22 13
150
36
150 150 150
16 30 27
513 514 515 516 517
518 519 520 521
522 523 524 525 526
527 528 529 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537
538 539
Type NS (China) 831 9,18 Type NS, boiled 13 min (Italy) 89 mean of five studies 728 Type NS, boiled in salted water, refrigerated 16-20 h, 53 reheated (India) Type NS, boiled 13 min, then baked 10 min (Italy)9,18 94 Long grain, boiled Long grain, white, unconverted, boiled 15 min 50 (Mahatma brand, Riviana Foods, Wetherill Park, Australia ) Long grain, white (Uncle Bens, Auckland, 567 New Zealand) Premium long grain, white (SunRice brand, 597 Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Long grain, white, boiled 7 min (Star brand, 643 Gouda Food Products, Canada) Long grain, boiled (Star Brand, Goudas Food 693 Products, Canada) mean of five studies 603 Rice, long grain, quick-cooking varieties Long grain, parboiled 10 min cooking time 686 (Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, Belgium) Long grain, parboiled, 20 min cooking time 757 (Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, Belgium) Long grain, white, pre-cooked, microwaved 2 min 525 (Express Rice, plain, Uncle Ben's, Masterfoods, UK) Long Grain White Rice in 90 Seconds, microwaved 767 (SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Medium grain white rice, boiled 12 mins 758 Sun Rice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Rice porridge/Congee Rice porridge (China) 696 Rice porridge (Australia) 885 Rice porridge, made from rice bran (China) 191 Rice porridge, made from black rice (China) 423 Rice porridge, made from Sticky rice (China) 657 Rice, specialty rices American, easy-cook rice (Sainsbury's, UK) 4912 Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker 8610 (Lion Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) Brown Rice, Uncle Ben's Ready Whole Grain 485 (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Brown & Wild, Uncle Ben's Ready Whole Grain 455 MedleyTM (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Chicken Flavored Brown Rice, Uncle Ben's Ready 464 Whole Grain (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker 987 (Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Mill, Bangkok, Thailand) Jasmine rice, white Jasmine Fragrant rice, white (SunRice brand, 894 Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Jasmine rice, white long grain, cooked in rice cooker 10910
150 150 150 150 150 150
30 43 29 20 45 21
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
24 24 26 28 25 25 28 19 44 29
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
23 13 3 14 21 22 37 20 18 18 31
150 150
37 46
540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547
548 549 550 551
552 553 554 555 556
557 558 559 560 561 562
563 564 565
566 567
(Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) Long Grain and Wild, Uncle Ben's Ready Rice 493 (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Moolgiri white rice (Tajmahal Agro Industries, India) 54 Original Long Grain, Uncle Ben's Ready Rice 485 (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Red Raw rice, Sri Lankan, cooked in rice cooker 594 (Australia) Roasted Chicken Flavored, Uncle Ben's Ready 514 Rice (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Santa Fe, Uncle Ben's Ready Whole Grain 486 MedleyTM (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Spanish Style, Uncle Ben's Ready Rice (pouch) 514 (Effem Foods, USA) Vegetable Harvest, Uncle Ben's Ready Whole 485 Grain MedleyTM (pouch) (Effem Foods, USA) Rice, white low-amylose Calrose, white, medium grain, boiled (Rice Growers 8313 Co-op., Australia) Sungold, Pelde, parboiled (Rice Growers Co-op., 877 Australia) Waxy (0-2% amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op., 8811 Australia) Pelde, white (Rice Growers Co-op., Australia) 9311 Rice, white high-amylose Doongara, white (SunRice CleverRiceTM brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Doongara, white, cooked in rice cooker (2007) 484 Doongara, white (1995) 506 Doongara, white (2005) 546 Doongara, white (1995) 547 Doongara, white (1992) 649 mean of five studies 543 Basmati, white, boiled Basmati, white, boiled (Sainsbury's, UK) 438 Basmati, white, boiled 12 min (Value, UK) 5211 Basmati, white, organic, boiled 10 min (UK) 5710 Basmati, white, boiled (Mahatma brand, Australia) 588 Basmati, white, boiled (SunRice brand, 657 Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Basmati, white, boiled 8 min (UK) 696 mean of six studies 574 Basmati, white, quick cooking Basmati, easy cook, boiled 9 min (UK) 6711 Basmati, easy-cook rice (Sainsbury's, UK) 688 Precooked basmati rice in pouch, white, reheated in 574 microwave, Uncle Ben's Express (Masterfoods, UK) Quick cooking white basmati, cooked 10 min, 605 Uncle Ben's Superior (Masterfoods, Belgium) Japanese Style Sushi rice, white (SunRice brand, 8510 Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia)
150 150 150
21 17 22
100 (dry) 46 150 150 150 150 21 18 22 17
150 150 150 150
36 37 38 40
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
19 20 21 21 25 21 18 15 23 22 25 28 22 28 28 24
150 150
23 33
568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576
577 578
579 580 581 582 583 584 585 586
587 588 589 590 591 592 593
594
Japonica/Koshihikari rice Japonica, short-grain brown rice (Japan) Japonica short-grain brown rice, pre-germinated (Japan) Japonica short-grain brown rice, pre-germinated (Japan) Koshikari (Japonica), white, short-grain, boiled 15 min, then steamed 10 min (Japan) Japonica, short-grain white rice (Japan) Japonica, short-grain white rice (Japan) Japonica white rice and pre-germinated Japonica brown rice (ratio 1:2) Japonica white rice and pre-germinated Japonica brown rice (ratio 2:1) Koshihikari rice, white (SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Japonica rice enriched with Sunfibre (Cyamoposis tetragonolobus) (soluble fiber) Japonica rice with 3 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) Japonica rice with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) Milled, white, high amylose rice Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR62) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR36) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR62) rice, cooked in rice cooker 20 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR36) rice, cooked in rice cooker 19 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, cooked in rice cooker 14 min (Philippines) Rice, brown Brown (Canada) Brown, steamed (USA)11,14 Brown rice, boiled in excess water for 25 mins (SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Brown rice (China) Calrose brown (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Doongara brown, high amylose (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Medium Grain Brown Rice in 90 seconds, microwaved on high (SunRice brand, Rice Growers Co-Op., Australia) Pelde brown (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia)
625 545 573 488 767 756 645 673 737
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
26 22 23 18 35 34 27 30 28
686 666
150 150
27 26
66 64 64 43 50 53 55 58
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
28 28 28 18 22 23 24 25
665 50 726 872 878 667 598
150 150 150 150 150 150 150
21 16 29 29 33 24 30
766
150
29
595 596 597
598 599 600 601
602
603 604 605
606 607 608
609 610 611 612 613
Parboiled, cooked 20 min, Uncle Ben's Natur-reis (Masterfoods, Belgium) Sunbrown QuickTM (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Rice, brown, high-amlyose Brown, high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 30 min (Philippines) Instant/puffed rice Instant rice, white, cooked 3 min (China) Instant rice, white, cooked 6 min (Trice brand, Australia) Instant rice, white, cooked 6 min (China) Puffed, white, cooked 5 min, Uncle Ben's Snabbris (Masterfoods, Belgium) mean of four studies Instant Doongara, white, cooked 5 min (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Parboiled rice Converted, white, boiled 20-30 min, Uncle Ben's (Masterfoods, USA) Parboiled, low-amylose, Pelde, Sungold (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Parboiled, high-amylose (28%), Doongara (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Sticky rice Rice, Sticky (China) Rice, Sticky (China) Rice, Sticky, high-amylose (China) Wheat Wheat, whole kernels Wheat, whole kernels (Triticum aestivum)(India)14 Wheat, precooked kernels Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 20 min (Ebly, Chateaudun, France) Durum wheat, precooked, cooked 10 min (Ebly, France) Durum wheat, precooked in pouch, reheated in microwave, Ebly Express (Ebly, France) Quick cooking (White Wings, Sydney, Australia)
647 807 58
150 150 150
23 31 24
463 877 872 745 7410 947
150 150 150 150 150 150
19 36 37 31 31 39
38 877 506
150 150 150
14 34 19
872 882 502
150 150 150
24 25 14
309 524 505 405 5411
50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 125 150
11 19 17 16 25
614 615 616 617 618 619
620
COOKIES Apricot Temptation fruit cookies, 97% fat-free 474 (Freedom Foods, Australia) Milk ArrowrootTM (Arnotts, Sydney, NSW, 697 Australia) Barquette Abricot (LU, Ris, Orangis, France) 716 Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (2002) 464 Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate (2006) 463 Bebe Dobre Rano Chocolate 579 (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) mean of three studies 50 Bebe Dobre Rano Coconut (LU, Czech Republic) 483
25 25 40 50 50 50 50 50
8 12 23 16 16 19 17 16
621 622
623 624 625 626 627 628 629
630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637
638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652
653 654 655
Bebe Dobre Rano Four Cereals (LU, Czech Republic)514 Bebe Dobre Rano Honey and Hazelnuts 519 (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Dobre Rano Nuts & Honey (LU, Czech Republic) Bebe Dobre Rano Nuts and Honey (2002) 415 Bebe Dobre Rano Nuts and Honey (2006) 454 Bebe Dobre Rano with Milk (LU, Czech Republic) 504 Bebe Jemne Susenky (Opavia/LU, Czech Republic) 6711 Better Choice Multicereals (LU, Denmark) 514 Better Choice Wholegrain (LU Denmark) 463 Chocolate chip cookies, containing coconut flour 43 (Philippines) Digestives Digestives (UK) 395 Digestives (Canada) 597 Evergreen met Krenten (LU, Netherlands) 6612 Gran'Dia Banana, Oats and Honey (LU, Brazil) 285 Gran'Dia Chocolate with five cereals (Danone, 398 Brazil) Grany en-cas Abricot (LU, France) 556 Grany en-cas Fruits des bois (LU, France) 505 Grany Rush Apricot (LU, Netherlands) 623 Gyri des J reggelt! Mzlivel s gymlccsel / Fruits and Muesli (LU, Hungary) Gyri des J reggelt! Mzlivel s gymlccsel 455 (2002) Gyri des J reggelt! Mzlivel s gymlccsel 495 (2003) Gyri des J reggelt! Mzlivel s gymlccsel 476 (2004) mean of three studies 47 TM Highland Oatmeal (Westons Biscuits, Australia) 558 Jo Reggelt Fruits and Figs (LU, Hungary) 416 Jubilee Nuts and Honey (LU, Russia) (2002) 443 Jubilee Nuts and Honey (LU, Russia) (2003) 454 Jyvshyv Paussi Mysli and Fruits (LU Finland) Jyvshyv Paussi Mysli and Fruits (2002) 455 Jyvshyv Paussi Mysli and Fruits (2003) 495 Jyvshyv Paussi Mysli and Fruits (2004) 476 mean of three studies 47 Jyvshyv Paussi Vanilla (LU Finland) (2004) 557 Jyvshyv Paussi Vanilla (LU Finland) (2006) 394 Jyvshyv Paussi Wholegrain (LU Finland) 463 Leda Luxury gluten-free chocolate coated cookies 357 (Leda Nutrition, QLD, Australia) LU P'tit Djeuner Chocolat (LU, France) 425 LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat (LU, France) LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat 455 LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat 498 LU P'tit Djeuner Miel et Ppites Chocolat 523
50 50
17 17
50 50 50 25 50 50 25
14 15 18 14 17 16 7
25 25 38 30 30 30 30 30
6 9 14 6 8 9 7 12
50 50 50 50 25 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 25 50
16 18 17 17 10 14 15 15 16 18 17 17 19 13 16 4 14
50 50 50
16 18 18
656
657 658 659
660 661 662 663 664
665 666
667 668 669 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 686 687
mean of three studies 49 LU Petit Djeuner, Chocolate, low in sugar (LU 517 France) LU Petit Djeuner Chocolate & Cereals (LU, France) LU Petit Djeuner Chocolate & Cereals (2003) 466 LU Petit Djeuner Chocolate & Cereals (2006) 586 LU Petit Djeuner Cereals & Chocolate Chips, low in 375 sugar (LU France, LU Belgium, LU Czech Republic) LU Petit Djeuner Coconut, nuts and chocolate (LU, France) LU Petit Djeuner Coconut, nuts and chocolate 556 (2005) LU Petit Djeuner Coconut, nuts and chocolate 517 (2006) LU Petit Djeuner Fruits and Muesli (LU France) LU Petit Djeuner Fruits and Muesli (2002) 455 LU Petit Djeuner Fruits and Muesli (2003) 495 LU Petit Djeuner Fruits and Muesli (2004) 476 mean of three studies 47 LU Petit Djeuner Honey & Chocolate chips (LU France) LU Petit Djeuner Honey & Chocolate chips (2003) 476 LU Petit Djeuner Honey & Chocolate chips (2006) 464 LU Petit Djeuner Milk and Cereals (LU France and LU Belgium) LU Petit Djeuner Milk and Cereals (2004) 557 LU Petit Djeuner Milk and Cereals (2006) 394 LU Petit Djeuner Multicereals (LU France, LU 463 Belgium) LU Petit Djeuner with Fruits and Figs 416 (LU France, LU Belgium) LU Petit Djeuner with Prunes (LU, France) 516 Macaroons, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) 32 Maltmeal wafer (Griffin's Foods Ltd., New Zealand) 5010 Morning CoffeeTM (Arnotts, Australia) 796 Nutrigrain Fruits des bois (Kellogg's, France) 574 Oat biscuit (UK) 457 Oat biscuit (China) 551 TM Oat biscuit, Nairn's Stem Ginger Oat Biscuit 55 (Nairn's Oatcakes Ltd, Edinburgh, Scotland) Oatmeal (Canada) 544 Oro (Saiwa, Italy) 619 Petiki Go ! Fruits and Muesli (LU Poland) Petiki Go ! Fruits and Muesli (2002) 455 Petiki Go ! Fruits and Muesli (2003) 495 Petiki Go ! Fruits and Muesli (2004) 476 mean of three studies 47 Petit brun extra (LU, France) 7712 Petit LU Normand (LU, France) 513 Petit LU Roussillon (LU, France) 484 President's Choice Blue MenuTM Cranberry 604
50 50
17 18
50 50 50
16 20 13
50 50 50 50 50 50
19 17 16 18 17 17
50 50
17 16
50 50 50 50 50 30 25 25 35 25 25 25 25 40 50 50 50 50 25 25 25 25
19 13 16 14 17 6 9 15 13 7 9 9 9 21 16 18 17 17 15 10 9 10
688 689 690 691 692 693 694 695 696 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 714 715
Orange Cookies (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Crunchy 627 Oat Cookies (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Ginger & 645 Lemon Cookies (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Prince Energie+ (LU, France) 735 Prince fourre chocolat (LU, France) 505 Prince fourre chocolat (LU, France) 535 Prince gout chocolat (LU, France) 535 Prince Meganana Chocolate (LU, Spain) 4912 Prince Petit Dej Cereals (LU, France) 527 Prince Petit Dej Cereals and Chocolate (LU, France) 515 Prince Petit Djeuner Vanille (LU, France and Spain) 456 Principe megamanana vanilla (LU, Spain) 456 Rich Tea (UK) 405 Rich Tea (Canada) 554 Sable des Flandres (LU, France) 5710 Shortbread (Arnotts, Australia) 648 Shredded WheatmealTM (Arnotts, Australia) 624 Snack Right Fruit Pillow, Apple and blackberry 433 (Arnotts, Australia) Snack Right Fruit Pillow, Spicy apple and sultana 453 (Arnotts, Australia) Snack Right Fruit Pillow, Wild berry (Arnott's, 523 Australia) Snack Right Fruit Slice, Mango and passionfruit 493 (Arnott's, Australia) Snack Right Fruit Slice, Mixed berry (Arnott's, 503 Australia) Snack Right Fruit Slice, Original Sultana (97% fat482 free) (Arnott's, Australia) Snack Right Fruit Slice, Sultana with chocolate 453 (Arnott's, Australia) The (LU, France) 417 Veritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) 518 Veritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) (2002) 545 Veritable Petit Beurre (LU, France) (2006) 546 Vitasnella frollini (Saiwa, Italy) 5910 CRACKERS Choice grain crackers (UK) Corn Thins, puffed corn cakes, gluten-free (Real Foods, St Peters, Australia) Cream Cracker (LU Triumfo, Brazil) High-calcium cracker (Danone, Malaysia) JatzTM, plain salted craker biscuits (Arnotts, Australia) Lees Cabin Crackers (Fiji) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Ancient Grains snack crackers (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Wheat & Onion
25 25 25 45 45 45 50 50 50 50 50 25 25 20 25 25 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 25 25 25 25 25
10 11 13 15 16 17 18 18 18 16 16 7 10 8 10 11 11 11 13 13 13 12 11 8 10 10 10 12
716 717 718 719 720 721 722 723
497 8710 6511 528 555 605 656 606
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
8 18 11 9 10 11 10 10
724 725 726 727 728 729 730 731 732 733 734 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744
745 746 747 748
749 750 751 752 753
snack crackers (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Wheat & Sesame snack crackers (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Wheat snack crackers (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Puffed Crispbread (Westons, Australia) Puffed rice cakes Puffed rice cakes, white (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Rice cake (China) Rice cakes, Calrose rice (low-amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Rice cakes, Doongara rice (high-amylose) (Rice Growers Co-op, Australia) Puffed rice cakes, caramel flavored (USA) Rice cracker, plain (Sakada, Japan) Rye crackers with oats (UK) Rye crackers with sesame (UK) Ryvita (Canada) Ryvita Pumpkin Seeds & Oats (George Weston Foods, North Ryde, Australia) Ryvita Sunflower Seeds & Oats (George Weston Foods, Australia) KavliTM Norwegian Crispbread (Players Biscuits, Sydney, Australia) SaoTM, plain square crackers (Arnotts, Australia) Water cracker Water cracker (Canada) Water cracker (Arnotts, Australia) Wholegrain crackers with sesame seeds and rosemary (UK) Wholewheat crackers with pumpkin and thyme (UK) Wholewheat sticks, crunchy, yeast extract flavored (UK) DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES Custard Custard, low-fat, vanilla flavored (Nestl, Australia) No Bake Egg Custard, prepared from powder with whole milk (Nestl, Australia) Custard, home made from milk, wheat starch, and sugar (Australia) TRIMTM, reduced-fat custard (Pauls Ltd, Brisbane, Australia) mean of four studies Custard, low-fat, trifle flavored (Nestl, Australia) Creme Fraiche Creme fraiche dessert, peach (Finest, UK)8 Creme fraiche dessert, raspberry (Finest, UK)8 Fromage Frais Fromage Frais, red fruit: blackcurrant8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, red fruit: raspberry8
567 657 819 8211 823 917 615 8210 91 6411 5712 6910 467 488 717 709 639 7811 538 363 508
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
9 11 15 17 17 19 13 18 23 10 9 11 6 7 12 12 11 14 8 6 7
294 352 4310 374 363 303 288 307 225 318
100 100 100 100 100 100 150 150 100 100
3 6 7 6 5 2 7 5 2 2
754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 765 766 767 768
769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778
(Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, red fruit: red cherry8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, red fruit: strawberry8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, yellow fruit: mandarin and orange8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, yellow fruit: mango and papaya8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, yellow fruit: passionfruit and pineapple8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fromage Frais, yellow fruit: peach and apricot8 (Healthy Living, UK) Fruche, low-fat, apricot vanilla honey (National Foods Ltd, Melbourne, Australia) Fruche, low-fat, berry compote (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Fruche, low-fat, duet peach on pineapple (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Fruche, low-fat, lemon sorbetto (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Fruche, low-fat, orange sorbetto (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Fruche, low-fat, peach roulade (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Fruche on Fruit, low-fat, toffee apple (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Ice cream, low carbohydrate, chocolate (Australia)7 Ice fruit confection, Frosty Fruits Orange Mango Splits (Nestl Peter's, Australia) Ice cream, Regular/type NS Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate) (Italy)24 Ice cream, Reduced- or Low-fat ChocolloTM, low-fat chocolate flavored ice cream (Wendy's Supa Sundaes Pty Ltd, Australia) Ice cream, low-fat, Bulla Light Creamy vanilla (Regal Cream Products, VIC, Australia) Ice cream, low-fat, Bulla Light Real Dairy chocolate (Regal Cream Products, Australia) Ice cream, low-fat, Bulla Light Real Dairy English toffee (Regal Cream Products, Australia) Ice cream, low-fat, Bulla Light Real Dairy mango (Regal Cream Products, Australia) Ice cream, low-fat, vanilla, 'Light' (Nestl Peter's, Australia) Ice cream, low-fat, Light & Creamy, Raspberry Ripple (Nestl Peter's, Australia) Ice-cream, low-fat (1.2 % fat), Light Prestige8 rich vanilla (Norco, Australia) Ice-cream, low-fat (1.4% fat), Light Prestige8
256 299 196 257 185 225 345 376 345 343 343 376 476 327 594
100 100 100 100 100 100 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 50 50
2 2 1 2 1 1 8 8 8 7 7 8 16 1 7
57 246 365 273 273 304 46 553 475 374
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
6 3 7 3 3 4 7 9 5 5
779
780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789
790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799
800 801 802 803 804
traditional toffee (Norco, Australia) Ice-cream, reduced-fat (7.1 % fat), Prestige8 golden macadamia (Norco, Australia) Ice cream, Premium (high-fat) Ice cream, premium, Ultra chocolate, 15% fat (Sara Lee, Gosford, NSW, Australia) Ice cream, premium, French vanilla, 16% fat (Sara Lee, Australia) Milk, condensed, sweetened (Nestl, Australia) Milk, full-fat Full-fat (Italy)24 Full-fat (3% fat, Skanemejerier, Malmo, Sweden)8 Full-fat (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Sydney, Australia)25 Full-fat (Canada) Full-fat, pasteurised, fresh, organic (Arla, UK)8 Full-fat (USA)8 Full-fat, standardised homogenised, pasteurised, British (Dairycrest, UK)8 mean of seven studies Fermented cow's milk (ropy milk, langfil, 3% fat) (Arla, Gavle, Sweden)8 Fermented cow's milk (filmjolk, 3% fat) (Skanemejerier, Malmo, Sweden)8 Full-fat milk + 20g wheat bran (Italy)24 Milk, full-fat, flavored Banana, honey and malt flavored milk (Australia) Masters mocha milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Milk, reduced-fat Milk, reduced fat (1.4%) (Lite WhiteTM, Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25 Milk, semi-skimmed, British (Dairycrest, UK)8 Milk, semi-skimmed, pasteurised, organic (Arla, UK)8 mean of three studies Milk, reduced fat with added omega 3 (Take CareTM, Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25 Milk, reduced fat (98% fat free) with added omega 3 (Farmers BestTM, Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25 Milk, reduced- or low-fat, flavored Big MTM flavored milk, chocolate or strawberry (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Masters Light, 99% fat free chocolate or mocha milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Masters, reduced fat, chocolate or strawberry milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with aspartame, Lite WhiteTM (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia) Milk, low-fat, chocolate, with sugar, Lite WhiteTM (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)
373
50
373 383 616 11 21 312 346 346 412 4610 314 11 11 28 314 324 306 256 348 30 233 276
50 50 100 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
4 3 33 1 3 4 4 4 5 5 4 3 8 9 4 3 4 4 3 4
374 275 355 246 344
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
9 6 9 3 9
805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820
821 822
823 824 825 826 827 828 829
830 831
832 833 834 835 836 837 838
