34 TH Hoa MT Giao-Trinh-Thay-Ha-Hoa-Ktmt PDF

BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO AI HOC KY THUAT CONG NGHE ---------------
GIAO TRNH THC HANH
HOA MOI TRNG
Bien soan: ThS. INH HAI HA
2008 TP.HO CH MINH, thang 01 nam 2008 (Lan 1)
Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H
LI NOI AU Giao trnh thc hanh Hoa Moi Trng c bien soan cho sinh vien khoa Moi trng va CNSH trng H KTCN. Hi vong giao trnh nay se giup cho cac ban sinh vien co c nhng kien thc ve phan tch cac ch tieu trong nc cap, nc thai, ay se la nhng kien thc gan lien vi cong viec tng lai cua cac ban. Do bien soan lan au nen khong tranh khoi thieu sot, mong nhan c y kien ong gop cho lan tai ban sau.
Tp HCM, Tet Mau T, 2008.
Th.S inh Hai Ha
Email: haihak6@yahoo.com
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LAY MAU VA BAO QUAN MAU 1. Gii thieu chung Thc te khong the e ra cu the nhng chi tiet co the ap dung cho viec lay mau, va ket qua phan tch cung khong the nao phan anh ung hoan toan chat lng mau nh thc. ieu nay phu thuoc vao muc ch cua viec lay mau va phng cach khi tien hanh phan tch. Nhng chi tiet khac lien quan en tng phng phap rieng se c e cap en trong moi bai. Phan nay ch gii thieu khai quat nham ap dung trc tien oi vi cac phep phan tch khoa hoc. Thc chat cua viec lay mau la thu nhap mot phan vat chat trong mot the tch va u, x ly va van chuyen ve phong th nghiem kp luc khi chat lng mau cha thay oi. Muc ch tren nham gi c t le tng quan gia nhng cau t ac trng trong mau va nguon. Mau sau o c bao quan sao cho nhng thay oi neu co cung khong ang ke trc khi tien hanh th nghiem. Ngi lay mau phai chu trach nhiem chnh ve chat lng mau cho en khi mau c gi en phong th nghiem e phan tch. Thong thng nhng cong viec lien quan en nc va nc thai, phong th nghiem eu cong bo s hng dan hoac quy nh ro ve ky thuat lay mau, hoac phai c thao luan vi ngi se trc tiep s dung ket qua xet nghiem. Nhng buoi hop nh the rat can thiet v giup nhieu y kien ve cach chon mau, phng phap phan tch cung nh se gi nen nhng van e c ban trong khi giai ap cac thac mac lien quan en mau. 2. Nhng ieu can lu y Mau phai ap ng ung theo cac yeu cau cua chng trnh lay mau va c bao quan, tranh moi nguon nhiem ban hoac s phan huy co the xay en trc khi a ve phong th nghiem . Phai suc ra t nhat ba lan bnh lay mau bang chnh nguon nc trc khi lay mau, tr trng hp bnh a c x ly bang hoa chat bao quan hay tac chat kh clo. oi vi nhng mau phai van chuyen xa, khong nen lay qua ay ma cha lai o 1% dung tch bnh, khoang trong nay e phong h s dan n nhiet. Tuy nhien ieu nay tuy thuoc vao cac xet nghiem can lam. Hau het cac trng hp xet nghiem cac chat hu c, bnh phai c lay ay tran hoac co luc c pha tron va cha lai mot khoang trong vi muc ch lam thoang va xao tron nh trng hp xet nghiem vi sinh. S than trong luon can thiet, nhat la khi mau co chat hu c hoac e xet nghiem cac vet kim loai. Nhieu cau t oi khi hien dien ham lng rat nho (0 g/l) do o mot phan hoac toan bo chat ay co the b mat han neu lay mau va bao quan mau khong ung cach.
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Mau tieu bieu cho nhieu nguon co the tao c t viec pha tron cac mau lay nhng thi iem khac nhau hoac tng a iem khac nhau. Chi tiet lay mau tat nhien thay oi theo ieu kien a phng, khong co mot khuyen cao cu the ap dung cho moi trng hp. Muon co nhieu d kien hn va cung e tranh s kho hieu tai cac iem cc tr (toi a va toi thieu) viec phan tch nen thc hien tren nhieu mau rieng biet thay v s dung mau hon hp. S than trong luc lay mau khong ngoai muc ch am bao ket qua phan anh ung thc chat mau. o uc chat l lng va chat kh uc, nhng thay oi hoa ly do thong thoang hay xay ra trong qua trnh ton tr la nhng yeu to quan trong anh hng en ket qua. Can lu y ac biet cac khau nghien, pha tron, sang loc mau, chuan b cho viec phan tnh cac chat dang vet, nhat la cac vet kim loai va vet cac chat hu c. Trong mot vai xet nghiem nh ch, hau qua nhiem ban t cac qua trnh tren eu khien ket qua khong con chnh xac. Can chu trong en cac ch tieu xet nghiem e co cach x ly thch hp cho tng mau. Kch thc va ban chat cac chat gay uc kem cac yeu to khac eu co tac ong nhat nh tren ket qua. Thc te khong the e ra mot phng sach co kha nang bao quat moi tnh huong va viec chon ky thuat lay mau phai do th nghiem vien quyet nh. Tren nguyen tac, cac chat l lng c tach bang cach lang, ly tam hay gan loc. Nhng thong thng th o uc thap co the bo qua neu kinh nghiem cho thay no gay anh hng khong ang ke tren phep nh phan trong lng va nh phan the tch, cung nh co the hieu chnh c trong phep so mau (la phng phap de b nhieu nhat). Tot nhat nen ghi ro mau a loc hay cha loc. e o ham lng chat ran tong cong (TDS), khong c phep loai bo cac chat l lng ma phai tuy nghi x ly cho thch ang. Phai ghi chep nhng chi tiet lien quan en viec lay mau, cach tien nhat la dung cac the, nhan in san moi e muc sau o nh kem cho tng bnh. Can ghi chep ay u, ro rang ten ngi lay mau, ngay gi, nhiet o nc va nhng d lieu khac nh thi tiet, mc nc, dong chay, tram quan trac thi iem gi mau. Ch th a iem lay mau ro ret tren ban o, tot nhat nen anh dau cac v tr bang coc, phao hay mo ta cac ac iem hay b e ngi khac van nhan dien lai de dang luc can ma khong phai van dung lai tr nh hay lan tm qua li hng dan, ac biet khi mau lien quan en viec tranh tung, phai s dung en ho s lu tr (chain-of-custody) e truy cu mau t khi lay cho en luc co c ket qua sau cung. Mau khi lay nhiet o cao phai c lam nguoi trong cung ieu kien ap suat. Neu muon lay mau t he thong phan phoi, nen xa voi chay t do trong mot thi gian ngan am bao mau the hien ung chat lng nguon, van toc va lu lng xa tuy thuoc vao ng knh va chieu dai ong. Tng t khi lay mau nc gieng, hay e gieng hoat ong t do mot thi gian en khi chac rang mau a ai
