Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Genetically Modified Organisms (Gmos) and Environment
Genetically Modified Organisms (Gmos) and Environment
www.biotecnika.org
APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT Agricultural Biotechnology rank second only next to medicine Potential market: $ 123 billion/year Do we really need crop improvement? * Despite improvements over last 50 years, some 300 million people have insufficient food and over a billion people have (women & children) are affected by specific nutrient deficiencies. * Starvation is still a big problem- 28 out of 97 newborn children die due to starvation
www.biotecnika.org
* A billion more people could starve by 2010; we have to triple our food production * World population - 6 billion (1999) expected to reach 8 billion (by 2020) * Plants are best source of food for man * Plants directly supply 90% of human calorie intake and 80% of protein intake * With 30,000 plant species occurring on earth, only around 40 crop species provide food source * Organic farming-Scientifically not possible-Green House Effect * High input farming-costly, Environmental risk (pesticides, fungicides, fertilizers www.biotecnika.org
First transgenic animal (mice) produced First transgenic plant expressing a gene of another plan species produced First transgenic farm animals produced (rabbits, pigs and sheep) First controlled experimental releases of genetically engineered organisms into the environment US patent office announced that it would accept patent applications for genetically engineered plants and animals. First patented transgenic animal produced for pharmaceutical research- DuPonts Oncomouse Genetically engineered tomato marketed in USA Cloning of transgenic sheep in UK
1995 1997 -
www.biotecnika.org
1998 -
Regulatory and biosafety issues became globally very important. Regulation for transboundary movement of GMOs are under preparation by the Convention on Biological Diversity Cloned human embryo developed into 4 cell stage
2001 -
2002 onwards - Recent developments in cloning, transgenics, GMOs, GMFs. 2004- Global status of biotech crops (over all more than 50,000 m hect) USA- 47.6, Argentina-16.2, Canada-5.4, Brazil-5.0, China-3.7 Paraguay- 1.2, India, South Africa-0.5, Uruguay-0.3, Australia0.2, Romania, Mexico, Spain, Philippines- 0.1 m hectares
www.biotecnika.org
Gene Structure Gene Expression Gene Cloning * Enzymes for DNA manipulation * Vectors * Expression hosts * Selection of clone/identification of the gene Production of transgenic plants and animals
www.biotecnika.org
The ability to introduce foreign genes into a wide range of plants has created a revolution in plant biology Recent research has demonstrated that delivering DNA to a plant cell can be achieved by innovative methods.
www.biotecnika.org
www.biotecnika.org
Nitrogen Fixation:
Approaches to genetically manipulate nitrogen-fixing symbiosis require an understanding of recognition, infection and nodule development. The main genes involved are the nodulation genes (nod), polysaccharide biosynthesis genes (exo and lps), nodule development genes (ndv), and nitrogen fixing genes (nif and fix). On the plant side, plant genes specifically expressed during the symbiosis are termed nodulins (e.g., leghaemoglobin, Uricase II, glutamine synthase, choline kinase, sucrose synthase).
www.biotecnika.org
Fruit Ripening: A considerable proportion of agricultural produce is lost after harvesting. Molecular techniques may be used to reduce this loss. For example, in tomato, two enzymes involved, ACC synthase and EFE (Ethylene forming Enzyme), have been cloned. Ethylene production in transgenic plants expressing antisense to constructs to both ACC bacterial enzyme that degrades ACC. Transgenic tomatoes from suchplants can last without decaying for much longer than control plants, and they can be transported with less damage. A similar approach can be used to prolong transport and vase of life of some flowers.