Rush flavored milk (Parmalat Australia Ltd, South Brisbane, Australia) Rush Heavenly Vanilla Malt milk 314 Rush Intense Coffee milk 243 Rush Ultimate Chocolate milk 265 Rush Wicked Latte milk 263 Milk, skim/low-fat PuraTM HiLo milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) 205 TM Pura Skimmer milk (National Foods Ltd, 205 Australia) Milk, skim, made from powder (Arla Foods, 27 Sweden)8,9 PuraTM Light Start milk (National Foods Ltd, 305 Australia) PuraTM Tone milk (National Foods Ltd, Australia) 305 Milk, skim (Canada) 325 Milk, skim (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)25 326 Milk, skim (USA) 32 Milk, skim (USA)8 373 Milk, skimmed, pasteurised, British (Dairycrest, 4815 UK)8 ShapeTM milk, fat free (Dairy Farmers Ltd, 343 Australia)25 mean of eleven studies 312 Milkshake, made from ChocolloTM, low-fat chocolate 214 ice cream, skim milk and malted milk powder (Wendy's Supa Sundaes Pty Ltd, Australia) Mousse, prepared Nestl Combo mousse (Nestl, Australia) 425 Nestl Milo flavored mousse (Nestl, Australia) 463 Mousse, reduced-fat, prepared from commerical mousse mix with water Butterscotch, 1.9% fat (Nestl, Australia) 364 Chocolate, 2% fat (Nestl, Australia) 314 Citrus (Nestl, Australia) 475 Hazelnut, 2.4% fat (Nestl, Australia) 364 Mango, 1.8% fat (Nestl, Australia) 335 Mixed berry, 2.2% fat (Nestl, Australia) 365 Strawberry, 2.3% fat (Nestl, Australia) 323 mean of seven foods 362 Pudding, instant (White Wings, Australia) Chocolate, made from powder and whole milk 474 Vanilla, made from powder and whole milk 404 TM Pudding, made from dairy and rice, Yoplait Le Rice (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Le Rice, Apple & Cinnamon flavor 524 Le Rice, Apricot & Almond Muesli flavor 454 Le Rice, Caramel flavor 416 Le Rice, Forest Berries flavor 454 Le Rice, Raspberry & Apple flavor 524 Le Rice, Strawberry flavor 546 Le Rice, Tropical Mango flavor 546
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
7 5 5 5 3 3 3 4 5 4 4 4 5 6 6 4 6
70 70
5 6
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 100 100
4 3 14 4 4 4 3 4 7 6
180 180 180 180 180 180 180
20 18 16 16 20 21 20
839
840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870
871
Le Rice, Vanilla flavor mean of eight foods Yoghurt Jalna Bush Honey Bio Dynamic yoghurt (Jalna Dairy Foods, VIC, Australia)25 Jalna Premium Vanilla Creamy yoghurt (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia) Yoghurt, black cherry (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, black cherry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, bourbon vanilla (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, champagne rhubarb (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, Devonshire fudge (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, Greek style, honey topped (UK)8 Yoghurt, lemon curd (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, orange blossom (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, peach & apricot (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, peach melba (Value, UK)8 Yoghurt, raspberry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, red fruit: Morello cherry8 (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, red fruit: raspberry and black cherry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, red fruit: raspberry and cranberry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, Scottish raspberry (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, strawberry (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, strawberry and cream (Finest, UK)8 Yoghurt, summer fruit: apricot8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, summer fruit: peach and vanilla8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, summer fruit: raspberry8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, summer fruit: strawberry8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, toffee (Healthy Living Light, UK)8 Yoghurt, tropical fruit: guava and passionfruit8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, tropical fruit: mango8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, tropical fruit: peach and apricot8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, tropical pineapple8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, Valencia orange8 (Finest, UK) Yoghurt, vanilla8 (Healthy Living Light, UK) Yoghurt, white peach8 (Finest, UK) Yoghurt, frozen, President's Choice Blue MenuTM brand (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Mochaccino frozen yoghurt
434 482 263 184 173 6715 6414 4912 377 367 6714 4211 286 575 438 356 378 4212 327 306 416 114 267 285 369 4111 247 328 276 387 347 4713 5412
180 180 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
16 18 3 3 2 8 20 19 13 12 30 17 5 18 7 4 5 11 13 5 16 1 3 3 5 7 3 4 3 5 11 7 17
515
125
11
872 873
874 875 876 877 878 879 880 881 882 883 884 885 886
887 888 889 890 891
892 893 894 895
896
897 898 899 900 901
902
Strawberry Banana frozen yoghurt Vanilla frozen yoghurt mean of three foods Low-fat yoghurt Low-fat, fruit, aspartame, SkiTM (Dairy Farmers, Australia) Low-fat, fruit, sugar, SkiTM (Dairy Farmers, Australia) Low-fat, sugar-sweetened, strawberry classic, YoplaitTM Lite (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Low-fat (0.9%), fruit, wild strawberry (Ski d'liteTM, Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia) Low-fat, Nestl Diet Blueberry (Nestl, Australia) Low-fat, Nestl Diet Mixed Berry (Nestl, Australia) Low-fat, Nestl Diet Peaches & Cream (Nestl, Australia) Low-fat, apricot (UK)8 Low-fat, black cherry (UK)8 Low-fat, hazelnut (UK)8 Low-fat, peach melba (Value, UK)8 Low-fat, raspberry (UK)8 Low-fat, strawberry (UK)8 Vaalia, low-fat, sugar sweetened yoghurt (Pauls Ltd, Australia) Heavenly Honey flavor Lemon Creme flavor Luscious Berries flavor Passionfruit flavor Strawberry flavor mean of five foods Natural yoghurt Fat-Free Natural yoghurt (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia)25 Greek Style yoghurt, Premium blend (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia)25 Leben European Style yoghurt (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia)25 Yoghurt, low fat, natural (UK)8 mean of four foods Non-fat yoghurt Passionfruit yoghurt, fat-free (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia) Diet VaaliaTM, sweetened with acesulfame K and Splenda Diet VaaliaTM, exotic fruits (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Diet VaaliaTM, mango (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Diet VaaliaTM, mixed berry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Diet VaaliaTM, strawberry (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Diet VaaliaTM, vanilla (Pauls Ltd, Australia)8 mean of five foods SkiTM, non-fat, sugar sweetened SkiTM, Honey flavor (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia)
556 465 51 144 337 335 3114 324 284 283 426 415 539 5611 346 6111
125 125 125 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
11 10 11 2 10 10 9 4 3 3 12 11 15 16 10 18
324 436 292 323 283 333 195 124 115 3510 196 274
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
11 17 9 11 8 11 2 1 1 12 3 5
232 232 253 232 232 231 402
200 200 200 200 200 200 200
4 3 3 3 3 3 14
903
904 905 906 907
908 909 910
911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918
919 920 921 922 923 924
925 926
927 928 929
SkiTM, vanilla flavor (Dairy Farmers Ltd, Australia) 404 YoplaitTM, non-fat, artificially sweetened yoghurts (National Foods Ltd, Australia) YoplaitTM No Fat berry fruit flavors8 163 YoplaitTM No Fat Strawberry Classic flavor8 193 YoplaitTM No Fat tropical fruit flavors8 204 TM 8 Yoplait No Fat yoghurt, various flavors 183 mean of four foods 181 Probiotic yoghurt Yoghurt, probiotic, prune (UK)8 4410 8 Yoghurt, probiotic, raspberry (UK) 4510 Yoghurt, probiotic, strawberry (UK)8 5214 mean of three foods 47 Reduced-fat yoghurt Reduced-fat, VaaliaTM, apricot & mango 264 (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Reduced-fat, VaaliaTM, french vanilla 264 8 (Pauls Ltd., Australia) Reduced-fat, Extra-LiteTM, strawberry 284 8 (Pauls Ltd., Australia) Reduced-fat, strawberry (Czech Republic) 435 TM Reduced-fat, Yoplait Lite, berry fruit flavors 253 (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Reduced-fat, YoplaitTM Lite, tropical fruit flavors 373 (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Reduced-fat, YoplaitTM Lite, various flavors 272 (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Reduced-fat, YoplaitTM Lite, Fruit Salad flavor 325 (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Yoghurt drinks Probiotic drink, cranberry (UK)8 569 Probiotic drink, orange (UK)8 308 8 Probiotic drink, original (UK) 345 Vitalise Multivitamin Cultured Milk Fruit Drink 245 (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia) Wildberry Yoghourt on the Go 194 (Jalna Dairy Foods, Australia) Yoghurt drink, reduced-fat, VaaliaTM, tropical 384 passionfruit (Pauls Ltd., Australia)8 Soy-based dairy product alternatives Soy milks Soy milk, full-fat (3%), Original, 0 mg calcium, 445 with maltodextrin, (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 Soy milk, full-fat (3%), Calciforte, 120 mg calcium, 364 with maltodextrin (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 (2000) Soy milk, full-fat (3%), 120 mg calcium, Calciforte 414 (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 (2006) Soy milk, Vitasoy Organic (National Foods Ltd, 433 Australia)8 Soy milk, Vitasoy So Milky Regular 215 (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8
200
12
200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
2 2 3 3 2 13 13 15 14 8 3 9 14 9 12 9 9
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
17 10 11 4 4 14
250 mL 250 mL
8 6
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
6 7 2
930 931 932
933
934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943
944
Soy milk, low-fat (0.7%), Vitasoy Light Original 455 (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), Vitasoy So Milky 173 Lite (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), 120 mg calcium, Light, 443 containing maltodextrin (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.8%), 120 mg calcium, 183 Vitasoy 8 Premium Vitality+ (National Foods Ltd, Australia) Soy milk drinks Soy Beverage, Chocolate flavored, President's 405 Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Soy Beverage, Original flavored, President's Choice 154 Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Soy Beverage, Vanilla flavored, President's Choice 283 Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), Vitasoy Lush, 313 Chocolate (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8 Soy milk, reduced-fat (1.5%), Vitasoy Lush, 313 Vanilla (National Foods Ltd, Australia)8 Soy smoothie drink, banana, 1% fat 303 (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 Soy smoothie drink, chocolate hazelnut, 1% fat 343 (So Natural Foods, Australia)8 Up & GoTM, cocoa malt flavor (soy milk, rice cereal 435 liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium, Australia)8 Up & GoTM, original malt flavor (soy milk, rice 465 cereal liquid breakfast) (Sanitarium, Australia)8 XpressTM, chocolate (soy bean, cereal, legume extract 392 drink with fructose)8 (So Natural Foods, Australia) Soy yoghurt Soy yoghurt, peach and mango, 2% fat, sugar 503 8 (So Natural Foods, Australia) FRUIT AND FRUIT PRODUCTS Apples, raw Apple, Golden Delicious (Canada) Apple, dried (Australia) Sliced Apples, canned, solid packed without juice (Langeberg and Ashton Foods Pty Ltd, South Africa) Apricots Apricots, raw, NS (Australia) Apricot Halves canned in fruit juice (Langeberg and Ashton Foods Pty Ltd, South Africa) Apricots, dried Apricots, dried (Australia) Apricots, dried, ready to eat (UK)
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
4 1 8
250 mL
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
11 1 4 6 5 7 8 11 11 13
200
13
945 946 947
393 295 422
120 60 120
6 11 4
948 949
343 515
120 120
3 6
950 951
307 316
60 60
8 7
952 953 954
955 956 957 958
959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977
978 979
Apricots, dried, ready to eat, bite size (UK) 327 mean of three studies 31 Apricot dried fruit snack (Australia) 423 Apricot & apple fruit strips, gluten-free 296 (Freedom Foods, Australia) Apricot jam/fruit spread Apricot 100% Pure Fruit spread, no added sugar 436 (Freedom Foods, Australia) Apricot 100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand 506 (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia) Apricot fruit spread, reduced sugar (Glen Ewin Jams, 557 Para Hills, Australia) President's Choice Blue MenuTM Twice the Fruit 568 Apricot spread (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) mean of four studies 513 Banana, raw Banana (Australia) 475 Banana (Canada) 629 Banana (South Africa) 705 TM Banana, processed fruit fingers, Heinz Kidz 6111 (H J Heinz, Malvern, Australia) Blackberry 100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand 465 (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia) Blackberry Sour Buzz dried fruit leather, Sunripe 355 School Straps (Windsor Farm Foods, Australia) Bluberries, wild (Wild Blueberries Association, 537 Canada) Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) Breadfruit, peeled, boiled 10 min (Jamaica) 475 Breadfruit, peeled, boiled 26 min (Jamaica) 609 8 Breadfruit, raw (Australia) 68 Breadfruit, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) 728 mean of four studies 626 Cherries, dark, raw, pitted (Australia)25 636 Cherries, sour, pitted, canned (Always Fresh brand, 415 Australia)8 Custard apple, raw, flesh only (Australia) 542 Dates Dates, Barhi variety, dried and vacuum packed 506 (United Arab Emirates) Dates, Bo ma'an variety, dried and vacuum packed 315 (United Arab Emirates) Dates, Khalas (Rutab, soft early ripened) variety 475 (United Arab Emirates) Dates, Khalas (Tamer, sun dried stored in traditional 458 Bedu manner) variety (United Arab Emirates) Dates, Khalas variety, dried and vacuum packed 363 (United Arab Emirates) mean of five studies 424 Divine Date spread (Buderim Ginger, Buderim, QLD, 294 Australia) Figs, dried, tenderised, Dessert Maid brand 616
60 60 15 20
7 7 5 5
30 30 30 30 30 120 120 120 30 30 30 100 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 60 60 60 60 60 60 25 60
7 9 7 7 8 11 16 16 12 8 7 5 10 17 18 20 16 9 9 10 22 14 14 20 16 18 5 16
980
981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 995
996 997 998
999 1000 1001 1002
1003 1004
(Ernest Hall & Sons, Sydney, Australia) Fruit Salad canned in fruit juice, containing peach, pear, apricot, pineapple and cherries (Langeberg and Ashton Foods Pty Ltd, South Africa) Ginger Ginger, candied, sucrose-free (Buderim Ginger, Australia) Ginger Spread, sucrose-free (Buderim Ginger, Australia) Original Ginger marmalade (Buderim Ginger, Australia) Grapes, black, Waltham Cross (Australia) Grape Nectar (Chateau Barrosa, Lyndoch, SA, Australia) Grapefruit, ruby red segments, canned in juice (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Kiwi fruit (Australia)8 Lychee, canned in syrup and drained, Narcissus brand (China) Mandarin segments, canned in juice (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Mango (Mangifera indica) (Australia)8 Mango, low-fat frozen fruit dessert, FrutiaTM (Weis Frozen Foods, Toowong, Australia) Mixed fruit, dried (Value, UK) Nectarines, raw (Australia)8 Oranges, raw Oranges, type NS (South Africa) Oranges, type NS (Canada) Orange & Grapefruit segments, canned in juice (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Orange Marmalade Marmalade, orange 100% Pure Fruit spread, no added sugar (Freedom Foods, Australia) Marmalade, orange (Australia) Breakfast Marmalade 100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia) mean of three foods Paw paw/papaya, raw Paw paw (Carica papaya (Australia)8 Peaches Peach, canned in natural juice (Goulburn Valley brand, Ardmona Foods, Mooroopna, Australia) Peach, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd, Shepparton, Australia) Peach, canned in natural juice (SPC Ardmona Ltd, Shepparton, VIC, Australia) mean of three studies Peach, canned in heavy syrup (Letona Foods, Hawthorn East, VIC, Australia) Peach, canned in heavy syrup (Homebrand, Yennora, NSW, Australia)
543
120
104 102 507 59 525 475 587 798 472 513 423 607 436 336 403 534
25 25 25 120 20 120 120 120 120 120 100 60 120 120 120 120
2 2 9 11 8 10 7 16 6 8 10 24 4 3 4 10
273 489 554 43 566 304 456 464 40 5811 643
30 30 30 30 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
4 9 10 8 5 3 5 6 5 9 12
1005 Peach, canned in reduced-sugar syrup, SPC Lite 629 (SPC Ltd, Australia) 1006 Peach & Grapes, canned in natural fruit juice 465 (Woolworths Limited, Australia) 1007 Peach & Pineapple, canned in natural fruit juice 454 (Woolworths Limited, Australia) 1008 Peach, dried (UK) 355 1009 Peach & pear fruit strips, gluten-free 296 (Freedom Foods, Australia) Pears 1010 Pear halves, canned in reduced-sugar syrup, SPC Lite 256 (SPC Ltd, Australia) Pear halves, canned in natural juice (SPC Ltd, 1011 4315 Australia) 1012 Pear, dried (UK) 4315 Pineapple 1013 Pineapple, raw (Australia)8 667 1014 Pineapple pieces, canned in fruit juice 434 (Woolworths Limited, Australia) 1015 Pineapple pieces, canned in natural fruit juice 555 (Woolworths Limited, Australia) 1016 Pineapple & Papaya pieces, canned in natural juice 537 (Woolworths Limited, Australia) Prunes, pitted (Sunsweet Growers Inc., Yuba City, 1017 294 USA) Raisins 1018 Raisins (Canada) 6411 1019 Raspberry 100% Pure Fruit spread, no added sugar 264 (Freedom Foods, Australia) 1020 Raspberry 100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand 465 (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia) Rockmelon/Cantaloupe 1021 Rockmelon/Cantaloupe, raw (Australia)8 659 1022 Rockmelon/Cantaloupe, raw (Australia)7 70 8 1023 Strawberries, fresh, raw (Australia) 407 1024 Strawberry jam (Australia) 5110 1025 Strawberry100% Fruit Spread, CotteesTM brand 465 (Cadbury Schweppes, Australia) 1025 President's Choice Blue MenuTM Twice the Fruit 6912 Spread - Strawberry & Rhubarb (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) 1026 Strawberry fruit leather (Stretch Island Fruit 294 CompanyTM, Washington, USA) 1027 Strawberry & wildberry dried fruit leather, Sunripe 40 School Straps (Windsor Farm Foods, Australia) 1028 Strawberry processed fruit bars, Real Fruit Bars 9012 (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Sultanas 1029 Sultanas (Australia) 5611 1030 Sultanas (Value, UK) 566 1031 Sultanas (UK) 5811 mean of three studies 57
120 120 120 60 20
11 6 6 8 3
120 120 60 120 120 120 120 60 60 25 30
4 5 12 6 8 10 9 10 28 3 8
120 120 120 30 30 25
4 4 1 10 8 6
30 30 30
7 8 23
60 60 60 60
26 23 24 25
1032 Tropical dried fruit snack (Australia) 1033 Vitari, wild berry, non-dairy, frozen fruit dessert (Nestl, Australia) Watermelon 1034 Watermelon, raw (Australia)8 1035 Watermelon, raw (Australia)7 1036 Wild berry dried fruit snack (Australia)
413 598
15 100
5 12
7213 803 354
120 120 15
4 5 4
1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048
1049 1050 1051 1052
1053 1054 1055 1056
FRUIT JUICES Apple juice Apple juice, unsweetened, reconstituted 395 (Berrivale Orchards Ltd, Berri, Australia) Apple juice, Granny Smith, unsweetened (Australia) 443 Apple juice, pure, clear, unsweetened (The Wild 442 About Fruit Company, Wandin, VIC, Australia) Apple juice, pure, cloudy, unsweetened 373 (The Wild About Fruit Company, Australia) Apple and blackcurrant juice, no added sugar 454 (Berri Ltd, Australia) Apple and cherry juice, pure, unsweetened 433 (The Wild About Fruit Company, Australia) Apple and mango juice, pure, unsweetened 475 (The Wild About Fruit Company, Australia) Apple, pineapple and passionfruit juice, unsweetened 485 (The Wild About Fruit Company, Australia) Carrot juice, freshly made (Sydney, Australia)8 433 Cranberry juice Cranberry juice cocktail (Ocean Spray, 523 Melbourne, Australia) Cranberry juice cocktail 683 (Ocean Spray Inc., Lakeville-Middleboro, MA, USA) Cranberry juice drink, Ocean Spray 564 (Gerber Ltd., Bridgewater, Somerset, UK) mean of three studies 59 Orange juice Orange juice (Canada) 466 President's Choice Blue MenuTM Oh-Mega j Orange484 juice beverage (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted concentrate, 536 Quelch brand (Berri Ltd, Australia) Orange juice, unsweetened, reconstituted concentrate, 545 Mr Juicy brand (Berri Ltd, Australia) mean of four studies 502 Prune juice (Golden Circle, Australia) 433 SuperJuice (Berri Ltd, Australia) SuperJuice Greenzone, containing apple, orange 473 and pineapple juice SuperJuice Immune, containing apple juice, 473 pineapple juice and guava puree SuperJuice Kickstart, containing apple juice, 393 blueberry puree and banana puree
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
10 13 13 10 11 14 16 16 10 16 24 16 19 12 14 9 11 12 15 12 12 11
Tomato juice 1057 Tomato juice, low sodium, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) 1058 Tomato juice, no added sugar (Campbell's Soup Company, Camden, USA) 1059 Tomato juice, canned, no added sugar (Berri Ltd, Australia) mean of three studies INFANT FORMULA AND WEANING FOODS Formula InfasoyTM, soy-based, milk-free (Wyeth Nutritionals, Baulkham Hills, NSW, Australia)8 KaricareTM gold starter formula with omega plus LCP oils (Nutricia, Auckland, New Zealand)8 Nan-1TM infant formula with iron (Nestl, Australia)8 S-26TM infant formula (Wyeth Nutritionals, Australia)8 Weaning Foods Apple baby food (Czech Republic) FarexTM baby rice, 7 g cereal with 80 g water (Heinz Wattie's Ltd., Malvern, Australia)8 Robinsons First Tastes from 4 months (Nutricia, Wells, UK) Apple, apricot and banana cereal8 Creamed rice porridge8 Rice pudding8 Heinz for Baby from 4 months (Heinz Wattie's Ltd, Australia) Chicken and noodles with vegetables, strained8 Sweetcorn and rice8 Porridge/Gruel (Semper Foods AB, Sweden) Gruel (wholemeal wheat, rye, rice, wheat and oat flour), made with whole milk and water24 Porridge (rice & wheat flour), apple-pear flavored, made with whole milk and water24 Porridge (wholemeal wheat, oat, rice & wheat flour), fruit flavored, made with whole milk and water24 Porridge (rice and wheat flour), made with whole milk and water24 Rice porridge, made with whole milk and water24
236 333 384 31
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
2 3 4 2
1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065
556 355 306 366 465 9513
100 mL 100 mL 100 mL 100 mL 120 87
4 2 2 3 10 6
1066 1067 1068
568 598 596
75 75 75
7 5 6
1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075
6711 6513 47 46 51 54 51
120 120 250 250 250 250 250
5 10 12 14 15 16 15
1076 1077 1078 1079 1080
LEGUMES AND NUTS Baked Beans Baked Beans, canned (Canada) 403 Baked Beans, Heinz Vegetarian baked haricot beans 40 (HJ Heinz Company, Dandenong, VIC, Australia)11 Baked Beans in Cheesy Tomato sauce 444 (HJ Heinz, Australia) Baked Beans in Barbecue sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) 474 Baked Beans in Ham sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) 534
150 150 150 150 150
6 6 10 13 13
1081 1082 1083 1084
1085 1086 1087 1088
1089 1090 1091 1092 1093
1094 1095 1096 1097 1098
1099 1100 1101
1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107