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dien c ban chat nguon. oi khi muon xac nh nguon bo cap, phai ieu chnh bm mot lu lng xac nh, ghi lai lu lng bm va lu lng bo cap. oi vi nc song, nc suoi, chat lng nc thay oi theo o sau, dong chay va khoang cach t v tr lay mau en b. Lay mau hon hp theo o sau mat cat en tan ay tai v tr gia dong, hoac doc theo mat cat dong chay cung o sau trung bnh. Cach lay mau hon hp tuy thuoc vao tnh chat, lu lng va che o thuy lc cua dong chay. Neu ch can lay mau bat ky, nen lay mau o sau bat ky, nen lay mau o sau trung bnh tai v tr gia dong. oi vi mau cac ho va ham cha, khi lay mau phai lu y en tac ong cua ma, lng nc chay tran tren be mat, gio, yeu to phan tang theo mua Tat ca eu co the gay anh hng en chat lng nc. Viec chon o sau, tan so lay mau con tuy vao ieu kien a phng va muc ch khao sat. Chu y tranh lp vang be mat. oi vi mot vai thanh phan can khao sat trong mau, v tr lay mau gi mot vai tro vo cung quan trong, tranh cac vung xao tron manh v de lam that thoat cac chat de bay hi trong o co the co ca chat oc. Tai nhng vung nh gan ap nc, nguon co khuynh hng phuc hoi nhe, thay oi ham lng chat l lng. Thong thng, mau c lay vung tnh, di mat thoang. Neu co yeu cau ve mau hon hp, phai than trong oi vi cac thanh phan de that thoat khong phai do qua trnh lay mau ma v viec x ly khong ung cach. Th du: khi tron lan, thay v s dung ong si phong cho chay t t, mau lai c o ao mot lan, ay la nguyen nhan lam giam ham lng cac chat de bay hi ma ngi lay mau co the hoan toan tranh c. Cung can lam lanh mau e giam thieu s bay hi. Ch s dung cac mau thch ng vi cuoc khao sat (hoac nhng mau nam trong chng trnh lay mau), khi lay mau nhng ieu kien khac nen ghi chep lai ro rang va ay u moi chi tiet. Thong thng, trong ban bao cao cung can mo ta phng phap th nghiem muc ch cuoi cung. 3. Bien phap an toan V trong mau co the co nhng thanh phan oc chat nen phai ap dung nhng bien phap e phong hu hieu trong suot qua trnh lay va x ly mau. oc chat co the tham qua da, bay hi tham nhap vao phoi, cung khong loai tr tnh trang ngo oc qua ng tieu hoa. Cac phng tien phong ho pho bien la: gang tay, knh bao ho mat Trong phong th nghiem, khi tiep xuc vi chat oc de bay hi, nhan vien phai trang b them mat na chong hi oc ca nhan va ch m cac bnh mau nghi ng co hi oc ni vang ngi, thong thoang tot hay trong tu hut ma thoi. Tuyet oi khong c at thc pham gan mau hay trong phong tr mau. Luon ra sach tay trc khi tiep xuc vi thc an. oi vi chat hu c de chay, can phai ap dung cac bien phap an toan thch nghi. Khong c phep hut thuoc gan mau, ni cha mau cung nh trong phong
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th nghiem. Canh giac vi cac tia la, ngon la hay nguon nhiet qua nong. Trong phong kn nh phong lanh, phong tr mau, phaI lu y en cac tiep iem cua cong tac en, may ieu nhiet, bo phc hp s dung ien la nhng ni co the gay ra tia la ien, nguyen nhan gay ra nhng vu chay no. Khi cha tin tng vao mc o an toan, moi bien phap e phong rat can thiet, phai quan tam en van e huan luyen ve an toan lao ong. Tuy nguon nhiem ban ma co bien phap phong ho y te nghe nghiep khac nhau. 4.Cac loai mau Samples) 4.1. Mau bat ky hay mau ca biet : (Grab or Catch Samples) Khi mau c lay vao mot thi iem, mot v tr nhat nh, noi cho ung mau ay ch the hien c chat lng nguon vao thi iem va tai v tr o ma thoi. Tuy nhien cac thong so lien quan en nguon va cac khu vc khao sat c biet ro trong suot thi gian tiep can, chat lng mau luc o c xem nh kha nang tieu bieu cho nguon trong khoang thi gian o hoac cung co the bao gom cho ca khu vc o hoac cung luc bao gom ca hai yeu to tren ch khong rieng mot. trong trng hp tren, mau bat ky cung co the ai dien ac tnh cho dong chay mot cach hoan hao, th du : nh vi nguon nc cap, nc mat. oi luc, phng phap lay mau bat ky cung c ap dung cho ca trng hp nc thai. oi vi nguon c biet ro la chat lng lien tuc thay oi theo thi gian, nhng mau ca biet c lay trong tng khoang thi gian thch hp va phan tch rieng se cho d lieu ve nhng bien oi trong pham vi gii han. Tan so lay mau co the thay oi theo chu ky t 5 phut ti 60 phut hoac co the keo dai hn. Trong mot he thong giam sat, chu ky lay mau co the vt tren ca thang khi nghien cu cac chuyen bien theo mua. Trng hp chat lng mau thay oi theo khong gian, mau se c chon thi iem thch nghi. oi vi chat mun, bun va nc thai, bun ven b can phai can nhac khi chon phng phap lay mau, nhng phai that than trong e lay mau cho phu hp vi muc ch can thiet. 4.2 Mau hon hp : (Composit Sample) oi vi nhieu trng hp, thuat ng mau hon hp c dung e dien ta s tron lan cac mau ca biet lay nhieu iem khac nhau tren cung 1 v tr. Mau hon hp thch hp cho viec khao sat cac ham lng trung bnh, th du nh trong cach tnh tai trong hay hieu qua cua cong trnh x ly nc thai. Neu phai chon la gia viec phan tch hang loat mau, sau o tnh gia tr trung bnh roi suy ra tong lng th mau hon hp van co c tnh tieu bieu, hn na con giup tiet kiem cong sc va chi ph cho phong th nghiem. Trong nhng trng hp cu the, mau hon hp tieu bieu cho mot ca lam viec, cung co the cho mot chu ky ngan hn nh thi gian mot lan van hanh maytat ca eu thch hp. e anh gia nhng hieu qua, bien ong rieng biet hay cac lu lng that thng th cung ch can lay mau hon hp trong suot thi gian s viec xay ra cung u .