www.biotecnika.org
Quality of food: A great deal of study carried on nutritional and technological qualities of the seed storage products of the cereals, legumes, and Brassicas. The storage proteins of a number of species are low in one or more essential amino acids. Wheat, barley, maize, and sorghum are low in lysine, while legume storage proteins are different in sulfur-containing amino acids. Barley and sorghum are further lacking threonine, and maize in tryptophan. Many storage protein genes have been cloned, and have been transferred successfully across species barriers. Golden rice rich in Vitamin A and Fe Completely artificial proteins, high in limiting amino acids, can also be synthesized. Cystein, Ferritin rich cereals
www.biotecnika.org
Technological Quality:
The biochemical properties of crops can also, it is hoped, be modified to improve quality in relation to technological requirements
Bread making quality of wheat Beer Production- Malting and Brewing Genetic engineering for specialty oil production by making
mutants of Arabiodopsis thaliana
www.biotecnika.org
Coffee
Rice Beefier Tomato Lettuce Bioactive nector Dual use crops Plant produce blood factors
The genetically modified nector of Petunia will contain Vaccine (CPBR, Wageningen) Potato plant is modified if required foliage is produced if required the tubers (USA) Tobacco plants have been produced which synthesizes human blood factors (USA)
www.biotecnika.org
Transgenic plant
Immunogenicity www.biotecnika.org
Plant
Tobacco Tomato Tobacco Potato Potato, Tobacco Potato Arabidopsis Potato Arabidopsis
www.biotecnika.org
Some of the value added crops: Golden rice: containing betacarotene to overcome Vitamin A deficiencies in regions where rice is a major staple food. Canola containing high levels of oleic acids and laurate Barley containing feed enzymes Other vegetables and fruits with delayed ripening as well as modified flavor characteristics
www.biotecnika.org
www.biotecnika.org
It has been reported that about 60 recombinant products have been approved till 2003 and are being used as therapeutics in various forms across the world. The annual global market for biopharmaceutical is estimated at more than US$ 30 billion in 2002, as compared to US$ 12 billion in 1999 and US$ 5 billion in 1989. Notable target indications for approved therapetics include diabetes, heamophilia, hepatitis, myocardial infarction and various cancers.
www.biotecnika.org
Therapeutic indication
Hemophilia Type A
Company
Baxter Healthcare/Genetics Institute Genentech Eli Lilly Hoffman La-Roche
Hepatits B prevention
S.cereviviae
Merck
Rheumatoid arthritis
CHO cells
Immunex (US)
www.biotecnika.org
www.biotecnika.org
S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Name of the industry Shantha Biotechnics Bharath Biotech Panacea Biotech Wockhardt Dr. Reddys Laboratory Serum institute of India
rDNA products Hepatitis B Vaccine, Interferon Hepatitis B Vaccine Hepatitis B Vaccine Hepatitis B Vaccine, Erythropoietin, Insulin Granulocyte Colony stimulating factor Hepatitis B Vaccine
www.biotecnika.org
Biosafety
Biosafety regulations have been developed by many countries involved in transgenic research and commercialization. The most ambitious global attempt has been under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Article 19 of the CBD committed members to a protocol on biosafety specifically addressing transboundary movement of GMOs. The Cartagena Protocol adopted on January 29, 2000. under the aegis of CBD. It seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms.
www.biotecnika.org
India is a party to the CBD and a signatory to Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. India has a well defined regulatory mechanism for development and evaluation of GMOs and the products thereof.
Rules notified in 1989 under Environmental Protection Act, 1986 (EPA) define the competitive authorities and composition of such authorities for the handling of all aspects of GMOs and products thereof.
www.biotecnika.org
Five new criteria of risks to be considered on the basis of the model proposed by the Office of the Technology Assessment (OTA) Formation: Liberation: deliberate or accidental creation of genetically modified microorganisms; deliberate or accidental liberation of these microorganisms at the work site and/or in the environment
Proliferation: multiplication, genetic reconstruction, growth, transport, modification and disappearance of these microorganisms in the environment and possible transfer of genetic material to other microorganisms; Installation: installation of these microorganisms in an ecological niche and possible colonization of human beings or other living organisms; Effect: subsequent appearance of effects on human beings or on the ecosystem due to interaction between the organism and a host or an experimental factor.
www.biotecnika.org
derived form disease-causing viruses, plasmids and mobile genetic elements-parasitic DNA that have the ability to invade cells and insert themselves into the cells genome designed to breakdown species barriers so that they can shuttle genes between a wide range of species. Have wide host range-can infect many animals and in the process pick up genes from viruses of all these species to create new pathogens. carry genes for antibiotic resistance which will speed up the evolution of antibiotic resistance which is already a big public health problem
2.
3.
3.
www.biotecnika.org
The short time-scale- allows little time for testing or for ecological adjustments
The great variety of genes being shuffled, whose ecological effects could be hard to predict from past experience The degree to which genes introduced into one species could eventually move into another species, by natural, if very rare, means of interspecies gene transfer, are so far quite unpredictable.