Baked Beans in Mild Curry sauce (HJ Heinz, 495 Australia) Baked Beans in Sweet Chilli sauce (HJ Heinz, 463 Australia) Baked Beans in Tomato sauce (HJ Heinz, Australia) 405 Baked Beans in Tomato sauce, canned, reheated in 577 microwave for 1.5 min (HJ Heinz, Australia) Beans, dried, boiled Beans, dried, type NS (Italy)24 37 Blackeyed beans/peas (Cowpeas), boiled Blackeyed beans (Canada) 334 Blackeyed peas (Vigna unguiculata), 52 11,14 boiled (Nigeria) Blackeyed peas (Vigna unguiculata), boiled, 38 11,14 consumed with 4.24 g salt (Nigeria) Butter Beans Butter beans, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand 363 8 (Simplot Australia, Cheltenham, Australia) Butter beans, dried, soaked overnight, 267 boiled 50 min (UK) Butter beans, dried, soaked overnight, cooked in 287 salted water (South Africa) Butter beans (Canada) 364 mean of four studies 323 Cannellini beans, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand 315 (Simplot Australia, Cheltenham, Australia)8 Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans, Bengal gram), boiled Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum Linn), dried, soaked, 10 boiled 35 min (Philippines) Chickpeas (Canada) 365 TM Chickpeas, canned, drained, Edgell's brand 383 (Simplot Australia, Australia)8 Chickpea Hommus dip, Chris' Traditional brand 225 (Capitol Chilled Foods Pty Ltd, ACT, Australia)8 Four bean mix, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand 375 (Simplot Australia, Australia)8 Haricot/Navy beans Haricot/Navy beans, boiled (Canada) 316 Haricot/Navy beans (King Grains, Canada) 39 Haricot beans, home-cooked, soaked overnight, 23 boiled 1h in water, baked in tomato sauce 2 h11 (HJ Heinz, Australia) Kidney Beans Kidney/white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), 14 soaked, boiled 17 min (Philippines) Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) (India) 19 Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), red, 25 soaked 20 min, boiled 70 min (Sweden) Kidney beans (Canada) 298 mean of four studies 223 Kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), autoclaved 34 Kidney beans, dried, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, 7011
150 150 150 150
11 12 8 13
150 150 150 150
11 10 16 11
150 150 150 150 150 150
8 5 6 7 7 6
150 150 150 30 150
3 11 9 1 9
150 150 150
9 12 7
150 150 150 150 150 150 150
3 5 6 7 6 8 17
1108 1109 1110 1111
1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121
1122 1123
1124 1125 1126 1127 1128
steamed 1 h (India)14 Black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris Linn), soaked 20 overnight, cooked 45 min (Philippines) Dark Red Kidney beans, canned in brine, drained, 435 Edgell'sTM brand (Simplot Australia, Australia)8 Red Kidney beans, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand 364 (Simplot Australia, Australia)8 Red Kidney beans, dried, soaked overnight, 515 boiled 60 min (UK) Lentils Lentils, type NS (Canada) 293 Lentils, brown, canned, drained, Edgell'sTM brand 425 8 (Simplot Australia, Australia) Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Australia) 373 Lentils, red, split, dried, boiled 25 min (UK) 217 Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (Canada) 473 Mung beans Mung bean (Phaseolus areus Roxb), soaked, 31 boiled 20 min (Philippines) Mung bean, fried (Australia) 538 Mung bean, germinated (Australia) 254 Mung bean, pressure cooked (Australia) 425 Pigeon Pea (Cajanus cajan Linn. Huth.), soaked, 22 boiled 45 min (Philippines) Pinto beans Pinto beans, steamed (USA)11,14 33 TM Refried Pinto beans, Casa Fiesta brand 383 (Capital Foods Pty Ltd, Australia) Soya beans Soya beans, dried, boiled (Canada) 155 Soya beans, dried, boiled (Australia) 203 Soya beans, canned (Canada) 142 TM Soya beans, canned in brine, drained, Edgell's 143 brand (Simplot Australia, Australia)7 Split peas, yellow, dried, soaked overnight, 256 boiled 55 min (UK) MEAL REPLACEMENT & WEIGHT MANAGEMENT PRODUCTS Chocolate, lactose-free, weight management drink (UK)24 Chocolate weight management bar (Shaklee Corporation, Pleasanton, CA, USA) Chocolate weight management drink (UK)24 Chocolate weight management drink (UK)24 Hazelnut & Apricot bar (Dietworks, South Yarra, Australia) InZoneTM nutritious beverage powder, prepared with water (Indevex AB, Sweden) Juice Plus+ Complete meal replacement powder, Dutch chocolate flavor (Australia)
150 150 150 150
5 10 9 12
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
5 9 5 4 9 5 9 4 7 4
150 150
8 10
150 150 150 150 150
1 1 1 1 3
1129 1130 1131 1132 1133 1134 1135
2910 294 235 398 427 285 355
250 mL 31 250 mL 250 mL 50 250 mL 250 mL
6 4 4 7 9 2 7
1136 Juice Plus+ Complete meal replacement powder, 324 French vanilla flavor (Australia) Lean CuisineTM frozen convenience meals (Nestl, Australia) 1137 French style chicken with rice, reheated8 366 1138 Honey Soy Beef with Wholemeal Noodles, reheated 534 1139 Burmese Vegetable Curry & rice, reheated 496 1140 Chicken Pomodoro, reheated 468 TM L.E.A.N products (Usana Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA) 1141 L.E.A.N FibergyTM bar, Harvest Oat 454 1142 NutrimealTM, drink powder, Dutch Chocolate 263 TM 1143 L.E.A.N (Life long) Nutribar , Peanut Crunch 304 1144 L.E.A.N (Life long) NutribarTM, Chocolate Crunch 324 1145 Lemon weight management bar 234 (Shaklee Corporation, USA) 1146 Lemon weight management bar (UK)24 328 24 1147 Malt toffee weight management bar (UK) 437 1148 Peanut Butter weight management bar 224 (Shaklee Corporation, USA) 1149 ProvideTM nutritious beverage powder, 285 prepared with water (Indevex AB, Sweden) 1150 ReduceXSTM Chocolate Deluxe formulated meal 106 8 replacement powder, prepared with water (Australia) 1151 SICCON D2TM nutritious beverage powder, prepared 285 with water (Indevex AB, Sweden) SlimFast weight management products SlimFast bars 1152 SlimFast chocolate caramel meal replacement bar 543 (SlimFast Foods Ltd, Slough, Berks, UK) 1153 SlimFast chocolate meal replacement bar 273 (SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK) 1154 SlimFast Chocolate Muesli snack bar 496 (SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK) SlimFast beverages SlimFast Double Chocolate meal replacement 1155 364 powder, prepared with skim milk (SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK) 1156 SlimFast French Vanilla ready-to-drink shake 375 (Slim Fast Foods Company, Englewood, NJ, USA) 1157 SlimFast meal replacement powder, prepared 356 with skim milk (Unilever Australasia, Australia) 1158 SlimFast Strawberry Supreme ready-to-drink shake 333 (SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK) SlimFast meals 1159 SlimFast Garden vegetable soup with 202 peppers and croutons (SlimFast Foods Ltd, UK) SlimFast Pasta Florentina meal (SlimFast Foods, 1160 535 UK) 1161 Tony Ferguson's Meal Replacement Shake, 222 all flavors, prepared with water (Australia) Worldwide Sport Nutrition reduced-carbohydrate
250 mL
280 280 280 280
17 19 20 17
50 250 40 40 31 50 50 31 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
13 3 6 6 3 7 10 3 2 1 2
50 50 50
18 6 16
50 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
17 10 12 10
250 mL 250 250 mL
5 12 6
1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172
products (2000 formulations) (Worldwide Sport Nutritional Supplements Inc., Largo, FL, US) Designer chocolate, sugar-free8 Burn-itTM bars Chocolate deluxe8 Peanut butter8 Pure-proteinTM bars Chewy choc-chip8 Chocolate deluxe8 Peanut butter8 Strawberry shortcake8 White chocolate mousse8 Pure-proteinTM cookies Choc-chip cookie dough8 Coconut8 Peanut butter8 MIXED MEALS AND CONVENIENCE FOODS Beef and ale casserole, convenience meal (Finest, UK)8 Berrynice Yoghurt Crunch (low fat yoghurt, honey toasted oats, strawberries and blueberries) (McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia) Burgers Fillet-O-FishTM burger (fish patty, cheese and tartare sauce on a burger bun) (McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia) Hamburger (beef patty, ketchup, pickle, onion and mustard on a burger bun) (McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia) Lean beef burger (lean beef patty, tomato, mixed lettuce, cheese, onion and sauce on a burger bun) (McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia) McChickenTM burger (chicken patty, lettuce, mayonnaise on a burger bun) (McDonald's Australia Ltd, Australia) Vege Burger (vegetable patty, lettuce, tomato and sweet chilli sauce on a burger bun) (Australia) Cannelloni, spinach and ricotta (UK) Chicken korma and peshwari rice, prepared meal (Finest, UK) Chicken korma and rice, convenience meal (Healthy Living, UK) Chicken nuggets, frozen, reheated in microwave oven 5 min (Savings, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia) Chicken McNuggetsTM consumed with sweet Thai chilli sauce (McDonald's, Australia) Chicken tikka masala and rice, convenience meal (Healthy Living, UK) Chilli beef noodles, prepared convenience meal (Finest, UK)
143 293 233 304 384 224 434 404 253 425 377
35 50 50 80 80 80 80 80 55 55 55
3 2 1 4 5 2 6 6 3 4 3
1173 1174
5312 435
300 216
8 15
1175
6610
128
20
1176
668
95
17
1177
664
164
17
1178
663
186
26
1179 1180 1181 1182 1183
598 154 446 459 464
100 300 300 300 100
14 8 21 21 7
1184 1185 1186
556 347 424
100 300 300
12 21 19
1187 Chilli con carne, made from haricot beans (Australia) 349 1188 Chow mein, chicken, convenience meal8 557 (Healthy Living, UK) 1189 Chow mein, chicken, convenience meal 477 (Serves One, UK) ContinentalTM Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce (Unilever Australiasia, Epping, NSW, Australia) 1190 Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce, Cheesy, prepared 375 with water, reduced-fat milk & margarine 1191 Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce, Creamy Carbonara, 394 prepared with water, reduced-fat milk & margarine Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce, Creamy Sun-dried 1192 436 Tomato, prepared with water, reduced-fat milk & margarine 1193 Wholegrain Pasta & Sauce, Parmesan and Cracked 335 Pepper, prepared with water, reduced-fat milk and margarine 1194 Cottage pie (UK) 658 1195 Cumberland fish pie (UK) 405 1196 Cumberland pie (UK) 296 1197 Dates, Khalas (Rutab, soft early ripened) (90 g), 375 eaten with full-fat plain yoghurt (125 g) (United Arab Emirates) Dates, Khalas (Tamer, dark brown commercial) (60 1198 294 g), eaten with full-fat plain yoghurt (125 g) (United Arab Emirates) 1199 Dumpling, containing meat and shallots (China) 283 1200 Fajitas, chicken (UK) 4214 1201 Greek lentil stew with a bread roll, home made 405 (Australia) Instant mashed potato (McCain, McCain Foods, 1202 66 USA), eaten with 62 g cheese and 16 g butter (Canada) 1203 Kidney beans, (canned) with bacon and tomatoes 368 (Australia) 1204 Kidney beans, (cooked from dried beans) with bacon 219 and tomatoes (Australia) 1205 Lamb moussaka, prepared convenience meal8 358 (Finest, UK) Lasagne 1206 Lasagne, beef (frozen) (UK) 477 1207 Lasagne, meat (Healthy Living, chilled, UK) 284 1208 Lasagne, type NS (Finest, UK) 348 1209 Lasagne, type NS (UK) 255 1210 Lasagne, vegetarian (UK) 206 1211 Lentil and cauliflower cury with rice (Australia) 6010 1212 Lentil and cheese pie (Australia) 258 Lentils and vegetables, steamed for 10 min then 1213 35 boiled for 10 min consumed with an orange (Chile) 1214 Mushroom stroganoff with rice (UK) 266
300 300 300
12 13 18
200 200 200 200
8 9 10 7
300 300 300 215
22 12 11 19
185
15
100 300 360 100 250 250 300
6 18 15 22 12 7 10
300 300 300 300 300 300 300 200 300
17 11 10 8 10 25 11 7 11
1215 Parboiled rice (Uncle Bens Converted, Mars, USA) 27 consumed with 68 g cheese and 14 g butter (Canada) 1216 Pasta bake, tomato and mozzarella (UK) 234 Pasta eaten with other foods 1217 Fusilli pasta twists (Tesco Stores Ltd, UK), boiled 283 10 min in salted water, served with canned tuna (UK) 1218 Fusilli pasta twists (Tesco Stores Ltd, UK), boiled 274 10 min in salted water, served with cheddar cheese (UK) 1219 Fusilli pasta twists (Tesco Stores Ltd, UK), boiled 405 10 min in salted water, served with chilli con carne (UK) 1220 Spaghetti, beans & vegetables steamed for 25 min, 54 consumed with an orange (Chile) 1221 Pies, beef, party size (Farmland, 456 Grocery Holdings, Australia) Pizza 1222 Pizza, Super Supreme, pan (11.4% fat) 366 (Pizza Hut, Sydney, NSW, Australia) 1223 Pizza, Super Supreme, thin and crispy (13.2 % fat) 304 (Pizza Hut, Australia) Pizza, Vegetarian Supreme, thin and crispy (7.8 % 1224 496 fat) (Pizza Hut, Australia) 1225 Stone Baked Whole Wheat Pizza - Vegetable, Pesto 544 and Feta Cheese, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Potato with added ingredients 1226 Potato, Estima (50 g), microwaved 6 min then 626 baked 10 min, served with baked beans (89 g) (UK) 1227 Potato, Estima (50 g), microwaved 6 min then 767 baked 10 min, served with canned tuna (62 g) (UK) 1228 Potato, Estima (50 g), microwaved 6 min then baked 395 10 min, served with cheddar cheese (62 g) (UK) 1229 Potato, Estima (50 g), microwaved 6 min then baked 757 10 min, served with chilli con carne (63 g) (UK) 1230 Potato noodles with meat (China) 173 TM President's Choice Blue Menu convenience meals (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) 1231 Barley Risotto with Herbed Chicken (entree) 384 1232 4-Bean Salad, low-fat 133 1233 Cauliflower-Topped Shepherd's Pie (entree) 214 1234 Chicken Curry with Vegetables (entree) 268 1235 Deluxe Cheddar Macaroni & Cheese Dinner 346 1236 Ginger-Glazed Salmon (entree) 413 1237 Lentil and Bean Vegetable Patties 545 1238 Linguine with Shrimp Marinara (entree) 406 1239 Penne with Roasted Vegetables (entree) 395 1240 Rotini with Chicken Pesto (entree) 574 1241 3-Rice Bayou Blend Rice & Beans Sidedish 444 1242 4-Rice Pilaf Rice & Beans Sidedish 465 1243 Rice & Lentils Espana Sidedish 495
100 300 -
10 10 -
200 100
12 12
100 100 100 100
9 7 12 11
139 112 112 113 300
23 20 10 23 8
300 100 300 300 60 300 113 300 300 300 50 50 50
15 1 4 3 13 18 15 11 17 25 15 16 17
1244 1245 1246 1247 1248 1249 1250 1251 1252 1253 1254 1255 1256 1257 1258
1259
1260
1261
1262 1263 1264 1265
1266
1267
1268 1269 1270 1271
Sesame Ginger Chicken with Vegetables (entree) Tomato and Herb Chicken (entree) Vegetable Ancient Grain Vegetable Patties Vegetarian Chili Yellow Curry Chicken (entree) Sausages and mash potato, prepared convenience meal (UK) Sirloin chop with mixed vegetables and mashed potato, homemade (Australia) Shepherds pie, prepared convenience meal (UK) Spaghetti bolognaise, home made (Australia) Steak and ale with cheddar mash potato8 convenience meal (Finest, UK) Stuffed bun, with shallots and meat, steamed (China) Sushi Sushi, salmon ('I Love Sushi', Sydney, Australia)8 Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan) Sweet and sour chicken with noodles, prepared convenience meal (Serves One, UK) Tandoori chicken masala & rice convenience meal (Finest, UK) White bread with accompaniments Chicken Tandoori Deli Choice white French roll (tandoori chicken, tomato, lettuce, cucumber, mint & yoghurt sauce on a roll) (McDonald's Australia) Chicken Tandoori Deli Choice Multigrain roll (tandoori chicken, tomato, lettuce, cucumber, mint & yoghurt sauce on a roll) (McDonald's Australia) Turkey & Cranberry Deli Choice Multigrain roll (turkey, lettuce, cranberry sauce, cheese and mayonnaise on a roll) (McDonald's Australia) White wheat flour bread, butter, cheese, regular milk and fresh cucumber (Sweden)8 White wheat flour bread, butter, yoghurt and pickled cucumber (Sweden)8 White bread roll with cheese (UK) White bread (Rustico Panem, Panem, Verona, Italy), consumed with 35 g butter11,14 (Burro Galbani, Cademartori, Lodi, Italy) White bread (Rustico Panem, Panem, Verona, Italy), eaten with 35 g Mazola corn oil (CDC, Milan, Italy)11,14 White bread (Rustico Panem, Panem, Verona, Italy), eaten with 35 g olive oil (Olio Sagra, Lucca, Italy)11,14 White bread consumed with margarine, eggs and orange juice White bread (30 g), toasted, served with baked beans (51 g) (Hovis, UK) White bread (30 g), toasted, served with cheddar cheese (36 g) (Hovis, UK) White Bread (Wonder Bread, Interstate Bakeries)
448 295 543 396 255 617 6612 669 529 4812 394 488 55 417 455
300 300 113 300 300 300 360 300 360 300 100 100 100 300 300
8 9 14 11 4 25 35 29 25 12 12 17 20 21 27
787
270
44
676
270
32
635
200
34
55 39 505 78
200 200 100 36
37 11 20 11
20
36
20
36
5813 506 352 74
81 66 170
11 5 37
(140 g), consumed with 30 g raw almonds (Canada) 1272 White Bread (Wonder Bread, Interstate Bakeries) 44 (140 g), consumed with 60 g raw almonds (Canada) 1273 White bread (Wonder Bread, Interstate Bakeries), 39 (100 g), consumed with 60 g raw, unblanched almonds (California Almonds, USA) 1274 White Bread (Wonder Bread, Interstate Bakeries) 31 (140 g), consumed with 90 g raw almonds (Canada) NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT PRODUCTS 1275 Choiced m TM, vanilla (Mead Johnson Nutritionals, 234 Evansville, USA) 1276 Diasip, diabetes-specific enteral formula8 123 (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands) 1277 Diason/Nutrison Diabetes, diabetes-specific enteral8174 formula (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands) 1278 Diben, diabetes-specific enteral formula8 227 (Fresenius Kabi AG, Germany) 1279 Enercal PlusTM, made from powder (Wyeth-Ayerst 6113 International Inc, Madison, USA) 1280 EnsureTM, vanilla (Abbott Australasia, Kurnell, 508 NSW, Australia) 1281 EnsureTM, vanilla (Abbott Australasia) 483 1282 EnsureTM bar, chocolate fudge brownie 433 (Abbott Australasia) 1283 EnsureTM Hospital, nutritional supplement powder, 515 prepared with water (Abbott Nutrition International) 1284 Ensure PlusTM, vanilla (Abbott Australasia) 404 1285 Ensure PuddingTM, old fashioned vanilla 364 (Abbott Laboratories Inc, Ashland, USA) Fortimel enteral formula (Nutricia N.V., 1286 258 Netherlands)8 1287 Glucerna Chocolate Graham nutritional 202 supplement bar (Ross Nutrition, Canada) 1288 Glucerna, diabetes-specific enteral formula 153 (Abbott Laboratories Inc, USA) Glucerna enteral nutritional supplement, vanilla 1289 GlucernaTM, vanilla flavor8 194 (Abbott Nutrition International) 1290 GlucernaTM, vanilla flavor8 204 (Abbott Nutrition International) 1291 GlucernaTM, vanilla flavor (Ross Nutrition, Canada) 262 1292 GlucernaTM, vanilla (Abbott Laboratories Inc., USA)8 312 mean of four studies 243 1293 Glucerna Select, enteral nutritional supplement8 163 (Abbott Nutrition International) 1294 Glucerna SR, diabetes-specific enteral formula 235 (Abbott Laboratories Inc., USA) 1295 InslowTM (Abbott Nutrition International -Japan)8 253 TM 1296 Jevity (Abbott Australasia) 483 1297 JevityTM HiCal, enteral nutritional supplement 596
200 160
23 20
230
16
237 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 237 mL 237 mL 237 mL 38 250 mL 237 mL 113 250 mL 50 250 mL
6 3 5 5 24 19 16 8 3 19 9 6 5 4
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 237 mL 250 mL
4 4 8 8 6 2 6 6 17 27
1298 1299 1300 1301 1302 1303 1304 1305 1306 1307 1308 1309 1310 1311 1312 1313 1314 1315 1316
(Abbott Nutrition International) Novasource Diabet, diabetes-specific enteral formula8 (Novartis Consumer Health SA, Switzerland) Nutridrink (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)9 Nutridrink Multifiber, containing 2.3 g fiber/100 mL (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)9 Nutrison Mutli fiber enteral formula8 (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands) Nutrison Standard enteral formula8 (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands) Promote with fiberTM nutritional supplement (Ross Nutrition, USA) ProsureTM, ready-to-drink supplement, vanilla flavor (Abbott Nutrition International) ProsureTM, ready-to-drink supplement, vanilla flavor (Abbott Nutrition International) Resource DiabeticTM, French vanilla (Novartis Nutrition Corp., Young America, USA)8 Resource DiabeticTM, Swiss chocolate (Novartis, Auckland, New Zealand) ResourceTM fruit beverage, peach flavor (Novartis, New Zealand) ResourceTM thickened orange juice, honey consistency (Novartis, New Zealand) ResourceTM thickened orange juice, nectar consistency (Novartis, New Zealand) SustagenTM, Dutch Chocolate (Mead Johnson, Bristol Myers Squibb, Rydalmere, Australia) SustagenTM Hospital with extra fiber, drink made from powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia) SustagenTM Instant Pudding, vanilla, made from powdered mix (Mead Johnson, Australia) TapionTM nutritonal supplement (Abbott Nutrition International - Japan) TwoCal HNTM, high nitrogen nutritional supplement, vanilla flavor (Abbott Nutrition International) UltracalTM with fiber (Mead Johnson, Evansville, IN, USA) NUTS Cashew nuts Cashew nuts, salted (Coles Supermarkets, Australia)8 Cashew nuts (UK)8 Cashew nuts, organic, roasted and salted (UK)8 Cashew nut halves (UK)8 Cashew nuts, roasted and salted (UK)8 mean of five foods Mixed nuts and raisins (UK) Mixed nuts, roasted and salted (UK) Peanuts Peanuts, crushed (South Africa)8
265 25 22 2810 348 498 545 555 343 164 408 479 547 314 334 273 275 555 40
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 237 mL 237 mL 237 mL 237 mL 237mL 237 mL 237 mL 237 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 250 mL 237 mL 237 mL
8 12 10 9 10 16 20 23 8 7 16 18 19 13 15 13 7 27 12
1317 1318 1319 1320 1321 1322 1323 1324
225 256 2512 276 279 251 215 2410 74
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 0
PASTA and NOODLES 1325 Buckwheat noodles (China) 1326 Buckwheat noodles, instant (China) 1327 Corn pasta, gluten-free (Orgran Natural Foods, Carrum Downs, VIC, Australia) (2007) 1328 Corn pasta, gluten-free (Orgran Natural Foods, Australia) Fettucine, egg 1329 Fettucine, egg (Australia) 1330 Fettucine, egg (Mother Earth Fine Foods, Rowville, Australia) Fusilli pasta twists 1331 Fusilli pasta twists (Tesco Stores Ltd, UK), boiled 10 min in salted water (UK) 1332 Fusilli pasta twists, dry pasta, boiled in 10 min in unsalted water (UK) 1333 Fusilli pasta twists, tricolour, dry pasta, boiled 10 min in unsalted water (UK) 1334 Fusilli pasta twists, wholewheat, dry pasta, boiled 10 min in unsalted water (UK) mean of four studies 1335 Gluten-free pasta, maize starch, boiled 8 min (UK) 1336 Gnocchi, type NS (Latina, Pillsbury Australia Ltd, Mt. Waverley, Australia) Instant noodles 1337 Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi (Nestl, Australia) (1995) 1338 Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi (Nestl, Auckland, New Zealand) 1339 Instant 'two-minute' noodles, Maggi, all flavors (Nestl Australia) (2005) 1340 Instant noodles, all flavors (Woolworths Limited, Australia) mean of four studies Lasagne pasta sheets, boiled for 10 min 1341 Lasagne sheets, dry pasta, boiled in unsalted water (Value, UK) Lasagne, egg, dry pasta, boiled in unsalted water 1342 (UK) 1343 Lasagne, egg, verdi, dry pasta, boiled in unsalted water (UK) mean of three studies Linguine 1344 Thick, durum wheat, white, fresh (Sweden) 1345 Thick, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 8 min (Sweden) 1346 Thin, durum wheat (Sweden) 1347 Thin, fresh, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w monoglycerides, boiled 3 min (Sweden) Thin, fresh, durum wheat with 39% w/w egg, 1348 (Sweden)
591 532 687 7810
180 180 180 180
25 22 31 32
324 476
180 180
15 22
619 5411 5111 558 552 54 689
180 180 180 180 180 180 180
29 26 23 23 25 23 33
465 488 527 525 502 558 539 526 53 43 48 49 61 45
180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
11 12 13 11 12 26 23 23 24 21 23 23 29 18
1349 Thin, fresh, with 0.6% w/w monoglycerides and 53 30% w/w egg, boiled 3 min (Sweden) mean of four studies 523 1350 Mung bean noodles (Longkou beanthread), 399 dried, boiled (Yantai cereals, China) 1351 Proti pasta, protein-enriched, boiled in water 281 (Vital Nature Inc, San Antonio, TX, USA) Ravioli, durum wheat flour, meat filled, boiled 1352 391 (Australia) Rice noodles/pasta 1353 Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, 616 Bangkok, Thailand) 1354 Rice noodles, freshly made, boiled 404 (Sydney, NSW, Australia) 1355 Rice noodles made from IR42 (high amylose) 41 rice flour, boiled for 22 min (Philippines) 1356 Rice pasta, gluten-free (Freedom Foods, Australia) 51 1357 Rice pasta, brown, boiled 16 min 928 (Rice Grower's Co-op, Australia) 1358 Rice and maize pasta, gluten-free, Ris'O'Mais 766 (Orgran Foods, Australia) Spaghetti 1359 Spaghetti, gluten-free, rice and Hi-Maize 515 (high-amlyose) flour (Freedom Foods, Australia) 1360 Spaghetti, gluten-free, rice and split pea, 689 canned in tomato sauce 1361 Spaghetti, 75% durum wheat flour and 25% chickpea 41 flour boiled 10 min (Rio Dulce SA, Guadalajara, Spain) 1362 Spaghetti, soy (Revival Soy, Physicians 477 8 Pharmaceuticals, Inc, USA) Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 10-15 min 1363 White, boiled for 10 min (Rio Dulce SA, 51 Guadalajara, Spain) 1364 White, durum wheat, boiled 10 min in salt water 58 (Barilla, Parma, Italy)15 1365 White, durum wheat flour, boiled 12 min 47 (Starhushalls, Kungsornen AB, Jarna, Sweden) White, durum wheat flour, 0.6% w/w 1366 53 monoglycerides, boiled 12 min (Sweden) 1367 White, boiled 15 min in salted water 443 (Unico, Concord, ON, Canada) 1368 100% durum semolina spaghetti, boiled 15 min 41 (Unico, Canada) mean of six studies 493 Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 20 min 1369 White, durum wheat, boiled 20 min (Australia) 587 Spaghetti, white, boiled 1370 White (France) 39 1371 White (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan) 46 1372 White (Unico, Canada) 483