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Muon xac nh cac thanh phan hay cac yeu to ch th nhng thay oi thng gap trong ham cha th khong nen dung mau hon hp. Trong trng hp nay, cac mau rieng le (individual sample) se phu hp hn. Sau khi lay mau, viec xet nghiem can phai thc hien ngay oi vi cac ch tieu sau: pH, nhiet o, kh hoa tan, sulfua hoa tan, clo dS thay oi cac thanh phan nh: oxi hoa tan, kh carbonic t do trong nc, pH, nhiet o co the la nguyen nhan keo theo cac thay oi sau xa lien quan en cac chat vo c: sat, mangan, o kiem, o cng. Tom lai, loai mau nay thng c dung cho viec xac nh thanh phan t thay oi trong ieu kien lay mau va bao quan mau. Moi mau rieng le c lay trong mot chai rieng mieng rong 35mm, dung tch khoang 120ml. Tuy ieu kien hien trng, viec lay nhng mau nay c thc hien hang gi, hoac na gi tham ch co luc 5 phut mot lan. Neu co tac chat bao quan, nen them vao mau sau khi va lay. Viec tron mau c thc hien trong mot bnh ln co dung tch 2-3 lt u e phan tch cac thanh phan trong nc cong, nc thai, hoac t ong thoat nc. Khong nen s dung cac dung cu lay mau t ong tr khi ap dung c ay u cac phng phap bao quan. Tat ca dung cu phai c ra sach hang ngay e tranh s phat trien sinh hoc va cac chat lang ong khac. Thnh thoang cung can phan tch tren mot mau rieng le neu xet thay can. 5. Phng thc bao quan mau Phng thc bao quan mau nc theo ch tieu phan tch c trnh bay trong bang sau : Bang 1: Phng thc bao quan mau nc Ch tieu phan tch o cng (hardness) Calci (Ca2+) Cloride (Cl-) Floride (F-) o dan ien o acid, o kiem Mui Mau Sulphate H2S DO COD Dau va m Phng thc bao quan Khong can thiet Khong can thiet Khong can thiet Khong can thiet 4 oC 4 oC 4 oC 4 oC 4oC; pH<8 Them 2mg/l zinc acetate (0,7mlH2SO4+1mlNaN3)/300ml;1020oC 2ml/l H2SO4 2ml/l H2SO4, 4oC
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Thi gian ton tr toi a
28 gi 24 gi 6 gi 48 gi 28 ngay 7 ngay 8 gi 7 ngay 28 ngay
Carbon hu c Cyanide Phenol N-NH3 N-NO2; N-NO3 Phosphate Fe, Mn
2ml/l HCl, pH<2 NaOH, pH>12, 4oC, trong toi H2SO4, pH<2, 4oC H2SO4, pH<2, 4oC H2SO4, pH<2, 4oC 4 oC HNO3, pH<2, 4oC
7 ngay 24 gi 24 gi 7 ngay Phan tch ngay 48 gi 6 thang
Cach bao quan va thi gian lu tr tren ch co tnh hng dan, viec phan tch thc hien cang sm cang tot. Lu y hoat ong cua vi sinh vat cung lam anh hng nhieu en tnh chat mau nc trong thi gian ton tr.
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DUNG DCH CHUAN 1. AI CNG Trong qua trnh phan tch nc va nc thai thng gap nhieu dung dch chuan ma nong o ghi di hnh thc so hu t thay v so thap phan hay so nguyen. S viec tren c giai thch bi hai ly do: Ket qua bao cao: Cac so lieu c yeu cau ghi the nao e ngi thiet ke (thng la nhng ngi khong chuyen mon trong nganh hoa) de hnh dung. Do o n v thng s dung la mg/l, n v nay c dung pho cap. Tien tnh toan: oi vi ngi lam cong tac xet nghiem, cong thc cang de dang, de nh cang giam thi gian tnh toan, cang tranh c nhng nham lan co the xay ra. T hai ly do tren, viec chon nong o dung dch chuan c tien hanh nh mot thong le sao cho: 1 lt dung dch nh phan luon luon tng ng vi 1g chat can nh lng. ieu nay cung co ngha 1ml dung dch chuan se tng ng vi 1mg chat can nh lng. Ro rang viec pha che dung dch chuan khong phu thuoc vao ban chat chuan ma tuy thuoc vao khoi lng ng lng (KLL) chat can chuan. KLL Dung dch Nong o dung Th du phan ng Chat can chuan chuan dch chuan nh lng amonias KLLNH3 = 17 Acid N/17 nh lng nitrogen dang KLLN-NH3 = 14 Acid N/14 amonia nh lng o kiem dang KLLCaCO3 = 50 Acid N/50 CaCO3 nh lng carbon KLLCO2 = 44 Kiem N/44 dioxide nh lng o acid dang KLLCaCO3 = 50 Kiem N/50 CaCO3 nh lng clorua KLLCl = 35,45 AgNO3 N/35,45 nh lng NaCl KLLNaCl = 58,4 AgNO3 N/58,44 nh lng oxy hoa KLLO2 = 8 Kh N/8 Sau cung cong thc tnh toan ham lng chat can nh lng trong 1 lt mau cung tr nen n gian va de nh Nong o/ham lng chat khao sat (mg/l) =
mldungdichchuan (1) mlmau
Mot vai trng hp nh nh phan oxi hoa tan vi the tch mau an nh trc, nong o dung dch chuan se c hieu chnh vi muc ch toi gian viec tnh toan. Luc o 1ml dung dch chuan khi dung se tng ng vi 1mg/l oxy.