The ownership of the technologies is largely private and oriented to short-term profit. Industries are only just becoming aware of the need for environmental protection The risks, however, small, must be taken seriously
www.biotecnika.org
Genetic transformation of green plants, animals rDNA technology in vaccine development; and large scale production and deliberate/accidental release of organisms, plants, animals & products derived by rDNA technology.
www.biotecnika.org
The recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RDAC) Review Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM) Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) State Biotechnology Coordination Committee (SBCC) District Level Committee (DLC) www.biotecnika.org
Recombinant DNA guidelines, 1990 Guidelines for research in transgenic plants, 1998 Drugs and Cosmetics Rules (8th amendment), 1998 Guidelines for generating preclinical and clinical data for rDNA therapeutics, 1999 Drug Policy, 2002 Seed Policy, 2002
2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
www.biotecnika.org
on
Risks for animal and human health: toxicity & food quality/safety, allergies, resistance of pathogen to drugs (antibiotic resistance) Risks for the environment: persistence of the gene or transgene (volunteers, increased fitness, invasiveness) or of the transgene products (accumulative effects); susceptibility of non target organisms; increased use of the chemicals in agriculture; unpredictable gene expression or transgene instability; genetic pollution through pollen or seed dispersal.
www.biotecnika.org
Risks for agriculture: Resistance/tolerance or target organisms; weeds or superweeds; alteration of nutritional value (attractiveness of the organisms to pests); reduction of cultivars (increase of susceptibility and loss of biodiversity)
General Concerns: Loss of familiarity; higher cost of agriculture; field trials not planned for risk management ethical issues. Risks of interaction with non target organisms: Horizontal gene transfer (Transgene or promoter dispersion); transfer of foreign gene to microorganisms (DNA uptake); generation of new live viruses by recombination (transcapsidation, complementation, etc)
www.biotecnika.org
I: which are exempt for the purpose of intimation and approval of competent authority Category II: Those requiring prior intimation of competent authority
Category
III: those requiring review and approval of competent authority before commencement
Toxin gene clonings of genes for vaccine production of mosquito and tick DNA experiments
coding for antibiotic resistance into cultured human cells of recombinant DNA
Introduction
www.biotecnika.org
Introduction Experiments
involving the use of infectious animal and plant viruses in tissue culture systems involving gene transfer involving gene transfer
Transgenasis All
experiments involving the genetic manipulation of plant pathogens and the use of such genetically manipulated plant pathogens would require approval of competent authority (IBSC).
www.biotecnika.org
Bioethical issues
Transgenic crops themselves become weeds Plants engineered to contain viral genes may aid the creation of new viruses Plants engineered to express drugs and pesticides may present risks to other organisms that are not the intended targets of new chemicals Terminator gene concept
www.biotecnika.org
Biosafety issues
Issues of food toxicity or allergenicity from GMO GMO with antibiotic resistance (marker gene) may reduce the effectiveness of the same Transfer or spread of resistant genes to bacteria in the environment is the main concern Genetic material including the resistant gene can survive the passage through gut, enter blood stream and finally may integrate with the genetic material of consumer Present genes inadventantly entering food chain by cross pollination or mixing crops during harvesting Loss of biodiversity, increased cancer risk, changes in nutritional quality, genetic pollution, damage to beneficial organisms and creation of superweeds.
www.biotecnika.org
www.biotecnika.org
Dr. M. S. Swaminathan said India should take advantage of recombinant DNA technologies without associated harm to human or ecological health. A recent statement issued by Royal Society of London on Genetically modified plants for food use provides guidelines for the safe handling of Biotechnological application and those could be adopted in India too with suitable modifications
www.biotecnika.org
The problems should be left to technological to solve It is mainly concerned with industrialization of agriculture by multinationals This powerful technology is being used to further commercial aims at the expense of public fund The first green revolution was achieved by the non-profit sector but this gene revolution is being achieved by industry No technology is perfect, the benefits and drawbacks need to be judged against the conventional technology they replace Developing countries: It is not appropriate for well-fed and rich west to push its capitalist, socialist or environmentalist, philosophies on to developing world
www.biotecnika.org
Public debate on various aspects of gene technology Genome research- rice genome project Improvement in the gene technology Rigorous bio-safety related trials Research mainly by public-funded institutions on selected crops.
www.biotecnika.org
THANK YOU
www.biotecnika.org