180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
22 23 18 14 15 23 15 18 24 35 37
180 220 180
25 19 19
180
17
180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
24 28 23 25 21 19 24 26 18 22 23
1373 White (Vetta, Greens Foods, Glendenning, Australia) 497 1374 White (Canada) 508 mean of five studies 462 Spaghetti, white, durum wheat semolina (Panzani, Marseilles, France) 1375 Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 11 min 5915 1376 Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 16.5 min 6515 1377 Boiled in 0.7% salted water for 22 min 4610 mean of three cooking times 57 Spaghetti, wholemeal, boiled 1378 Wholemeal (Canada) 424 1379 President's Choice Blue MenuTM Whole Wheat 455 spaghetti (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Wholemeal pasta, dark durum wheat, boiled 10 min 1380 58 in salted water (Melia Ltd, Raisio, Finland) 1381 Spirali, durum wheat, white, boiled to al dente texture 4310 (Vetta, Australia) 1382 Split pea and soya pasta shells, gluten-free 296 (Orgran Foods, Australia) 1383 Tagliatelle, egg pasta, boiled in water for 7 min (UK) 466 1384 Tagliatelle, egg, boiled (Sainsbury's, UK) 545 1385 Udon noodles, plain, reheated 5 min (Fantastic, 628 8 Windsor Gardens, SA, Australia) 1386 Vermicelli, white, boiled, VettaTM (Australia) 357 1387 Wheat noodle, dried (China) 462 1388 Wheat noodle, fresh (China) 827 SNACK FOODS AND CONFECTIONERY 1389 Brownies, containing coconut flour (Philippines) 1390 Chick Pea chips (Freedom Foods, Australia) 1391 Chocolate crinkles, containing coconut flour (Philippines) Chocolate, dark 1392 Chocolate, dark, Dove (M&M/Mars, USA) 1393 Chocolate, dark with raisins, peanuts and jam (Czech Republic) Chocolate, milk, plain 1394 Chocolate, milk, plain with sucrose (Belgium)8 1395 Chocolate, milk (Cadbury's Confectionery, Ringwood, Australia) 1396 Chocolate, milk, Dove (Mars Confectionery, Ballarat, Australia) 1397 Chocolate, milk (Nestl, Sydney, NSW, Australia) mean of four studies Chocolate, milk, artificially sweetened 1398 Chocolate candy, sugar free, Dove (M&M/Mars, USA)8 1399 Chocolate, white, Milky Bar (Nestl, Australia) 1400 CocoaviaTM Chocolate Covered Almonds (M&M/Mars, USA)8 1401 Combos Snacks Cheddar Cheese Crackers
180 180 180
22 24 22
180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
28 31 22 27 17 18 29 19 9 20 24 30 16 19 34
42 447 43
50 50 50
11 8 10
233 445
50 50
6 12
345 496 458 428 433 233 446 213 546
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 30 50
7 14 13 13 12 3 13 2 17
1402
1403 1404
1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411 1412 1413 1414 1415 1416 1417 1418 1419
1420
1421 1422 1423 1424 1425 1426
1427
(M&M/Mars, USA) Combos Snacks Cheddar Cheese Pretzels (M&M/Mars, USA) Corn chips Corn chips, plain, salted (DoritosTM original, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia) (1998) Corn chips, plain, salted (DoritosTM original, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia) (1985) Chips or Crisps, made from flaxseed, corn or rice President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Flaxseed Tortilla chips, Sea Salt Flaxseed Tortilla chips, Spicy Japanese Tamari Rice & Corn Crisps Japanese Wasabi & Honey Rice & Corn Crisps Thai Curry Rice & Corn Crisps Fruit and nut mix (Finest, UK) Fruit Bars Apple Fruit Bar, fat-free, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Apricot and Almond bar (UK) Apricot filled fruit bar (pureed dried apricot filling in wholemeal pastry) (Mother Earth, New Zealand) Apricot & Yoghurt Healtheries Simple Bar, wheat and gluten-free (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia) Berry & Yoghurt Healtheries Simple Bar, wheat and gluten free (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia) Berrylicious Trim Bar (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia) Blackberry Sour Buzz dried fruit leather, Sunripe School Straps (Windsor Farm Foods, Australia) Fig Fruit bar, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Fruit & Yogurt Apple Cinnamon Chewy Bars (Soy), President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Fruit & Yogurt Cranberry Blueberry Bars (Soy), President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Heinz KidzTM Fruit Fingers, banana (HJ Heinz, Australia) Raspberry Fruit bar, fat-free, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Real Fruit Bars, strawberry (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Roll-Ups, processed fruit snack (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Strawberry fruit leather (Stretch Island Fruit CompanyTM, Washington, USA) Strawberry & Wildberry dried fruit leather, Sunripe school straps (Windsor Farm Foods, Australia) Gelato Gelati, sucrose-free frozen dessert, chocolate flavor
526
50
18
424 72
50 50
11 18
456 345 916 827 846 153 9013 346 508 405 514 464 355 708 343
50 50 50 50 50 50 40 30 50 50 50 50 30 40 40
9 7 35 32 33 4 27 5 17 10 13 8 7 21 7
332
40
6111 7411 9012 9912 294 40
30 40 30 30 30 30
12 23 23 24 7 8
375
100
10
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432 1433 1434 1435 1436 1437 1438 1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444 1445 1446 1447 1448 1449
1450
(Alba Foods, Newtown, Australia) Gelati, sucrose-free frozen dessert, vanilla flavor (Alba Foods, Newtown, Australia) Ice cream and cone ChocolloTM, low-fat chocolate flavored ice cream eaten with a plain cone (Wendy's Supa Sundaes Pty Ltd, Australia) ChocolloTM, low-fat chocolate flavored ice cream eaten with a waffle cone (Wendy's Supa Sundaes Pty Ltd, Australia) Jelly, made from commercial jelly crystals, Raspberry Razzle flavor (Aeroplane Jelly Company, West Ryde, Australia) Jelly beans Jelly beans, assorted colors (Allen's, Nestl, Australia) Jelly beans, assorted colors (Savings, Grocery Holdings, Tooronga, Australia) Kudos Milk Chocolate Granola bar with M&M's Milk Chocolate Mini Baking Bits (M&M/Mars, USA) Kudos Whole-Grain bars, chocolate chip (M&M/Mars, Hackettstown, USA) Kudos Milk Chocolate Granola bars, Peanut Butter flavor (M&M/Mars, USA) Licorice, soft (Coles Supermarkets, Australia) Life Savers, peppermint candy (Nestl, Australia) M & M's, peanut (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Mars Bar Mars Bar (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Mars Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Marshmallows (Candy Lane, Australia) Milky Way bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Milky Way Lite bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Muesli bar, crunchy, containing dried apricot (Uncle Toby's, Australia) Nougat, Jijona (La Fama, Spain)9 Nutella, chocolate hazelnut spread (Ferrero Australia, Milson's Point, NSW, Australia) (1997) Nutella, chocolate hazelnut spread (Ferrero Australia, Australia) (2003) Nutella, chocolate hazelnut spread (Ferrero Australia, Australia) (2007) mean of three studies Pirate's Booty, aged white cheddar extruded snack, made from corn and rice (Robert's American Gourmet, Sea Cliff, NY, USA)
394
100
11
447
100
556
110
15
536
120
10
808 766 524 628 456 7811 706 333 628 6812 626 628 455 617 32 334 304 254 29 705
30 30 50 50 50 30 30 30 60 60 30 60 45 30 30 20 20 20 20 20
22 21 18 20 14 16 21 6 25 27 15 26 15 13 4 4 4 3 3 8
Popcorn 1451 Microwave Popping Corn, butter flavor, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited,
728
20
1452
1453 1454 1455 1456 1457
1458 1459 1460 1461 1462
1463 1464 1465 1466 1467
1468
1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477
Canada) Microwave Popping Corn, natural flavor, President's 588 Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Popcorn (China) 551 Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven 557 (Green's Foods, Glendenning, NSW, Australia) Poppin Microwave Popcorn, butter flavor 628 8 (Green's Foods, Australia) Poppin Lite Microwave Popcorn, butter flavor, 678 8 50% reduced fat (Green's Foods, Australia) Popcorn, plain, cooked in microwave oven 89 (Uncle Toby's, Australia) mean of seven studies 655 TM Pop Tarts , double choc (Kellogg's, Australia) 702 Potato crisps Potato crisps, plain, salted (Canada) 517 Potato crisps, plain, salted (Arnott's, Australia) 57 Potato crisps (China) 602 mean of three studies 56 President's Choice Blue MenuTM Original and 668 Tomato Basil Vegetable Sticks (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Pretzels Pretzels, oven-baked, traditional wheat flavor 839 (Parker's, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia) Pretzels, oven-baked, traditional wheat flavor, 97% 846 fat free (Parker's, Smith's Snack Food Co., Australia) Puffed rice squares (Czech Republic) 775 Skittles (Mars Confectionery, Australia) 705 Snack bars Chewy Chocolate Chip & Marshmallow Granola Bar, 786 President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Chewy Cranberry Apple Granola Bar, 585 President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Chocolate Healtheries Simple bar, wheat and gluten 353 free (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia) Chocolate Raspberry ZingTM bar (Revival Soy, 475 Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA)7 CocoaviaTM Chocolate Almond Snack bar 637 (M&M/Mars, USA) CocoaviaTM Cripsy Chocolate Bar (M&M/Mars, 335 USA) ExtendBarTM Apple Cinnamon Delight Bar 337 (ExtendBar, USA) ExtendBarTM Chocolate Delight Bar 416 (ExtendBar, USA) ExtendBarTM Peanut Delight Bar (ExtendBar, USA) 325 Granola bar, containing coconut flour (Philippines) 46 Munch Peanut Butter bar (M&M/Mars, USA) 275
20
20 20 20 20 20 20 50 50 50 50 50 50
6 6 6 7 10 7 24 12 10 12 12 25
30 30 30 50 26
16 20 19 32 16
26
12
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
10 2 17 8 5 7 5 9 5
1478 1479 1480
1481 1482 1483 1484 1485
1486 1487 1488
1489 1490 1491 1492 1493 1494 1495 1496 1497 1498
1499 1500 1501 1502
Oat bar, made from oat flour and bran starch (Canada)9 Peanut Butter Chocolate PalTM bar (Revival Soy, Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA)8 60% Whole Wheat Fig Fruit bar, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Slimfast Meal Options bar, rich chocolate brownie (SlimFast Foods Co, West Palm Beach, USA) Snack bar, Apple Cinnamon (Con Agra Inc., Omaha, NE, USA) Snack bar, Peanut Butter and Choc-Chip (Con Agra Inc., USA) Trim bar, Chocorama (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia) Trim Bar, Mocha flavor (Aussie Bodies Pty. Ltd., Australia) Snickers Bar Snickers Bar (Mars Confectionery, Australia) Snickers Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Snickers Bar (M&M/Mars, USA)9 mean of three studies Soy Joy Fruit & Soy Bar (Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) Apple Soy Joy Bar Apricot Soy Joy Bar Chocolate Orange Soy Joy Bar Mango Coconut Soy Joy Bar Plum + Fe Soy Joy Bar Plum + Folic acid Soy Joy Bar Raisin Almond Soy Joy Bar Sanzashi Soy Joy Bar Strawberry Soy Joy Bar SunshineTM soy protein chips, lightly salted8 (Revival Soy,Physicians Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA) Tropical fruit and nut mix (Finest, UK) TwistiesTM, cheese-flavored, extruded snack, rice and corn (Smith's Snackfood Co., Australia) Twix Cookie Bar, caramel (M&M/Mars, USA) Yummiees lollies (Allseps Pty. Ltd., Australia)
59 524 726
50 50 50
14 13 26
6413 408 376 313 253
50 50 50 50 50
21 12 10 4 3
415 434 68 51
60 60 60 60
15 15 23 18
192 274 417 282 253 272 284 295 332 878
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 50
2 3 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 23
497 745 446 433
50 50 60 15
14 22 17 2
SPORTS (ENERGY) BARS 1503 Clif bar, Chocolate Brownie Energy bar (Clif Bar Inc., Berkeley, USA) Performance Chocolate Energy bar (Power Bar, 1504 USA) Power Bar (Powerfood Inc., Berkeley, USA) 1505 Power Bar, chocolate 1506 Power Bar, chocolate9 1507 Ironman PR bar, chocolate (PR Nutrition,
576 536 585 53 39
65 65 65 65 65
22 22 24 22 10
1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515
1516 1517 1518 1519
1520 1521
1522 1523
1524 1525
1526 1527 1528 1529 1530
1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537
San Diego, CA, USA)9 SmartZone Nutrition Bar (Hershey's Food Corporation, Hershey, PA, USA) SmartZone Chocolate flavor SmartZone Chocolate flavor SmartZone Crunchy Blueberry flavor SmartZone Crunchy Chocolate Brownie flavor SmartZone Crunchy Chocolate Caramel flavor SmartZone Crunchy Chocolate Peanut Butter flavor SmartZone Crunchy Key Lime flavor SmartZone Peanut Butter flavor Snickers Marathon Energy Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Chewy Chocolate Peanut flavor Cookies & Creme flavor Multi Grain Crunch flavor Peanut Butter flavor Snickers Marathon Low Carb Lifestyle Energy Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Chocolate Fudge Brownie flavor Peanut Butter flavor Snickers Marathon Nutrition Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Dark Chocolate Crunch flavor Honey & Roasted Almond flavor Snickers Marathon Protein Performance Bar (M&M/Mars, USA) Caramel Nut Rush flavor Chocolate Nut Burst flavor SoLo GI Nutrition Bar (New Era Nutrition Inc, Alberta, Canada) SoLo GI Berry Bliss Nutrition bar SoLo GI Chocolate Charger Nutrition bar SoLo GI Lemon Lift Nutrition bar SoLo GI Mint Mania Nutrition bar SoLo GI Peanut Power Nutrition bar SoLo GI Snack Bar (New Era Nutrition Inc, Alberta, Canada) SoLo GI Berry Bliss Snack bar SoLo GI Chocolate Charger Snack bar SoLo GI Lemon Lift Snack bar SoLo GI Mint Mania Snack bar SoLo GI Peanut Power Snack bar VO2 Max Chocolate Energy bar (M&M/Mars, USA) ZonePerfect Nutrition bar, Double Chocolate flavor (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, USA)
114 163 153 235 164 143 143 182
50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50
2 3 3 4 3 3 3 3
365 504 504 345
50 50 50 50
9 14 14 8
204 214
50 50
2 2
496 413
25 25
5 4
263 324
50 50
6 6
295 282 295 233 274
50 50 50 50 50
6 6 6 5 5
295 282 295 233 274 498 447
25 25 25 25 25 65 50
3 3 3 2 3 22 8
SOUPS 1538 Barley Vegetable Instant soup, low-fat, President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) 1539 Carrot soup, President's Choice Blue MenuTM
413
250
11
354
250
1540 1541 1542
1543 1544
1545
1546 1547 1548
1549 1550
1551
1552
1553
1554 1555 1556 1557 1558
1559
1560
Soupreme (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Chicken and mushroom soup (UK)24 466 Chicken and mushroom soup (UK)24 6914 Chicken & Vegetable with wholegrain pasta, Country 433 Ladle (Campbell's Soups, Homebush, NSW, Australia)8 Garden vegetable soup with peppers and croutons, 202 SlimFast (SlimFast Foods Ltd, Slough, Berks, UK) Indian Lentil Instant soup, low-fat, 627 President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Lentil, ready-to-serve, President's Choice Blue 579 TM Menu (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Minestrone Minestrone, condensed, prepared with water 486 (Campbell's Soup Company, Camden, NJ, USA) Minestrone, Traditional, Country Ladle 393 8 (Campbell's Soups, Australia) Minestrone & Pasta Instant soup, low-fat, 543 TM President's Choice Blue Menu (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) mean of three studies 47 Mushroom Barley, ready-to-serve, President's 4510 Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Pasta & Fagioli soup, ready-to-serve, President's 528 TM Choice Blue Menu (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Pumpkin Soup, creamy, Heinz Very SpecialTM, 767 with pumpkin, cream, potatoes (Heinz Wattie's Ltd, Australia) Spicy Black Bean Instant soup, low-fat, President's 575 Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Spicy Black Bean with Vegetables soup, 465 President's Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Spicy Thai Instant soup, low-fat, President's Choice 564 Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Tomato soup, condensed, prepared with water 524 (Campbell's Soup Company, Camden, NJ, USA) Tomato & Herb, President's Choice Blue MenuTM 475 Soupreme (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Vegetable soup (UK)24 6012 Vegetable Couscous Instant soup, low-fat, President's 574 Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Vegetarian Chili Instant soup, low-fat, President's 364 Choice Blue MenuTM (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) Winter Squash, President's Choice Blue MenuTM 414
250 250 250
8 13 5
250 250
5 12
250
11
250 250 250
18 7 22
250 250 250
15 3 10
250
14
250
18
250
12
250 250 250 250 250
17 15 7 11 19
250
10
250
Soupreme (Loblaw Brands Limited, Canada) SUGARS AND SYRUPS Blue Agave cactus nectar, high-fructose Organic Agave Cactus Nectar, light, 90% fructose 111 (Western Commerce Corp., City of Industry, CA, USA)8 Organic Agave Cactus Nectar, light, 97% fructose 101 8 (Western Commerce Corp., USA) Premium Agave nectar (Sweet Cactus Farms, USA) 194 mean of three studies 13 Fructose 25 g portion (Sweeten Less, Maximum Nutrition Inc., 11 Toronto, Canada)8 50 g portion (Sweeten Less, Canada) 12 50 g portion (China) 231 mean of three studies 15 Glucose 50 g portion (dextrose) 96 50 g portion (Bio-Health, Dawson Traders Ltd., 96 Toronto, Canada) 50 g portion (Canada) 100 50 g portion (GlucodinTM glucose tablets, Boots, 1029 North Ryde, NSW, Australia) 25 g portion (Bio-Health, Canada)8 103 50 g portion (dextrose) 111 8 100 g portion (Bio-Health, Canada) 114 mean of seven studies 1033 Glucose consumed with American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) 25 g glucose (Glucodex) 40 min before 76 3 g dried ginseng8,27 Glucose consumed with gum/fiber 46 g Glucose + 15 g apple and orange fiber extract 793 (FITA, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) (total carbohydrate content of drink = 50 g) 50 g Glucose + 14.5 g guar gum 62 50 g Glucose + 14.5 g oat gum (78% oat -glucan) 57 100 g Glucose + 20 g acacia gum15,28 85 11,14 75 g Glucose + 4.24 g salt (Nigeria) 86 Golden Syrup (Australia) 636 Honey Yellow box (46% fructose) (Australia)8 354 8 Stringy Bark (52% fructose) (Australia) 444 Red Gum (35% fructose) (Australia)8 463 Iron Bark (34% fructose) (Australia)8 483 Capilano Premium Honey, blend of eucalypt & floral 513 honeys (Capilano Honey Limited, QLD, Australia) Yapunya (42 % fructose) (Australia)8 525 Pure (Capilano Honey Ltd., Richlands, Qld, 586 Australia) Leabrook Farms Yellow box honey 604
1561
10
1562 1563
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 2 1 1 1 2 2 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 10
1564 1565 1566
1567 1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573
1574
10
1575
10
1576 1577 1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588
10 10 10 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
6 6 9 9 13 6 9 8 7 11 9 12 13
1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597
1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609
(Spring Gully Foods Pty Ltd, SA, Australia) Commercial Blend (38% fructose) (WA blend, Capilano Honey Ltd., Australia)8 Salvation Jane (32% fructose) (Australia)8 Clover honey, ratio of fructose: glucose, 1.09 (Vazza Farms, Hermiston, OR, USA) Commercial Blend (28% fructose) (NSW blend, Capilano Honey Ltd., Australia)8 Buckwheat honey, ratio of fructose:glucose, 1.12 (Vazza Farms, USA) Cotton honey, ratio of fructose:glucose, 1.03 (Gene Brandi Apiaries, Los Banos, CA, USA) Honey, NS type (China) Tupelo honey, ratio of fructose:glucose, 1.54 (Tropical Blossom Honey Co, Edgewater, FL, USA) Honey, NS (Canada)8 mean of seventeen types of honey Lactose 50 g portion (China) 25 g portion (BDH, Poole, UK)8 Maltose 50 g portion (Canada) 50 g portion (China) Maple flavored syrup (Cottee's Foods, Australia) Maple syrup, pure Canadian (Queen Foods, Australia) Sucrose 50 g portion (Redpath Sugars, Toronto, Canada) 50 g portion (Japan) 25 g portion (Redpath Sugars, Canada)8 50 g portion (South Africa) 100 g portion (Redpath Sugars, Canada)15 50 g portion (China) mean of six studies
623 645 698 726 736 747 744 748 878 613 461 48 10512 1052 685 546 58 60 60 659 65 844 654
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 10 10 10 10 25 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
11 10 15 9 16 16 16 16 18 12 5 5 11 11 15 10 6 6 6 7 7 8 7
VEGETABLES 1610 Broad beans, frozen, reheated in microwave (Logan Farm Pty Ltd, Australia)8 Green peas 1611 Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)8 1612 Pea, green (Pisum Sativum) (India)14 Pumpkin 1613 Butternut pumpkin, boiled (Australia)8 1614 Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) 1615 Pumpkin, boiled in salted water (South Africa) mean of three studies Sweet corn 1616 Sweet corn, 'Honey & Pearl' variety (New Zealand) 1617 Sweet corn on the cob, boiled 20 min (Sydney, Australia) 1618 Sweet corn (China)
639
80
516 5414 516 664 759 64 3712 48 552
80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80
4 4 3 12 3 6 6 8 9
1619 Sweet corn, boiled (USA) 1620 Sweet corn (South Africa) mean of five studies Root vegetables Carrots Carrots, raw, diced (Australia) Carrots, raw, ground (Australia) Carrots, peeled, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia)8 Carrots, peeled, diced boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia)8 mean of four studies Cassava (Manihot esculenta), peeled, boiled 30 min, frozen, thawed and reheated for 1 min Parsnips, peeled, boiled (Australia)8 Potato Baked potato Potato, white with skin, baked (UK) Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), peeled, baked 45 min (Jamaica) Pontiac, peeled and baked (Australia) Potato, white without skin, baked (UK) mean of four foods Baked, Russet Burbank potatoes Russet, baked without fat (USA) Boiled potato Asterix, peeled, boiled 30 min (Sweden) Asterix, peeled, boiled 30 min, served with 15.4 g sunflower oil (Ica Handlarna, Solna, Sweden) Charlotte, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min (UK) Charlotte, boiled (UK) Desiree, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) Estima, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min (UK) Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) King Edward potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min in unsalted water (UK) Marfona potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min in unsalted water (UK) Maris Piper potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min in unsalted water (UK) Nicola potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min (UK) Nicola potato, unpeeled, boiled whole for 15 min (Australia) Pontiac, peeled, boiled whole for 30 min (Australia) Pontiac, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) Sava, peeled, boiled 21-30 min (Sweden) Sebago, peeled, boiled 35 min (Australia) Boiled/cooked, white/Type NS Type NS, boiled (China) Type NS, boiled in salted water (India) Red potatoes, boiled with skin on in salted water
60 625 525
80 80 80
11 11 9
1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626
355 391 335 492 394 9411 525
80 80 80 80 80 120 80
2 2 2 2 2 36 4
1627 1628 1629 1630
695 836 9311 988 866 111 78 92 665 8111 10115 665 594 7510 563 854 597 583 56 889 118 877 661 76 897
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
19 25 17 26 22 33 20 24 15 19 17 17 19 21 18 25 9 9 14 16 24 14 13 26 19
1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650
1651
1652 1653
1654 1655
for 12 min (Canada) Potato, white, boiled (UK) mean of four studies Boiled potato cooked then cooled Sava, peeled, boiled 21-30 min, refrigerated 24 h, consumed cold (Sweden) Sava, peeled, boiled 21-30 min, refrigerated 24 h, consumed cold with white vinegar (28 g) and olive oil (8 g) (Sweden) Type NS, boiled in salted water, refrigerated, reheated (India) Potato, red, cubed, boiled in salted water 12 min, stored overnight in refrigerator, consumed cold (Canada)
9610 827 88 67
150 150 150 150
24 21 18 13
23 565
150 150
8 12