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2. Chuan b dung dch chuan Khong phai xac nh lai nong o dung dch chuan sau khi pha che, hoa chat chuan phai co o tinh khiet cao va viec can cac loai hoa chat can can than, ung theo khoi lng tnh toan. Sau khi rot vao cac bnh nh mc co the tch rieng biet, viec ong o pha che oi hoi mc o chnh xac cao. Thc te nhieu trng hp khong co so lieu ve o tinh khiet hoac kho o lng chnh xac v hoa chat de bay hi, hut am, bien chat nhanh trong khong kh. Dung dch sau khi pha xong phai nh lng lai vi mot dung dch chuan c s ma nong o a biet ro va am bao. chua 3. nh chuan mot dung dch vi mot dung dch chuan c s 3.1 Pha che va xac nh lai nong o dung dch naoh n/50 Dung dch NaOH thng c s dung trong phep nh phan o acid di dang CaCO3 co phan t lng M=100, ng lng gam = 50. Do o nong o yeu cau la N/50. Tuy nhien NaOH thng mai thng dang vien kho can chnh xac, o hut am cao, de bien chat do CO2 trong khong kh. V the dung dch NaOH N/50 thng c pha loang t dung dch chuan co nong o NaOH 1N e co o chnh xac cao. Dung dch c s la H2SO4 N/10 3.1.1. Thiet b va dung cu Can ky thuat sai so 0.01g Becher 500ml Bnh nh mc 1000 ml Buret Erlen 125ml 3.1.2. Hoa chat NaOH tinh khiet dang vien Dung dch chuan c s H2SO4 N/10 3.1.3. Thc hanh a.Tnh a.Tnh s khi NaOH tinh khiet co phan t gam M=40 trung hoa 1,008g H+ , so ng lng gam =1 e pha che 01 lt dung dch NaOH 1N, khoi lng NaOH tnh c la M/1=40/1=40g e loai bo cac yeu to co the lam giam nong o thc te, he so an toan c tang 5% Khoi lng NaOH can thiet : 401,05 =42g
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b. Cach lam Dung becher can 42g NaOH vien bang can ky thuat Hoa tan lng NaOH trong 500ml nc cat, rot vao bnh nh mc 1000ml. Tran sach becher nhieu lan vi nc cat. Nhap chung nc ra vao bnh nh mc. Them nc cat cho u 1000ml Dung pipet hut 5ml dung dch tren ra erlen nh phan bang dung dch chuan H2SO4 N/10. Ch th mau phenolphathalein oi t hong nhat sang mat mau. Nong o NaOH pha che theo cong thc: N1V1=N2V2 (2) Trong o N1: Nong o dung dch acid chuan c s N/10 V1: The tch dung dch H2SO4 N/10 a dung (ml) N2: Nong o dung dch NaOH pha che V2: The tch dung dch NaOH trch ra e nh phan (ml) Ket qua tnh c thng ln hn nong o mong muon. Ap dung cong thc (2) tnh lng nc can e pha loang dung dch NaOH tren thanh 1000ml dung dch NaOH 1N T dung dch NaOH 1N va co, pha che 1000ml dung dch NaOH N/50 3.2. Pha che va xac nh lai nong o dung dch H2SO4 N/50 va Dung dch acid sulfuric thng c s dung trong phng phap nh phan o kiem di dang CaCO3, do o nong o yeu cau la N/50. ac tnh cua acid sulfuric am ac la de hut am, kho o lng va de gay phong, do o dung dch H2SO4 N/50 thng c pha loang t dung dch H2SO4 1N lu tr. Dung dch chuan la NaOH 1N va NaOH n/50 a pha loang trong phan tren. 3.2.1. Thiet b va dung cu Xem lai phan 2 cha 3.2.2. Hoa chat Acid sulfuric P-A, o tinh khiet 96-98%. Khoi lng rieng d=1.84-1.86g/cm3. Dung dch NaOH 1N 3.2.3. Thc hanh a. Tnh s khi Ap dung cong thc tnh gan ung :V=100M N/b p d Trong o: V: The tch acid sulfuric am ac tnh toan (ml) M: Phan t gam acid sulfuric (g) N: Nong o muon pha
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b: Tr so ng lng p: o tinh khiet (%) d: Khoi lng rieng (g/cm3) Tng t nh tren he so an toan c tang them 2%. The tch acid sulfuric am ac can thiet: V(ml)=v1,02 b. Cach lam Dung pipet va qua bop cao su hut can than V(ml) acid sulfuric am ac va 500ml nc cat nh san trong bnh nh mc 1000ml. Dung bnh xt ra sach acid sulfuric con ong trong pipet, rot tat ca nc ra nhap chung Them nc cat cho u 1000ml Dung pipet trch dung dch tren ra erlen. nh phan bang dung dch NaOH 1N a pha che trong giai oan tren. Ch th mau phenolphthalein chuyen t khong mau sang mau hong nhat ben. Nong o dung dch H2SO4 c tnh t cong thc (2). Pha loang dung dch tren thanh 1000ml H2SO4 Vi dung dch H2SO4 1N va co, pha che 1000ml H2SO4 N/50 3.3. Dung dch chuan Fe 3.3.1. Dung dch lu tr sat .3.1. o 20ml H2SO4 am ac vao 50ml nc cat va them vao 1,404 Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O. Sau khi dung dch ong nhat, them tng giot KMnO4 cho en khi xuat hien mau hong nhat khong oi. Pha thanh 1000ml vi nc cat (1,00ml = 200g Fe). 3.3.2. Dung dch chuan : chuan b moi khi s dung. Lay 50ml dung dch lu tr sat cho vao bnh nh mc 1000ml, them nc cat ti vach nh mc (1,00ml = 10,00g Fe). N3.4. Dung dch chuan N-NO3 : (1ml = 2 g N-NO3) NN3.4.1. Dung dch N-NO3 lu tr: (1ml = 2 g N-NO3) Hoa tan 0,7218g Anhydrous Potassium Nitrate KNO3 + nc cat = 1 lt. NN3.4.2. Dung dch N-NO3 chuan: (1ml = 0,002mg = 2 g N-NO3). Pha loang 10ml dung dch lu tr thanh 500ml e co 1ml dung dch chuan = 2 g N-NO3. NDung 3.5. Dung dch chuan N-NH3(1ml= 10 g N-NH3) N3.5.1. Dung dch lu tr NH3 : ( 1ml=1mg N= 1000 g N-NH3) o Hoa tan 3,819g NH4Cl( a say kho 100 C), them nc cat cho u mot lt (1ml =1mgN= 1,22 mg NH3)
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NN3.5.2. Dung dch chuan N-NH3: (1ml = 10 g N-NH3) Pha loang 10ml dung dch lu tr vi nc cat cho u mot lt (1ml=0,010 mgN =0.0122mg NH3) 3.6. Dung dch photphate chuan 3.6.1. Dung dch lu tr Hoa tan 219,5 mg KH2PO4 khan (say kho 105o C mot gi) trong nc cat va nh mc thanh 1000 ml (1,00 ml=50,0 g P-PO4) dch 3.6.2. Dung dch chuan Dung 50 ml dung dch chuan pha loang thanh 1000 ml. Dung dch nay co nong o 1,00 ml =2,5 g p-PO4. Dung (1,00 3.7. Dung dch sulfate chuan: (1,00 ml= 100 g SO42-) Lay chnh xac 10,4 ml H2SO4 0.0200N chuan + nc cat = 100ml hoac147,9 mg NaSO4 khan +nc cat pha thanh 1000 ml.
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pha th Danh sach tam phan bo cac bai thc hanh Hoa moi trng tie Thi lng 60 tiet Buoi 1,2
Nhom 08 nhom
(4 nhom lam 1 bai)
3,4
N1,N2,N3,N4
N5,N6,N7,N8 N1,N2,N3,N4 N5,N6,N7,N8
Ten bai Ly thuyet ve cac thong so vat ly va phan tch bang pp the tch. Ly thuyet ve cac thong so trac quang Ly thuyet ve cac thong so sinh hoa Phan tch cac thong so vat ly (pH, EC, o man, o uc, o mau, chat ran) Phan tch cac thong so the tch (o acid, o kiem) Phan tch cac thong so the tch Phan tch cac thong so vat ly o cng tong va o cng Canxi PO43- (hoac tong P), ClFe, NO2BOD,COD,DO
(2 nhom lam 1 bai va hoan oi cho nhau)

9,10
5,6,7,8
N1,N2 N3, N4 N5, N6 N7, N8
On tap - Thi
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pH, EC, O MAN pH 1. Y ngha moi trng pH la mot thuat ng ch o acid hay baz cua mot dung dch, pH anh hng en cac qua trnh sinh hoc trong nc va co anh hng en s an mon, hoa tan cac vat lieu. Trong ky thuat moi trng, pH c quan tam trong cac lnh vc nh qua trnh keo tu, qua trnh lam mem nc, qua trnh kh trung, on nh nc Trong x ly nc thai bang phng phap sinh hoc, ch tieu pH c duy tr trong gii han toi u e sinh vat phat trien, thng 6.5-7.5
H2O H+ + OH-
pH = -lg[H+] pH + pOH = 14 2. Thc hanh
Trong phan nay sinh vien se thc tap s dung may o pH - Lac eu mau trc khi o ra coc 100ml e o - Ra sach ien cc bang bnh tia - Bat may, nhung ien cc vao mau can o - i cho gia tr pH tren may on nh oc ket qua - Ra sach ien cc bang nc cat, ngam ien cc vao dd bao quan ien cc. EC, o man Gao vien hng dan sinh vien s dung may o
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CHAT RAN
1. Gii thieu chung 1.1. Y ngha moi trng Chat ran trong nc bao gom chat ran ton tai dang l lng va dang hoa tan. Trong nc co ham lng chat ran cao gay cam quan khong tot va cac benh ng ruot cho con ngi. 1.2 Cac nh ngha Chat ran tong cong (TS) = Chat ran l lng (SS) + Chat ran hoa tan (TDS) Chat ran on nh (thanh phan la cac chat vo c): la phan con lai cua chat ran tong cong sau khi ot 550OC Chat ran khong on nh hay con goi la chat ran bay hi (VSS - thanh phan la cac VSS chat hu c): la lng chat ran tong cong mat i sau khi ot 550OC 2. Thc hanh cha 2.1 Xac nh chat ran tong cong (TS) - Chuan b coc s asay kho 100oC trong 1h, can coc xac nh khoi lng coc ban au mo (mg) - Chon the tch mau sao cho lng can nam trong khoang 2,5-200mg, lac eu mau trc khi s dung - Cho mau vao coc say 100oC e lam bay hi nc - e nguoi trong bnh hut am en nhiet o phong - Can xac nh khoi lng m1 (mg) g(mg/l) Chat ran tong cong(mg/l) = (m1 mo)x1000/Vmau(ml) )x1000/Vma 1000/V - Tiep tuc ly coc tren em nung 550OC - e nguoi trong bnh hut am en nhiet o phong - Can xac nh khoi lng m2 (mg)
2.2 Xac nh chat ran bay hi (VSS Volatile Suspended Solid) cha
)x1000/V 1000/Vma Chat ran bay hi (mg/l) = (m1 m2)x1000/Vmau(ml) cha 2.3 Xac nh chat ran l lng (SS) bang phng phap khoi lng - Chuan b giay loc si thuy tinh asay kho 100oC trong 1h, can giay loc xac nh khoi lng ban au m3 (mg) - Loc mot the tch mau phu hp qua giay loc (mau a tron eu trc khi loc) - Say giay loc 100oC e lam bay hi nc - e nguoi trong bnh hut am en nhiet o phong
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- Can xac nh khoi lng m4 (mg) Chat ran l lng (mg/l) = (m4 m3)x1000/Vmau(ml) 2.4 Xac nh chat ran l lng (SS) bang phng phap o quang 2.4 cha Lac eu mau trong bnh, lay 50ml mau vao coc 100ml Bat may, vao ma chng trnh 630-Enter 630 Chnh bc song ve 810nm Cho nc cat vao Curet en vach trang, nhan Zero cho man hnh xuat hien 0.SUSP.SOLIDS Cho mau vao Curvet, bam read oc gia tr o. Xa 2.5 Xac nh chat ran hoa tan (TDS) Gao vien hng dan sinh vien s dung may o Mt 2.6 M s ch s khc SVI: ch s lng ca bn
V 1000 SVI = SS
Trong : SS: cht rn l lng (mg/l) V: th tch lp bn lng sau 30pht trong ng Imhoff 1000ml (l) SVI < 100: bn lng tt SVI >100: bn ni b mt nhiu 100< SVI < 200: bn ni t ng Imhoff
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O UC 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1. Y ngha moi trng o uc cua nc bat nguon t s hien hu cua vo so vat the li ti trang thai huyen phu nh at set, vat chat hu c va vo c, vi sinh vat gom cac loai phieu sinh ong vat. 1.2. Nguyen tac Nguyen tac c ban cua phng phap nay da tren s hap thu anh sang cua cac can l lng co trong dung dch. 1.3. Cac tr ngai Can ln co kha nang lang nhanh, cuvete ban, co bot kh trong mau, o mau that cua mau la nhng nguyen nhan anh hng ti ket qua o uc. A) XAC NH O UC BANG PP DNG NG CHUAN (ko lam phan nay) 2. Dung cu, thiet b va hoa chat 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b : May Spectrophotometer. Pipet 5ml, 25ml. 2.2. Hoa chat : - Dung dch lu tr (s dung trong mot thang) + Dung dch 1 : hoa tan 1,000g hydrazine sulfate (NH2.NH2.H2SO4) trong 100ml nc cat. +Dung dch 2 : hoa tan 10,00 hexamethylenetetramine (C6H12N4) trong 100ml nc cat. + Hoa trong 5,0ml dung dch 1 va 5,0 ml dung dch 2. Pha loang thanh 100ml vi nc cat, sau o e yen 24 gi nhiet o 253oC. Dung dch nay co o uc la 400 FTU. Lac eu khi s dung. - Nc dung pha loang khong mau. 3. Thc hanh 3.1. Lap ng chuan : - Pha che dung dch chuan : pha loang t dung dch chuan e co o uc chuan theo bang sau : STT Vdung dch chuan (ml) Vnc cat (ml) o uc (FTU) 0 0 100 0 1 2 98 8 2 4 96 16 3 6 94 24 4 8 92 32 5 10 90 40 6 12 88 48 7 14 86 56 8 16 84 64
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o o hap thu cua cac dung dch chuan tren may spectrophotometer bc song 450nm. 3.2. Lac that ky bnh ng mau, o o hap thu cua mau tren may spectrophotometer bc song 450nm. 4. Cach tnh T o mau va o hap thu cua dung dch chuan, ve gian o A = f(C), s dung phng phap bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b. T gia tr o hap thu Am cua mau, tnh nong o Cm. Neu tr so Am cua mau vt qua cac tr so cua dung dch chuan, phai pha loang mau en nong o thch hp. 5. Cau hoi 1. Nguyen nhan tao o uc cho : o Dong song. o Dong song b o nhiem. o Nc thai sinh hoat. 2. Co s lien quan nao gia cac n v o o uc : mgSiO2/l, FTU, NTU? B) XAC NH O UC BANG CHNG TRNH CAI SAN TREN MAY Lac eu mau trong bnh, lay 50ml mau vao coc 100ml Bat may, vao ma chng trnh 750-Enter 750Chnh bc song ve 860nm Cho nc cat vao Curet en vach trang, nhan Zero cho man hnh xuat hien 0.FAUTURBIDITY Cho mau vao Curvet, bam read oc gia tr o.