Canned potatoes 1656 New, canned, heated in microwave 3 min (Mint Tiny TatersTM, Edgell'sTM brand, Cheltenham, Australia) French Fries 1657 French fries (Ica Handlarna, Solna, Sweden), baked at 250oC for 9 min 1658 French Fries, baked 15 min (OreIda Golden Fries, H.J. Heinz Co, Pittsburgh, PA, USA) 1659 Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), peeled, fried in vegetable oil (Jamaica) Instant Mashed potato 1660 Instant (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA) 1661 Instant (Canada) 1662 Instant (Edgell's Potato Whip, Edgell's, Australia) 1663 Instant (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA) 1664 Instant (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA), prepared with water 1665 Instant (Idahoan Foods, Lewisville, ID, USA) mean of six studies Instant mashed potato consumed with added fat 1666 Mashed potato, instant (Farmland, Australia) consumed with 30 g Sunola oil (80% MUFA oil) 1667 Mashed potato, instant (Farmland, Australia) consumed with 36.5 g butter (69% saturated fat) 1668 Mashed potato, instant (Farmland, Australia) consumed with 30 g sunflower oil (64% PUFA oil) Mashed potato 1669 Type NS (South Africa) 1670 Type NS (China) 1671 Type NS (France) mean of three studies 1672 Desiree potato, mashed (UK) 1673 Pontiac, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, mashed (Australia) Microwaved potato 1674 Estima, microwaved 6 min then baked 10 min (UK) 1675 Pontiac, peeled and microwave on high
659
150
12
54 646 706
150 150 150
16 21 21
797 8013 86 888 924 976 873 7110 7410 688
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
16 16 17 18 18 19 17 17 18 17
7110 733 83 76 10213 919
150 150 150 150 150 150
14 15 17 15 26 18
938 799
150 150
24 14
1676 1677
1678 1679 1680
1681 1682 1683
1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692
1693 1694 1695 1696
1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702
1703
for 6-7.5 min (Australia) Prince Edward Island white potato, cooked in microwave for 18 min (Canada) Russet Burbank potato, unpeeled, cooked in microwave for 18 min (Canada) New Potato New (Canada) New, unpeeled and boiled 20 min (Australia) New potato, boiled (UK) mean of three studies Steamed potato Potato, NS type, steamed (China) Potato (Solanum Tuberosum), peeled, steamed 1 h (India)14 California white potatoes, cubed, roasted in soybean oil (Canada) Sweet potato, cooked Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), boiled(Australia) Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Sweet potato, orange flesh, peeled, cut into pieces, boiled for 8 min (Australia) (2006) Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peeled, baked 45 min (Jamaica) Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peeled, fried in vegetable oil (Jamaica) Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) Sweet potato, orange (China) Sweet potato, purple skin white flesh, peeled, cut into pieces, boiled for 8 min (Australia) (2006) mean of nine studies Tapioca Tapioca (Manihot Utilissima), steamed 1 h (India)14 Taro Taro (China) Taro (Colocasia esculenta) peeled, boiled (Australia) Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) mean of three studies Yam Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) Yam (China) Yam, steamed (China) Yam (Dioscorea spp.), boiled (Nigeria)11,14 mean of four studies Yam (Dioscorea spp.), boiled, consumed with 4.24 g salt (Nigeria)11,14 Coco yam (Xanthosoma spp.), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Yam, Lucea (Dioscorea rotundata) Lucea Yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 (Jamaica)
735 779
150 150
15 19
708 7812 8015 76 622 6511 728
150 150 150 150 150 150 150
12 16 18 16 12 18 14
44 465 616 7712 948 767 825 774 755 706 7010 485 54 5612 53 355 542 514 74 548 74 615
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 250 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
11 15 11 19 42 34 37 16 22 22 12 4 4 4 4 13 19 18 28 20 28 28
747
150
20
1704 Lucea Yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 775 (Jamaica) Yam, Negro (Dioscorea rotundata) 1705 Negro yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) 734 1706 Negro yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 736 (Jamaica) Yam, Round leaf yellow (Dioscorea cayenensis) 1707 Round leaf yellow yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min 683 (Jamaica) 1708 Round leaf yellow yam, peeled, roasted on preheated 807 charcoal (Jamaica) Yam, Sweet (Dioscorea alata) 1709 Sweet yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) 794 1710 Sweet yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 827 (Jamaica) Yam, White (Dioscorea alata) 1711 White yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) 756 1712 White yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 806 (Jamaica) INDIGENOUS OR TRADITIONAL FOODS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS AFRICAN Brown beans (South Africa) 248 FooFoo corn (Zea mays) and ndole (vegetable soup)14 34 (Cameroon) Ga kenkey, prepared from fermented cornmeal (Zea 121 mays) eaten with fish, tomato and onion sauce (Ghana) Gari, roasted cassava dough (Manihot utilissima) 563 eaten with fish, tomato and onion sauce (Ghana) Gram dhal soaked overnight, cooked in salted water 53 (South Africa) Kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) stew and plantain14 48 (Musa paradisiaca) (Cameroon) Koki beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cassava14 52 (Manihot esculenta) (Cameroon) Maize meal porridge, unrefined, 716 maize-meal:water = 1:3 (South Africa) Maize meal porridge, refined, 747 maize-meal:water = 1:3 (South Africa) M'fino/Morogo, wild greens (South Africa) 688 Rice (Oriza sativa) and tomato soup (Cameroon)14 46 Unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) eaten with fish, 404 tomato and onion sauce (Ghana) White rice (Oryza sativa), boiled, eaten with fish, 343 tomato and onion sauce (Ghana) Yam (Dyscoria species) eaten with fish, tomato 66 and onion sauce (Ghana) Yam (Dioscorea species) and groundnut14 50 (Arachis hypogaea) soup (Cameroon)
150
29
150 150
23 28
150 150
23 32
150 150
20 32
150 150
24 28
1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727
50 (dry) 150 100 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry)
6 7 15 1 25 30
120 34 120 (raw) 13 150 150 14 24 -
1728
1729
1730 1731 1732
ARABIC AND TURKISH Dates, Khalas (Rutab, soft early ripened) (90 g), eaten with full-fat plain yoghurt (125 g) (United Arab Emirates) Dates, Khalas (Tamer, dark brown commercial) (60 g), eaten with full-fat plain yoghurt (125 g) (United Arab Emirates) Hummus (chickpea salad dip) Lebanese bread (white, unleaved), hummus, falafel and tabbouleh Stuffed grapevine leaves (rice and lamb stuffing with tomato sauce)
375
215
19
294
185
15
64 8612 3011
30 120 100
0 39 5
ASIAN 1733 Broken rice, white, cooked in rice cooker 868 (Lion foods, Bangkok, Thailand) 1734 Butter rice, warm white rice and butter (Japan) 79 1735 Curry rice (Japan) 67 1736 Curry rice with cheese (Japan) 55 1737 Glutaminous rice flour, instant, served warm with 65 roasted ground soybean (Japan) 1738 Glutinous rice, white, cooked in rice cooker 946 (Bangsue Chia Meng Rice Co., Bangkok, Thailand) 1739 Glutinous rice, type NS (Esubi Shokuhin, Japan) 86 1740 Glutinous rice ball with cut glutinous cake 48 (mochi) (Japan) 1741 Glutinous rice cake with dried sea algae (Japan) 83 1742 Jasmine rice, white, cooked in rice cooker 10910 (Golden World Foods, Bangkok, Thailand) 1743 Lotus root powder (China) 336 1744 Low-protein white rice with dried sea algae (Japan) 70 1745 Lychee, canned in syrup, drained 798 (Narcissus brand, China) 1746 Mung bean noodles, dried, boiled (China) 399 1747 Non-glutaminous rice flour, served warm with drink 68 (Yamato Nousan, Japan) 1748 Rice cracker, plain (Sakada, Japan) 91 1749 Rice gruel with dried algae (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) 81 1750 Rice noodles, dried, boiled (Thai World, 616 Bangkok, Thailand) 1751 Rice noodles, fresh, boiled (Sydney, NSW, Australia) 404 1752 Roasted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) 77 1753 Salted rice ball (Satou Co Ltd., Japan) 80 1754 Soba noodles, instant, reheated in hot water, 46 served with soup (Japan) 1755 Sushi, salmon ('I Love Sushi', Sydney, Australia)8 488 1756 Sushi, roasted sea algae, vinegar and rice (Japan) 55 1757 Udon noodles, fresh, reheated (Fantastic brand, 628 Windsor Gardens, SA, Australia)8 1758 Udon noodles, instant, with sauce and fried 48 bean curd (Nishin Shokuhin, Japan)
150 150 150 150 100 150 150 75 75 150 15 150 120 180 100 30 250 180 180 75 75 180 100 100 180 180
37 40 41 27 27 31 56 13 32 46 3 42 16 18 34 23 15 23 15 21 21 22 17 20 30 23
1759 White rice, dried sea algae and milk, 57 eaten together (Japan) 1760 White rice, dried sea algae and milk 56 (milk eaten before rice) (Japan) 1761 White rice, dried sea algae and milk 55 (milk eaten after rice) (Japan) mean of three types 56 1762 White rice with dried fish strip (okaka) (Japan) 79 1763 White rice with fermented soybean (natto) (Japan) 56 1764 White rice with instant miso soup 61 (soybean paste soup) (Japan) 1765 White rice with low-fat milk (Japan) 69 1766 White rice and non-sugar yoghurt (yoghurt eaten 59 before rice) (Japan) 1767 White rice and non-sugar yoghurt eaten 58 together (Japan) 1768 White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber 63 (pickled food eaten before rice) (Japan) 1769 White rice with pickled vinegar and cucumber 61 (pickled food eaten with rice) (Japan) 1770 White rice topped with raw egg and soy sauce (Japan) 72 1771 White rice with roasted ground soybean (Japan) 56 1772 White rice with salted dried plum (umeboshi) (Japan) 80 1773 White rice with sea algae rolled in sheet of toasted 77 sea algae (Japan) ASIAN INDIAN 1774 Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum), eaten as roasted bread made from bajra flour 1775 Banana, (Musa sapientum), Nendra variety, unripe, steamed 1 h14 1776 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) 1777 Bengal gram dhal, chickpea 1778 Black gram, (Phaseolus mungo), soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h14 Chapatti 1779 Chapatti, bajra 1780 Chapatti, barley 1781 Chapatti, maize (Zea mays) 1782 Chapatti, flour from malted wheat, moth bean (Phaseolus aconitifolius) and bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) 1783 Chapatti, flour made from popped wheat, moth bean and bengal gram 1784 Chapatti, flour from roller dried wheat, moth bean and bengal gram 1785 Chapatti, wheat flour, thin, with green gram (Phaseolus aureus) dhal Cheela (thin savoury pancake made from legume flour batter) 1786 Cheela, bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) 1787 Cheela, bengal gram (Cicer arietinum),
300 300 300 300 150 150 150 300 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
27 26 26 26 40 24 29 32 19 19 27 26 26 29 39 39
49 7011 48 11 4310
75 (dry) 120 150 150 150
25 31 16 4 8
49 48 59 669
60
25
408 609 443
60 60 200
14 23 22
421 361
150 150
12 10
1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804
fermented batter Cheela, green gram (Phaseolus aureus) Cheela, green gram (Phaseolus aureus), fermented batter Dosai (parboiled and raw rice, soaked, ground, fermented and fried) with chutney Green gram, (Phaseolus aureus), soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h14 Horse gram, (Dolichos biflorus) soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h14 Idli (parboiled and raw rice with black dhal, soaked, ground, fermented, steamed) with chutney Lentil and cauliflower curry with rice (Australia) Millet/Ragi, (Eleucine coracana), dehusked, soaked 12 h, stored moist 24 h, steamed 1 h14 Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, pressure cooked) Poori (deep-fried wheat flour dough) with potato palya (mashed potato) Porridge, made from scoured wheat, consumed with Bengal gram, green gram and black gram Porridge, made from decorticated finger millet, eaten with Bengal gram, green gram and black gram Porridge, made from popped rice (aralu), consumed with Bengal gram, green gram and black gram Porridge, made from expanded rice (puri), consumed with Bengal gram, green gram and black gram Rajmah, Phaseolus vulgaris (India) Tapioca (Manihot utilissima), steamed 1h14 Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water)
451 381 552 3814 5111 602 6010 6810 452 571 39 65 76 74 19 7010 694
150 150 150 150 150 250 360 150 250 150 100 100 100 100 150 250 150
12 10 22 6 15 31 31 23 35 28 23 44 52 47 6 12 28
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL 1805 Acacia aneura (mulga seed) roasted, wet ground to paste8 1806 Acacia coriacea, desert oat seed bread8 1807 Araucaria bidwillii (bunya tree nut), baked 10 min8 1808 Bush honey, sugar bag8 1809 Castanospermum austral (blackbean seed), sliced, soaked 1 wk, pounded and baked8 1810 Dioscorea bulbifera (cheeky yam), peeled, sliced, soaked 2 d, baked 15 min8 1811 Macrozamia communis (cycad palm seed), sliced, soaked 1 wk, pounded, baked8 PACIFIC ISLANDERS 1812 Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) (Australia)8 Banana/plantain, green 1813 Green banana, boiled (New Zealand) 1814 Plantain (Musa AAB) (Fiji) 1815 Roti/chappati (Fiji) Sweet Potato
8 46 47 43 8 34 402
50 75 50 30 50 150 50
1 11 7 11 1 12 10
68 3810 686 595
120 120 120 60
18 8 21 16
1816 Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) (Australia) 1817 Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) 1818 Tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) (Fiji) Taro 1819 Taro (Colocasia esculenta) peeled, boiled (Australia) 1820 Taro, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) 1821 Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) PIMA INDIAN Acorns (Quercus emoryi, stewed with venison8 Cactus jam (Stenocereus thurberi) Corn hominy (Zea mays)8 Fruit Leather (Stenocereus thurberi) Lima beans broth (Phaseolus lunatus)8 Tortilla (Zea mays and Olneya tesota) White teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)8 Yellow teparies broth (Phaseolus acutifolius)8 SOUTH AMERICAN Arepa, corn bread cake, made with corn flour (Mexico)14 Arepa, made from ordinary dehulled dent corn flour12,31 (25% amylose) Arepa, made from dehulled high-amylose (70%) corn flour12,31 Arepa, made from white corn meal flour (Venezuela) Arepa, made from white corn meal flour, supplemented with 20% stabilised rice bran (Venezuela) Corn tortilla (Mexico) Corn tortilla, served with refried mashed pinto beans and tomato sauce (Mexico) Corn tortilla, fried, with mashed potato, fresh tomato and lettuce (Mexico) Ground beef served with rice and an orange (Chile) Lentil soup, pureed consumed with an orange (Chile) Pinhao, Brazilian Parana Pine seeds (Araucaria angustifolia) with coat, cooked for 1.5 h in 1 L of water (Brazil) Pinhao, without coat, cooked for 1h in 1L of water (Brazil) Pinto beans, boiled in salted water (Mexico) Spaghetti served with beef tomato sauce and an orange (Chile) Spaghetti served with pressure-cooked white beans and an orange (Chile) Wheat tortilla (Mexico) Wheat tortilla served with refried pinto beans and tomato sauce (Mexico) WEST INDIAN/CARIBBEAN
44 7712 635 54 5612 355
150 150 150 150 150 150
11 19 23 4 4 13
1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829
161 91 405 70 363 38 313 293
100 30 150 30 250 60 250 250
1 18 12 17 12 9 10 8
1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840
72 81 44 54 60 52 39 78 319 499 47
100 100 100 100 100 50 100 100 300 300 50
31 35 11 19 19 12 9 11 24 16 8
1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846
43 14 427 7714 30 28
50 150 300 300 50 100
8 4 21 25 8 5
1847 Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), peeled, boiled 26 min, 609 frozen, thawed and reheated for 1 min 1848 Cassava (Manihot esculenta), peeled, boiled 30 min, 9411 frozen, thawed and reheated for 1 min Dasheen (Colocasia esculenta) 1849 Dasheen, peeled, boiled 30 min, refrigerated, 7710 reheated for 1 min 1850 Dasheen, peeled, boiled 30 min, crushed, refrigerated, 666 reheated for 1 min 1851 Dasheen, peeled, boiled 30 min, uncrushed (whole), 7512 refrigerated, reheated for 1 min 1852 Dasheen, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) 725 mean of four foods 732 1853 Eddoe (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum), 6110 peeled, boiled 30 min, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min Green banana/plantain (Musa sapientum) 1854 Green banana, peeled, boiled 10 min (Jamaica) 375 1855 Green banana, peeled, fried in vegetable oil (Jamaica) 353 1856 Green banana/plantain, boiled 23 min, frozen, 6511 thawed and reheated for 1 min 1857 Green plantain (Musa paradisiaca), peeled, 394 boiled 10 min (Jamaica) 1858 Green plantain (Musa paradisiaca), peeled, fried 403 in vegetable oil (Jamaica) 1859 Ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca), peeled, 662 boiled 10 min (Jamaica) 1860 Ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca), peeled, fried 906 in vegetable oil (Jamaica) 1861 Irish potato (Solanum tuberosum), peeled, 718 boiled 30 min, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min 1862 Irish potato, peeled, boiled 30 min, crushed 667 Irish potato, peeled, boiled 30 min, uncrushed 1863 6610 (whole), refrigerated, reheated for 1 min mean of three foods 68 1864 Sadha roti (leavened wheat-based bread) 659 1865 Tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium), peeled, 605 boiled 30 min, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min 1866 Tannia, peeled, boiled 30 min, crushed, refrigerated, 525 reheated for 1 min 1867 Tannia, peeled, boiled 30 min, uncrushed (whole), 508 refrigerated, reheated for 1 min mean of three foods 54 Yam 1868 Coco yam (Xanthosoma spp.), peeled, cubed, 615 boiled 30 min (Jamaica) 1869 Lucea yam (Dioscorea rotunda), peeled, cubed, 747 boiled 30 (Jamaica) 1870 Lucea yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal 775 (Jamaica) 1871 Negro yam (Dioscorea rotundata), peeled, cubed, 734
120 120
17 36
150 150 150 150 150 150
44 38 43 19 36 21
120 120 120 120 120 120 120 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
10 11 17 9 14 13 26 35 33 33 34 33 29 28 30 28 20 29 23
1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879
boiled 30 (Jamaica) Negro yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) Round leaf yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Round leaf yellow yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) Sweet yam (Dioscorea alata), peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) Sweet yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica) White yam (Dioscorea alata), peeled, boiled 30 min, refrigerated, reheated for 1 min White yam, peeled, cubed, boiled 30 min (Jamaica) White yam, peeled, roasted on preheated charcoal (Jamaica)
736 683 807 794 827 626 756 806
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
28 23 32 20 32 15 24 28
Footnotes 1. NS, not specified; AUC, area under the curve. Serving sizes in grams unless otherwise specified. 2. Mean SEM. Two GI values are shown for each food - one in which glucose sugar was used as the reference food and one in which white bread was used as the reference food. 3. Estimated by multiplying the food's listed GI value with glucose as the reference food by the listed g carbohydrate per serving and dividing by 100. 4. Sydney University's Glycemic Index Research Service (Human Nutrition Unit, University of Sydney, Australia), unpublished observations, 1995-2007. 5. Glycemic Index Laboratories, Inc. (Toronto, Canada), unpublished observations, 2004 2007. 6. International Diabetes Institute (Melbourne, Australia), unpublished observations, 2006 2007. 7. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 10 g carbohydrate. 8. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 25 g carbohydrate. 9. GI calculated from the 120 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food formula. 10. V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, Le Plessis-Robinson, France), unpublished observations, 1996-2000. 11. GI calculated from the 180 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food formula. 12. GI calculated by using a mathematical formula based on results from an in vitro starch hydrolysis assay. 13. White rice was used as the reference food, but glucose was also tested and had a GI of 122. The observed GI was multiplied by 100 and then divided by 122 to convert it to a GI on the glucose scale (ie, glucose = reference food with a GI of 100). 14. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 75 g carbohydrate. 15. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 100 g carbohydrate. 16. B Spratt (George Westons Foods, Australia), unpublished observations, 2007. 17. Values based on 0.5 g carbohydrate/kg body weight. 18. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 70 g carbohydrate. 19. Glycemic Index Symbol Program: http://www.gisymbol.com.au; Accessed 30 August 2007. 20. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 180 min for
only 4 time points (0, 60, 120 and 180 min). 21. J Dzieniszewski, J Ciok (National Food and Nutrition Institute, Poland), unpublished observations, 1996-2001. 22. J Brand-Miller, S Holt (University of Sydney, Australia), and V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, Le Plessis-Robinson, France), unpublished observations, 2000-2001. 23. C Dalaudier (Nairn's Oatcakes Ltd, Scotland), unpublished observations, 2007. 24. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 30 g carbohydrate. 25. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 20 g carbohydrate. 26. Potato used as the reference food with a GI fixed at 80. The GI of the test food was calculated by expressing the test food's glucose AUC value as a percentage of the potato's AUC value. 27. GI calculated from the 90 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food formula. 28. GI calculated from the 150 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food formula. 29. GI included in original article determined from AUC measured 120 min for only 4 time points (0, 30, 60 and 120 min). 30. GI included in original article determined from AUC measured 240 min for only 6 time points (0, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min). 31. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 45 g carbohydrate. 32. Ordinary corn flour arepa was used as the reference food.
Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) values determined in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, small subject numbers or values showing wide variability: 2008
Food Number and Item GI2 (Glucose = 100) Serve Size g
GL3 per serve
1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893
BAKERY PRODUCTS Cakes Angel food cake (Loblaw's, Toronto, Canada) Carrot cake, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) Pound cake (Sara Lee Canada, Bramalea, Canada) Sponge cake, plain (Canada) Croissant (Food City, Toronto, Canada) Crumpet (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., Etobicoke, Canada) Doughnut, cake type (Loblaw's, Canada) Flan cake (Weston's Bakery, Toronto, Canada) Muffins Blueberry muffin (Culinar Inc., Canada) Bran muffin (Culinar Inc., Grandma Martin's Muffins, Aurora, Canada) Carrot muffin (Culinar Inc., Canada) Corn muffin, low-amylose4 Corn muffin, high-amylose4 Oatmeal, muffin, made from mix (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada, Peterborough, Canada)
67 39 54 466 67 69 76 65 59 60 62 102 49 69
50 60 53 63 57 50 47 70 57 57 57 57 57 50
19 9 15 17 17 13 17 31 17 14 20 30 14 24
1894 1895 1896 1897
Pancakes Pancakes, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) Pan de sal (sweet bread roll), containing coconut flour (Philippines) Pastry (Canada) Waffles, Aunt Jemima (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada)
51 68 596 76
80 80 57 35
11 24 15 10
1898
1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904
BEVERAGES Lucozade, original (sparkling glucose drink) 9510 (Glaxo Wellcome Ltd., Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK) Sports drinks Allsport, orange (PepsiCo Inc., Somers, NY, USA) 534 Cytomax, orange (Cytosport, Concordia, CA, USA) 627 Gatorade, orange flavor, US formula 8912 (Gatorade, Chicago, IL, USA) GatorLode, orange flavor 1009 (Gatorade, Chicago, IL, USA) Poweraid, orange (Coca-Cola Company, 655 Atlanta, GA, USA) XLR8, orange flavor (Softpac Industries Inc., 687 Plymouth, Minn, USA) BREADS Bagel, white, frozen (Lender's Bakery, Montreal, Canada) Baguette, white Baguette, white, plain (France) Classic French baguette (prepared with wheat flour, ascorbic acid, water, salt & 50 g yeast) (France) Classic French baguette (prepared with wheat flour, ascorbic acid, water, salt & 50 g yeast) (France) French bread, fermented with leaven (France) French bread, fermented with yeast (France) Traditional French baguette (prepared with wheat flour, water, salt and 20 g yeast) (France) Bread stuffing, Paxo (Campbell Soup Co Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Barley Breads Coarse barley kernel bread, 75% kernels Barley kernel bread, 50% kernels (Canada) Barley flour bread, 100% barley flour (Canada) Hamburger bun (Loblaw's, Toronto, Canada) Kaiser rolls (Loblaw's, Canada) Melba toast, Old London (Best Foods Canada Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) Gluten-free bread Gluten-free white bread, unsliced (gluten-free wheat starch) (UK) Gluten-free white bread, sliced (gluten-free wheat starch) (UK) Gluten-free fiber-enriched, unsliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran) (UK)
250 mL
40
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
11 7 13 51 13 9
1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912
72 9515 836 7817 8018 8135 695 74
70 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
25 14 15 14 13 13 12 16
1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918
27 43 67 61 73 70
30 30 30 30 30 30
5 9 9 9 12 16
1919 1920 1921
71 80 69
30 30 30
11 12 9
1922 Gluten-free fiber-enriched, sliced (gluten-free wheat starch, soya bran) (UK) Rye kernel (pumpernickel) bread 1923 Rye kernel bread (Pumpernickel) (Canada) Wholegrain pumpernickel (Holtzheuser Brothers 1924 Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Wholemeal rye bread (75% rye flour with 25% 1925 cracked rye grains) (Schilstad bread, Aarhus, Denmark) Rye kernel bread, Pumpernickel (80% kernels) 1926 (Canada) 1927 Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Toronto, Canada) 1928 Pumpernickel bread (Canada) 1929 Cocktail, sliced (Kasselar Food Products, Canada) mean of seven studies Wholemeal rye bread 1930 Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) 1931 Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) 1932 Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) 1933 Wholemeal rye bread (Canada) mean of four studies Specialty rye breads Brgen Dark/Swiss rye (Tip Top Bakeries, 1934 Australia) 1935 Klosterbrot wholemeal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd., Canada) 1936 Light rye (Silverstein's Bakery, Toronto, Canada) 1937 Linseed rye (Rudolph's Specialty Bakery Ltd., Toronto, Canada) 1938 Sourdough rye (Canada) 1939 Volkornbrot, wholemeal rye bread (Dimpflmeier Bakery Ltd., Canada) Wheat Breads Cracked wheat kernel (bulgur) bread 1940 50% cracked wheat kernel (Canada) 1941 75% cracked wheat kernels (Canada) White wheat flour bread 1942 White flour (USA)5 White flour (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., 1943 Canada) 1944 White flour (Canada) 1945 White flour (Israel) mean of four studies 1946 White wheat flour bread, hard, toasted (Italy) 1947 White Turkish bread (Turkey) White bread, fiber-enriched 1948 White, high-fiber (Dempster's Corporate Foods Ltd., Canada) White, high-fiber (Weston's Bakery, Toronto, 1949 Canada)
76
30
10
41 46
30 30
5 5
54
30
55 55 56 62 533 41 62 63 66 586 746 67 68 55 57 56
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
7 7 7 8 6 6 9 9 9 8 7 9 10 7 7 7
58 48 70 71 71 785 732 73 87 67 69
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
12 10 10 10 10 12 10 11 15 9 9
1950 1951 1952 1953
1954 1955 1956 1957 1958
1959 1960 1961
1962
1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977
White bread with enzyme inhibitors White bread + acarbose (200 mg) (Mexico) White bread roll + 3 mg trestatin (pancreatic alpha-amylase inhibitor) (Switzerland)6,7 White bread roll + 6 mg trestatin (Switzerland)6,7 White bread with soluble fiber White bread + 15 g psyllium fiber (Plantago psyllium) (Mexico) White bread with Sunfibre (Cyamoposis tetragonolobus) (Indian cluster guar beans) White bread with 3 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Yokaichi Mie, Japan) White bread with 10 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) White bread with 15 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) White bread with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 2 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan), viscosity 2 White bread consumed with fiber drink White bread consumed with 5 g Sunfibre (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) dissolved in 250 mL water White bread consumed with 10 g Sunfibre (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) dissolved in 250 mL water White bread consumed with 10 g insoluble dextrin (Matsutani Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Japan) in 250 mL water White bread with 10 g inulin (Orafti, Tienen, Belgium) in 250 mL water Wholemeal (whole wheat) wheat flour bread Wholemeal flour (Canada)3 Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Canada) Wholemeal flour (Denmark)6,7 Wholemeal flour (USA)4 Wholemeal flour (Kenya) mean of eleven studies Wholemeal Turkish bread Specialty wheat breads Brgen Mixed Grain (Tip Top Bakeries, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) MolenbergTM (Goodman Fielder, New Zealand) Multigrain loaf, containing coconut flour (Philippines)
18 48 29 41
30 30 30 30
3 6 3 7
53 49 47 37 39
30 30 30 30 30
8 8 8 6 6
46 41 48
46
52 64 65 67 67 69 69 71 71 73 87 69 2 49 696 848 65
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
6 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 10 11 9 8 8 12 8
1978 Semolina bread (Kenya)5 1979 Whole-wheat snack bread (Ryvita Co Ltd., Poole, Dorset, UK) 1980 Middle Eastern flatbread 1981 Pita bread, white (Canada) 1982 Pita bread, white (Sainsbury's, UK) 1983 Pita bread, white (Value, UK) 1984 Wheat flour flatbread (India) 1985 Amaranth : wheat (25:75) flour flatbread (India) 1986 Amaranth : wheat (50:50) flour flatbread (India) BREAKFAST CEREALS All-BranTM, high-fiber, extruded wheat bran cereal (Kellogg's Inc., Etobicoke, Canada) Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener (India) Bran BudsTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)9 Bran Buds with psyllium (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)9 Bran ChexTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Toronto, Canada)9 CheeriosTM (General Mills Inc., Etobicoke, Canada)9 Corn BranTM (Quaker Oats Co. of Canada, Peterborough, Canada)9 Corn ChexTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9 CornflakesTM CornflakesTM (Kellogg's, Auckland, New Zealand) CornflakesTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada) CornflakesTM (Kellogg's, USA)4 Cornflakes (Kellogg's, France) Cornflakes (Kellogg's, MI, USA) mean of five studies Cornflakes, high-fiber (Presidents Choice, Sunfresh Ltd., Toronto, Canada)9 Cream of WheatTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9 Cream of WheatTM, Instant (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9 CrispixTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)9 Fruitful LiteTM (Hubbards, Auckland, New Zealand) Golden GrahamsTM (General Mills Inc., Canada)9 GrapenutsTM (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc., Canada)9 GrapenutsTM Flakes (Post, Kraft General Foods Inc., Canada)9 LifeTM (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)9 Muesli, No Name (Sunfresh Ltd., Toronto, Canada)9 Oat bran Oat bran, raw (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)9 Oat bran, raw Oat Bran (Quaker Oats Co, Peterborough, ON, Canada) mean of three studies Oat bran crisp (Natureal GI-crisp, Finn Cereal,
64 74 9729 57 6716 6920 669 6610 7620
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
16 15 10 10 10 11 10 11
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
50 9719 58 47 58 74 75 83 7216 86 92 9316 13233 9510 74 66 74 87 30 71 67 80 66 60 50 59 60 56 79
30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 250 250 30 12 30 30 30 30 30 10 10 10 10 30
12 18 7 6 11 15 15 21 18 22 24 25 33 25 17 17 22 22 18 13 17 17 11 2 3 4 3 10
2014
2015 2016 2017
2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033
Vantaa, Finland)10,11 Oat bran flour (Natureal GI-flour, Finn Cereal, Vantaa, Finland), consumed mixed with cold water10,11 Porridge made from rolled oats Porridge (Canada) Porridge (Canada) Porridge (USA)4 mean of three studies Instant Porridge Quick Oats (Quaker Oats Co., Canada) One Minute Oats (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)9 Pro StarsTM (General Mills Inc., Canada)9 Puffed Wheat (Quaker Oats Co., Canada)9 Red River Cereal (Maple Leaf Mills, Toronto, Canada)9 Rice ChexTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9 Rice KrispiesTM (Kellogg's Inc., Canada)9 Shredded WheatTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9 Sultana Bran (Healthy Living, UK) TeamTM (Nabisco Brands Ltd., Canada)9 Thank GoodnessTM (Hubbards, New Zealand) TotalTM (General Mills Inc., Canada)99 Wheat flakes, enriched with extruded oat-bran concentrate (8.1% -glucan) (Canada) WeetabixTM, plain flaked wheat biscuits (Weetabix of Canada Ltd., Thornhill, Canada)9 Juicy cereal bar (stavnata tycinka FIT, Usovsko, Czech Republic) Wheat flake bar, containing frutcose and extruded oat bran concentrate (6.5% -glucan) (Canada) CEREAL GRAINS Amaranth Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum) popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener (India) Barley Pearl Barley Barley, pearled (Canada) Barley (Canada) Barley (Canada) Barley, pearled (Canada) mean of four studies Barley (Hordeum vulgare) (India) Barley, cracked (Malthouth, Tunisia) Buckwheat Buckwheat (Canada) Buckwheat (Canada) Buckwheat (Canada) mean of three studies Corn/Maize Maize meal porridge/gruel (Kenya)
40
30
62 69 75 69 65 66 71 67 49 89 82 83 9017 82 6518 76 36 74 8516 30
250 250 250 250 250 250 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
14 16 17 16 17 17 17 13 11 23 22 17 15 18 15 17 6 16 17 5
2034
9719
30
21
2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043
22 22 27 29 252 37 50 49 5110 63 54 109
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 -
9 9 11 12 11 16 21 15 15 19 16 -
2044
2045 2046
2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052
2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065
2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073
2074 2075
Cornmeal Cornmeal, boiled in salted water 2 min (McNair Products Co. Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Cornmeal + margarine (McNair Products Co. Ltd., Canada) Sweet corn Sweet corn, cooked (Israel) Sweet corn (Canada) Sweet corn (USA)5 mean of three studies Sweet corn, whole kernel, canned, diet-pack, drained (Featherweight, USA)5 Sweet corn, frozen, reheated in microwave (Green Giant Pillsbury Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Taco shells, cornmeal-based, baked (Old El Paso Foods Co., Toronto, Canada) Couscous Couscous, boiled 5 min (Near East Food Products Co., Leominster, MA, USA) Couscous, boiled 5 min (Tunisia) Millet Millet, boiled (Canada) Millet flour porridge (Kenya) Rice, white White (Oryza sativa), boiled (India) Rice, boiled white, type NS Type NS, boiled (France) Type NS, eaten alone (France) Type NS, boiled (France) Type NS (Canada) Type NS (France) Type NS (Canada) Type NS (Pakistan) Type NS (Kenya) mean of eight studies Long grain, boiled Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Toronto, Canada) Long grain, boiled 25 min (Surinam) Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) Long grain, boiled 15 min Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) Gem long grain (Dainty Food Inc., Canada) Long grain, nonglutinous (non waxy) rice variety RD 21/23 (low amylose), boiled (Thailand) mean of eight studies Rice, specialty rices Cajun Style, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Bolton, Canada) Garden Style, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada)
68 69
150 150
9 8
527 5911 60 57 46 47 68
150 150 150 150 150 150 20
17 19 20 19 13 16 8
61 69 7110 107 6915 43 45 47 51 52 56 69 112 598 41 55 562 57 58 60 60 71 573 51 55
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
21 23 26 30 13 14 14 21 19 23 26 47 21 16 22 24 23 23 24 24 29 23 19 20
2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082
2083 2084
2085 2086 2087
2088 2089
2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103
2104
Glutinous (waxy) rice, low-amylose, boiled (Thailand) Long Grain and Wild, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Mexican Fast and Fancy, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada) Saskatchewan wild rice (Canada) Rice, white low-amylose White, low-amylose, boiled (Turkey) Rice, white high-amylose Bangladeshi rice variety BR16 (28% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, white, long-grain (27% amylose), boiled 17.5 min Japonica rice enriched with Sunfibre (Cyamoposis tetragonolobus) (soluble fiber) Japonica rice with 3 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) Japonica rice with 5 g Sunfibre, viscosity 1 (Taiyo Kagaku Co., Ltd, Japan) Milled, white, high amylose rice Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Milled (white), high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 22 min (Philippines) Rice, brown Brown (Oryza Sativa), boiled (South India)6 Brown, high amylose (IR42) rice, boiled 30 min (Philippines) Instant/puffed rice Instant rice, white, boiled 1 min (Canada) Parboiled rice Parboiled rice (Canada) Parboiled rice (USA)5 Converted, white, Uncle Ben's (Effem Foods Ltd., Canada)5 Converted, white, long grain, boiled 20-30 min, Uncle Ben's (Masterfoods USA) Boiled, 12 min (Denmark)4 Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) Boiled, 12 min (Denmark) Long grain, boiled 5 min (Canada) Long grain, boiled, 10 min (USA)4 Long grain, boiled 15 min (Canada) Long grain, boiled 25 min (Canada) mean of twelve studies Parboiled rice, eaten as part of a traditional Indian meal (India)6 Parboiled, low-amylose Bangladeshi rice variety BR2, parboiled
75 54 58 57 17 37 39
150 150 150 150 150 150
20 21 18 7 14 15
54 54
150 150
22 22
61 59 61
150 150 150
26 25 26
5019 39
150 150
17 16
46 48 72 45 50 39 42 43 46 38 61 47 46 483 99
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 -
19 17 26 16 18 14 15 15 17 14 22 17 17 17 -
51
150
19
2105 2106 2107 2108
2109 2110 2111
2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 2123
(12% amylose) Parboiled, high-amylose Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, parboiled (28% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, traditionally parboiled (27% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR16, pressure parboiled (27% amylose) Bangladeshi rice variety BR4, parboiled (27% amylose) mean of four studies Rye, whole kernels Rye, whole kernels (Canada) Rye, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 30 min in 2 L water (Canada) Rye, whole kernels (Canada) mean of three studies Wheat Wheat, whole kernels Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) Wheat, whole kernels, pressure cooked (15 psi) 30 min in 2 L water (Canada) Wheat, whole kernels (Canada) mean of three studies Wheat, type NS (India)11 Wheat, type NS (India)6 Semolina Semolina, roasted at 105oC then gelatinised with water (India) Semolina, steamed and gelatinised (India) Cracked wheat (bulgur/bourghul) Bulgur, boiled (Canada) Bulgur, boiled in 800 mL water 20 min (Canada) Bulgur, boiled (Canada) Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) Bulgur, boiled 20 min (Canada) mean of five studies COOKIES Arrowroot Arrowroot (McCormicks's, Interbare Foods, Toronto, Canada) Arrowroot plus (McCormicks's, Canada) Chocolate chip cookies, containing coconut flour (Philippines) Digestives Digestives (Canada) Digestives, Peak Freans (Nabisco Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Digestives, gluten-free (maize starch) (Nutricia Dietary Care Ltd., Redish, Stockport, UK)
35 32 27 33 322 29 34 39 34
150 150 150 150 150 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry)
13 12 11 13 12 11 13 15 13
42 44 48 45 63 90 559 5413 46 46 46 46 53 471
50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
14 14 16 15 24 34 6 6 12 12 12 12 14 12
2124 2125 2126
63 62 50
25 25 25
13 11 8
2127 2128 2129
55 62 58
25 25 25
9 9 10
2130 Golden Fruit (Griffin's Foods Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand) 2131 Graham Wafers (Christie Brown & Co., Toronto, Canada) 2132 Highland Oatcakes (Walker's Shortbread Ltd., Aberlour-on-Spey, Scotland) 2133 Macaroons, prepared with coconut flour (Philippines) 2134 Oro (Saiwa, Italy) 2135 Vanilla Wafers (Christie Brown & Co., Canada)
7725 74 57 33 6717 77
25 25 25 30 40 25
13 13 8 6 21 14
2136
2137 2138 2139 2140 2141
CRACKERS Breton wheat crackers (Dare Foods Ltd., 67 Kitchener, Canada) Rye crispbread Rye crispbread (Canada) 63 Rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd., UK) 63 High-fiber rye crispbread (Ryvita Company Ltd., 59 Poole, Dorset, UK) Premium Soda Crackers (Christie Brown & Co., 74 Canada) Stoned Wheat Thins (Christie Brown & Co., Canada) 67 DAIRY PRODUCTS AND ALTERNATIVES Ice cream, Regular/NS Ice cream, NS (Canada) Ice cream, NS (USA)15 Ice cream, chocolate flavored (USA) Ice cream (half vanilla, half chocolate) (Italy)16 mean of four studies Milk, full-fat Full-fat (Italy)16 Full-fat (USA)15 Milk, Full-fat + 20 g wheat bran (Italy)16 Probiotic drink, pink grapefruit (UK)4 Yoghurt Yoghurt, type NS (Canada) Yoghurt, Strawberry (Healthy Living Light, UK)4 Yoghurt, low-fat, toffee (UK)4 Soy-based dairy product alternatives Tofu-based frozen dessert, chocolate with high-fructose (24%) corn syrup (USA) FRUIT AND FRUIT PRODUCTS Apples, raw Apple, NS (Denmark) Apple, Braeburn (New Zealand)4 Apple, NS (Canada) Apple, NS (USA)15 Apple, NS (Italy) mean of five studies Apricots
25
25 25 25 25 25
10 11 9 12 11
2142 2143 2144 2145
368 62 6815 80 629 24 40 25 6018 364 4516 5118 11514
50 50 50 50 50 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 200 200 200 50
5 7 10 10 8 3 4 3 20 3 5 15 10
2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153
2154 2155 2156 2157 2158
28 324 34 40 44 363
120 120 120 120 120 120
4 4 5 6 6 5
2159 Apricots, raw, NS (Italy) 57 2160 Apricots, canned in light syrup (Riviera, Aliments 64 Caneast Foods, Montreal, Canada) 2161 Apricots, dried (Wasco foods, Montreal, Canada) 32 Banana, raw 2162 Banana (Canada) 46 2163 Banana (Israel) 496 2164 Banana (Italy) 58 2165 Banana (Canada) 58 2166 Banana, ripe (all yellow) (USA)15 51 7,17 2167 Banana, under-ripe (Denmark) 30 2168 Banana, slightly under-ripe 42 15 (yellow with green sections) (USA) Banana, over-ripe (yellow flecked with brown) 2169 48 (USA)15 2170 Banana, over-ripe (Denmark)7,17 52 mean of nine studies 483 2171 Cherries, raw, sour (Canada) 22 2172 Chico (Zapota zapotilla coville), raw (Philippines)4 40 2173 Dates, dried (Australia) 10321 2174 Dates, NS type (Israel) 624 2175 Fruit Cocktail, canned (Delmonte Canadian 55 Canners Ltd., Hamilton, Canada) 2176 Grapefruit, raw (Canada) 25 Grapes, raw 2177 Grapes, NS (Canada) 43 2178 Grapes, NS (Italy) 49 2179 Kiwi fruit, Hayward (New Zealand)4 474 Mango, raw 2180 Mango (Mangifera indica) (Philippines)4 41 6 2181 Mango, ripe (Mangifera indica) (India) 6016 Oranges, raw 2182 Oranges, NS (Denmark) 31 2183 Orange, NS (Israel) 475 2184 Oranges, NS (Italy) 48 2185 Oranges (Sunkist, Van Nuys, CA, USA) 48 2186 Oranges NS (Canada) 51 mean of five studies 454 Papaya/Paw paw, raw 2187 Papaya/Paw paw, raw (Carica papaya) (Philippines)4 60 2188 Paw paw (papaya), ripe (India)6 6016 Peach, raw 2189 Peach, raw (Canada) 28 2190 Peach, raw (Italy) 56 2191 Peach, canned in light syrup (Delmonte, 52 Canadian Canners Ltd., Canada) Pear, raw 2192 Pear, raw, NS (Canada) 33 4 2193 Pear, Winter Nellis, raw (New Zealand) 344 2194 Pear, Bartlett, raw (Canada) 41 2195 Pear, raw, NS (Italy) 42 mean of four studies 382
120 120 60 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 60 60 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120
5 12 10 12 12 13 15 13 6 11 12 11 11 3 12 42 21 9 3 7 9 6 8 9 3 6 5 5 6 5 9 17 4 5 9
120 120 120 120 120
4 4 3 5 4
2196 Pear, canned in pear juice, Bartlett (Delmonte, Canadian Canners Ltd., Canada) 2197 Pineapple (Ananas comosus), raw (Philippines)4 Plum, raw 2198 Plum, raw, NS (Canada) 2199 Plum, raw, NS (Italy) 2200 Raisins (Israel) FRUIT JUICES Apple juice Apple juice, unsweetened (USA)15 Apple juice, unsweetened (Allens, Toronto, Canada) Grapefruit juice, unsweetened (Sunpac, Toronto, Canada) Orange juice, reconstituted from frozen concentrate (USA)15 Pineapple juice, unsweetened (Dole Packaged Foods, Toronto, Canada)
44 51 24 53 666
120 120 120 120 60
5 8 3 6 28
2201 2202 2203 2204 2205
41 41 48 576 46
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
12 12 9 15 15
LEGUMES AND NUTS 2206 Baked beans, canned haricot/navy beans 56 in tomato sauce (Libby, McNeill & Libby, Chatham, Canada) 2207 Beans, dried, boiled, type NS (Italy)16 20 2208 Blackeyed beans/peas (Cowpeas), boiled (Canada) 50 Butter Beans 2209 Butter beans, dried, soaked, cooked 1.25 h 298 (South Africa) 2210 Butter beans, dried, boiled + 5 g sucrose 302 (South Africa) 2211 Butter beans, dried, boiled + 10 g sucrose 312 (South Africa) 2212 Butter beans, dried, boiled + 15 g sucrose 544 (South Africa) Chickpeas (Garbanzo beans, Bengal gram), boiled 2213 Chickpeas, dried, boiled (Canada) 31 2214 Chickpeas (Canada) 33 2215 Chickpeas, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo 42 Foods Ltd., Toronto, Canada) 2216 Chickpeas, curry, canned (Canasia Foods Ltd., 41 Scarborough, Canada) Haricot/Navy beans 2217 Haricot/Navy beans, pressure cooked at 15 psi 29 for 25 min (King Grains, Toronto, Canada) 2218 Haricot/Navy beans, dried, boiled (Canada) 30 2219 Haricot/Navy beans, pressure cooked at15 psi 59 for 25 min (King Grains, Canada) mean of three studies 39 Kidney Beans 2220 Kidney beans (USA)4 23 2221 Kidney beans, dried, boiled (France) 231 2222 Kidney beans, dried, boiled (Canada) 42
150
150 150 150 150 150 150
6 15 6 6 6 11
150 150 150 150
9 10 9 7
150 150 150 150 150 150 150
9 9 19 12 6 6 10
2223 Kidney beans (Canada) mean of four studies 2224 Kidney beans, canned (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Lentils 2225 Lentils, type NS (USA)4 Lentils, green 2226 Lentils, green, dried, boiled (Canada) 2227 Lentils, green, dried, boiled (France) 2228 Lentils, green, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Lentils, red 2229 Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) 2230 Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) 2231 Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) 2232 Lentils, red, dried, boiled (Canada) mean of four studies 2233 Lima beans, baby, frozen, reheated in microwave oven (York, Canada Packers, Toronto, Canada) 2234 Marrowfat peas, dried, boiled (USA)4 2235 Peas, dried, boiled (Australia) Pinto beans 2236 Pinto beans, dried, boiled (Canada) 2237 Pinto beans, canned in brine (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) 2238 Romano beans (Canada) 2239 Split peas, yellow, boiled 20 min (Nupack, Mississauga, Canada) MEAL REPLACEMENT & WEIGHT MANAGEMENT PRODUCTS Boost, vanilla flavor (Mead Johnson, Evansville, Ind, USA) Boost High-Protein, vanilla flavor (Mead Johnson, Evansville, Ind, USA) Chocolate soya weight management drink (UK)16 GatorPro, chocolate flavor (Gatorade, Chicago, IL, USA) Met-RX , vanilla (Met-RX substrate Technology Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) Optifuel (Twin Laboratories Inc, Ronkonkowa, NY, USA)
46 346 52
150 150 150
11 9 9
28 22 3015 52
150 150 150 150
5 4 5 9
18 21 31 32 264 32 31 22 39 45 46 32