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O MAU 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1. Y ngha moi trng Mau cua nc thien nhien do mun, phieu sinh vat, cac san pham t s phan huy chat hu c tao ra. Tuy nhien mot so ion kim loai hay nc thai cong nghiep cung la nguyen nhan gay cho nc co mau. Theo thoi quen chung ta ngh mau cua nc la mau quan sat c ngay sau khi lay mau. Thc ra ay ch la mau bieu kien gom mot phan t chat cac chat hoa tan va phan con lai do chat huyen phu tao thanh. V vay mau bieu kien c xac nh ngay tren mau nguyen thuy ma khong can loai bo chat l lng. Ngoai ra con co o mau thc cua mau. o mau thc c xac nh tren mau a qua ly tam e loai bo cac hat l lng. Khong nen loc e loai bo cac hat l lng trong nc v cac cau t mau co the b hap phu tren giay loc. 1.2. Nguyen tac Nguyen tac c ban cua phng phap nay da tren s hap thu anh sang cua cac hp chat mau co trong dung dch. 1.3. Cac tr ngai o uc anh hng en o mau thc cua mau. Ngoai ra o mau con tuy thuoc vao pH cua nc, do o trong bang ket qua can ghi ro pH luc xac nh o mau. 2. Thc hanh Bat may, vao ma chng trnh 120-Enter 120 Chnh bc song ve 455nm 455nm Cho nc cat vao Curet en vach trang, nhan Zero cho man hnh xuat hien 0.Units PtCo APHA Cho mau vao Curvet, bam read oc gia tr o.
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CHLORIDE 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1. Y ngha moi trng Chloride (CT) la ion chnh trong nc thien nhien va nc thai. V man cua chloride thay oi tuy theo ham lng va thanh phan hoa hoc cua nc. Vi mau cha 250 mg Cl-/l ngi ta a co the nhan ra v man neu trong nc co cha ion Na+. Tuy nhien, khi mau nc co o cng cao, v man lai kho nhan biet du nc co cha en 1000 mg Cl-/l. Ham lng chloride cao se gay an mon cac ket cau ong kim loai. Ve mat nong nghiep, chloride gay anh hng xau en s tang trng cua cay trong. 1.2. Nguyen tac Trong moi trng trung hoa hay kiem nhe, potassium chromate (K2CrO4) co the c dung lam chat ch th mau tai iem ket thuc trong phng phap nh phan chloride bang dung dch silver nitrate (AgNO3). Ag+ + ClAgCl (Ksp = 3 10-10) (1 ) 2Ag+ + CrO42Ag2CrO4 (Ksp = 5 10-12) (2 ) o nau Da vao s khac biet cua tch so tan, khi them dung dch AgNO3 vao mau co hon hp Cl- va CrO42-, Ag+ lap tc phan ng vi ion Cl- di dang ket tua trang en khi hoan toan, sau o phan ng (2) se xay ra cho ket tua o gach de nhan thay. 1.3. Cac tr ngai Nhng chat thng co trong nc uong hau nh khong anh hng g en viec nh phan. Cac ion bromide, iodide, cyanide c xem nh tng ng vi chloride. Rieng sulfide, thiosulfate, sulfit co the can thiep vao phan ng (1) . Tuy nhien sulfit de dang b oxy hoa bi nc oxy gia (H2O2) trong moi trng trung hoa. Thiosulfate va sulfide b mat anh hng trong moi trng kiem. Orthophosphat vi ham lng cao > 25 mg/l cung tac dung vi silver nitrate nhng ieu nay t xay ra. Ham lng sat tren 10 mg/l se che lap s oi mau tai iem ket thuc. Du 2. Dung cu, thiet b va hoa chat Du 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b - 02 Becher 100 ml - 03 Erlen 100ml - 02 Pipet 10ml - 01 Buret 10ml
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Ho 2.2. Hoa chat Dung dch AgNO3 0,0141N: can 2,395g AgNO3 hoa tan vi nc cat va nh mc thanh 1 lt. Ch th mau K2CrO4: hoa tan 2,5 g K2CrO4 trong 30 ml nc cat, them tng giot AgNO3 en khi xuat hien mau o ro. e yen 12 gi, loc, pha loang dung dch qua loc thanh 50 ml vi nc cat. Dung dch huyen treo Al(OH)3 : hoa tan 125 g AlK(SO4). 12H2o hay Al(NH4)(SO4)2.12H2O trong 1 lt nc cat, lam am 600C, them t t 55 ml NH4OH am ac, lac eu. i 1 gi ra huyen troc nhieu lan vi nc cat en khi nc ra khong con Cl- na ( th bang AgNO3) sau o them nc cat cho u 1 lt. Ch th mau phenolphthalein. Dung dch NaOH 0,1 N( hoac H2SO4 0,1N) tuy pH mau ban au. Nc oxy gia H2O2 30%. Th 3. Thc hanh Lay 10 ml mau hay mot lng mau thch hp va pha loang thanh 10 ml vi nc cat. Neu mau co o mau cao, them 3 ml huyen treo khuay ky, lang, loc, ra giay loc, nc ra nhap chung vao nc qua loc. Neu co sulfide, sulfit hoac thiosulfate, them tng giot NaOH 0,1N cho en khi oi mau phenolphthalein. Them H2O2 quay eu, sau cung trung hoa vi H2SO4 0,1N. nh phan mau trong khoang pH = 7 10 ( tot nhat la 7 - 8). Neu pH ngoai khoang nay, tot nhat nen trung hoa trc khi them 3 giot ch th K2CrO4. Dung dung dch AgNO3 0.0141N nh phan en khi dung dch t mau vang chuyen sang mau o gach (co the so vi mau trang gom nc cat + ch th K2CrO4). Ghi nhan the tch V1 ml AgNO3 s dung. Lam mau trang co the tch ong vi the tch mau. Ghi nhan the tch Vo ml AgNO3 s dung. 4. Cach tnh
(V1 - Vo) 500 Chloride (mg/l) = ----------------------ml mau NaCl (mg/l) = Chloride (mg/l) 1,65 Trong o : V1 : The tch dd AgNO3 dung nh phan mau Vo : The tch dd AgNO3 dung nh phan mau trang
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Ca 5. Cau hoi 1. Tai sao phai thc hien mau trang trong phng phap nh phan chloride. 2. nh phan chloride bang phng phap Morh c thc hien trong moi trng trung hoa. Giai thch tai sao? 3. Ket qua nh phan chloride se nh the nao khi them mot lng tha chromate.