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
3 4 6 6 5 10 6 2 10 10 8 6
2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245
534 599 7317 898 5816 788
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
23 21 26 40 6 27
MIXED MEALS AND CONVENIENCE FOODS 2246 Fish Fingers (Canada) 2247 Kugel (Polish dish containing egg noodles, sugar, cheese and raisins) (Israel) Pizza Pizza, cheese (Pillsbury Canada Ltd., Toronto, 2248 Canada) 2249 Pizza, plain baked dough, served with parmesan cheese and tomato sauce (Italy)
386 656
100 150
7 31
60 80
100 100
16 22
2250 Sausages, NS type (Canada) 2251 Stirfried vegetables with chicken and boiled white rice, home made (Australia) 2252 White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, cheese, and butter (France) 2253 White boiled rice, grilled beefburger, cheese and butter (France) White bread with accompaniments 2254 Classic French Baguette with 10 g butter and 2 slices of ham (25 g) (France) 2255 White bread with butter (Canada) 2256 White bread with Haricot/navy beans (Canada) 2257 White bread with Haricot/navy beans (Canada) 2258 White bread with butter and skim milk cheese (Canada) 2259 White bread with skim milk cheese (Canada) 2260 White/wholemeal wheat bread with peanut butter (Canada) 2261 White/wholemeal wheat bread with peanut butter (Canada) NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT PRODUCTS Biosorb drink, standard (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)4 EnsureTM, vanilla flavor (Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, USA) Nutridrink enteral formula (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)4 Nutridrink Multi Fibre enteral formula (Nutricia N.V., Netherlands)4
286 7317 27 22
100 360 440 440
1 55 14 11
5916 59 42 54 62 55 51 67
100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
25 28 12 16 23 26 23 29
2262 2263 2264 2265
5016 7510 6119 5319
250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL
15 33 28 24
NUTS Peanuts 2266 Peanuts (Canada)4 2267 Peanuts (Mexico)4 PASTA and NOODLES Capellini (Primo Foods Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Instant noodles (Mr Noodle, Vancouver, Canada) Mung bean noodles Lungkow beanthread noodles (National Cereals, Oils & Foodstuffs, Qingdao & Guangdong, China) Mung bean noodles, boiled (Thailand) Imitation mung bean noodles, boiled (Thailand) Macaroni Macaroni, plain, boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Macaroni, plain, boiled (Turkey) Macaroni, boiled (Italy)7 mean of three studies Macaroni and Cheese, boxed (Kraft General Foods Inc., Don Mills, Ontario, Canada)
136 23
50 50
1 2
2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276
45 47 26 45 51 45 48 56 50 64
180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180
20 19 12 20 22 23 27 24 33
2277 2278 2279
2280 2281
2282 2283 2284 2285
2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302
Rice noodles/pasta Rice noodles made from IR42 (high amylose) 45 rice flour, boiled for 22 min (Philippines) Rice noodles made from IR42 (high amylose) 46 rice flour, boiled for 22 min (Philippines) Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, 58 Oils & Foodstuffs, China) Spaghetti Spaghetti, homemade, durum wheat, 59 no monoglyceride, boiled 6 min (Denmark) Spaghetti, protein enriched, boiled 7 min 27 (Catelli Plus, Catelli Ltd., Montreal, Canada) Spaghetti, white, boiled 5 min Boiled 5 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) 32 Boiled 5 min (Canada) 34 Boiled 5 min (Canada) 40 Boiled 5 min (Middle East) 44 mean of four studies 383 Spaghetti, white or type NS, boiled 10-15 min White, durum wheat, boiled 12 min (Denmark) 34 Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) 32 Boiled 15 min (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) 36 Boiled 15 min (Canada) 41 mean of four studies 362 Spaghetti, Durum wheat, boiled 20 min (USA) 6415 Spaghetti, white, boiled White (Denmark) 33 White, durum wheat (Catelli Ltd, Montreal, Canada)5 34 White (Australia)5 38 White (Israel) 427 White (Canada) 42 White (Italy) 42 White (Canada) 45 White (Canada) 48 mean of eight studies 412 Spaghetti, wholemeal, boiled (Australia)5 32 Star Pastina, white, boiled 5 min 38 (Lancia-Bravo Foods Ltd., Canada) Tortellini, cheese (Stouffer, Nestl, Don Mills, 50 Canada) Wheat (egg) noodles, boiled (Thailand) 57 SNACK FOODS AND CONFECTIONERY Brownies, containing coconut flour (Philippines) Burger RingsTM, barbeque-flavored (Smith's Snack Food Co, Chatswood, NSW, Australia) Chocolate crinkles, containing coconut flour (Philippines) Chocolate, milk, plain, low-sugar with maltitol (Belgium)4 Corn chips, NachipsTM (Old El Paso Foods Co., Canada)
180
23
180 180
28 14
180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 -
15 16 19 21 18 16 15 17 20 17 27 16 16 17 20 20 19 22 23 19 14 18 10 -
2303 2304 2305 2306 2307
43 9016 54 3516 74
50 50 50 50 50
12 28 12 8 21
2308 Granola bar, containing coconut flour (Philippines) 2309 Juicy cereal bar (Stavnata Tycinka FIT, Usovsko, Czech Republic) SPORTS (ENERGY) BARS 2310 Clif bar, Cookies & Cream flavor (Clif Bar Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA) 2311 MET-Rx Bar, vanilla flavor (Met-Rx Sibstrate Technology Inc, Irvine, CA, USA) 2312 Power bar, chocolate (Powerfood Inc, Berkeley, CA, USA) 2313 PR-bar, Cookies 'N Cream flavor (Twin Laboratories Inc, Ronkonkowa, NY, USA) SOUPS 2314 Black Bean soup (Wil-Pack Foods, San Pedro, CA, USA) 2315 Green Pea, canned (Campbell Soup Co Ltd., Toronto, Canada) 2316 Lentil, canned (Unico, Concord, Canada) 2317 Noodle soup (traditional Turkish soup with stock and noodles) 2318 Split Pea (Wil-Pak Foods, USA) 2319 Tarhana soup (traditional Turkish soup with wheat flour, yoghurt, tomato, peppers) 2320 Tomato soup (Canada) SUGARS, SYRUPS, AND SUGAR ALCOHOLS Fructose 50 g portion 50 g portion 50 g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, MO, USA)15 25 g portion, fed with oats19 mean of four studies Glucose 50 g portion (dextrose)5 25 g portion, fed with oats19 50 g portion5 50 g portion mean of four studies Glucose consumed with American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) 25 g glucose (Glucodex solution, Rougier Inc., Chambly, Quebec) with 3 g dried ginseng4,11 25 g glucose (Glucodex) 40 min after 3 g dried ginseng4,11 100 g Glucose + 20 g cellulose20 (CSIR Biochemical Unit, New Delhi, India) Glucose consumed with a mixed meal 30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, 30 g cheese, 10 g butter (total meal contained
50 8516
50 30
10 17
1016 7412 8311 8112
65 65 65 65
49 24 37 23
64 66 44 1 60 20 389
250 250 250 250 250 250
17 27 9 0 16 6
2321 2322 2323 2324
205 21 24 25 231 85 92 93 96 922
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
2 2 2 2 2 9 9 9 10 9
2325 2326 2327 2328
2329 2330 2331
78 80 1035
10 10 10
8 8 10
2332
55
250
19
2333
2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343
2344 2345
2346 2347 2348 2349 2350
2351
2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358
50 g carbohydrate) (France) 30 g glucose with 150 g grilled beefburger, 57 30 g cheese, 10 g butter (total meal contained 50 g carbohydrate) (France) 25 g glucose with 30 g oat bran flour (Natureal 80 GI-flour, Finn Cereal, Vantaa, Finland)4 Locust honey (Romania)4,11 32 Lactose 50 g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, USA)15 43 25 g portion, fed with oats19 48 Sucrose 50 g portion (Sigma Chemical Company, USA)15 58 50 g portion 5910 50 g portion 60 19 25 g portion, fed with oats 64 30 g portion16 82 25 g portion4 11021 mean of six studies 728 Sugar alcohols and sugar-replacement compounds GI values based on the assumption that their carbohydrate is available Isomalt (Sudzucker AG, Mannheim, Germany)21 21 TM Isomaltulose, Palatinose 323 (Sudzucker AG, Mannheim, Germany)21 Lactitol 25 g lactitol5,22 -17 25 g lactitol MC (Danisco sweeteners, Surrey, UK)22 31 Litesse 25 g Litesse II, bulking agent with polydextrose and 72 sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)22 25 g Litesse III ultra, bulking agent with polydextrose 42 and sorbitol (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)22 Lycasin HBC, syrup containing 50-55% maltitol, 4710 5-8% sorbitol and 35-40% hydrogenated oligo-scaccharides (lab 2212, Roquette, France)21 Lycasin HBC, syrup containing 50-55% maltitol, 256 5-8% sorbitol and 35-40% hydrogenated oligo-scaccharides (lab 2212, Roquette, France)21 Maltitol-based sweeteners or bulking agents Maltitol, 50 g portion (Japan)21 26 25 g Malbit CR (87% maltitol) (Cerestar, 3012 Vilvoorde, Belgium)22 25 g Maltidex 100 (> 72% maltitol) 4411 (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium)22 Maltitol and Sucrose mixture (25 g Maltitol + 46 21 25 g Sucrose) (Japan) 25 g Malbit CH (99% maltitol) 7329 22 (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium) 25 g Maltidex 200 (50% maltitol) 8928 22 (Cerestar, Vilvoorde, Belgium) Tagatose sugar replacement, Gaio 31
250
20
10 25 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
8 7 4 5 6 6 6 6 8 11 7
10 10
0 3
10 10 10 10 10
0 0 1 0 5
10
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
3 3 4 5 7 9 0
(Arla Foods, Germany)21 Xylitol 2359 25 g xylitol22 2360 25 g Xylitol C (Danisco Sweeteners, UK)22 VEGETABLES 2361 Broad beans (Canada)4 Green peas 2362 Pea, cooked (Israel) 2363 Pea, frozen, boiled (Canada)4 Sweet corn 2364 Sweet corn, cooked (Israel) 2365 Sweet corn (Canada) 2366 Sweet corn, boiled (USA)5 mean of three studies 2367 Sweet corn, whole kernel, diet-pack, Featherweight, canned, drained, heated (USA)5 2368 Sweet corn, frozen, heated in microwave (Green Giant, Pillsbury Canada Ltd., Toronto, Canada) Root vegetables 2369 Beetroot (Canada)4 Carrots 2370 Carrots, raw (Romania)4,11 2371 Carrots, NS (Canada)4 2372 Carrots, peeled, boiled, ground to smooth paste (Australia) 2373 Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya, Africa) 2374 Parsnips (Canada)4 Potato Baked potato 2375 Ontario, white, baked in skin (Canada) Baked, Russet Burbank potatoes 2376 Russet, baked without fat (Canada) 2377 Russet, baked without fat, 45-60 min (USA)5 2378 Russet, baked without fat (USA)5 mean of three studies Boiled potato 2379 Desiree, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min in unsalted water (UK) 2380 Maris Peer potato, peeled, quartered, boiled 15 min in unsalted water (UK) 2381 Nardine, boiled (New Zealand) 2382 Ontario, white, peeled, cut into cubes, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) 2383 Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 15 min (Canada) Boiled/cooked, white/Type NS 2384 Type NS (Kenya, Africa) 2385 White, cooked (Romania)4,11 2386 Potatoes (Germany) 2387 White, boiled (Canada) 2388 Type NS, boiled 19 min (Denmark)
77 82
10 10
1 1
7916 354 39 527 5911 60 57 46 47
80 80 80 150 80 80 80 80 80
9 5 3 17 11 11 13 6 7
6416 16 9220 6017 46 9719
80 80 80 80 100 80
4 1 6 4 12 12
60 56 78 94 76 7717 9416 7017 58 63
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
18 17 23 28 23 13 27 18 16 11
24 41 49 54 56
150 150 150 150 150
7 12 15 15 11
2389 Potatoes, white (Italy) 61 2390 Type NS, peeled, boiled (Lebanon) 85 mean of seven studies 537 Boiled potato cooked then cooled 2391 Type NS, peeled, boiled and then cooled to 26oC 54 (Lebanon) Canned potatoes 2392 Prince Edward Island, canned, heated in microwave 61 (Avon, Cobi Foods Inc., Port Williams, Canada) French Fries 2393 French fries, frozen, reheated in microwave 75 (Cavendish Farms, New Annan, Canada) Instant Mashed potato 2394 Instant (France) 7412 Instant (Carnation Foods Co. Ltd., Manitoba, 2395 86 Canada) 2396 Instant (Canada) 88 2397 Instant (UK) 9516 mean of four studies 864 Mashed potato 2398 Type NS (Canada) 67 2399 Ontario, white, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min, 73 mashed (Canada) 2400 Prince Edward Island, peeled, cubed, boiled 15 min 73 mashed (Canada) mean of three studies 71 Microwaved potato 2401 Type NS, microwaved (USA)4 82 New Potato 2402 New (Canada) 47 2403 New (Canada) 54 Steamed potato 2404 Potato dumplings (60% white potatoes, 40% white 52 wheat flour, boiled in salted water), consumed with olive oil, tomato sauce and parmesan cheese (Italy) Sweet potato 2405 Sweet potato, NS (Canada) 486 2406 Sweet potato, peeled, cubed, boiled in salted water 59 15 min (Canada) 2407 Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) 786 mean of three studies 62 Swede 2408 Swede (rutabaga) (Canada)4 728 Tapioca 2409 Tapioca boiled with milk (General Mills Canada Inc., 81 Etobicoke, Canada) 2410 Tapioca, boiled (India)6 932 Yam 2411 Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) 254 2412 Yam (Canada) 5112 INDIGENOUS OR TRADITIONAL FOODS
150 150 150 150
16 26 14 16
150
11
150
22
150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150
15 17 18 17 17 13 20 13 15 27 10 11 23
150 150 150 150 150 250 250 150 150
16 18 20 19 7 14 17 9 18
2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420
OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS AFRICAN Cassava, boiled, with salt (Kenya) Ga Kenkey, prepared from fermented cornmeal (Zea mays) (Ghana)23 Gari, roasted cassava dough (Manihot utilissima) (Ghana)23 Green plantain (musa paradisiaca), boiled (Ghana)23 Maize meal porridge/gruel (Kenya) Millet flour porridge/gruel (Kenya) White rice (Oryza sativa), boiled (Ghana)23 White yam (Dyscoria species) (Ghana)23 ARABIC AND TURKISH Kibbeh saynieh (made with lamb and burghul) Majadra (Syrian, lentils and rice) Middle Eastern flatbread Moroccan Couscous (stew of semolina, chickpeas, vegetables) Tarhana soup (wheat flour, yoghurt, tomato, green pepper) Turkish bread, white wheat flour Turkish bread, whole wheat Turkish noodle soup
46 446 493 415 109 107 406 657
100 150 100 120 (raw) 50 (dry) 150 150
12 18 13 15 41 17 26
2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428
6116 245 9729 589 20 87 49 1
120 250 30 250 30 30 250
9 10 16 17 15 8 0
ASIAN 2429 Lungkow beanthread (National Cereals, 26 Oils & Foodstuffs, Qingdao & Guangdong, China) 2430 Rice vermicelli, Kongmoon (National Cereals, China) 58 2431 Stirfried vegetables, chicken and rice, 7317 home made (Australia) ASIAN INDIAN 2432 Amaranth (Amaranthus esculentum), popped, eaten with milk and non-nutritive sweetener 2433 Appam (thin pancake made from fermented rice flour batter with tender coconut) eaten with Bengal gram curry6 2434 Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum), eaten as roasted bread made from bajra flour 2435 Bajra (Penniseteum typhoideum) 2436 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) Chapatti 2437 Chapatti, amaranth-wheat (25:75) composite flour, served with bottle gourd and tomato curry 2438 Chapatti, amaranth-wheat (50:50) composite flour, served with bottle gourd amd tomato curry 2439 Chapatti, baisen (Pakistan) 2440 Chapatti, bajra (Pennisetum typhoideum) 2441 Chapatti, barley 2442 Chapatti, maize (Zea mays) 2443 Chapatti, wheat, served with bottle gourd
180 180 360
12 23 55
9719 904
30 250
18 58
5513 67 37 6610 7620 27 67 37 64 669
75 (dry) 75 (dry) 150 60 60 165 60
28 34 14 20 23 21 -
2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453 2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460
2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 2469 2470
and tomato curry Chapatti, wheat flour, thin, with green gram (Phaseolus aureus) dhal Dhokla, leavened, fermented, steamed cake; dehusked chickpea and wheat semolina Dhokla, leavened, fermented, steamed cake; dehusked chickpea and wheat semolina Dosai (parboiled and raw rice, soaked, ground, fermented and fried) with chutney Green gram, whole with varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked Green gram dhal with varagu, pressure cooked Idiappam (steamed rice flour dough with tender coconut) eaten with Bengal gram curry6 Idli (parboiled and raw rice + black dhal, soaked, ground, fermented, steamed) with chutney Jowar, roasted bread made from Jowar flour (Sorghum vulgare) Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted legume powder, fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup Laddu (popped amaranth, foxtail millet, roasted legume powder, fenugreek seeds) in hot sweet syrup Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana)6 Millet/Ragi (Eleucine coracana) flour eaten as roasted bread Pongal (rice and roasted green gram dhal, pressure cooked) Poori (deep-fried wheat flour dough) with potato palya (mashed potato) Puttu (rice flour, steamed with tender coconut) eaten with Bengal gram curry6 Rice (Oryza Sativa), boiled served with bottle gourd and tomato curry Semolina Semolina (Triticum aestivum), steamed Semolina (Triticum aestivum), pre-roasted Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented black gram dhal (Phaseolus mungo) Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented green gram dhal (Phaseolus aureus) Semolina (Triticum aestivum) with fermented bengal gram dhal (Cicer arietum) Varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked Upittu (roasted semolina and onions, cooked in water) Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds; roasted and cooked in water) Uppuma kedgeree (millet, legumes, fenugreek seeds; roasted and cooked in water) Varagu (Paspalum scorbiculatum), pressure cooked ISRAELI
814 354 316 773 576 7812 864 772 778 244 294 84 10413 903 822 794 6915
200 100 150 150 80 (dry) 78 (dry) 250 250 70 (dry) 50 50 70 (dry) 70 (dry) 250 150 250 150
41 7 9 30 29 39 52 40 39 7 9 42 52 47 34 58 26
559 766 4612 6220 547 688 673 183 193 688
67 (dry) 67 (dry) 71 (dry) 71 (dry) 71 (dry) 76 (dry) 150 150 150 76 (dry)
28 38 23 31 27 34 28 6 6 34
2471 Melawach (dough made from white wheat flour and butter, fried) 2472 Melawach 2473 Melawach + 15 g locust bean (Ceratonia siliqua) fiber (soluble) 2474 Melawach + 15 g maize cob fiber (insoluble) 2475 Melawach + 15 g lupin (Lupinus albus) fiber PACIFIC ISLANDERS 2476 Sweet potato, kumara (New Zealand) 2477 Yam, peeled, boiled (New Zealand) PIMA INDIAN 2478 Mesquite cakes (Prosopis velutina)4 SOUTH AMERICAN 2479 Black Beans 2480 Brown beans 2481 Burrito (made from scrambled eggs, tomato, onions, vegeatble oil, boiled pinto beans and flour tortilla) 2482 Burrito (made from scrambled eggs, tomato, onions, vegeatble oil, boiled pinto beans and flour tortilla) consumed with nopales (prickly pear cactus) 2483 Chilaquiles (casserole made from corn tortilla, vegetable oil, tomato sauce, cheese, boiled pinto beans) 2484 Chilaquiles (casserole made from corn tortilla, vegetable oil, tomato sauce, cheese, boiled pinto beans), consumed with nopales (prickly pear cactus) 2485 Nopales (prickly pear cactus) 2486 Quesadillas (made from low-fat cheese, avocado, boiled pinto beans and flour tortilla) 2487 Quesadillas (made from low-fat cheese, avocado, boiled pinto beans and flour tortilla) consumed with nopales (prickly pear cactus)
6110 717 316 5910 7210
115 115 130 130 130
32 38 16 31 38
786 254
150 150
20 9
253
60
30 38 374 293
150 150 -
7 9 -
519
358
7 363 254
100 -
0 -
Footnotes 1. NS, not specified; AUC, area under the curve. Serving sizes in grams unless otherwise specified. 2. Mean SEM. Two GI values are shown for each food - one in which glucose sugar was used as the reference food and one in which white bread was used as the reference food. 3. Estimated by multiplying the food's listed GI value with glucose as the reference food by the listed g carbohydrate per serving and dividing by 100. 4. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 25 g carbohydrate. 5. GI calculated from the 180 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food formula. 6. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 75 g carbohydrate. 7. GI calculated from the 240 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food formula. 8. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 3 h for only 4
time points (0, 1, 2, and 3 h). 9. GI corrected for added milk and adjusted to represent a 50 g carbohydrate portion size. 10. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 12.5 g carbohydrate. 11. GI calculated from the 120 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food formula. 12. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 3 h for only 5 time points (0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min). 13. Wheat chapatti was used as the reference food and given a GI of 100. The GI of the test food was measured by expressing the glucose AUC value for the test food as a percentage of the AUC value for wheat chapatti. 14. M Champ (INRA, France) and V Lang (Danone Vitapole Company, France), unpublished observations, 1998. 15. GI calculated from the 300 min AUC data included in the original article using the AUC food/AUC reference food formula. 16. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 30 g carbohydrate. 17. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 20 g carbohydrate. 18. Sydney University's Glycemic Index Research Service (Human Nutrition Unit, University of Sydney, Australia), unpublished observations, 1995-2007. 19. GI for sugars calculated from the glycemic response for a meal of sugar and rolled oats minus the glycemic response for the oats alone. 20. Portions of the test food and the reference food contained 100 g carbohydrate. 21. Total weight of the test food was 50 g, whereas the reference food contained 50 g available carbohydrate. The carbohydrate content of the test food was assumed to be 100% available, which may be an overestimation. 22. Total weight of the test food was 25 g, whereas the reference food contained 25 g available carbohydrate. The carbohydrate content of the test food was assumed to be 100% available, which may be an overestimation. 23. Eaten as part of a mixed meal with fish, tomato, and onion sauce. 24. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 2 h for only 5 time points (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min). 25. GI value included in original article determined from AUC measured over 2 h for only 4 time points (0, 30, 60 and 120 min). The glycemic index (GI) is a numerical system of measuring how much of a rise in circulating blood sugar a carbohydrate triggersthe higher the number, the greater the blood sugar response. So a low GI food will cause a small rise, while a high GI food will trigger a dramatic spike. A list of carbohydrates with their glycemic values is shown below. A GI is 70 or more is high, a GI of 56 to 69 inclusive is medium, and a GI of 55 or less is low. The glycemic load (GL) is a relatively new way to assess the impact of carbohydrate consumption that takes the glycemic index into account, but gives a fuller picture than does glycemic index alone. A GI value tells you only how rapidly a particular carbohydrate turns into sugar. It doesn't tell you how much of that carbohydrate is in a serving of a particular food. You need to know both things to understand a food's effect on blood sugar. That is where glycemic load comes in. The carbohydrate in watermelon, for example, has a high GI. But there isn't a lot of it, so watermelon's glycemic load is relatively low. A GL of 20 or more is high, a GL of 11 to 19 inclusive is medium, and a GL of 10 or less is low. Foods that have a low GL almost always have a low GI. Foods with an intermediate or high GL range from very low to very high GI. Both GI and GL are listed here. The GI is of foods based on the glucose indexwhere glucose is set to equal 100. The other is the glycemic load, which is the glycemic index divided by 100 multiplied by its available
carbohydrate content (i.e. carbohydrates minus fiber) in grams. (The "Serve size (g)" column is the serving size in grams for calculating the glycemic load; for simplicity of presentation I have left out an intermediate column that shows the available carbohydrates in the stated serving sizes.) Take, watermelon as an example of calculating glycemic load. Its glycemic index is pretty high, about 72. According to the calculations by the people at the University of Sydney's Human Nutrition Unit, in a serving of 120 grams it has 6 grams of available carbohydrate per serving, so its glycemic load is pretty low, 72/100*6=4.32, rounded to 4.