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O ACID 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1. Y ngha moi trng o acid bieu th kha nang phong thch proton H+ cua nc. o acid cua mau nc phan ln do s hien dien cua cac loai acid yeu nh acid carbonic, acid tanic, acid humic bat nguon t phan ng phan huy chat hu c gay ra, phan khac do s thuy phan cac muoi cua acid manh nh sulfate nhom, sat tao thanh. ac biet khi b cac acid vo c tham nhap, nc se co pH rat thap. Nc thien nhien s dung cho cap nc luon duy tr mot the can bang gia cac ion bicarbonate, carbonate va kh carbon dioxide hoa tan, do o nc thien nhien thng ong thi mang hai tnh chat oi nhau: tnh acid va tnh kiem. Khi b o nhiem bi cac acid vo c hoac cac muoi acid t khu vc ham mo, at phen hoac do nguon nc thai cong nghiep, pH thap hn 7 kha nhieu. Trong thc nghiem hai khoang pH chan c s dung e bieu th s khac biet tren. Khoang pH th nhat ng vi iem oi mau cua chat ch th methyl cam( t 4,2 4,5) anh dau s chuyen bien anh hng cua cac acid vo c manh sang vung anh hng cua carbonic acid. Khoang pH th hai ng vi iem oi mau cua chat ch th phenolphtalein ( t 8,2 8,4) chuyen sang vung anh hng cua nhom carbonate trong dung dch. ta 1.2. Nguyen tac chnh Dung cac dung dch kiem manh e nh phan o acid cua ca acid vo c manh cung nh acid hu c hoac acid yeu. o acid do anh hng cua acid vo c c xac nh bang cach nh phan en iem oi mau cua ch th methyl cam nen c goi la O ACID METHYL ( dung dch t mau o chuyen sang da cam). Qua trnh tiep tuc nh phan sau o e xac nh o acid toan phan c thc hien en iem oi mau cua ch th phenolphthalein, goi la O ACID TONG CONG(dung dch khong mau chuyen sang tm nhat). 1.3. Cac tr ngai Cac chat kh hoa tan lam anh hng en o acid la CO2, H2S, NH3 co the b mat i hoac hoa tan vao mau trong qua trnh lu tr hoac nh phan mau. Co the giam anh hng nay bang cach nh phan nhanh chong, tranh lac manh va tranh e mau ni co nhiet o cao hn nhiet o ban au cua mau.
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Khi nh phan mau nc cap, ket qua thng b anh hng bi ham lng chlorine kh trung nc co tnh tay mau. Muon tranh sai so nay, can them vai giot Na2S2O3 0,1N vao mau e loai bo anh hng cua chlorine. Neu mau co o mau va o uc cao, phai xac nh o acid bang phng phap chuan o ien the. ng 2. Dung cu- thiet b hoa chat 2.1. Dung cu 02 Erlen 150 ml 01 Ong ong 100 ml 01 Buret 25 hoac 50 ml 2.2. Hoa chat Dung dch sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 0,02 N: pha dung dch NaOH 1N(can 40g NaOH vien + nc cat = 1 lt) lay 20 ml dung dch NaOH 1N + nc cat = 1 lt. nh phan lai bang dung dch potassium biphthlate 0,02 n ( hoa tan 4,085g KHC8H4O4 a say khop6 trong 2 gi 1200C va lam nguoi trong desicator + nc cat = 1 lt) Ch th phenolphthalein : 500 mg phenolphthalein + 50 ml methanol + nc cat = 100 ml Ch th methyl cam : 50 mg methyl cam + nc cat = 100 ml 3. Thc hanh Neu mau la nc uong, trc khi nh phan them mot giot Na2S2O3 0,1 N e loai anh hng cua chlorine. Dung pH ke o pH cua mau. Neu mau co gia tr pH < 4,5: lay 10 ml mau vao erlen, them 3 giot methyl cam. Dung dung dch NaOH 0,02 N nh phan en khi dung dch co mau da cam. Ghi nhan the tch V1 ml dung dch NaOH a dung e tnh o acid methyl. Neu mau co gia tr pH > 4,5: lay 10 ml mau vao erlen them 3 giot phenolphthalein. Dung dung dch NaOH 0,02 N nh phan en khi dung dch va co mau tm nhat. Ghi nhan the tch V2 ml dung dch NaOH a dung, tnh o acid tong cong. 4. Cach tnh
V 1000 o acid ( mg CaCO3/ l) = -------------ml mau Vi V : the tch dung dch NaOH dung nh phan : V1, V2
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5. Cau hoi 1.Mau nc co pH = 7,3 va ham lng HCO3 la 30 mg/ l. Gia s rang anh hng cua chat ran hoa tan tren hoat tnh cua cac ion khong ang ke, nhiet o cua nc la 250C. Tnh ham lng CO2 cua mau nc. 2.Nc cap co ham lng HCO3 la 30 mg/ l va ham lng CO2 la 30 mg/l. Tnh pH cua nc nhiet o 250C. Neu ham lng CO2 cua mau giam con 3 mg/ l bi suc kh, pH cua nc luc nay la bao nhieu?
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O KIEM 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1. Y ngha moi trng o kiem bieu th kha nang thu nhan proton H+ cua nc. Nc thien nhien hay nc t he thong cap nc, o kiem eu do 3 ion chnh tao ra: hydroxide, carbonate va bicarbonate. Trong thc te cac muoi acid yeu nh borate, silicate cung gay anh hng ln en o kiem. Mot vai acid hu c ben vi s oxy hoa sinh hoc nh acid humic, dang muoi cua chung co kha nang lam tang o kiem. Trong ieu kien thien nhien thch hp, tao de dang xuat hien va ton tai oi vi mot vai nguon nc mat, qua trnh phat trien va tang trng cua tao giai phong mot lng ang ke carbonate va bicarbonate lam cho pH nc tang dan co the len en 9 10. nhng nguon nc c x ly vi hoa chat co cha nhom carbonate cung lam gia tang pH. 1.2. Nguyen tac Tien hanh nh phan o kiem vi ch th phenolphtalein va methyl cam (hoac ch th hon hp bromoresol luc = methyl o) trong tng giai oan va tuy trng hp: Ch th phenolphtalein se co mau tm nhat trong moi trng co ion hydroxide va ion carbonate, mau tim se tr nen khong mau khi pH < 8,3. Ch th methyl cam cho mau vang vi bat ky ion kiem nao va tr thanh mau o khi dung dch tr thanh acid. Viec nh phan c xem la hoan tat khi dung dch co mau da cam ( pH = 4,5), nam gia mau vang ( moi trng baz) va mau o ( moi trng acid). Do o mau iem ket thuc thng c so sanh vi hai ong chuan. V s oi mau cua methyl cam kho nhan thay, nen ch th hon hp bromocresol luc + methyl o co khoang oi mau ro rang hn cung tr so pH nen thng c s dung rong rai hn. 1.3. Cac tr ngai Lng chlorine d trong nc uong anh hng en ket qua nh phan lam nhat mau chat ch th. e tranh sai lech, ta cho them vao mau mot vai giot Na2S2O3 0,1 N. Khi mau nc co o mau va o uc cao phai dung phng phap chuan o ien the. Nhng chat ket tua, xa bong, chat dau, chat ran l lng co the phu ien cc thuy tinh lam cho iem cuoi en cham. e khac phuc hien tng nay, co the chui electrode moi khi tien hanh th nghiem. Khong loc, pha loang hay co ac mau.