Table of Glycemic Index and Load Values

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Table of Glycemic Index and Load Values

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Table of glycemic index and load values

GL3 per serve

478 5510 36 383

7312 8717 385 504 424

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

553 525 352 363 395 263 202 453

250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL 250 mL

535 414 648 353

250 250 250 250

101 102 103 104 105 106

69 579 736 728 627 6310

107 108 109 110 111 112 113

120 121 122 123 124 125

126 127 128

131 132 133

147 148 149 150 151

154 155 156 157

44 50 628 729 619

158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166

188 189 190

195 196 197

200 201 202 203

204 205 206 207 208

209 210 211

228 229 230 231

232 233 234 235 236 237 238

239 240 241 242 243

244 245 246 247

259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266

294 295 296

308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315

316 317 318

319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327

50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 50 (dry) 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

328 329 330 331

332 333 334 335 336 337

380 381 382

383 384 385

386 387 388 389 390 391 392

846 586 648

649 7711 594

42 498 504 518 524 552 575

250 250 250 250 250 250 250

393 394 395 396 397 398 399

401 402 403

404 405 406 407

408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415

416 417 418 419 420 421

250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

50 (dry) 250 250

250 250 250 250

250 250 250 250 250 50 30 30 30

422 423 424 425 426

427 428 429 430

442 443 444 445 446 447 448

544 695 8412 605 493

643 7313 555 414