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2. Dung cu thiet b va hoa chat 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b 02 Erlen 150 ml 01 Ong ong 100 ml 01 Buret 25 hoac 50 ml 2.2. Hoa chat Dung dch sulfuric acid (H2SO4) 0,02 N: pha dung dch H2SO4 1N ( 28 ml H2SO4 am ac + nc cat = 1 lt), lay 20 ml dung dch H2SO4 1N + nc cat = 1 lt. nh phan lai acid nay bang Na2CO3 0,02N ( hoa tan 1,06g Na2CO3 a say 1050C va lam nguoi trong desicator + nc cat = 1 lt). Ch th mau phenolphthalein 0,5 % Ch th mau methyl cam 0,5 % Ch th mau hon hp bromocresol luc + methyl o: 20 mg methyl o + 200mg bromocresol + 100 ml ethanol 95% 3. Thc hanh Neu mau co pH > 8,3: lay 10ml mau vao erlen, them 3 giot ch th mau phenolphthalein. nh phan bang dung dch H2SO4 0,02N cho en khi mat mau. Ghi the tch V2 ml H2SO4 0,02N a dung e tnh O KIEM PHENOL(P). Neu mau co pH < 8,3: lay 10 ml mau vao bnh tam giac, them 3 giot ch th mau methyl cam ( hay 3 giot ch th mau hon hp). nh phan mau bang dung dch H2SO4 cho en khi dung dch co mau da cam (mau gia hai Erlen oi g). chng) Neu dung ch th hon hp, tai iem ket thuc dung dch co mau o xam. Ghi the tch V2 ml H2SO4 0,02N a dung e tnh O KIEM METHYL CAM hay O KIEM TONG CONG. g, Lam hai Erlen oi chng cho vao hai Erlen moi Erlen 50 ml mau, Erlen th nhat them 1 ml H2SO4 1N + 1 giot methyl cam. Erlen th hai them 1 ml NaOH 1N + 1 giot methyl cam.
4. Cach tnh o kiem P (mg CaCO3/l) =
V1
1000
ml mau V 1000
o kiem tong cong T ( mg CaCO3/l) =
ml mau
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Da tren ket qua co the tnh o liem do cac ion khac nhau gay ra theo bang sau: Ket qua phan nh P=0 P < T/2 P = T/2 P > T/2 P=T ion o kiem do cac cac ion ( mg/lCaCO3) OH CO32HCO30 0 T 0 2P T 2P 0 2P 0 2P - T 2(T P) 0 T 0 0
P o kiem phenol T o kiem tong cong OH- (mg/l) = o kiem OH- (mg/lCaCO3) 0,34 CO3 2-(mg/l) = o kiem CO32 (mg/lCaCO3) 0,6 HCO3 -(mg/l) = o kiem HCO32 (mg/lCaCO3) 1,22 5. Cau hoi Gia s rang anh hng cua cac muoi hoa tan tren hoat tnh cac ion khong ang ke. Mot phan nc 250C co pH = 10,3 va ham lng carbonate la 120 mg/l. 1. Hay tnh ham lng ion bicarbonate (mg/l). 2. Tnh o kiem OH, CO32, HCO3 va o kiem tong cong cua mau tren (mg/lCaCO3).
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O CNG TONG CONG 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1. Y ngha moi trng o cng c hieu la kha nang tao bot cua nc vi xa bong. Ion calci va magnes trong nc se ket tua vi xa bong, do o lam giam sc can be mat va pha huy ac tnh tao bot. Nhng ion dng a hoa tr khac cung co the ket tua vi xa bong, nhng thng nhng ion nay di dang phc chat, hoac la chat hu c, do o anh hng cua chung trong nc khong ang ke va kho xac nh. Tren thc te, o cng tong cong c xac nh bang tong ham lng calci, magnes va c bieu th bang mg CaCO3/l EDTA) 1.2. Nguyen tac ( phng phap nh phan bang EDTA) Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) hoac muoi natri dan xuat (Na-EDTA) khi them vao dung dch cha nhng ion kim loai a hoa tr dng, pH 10,0 0,1 se tao thanh cac phc chat. oi vi hai ion calci va magnes chu yeu gay o cng trong nc, neu co mot lng nho ch th mau hu c nh Eriochrome Black T (EBT) hay calmagite c cho vao, dung dch tren se tr nen mau o ru vang. nh phan bang EDTA phn ng tao phc giua EDTA vi ion calci, magnes se EDTA, lam chuyen mau dung dch t o ru vang sang xanh dng tai iem ket thuc. 1.3. Cac anh hng Mot vai ion kim loai nang gay tr ngai cho viec nh phan, lam ch th mau nhat dan hay khong to rang tai iem ket thuc. Co the khac phuc tr ngai nay bang cach them chat che luc nh phan. Muoi Mg-EDTA co tac dung nh mot chat phan ng kep va tao phc vi cac kim loai nang, va giai phong Mg vao trong mau, co the dung thay the cho cac chat che co mui kho chu va oc tnh. Muoi Mg-EDTA ch co tac dung tch cc khi thay the cho cac kim loai nang song khong lam bien oi o cng tong cong trong mau nc. Bang 1 hng dan cach s dung chat che tuy thuoc ham lng kim loai nang hay lng polyphosphate co trong mau, giup viec xac nh Ca va Mg bang phng phap EDTA; o cng tong cong se co c qua phng phap tnh.
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Bang 1 : HAM LNG TOI A CAC CHAT GAY NHIEU CAN LOAI BO BI CHAT CHE Chat gay tr ngai Ham lng toi a chat gay tr ngai(mg/l) Chat che 1 Chat che 2 20 20 Nhom + + Basium + + Cadmium 0,3 Tren 20 Cobalt 20 Tren 30 ong 5 Tren 30 Sat 20 + Ch 2+ 1 + Mangness (Mn ) 0,3 Niekel Tren 20 + Strontium + 200 Kem + 10 Polyphosphate Lieu lng tren ch thch hp vi 25 ml mau pha loang thanh 50 ml. Nhng lu y khi nh phan Viec nh phan ch thc hien nhiet o phong hay gan vi nhiet o phong, tranh s cach biet nhiet qua ln so vi nhiet o moi trng xung quanh. S oi mau tr nen cham va ket qua kem chnh xac nh trong trng hp mau c nh phan gan khoang nhiet o ong ac. Chat ch th mau se b phan huy trong nc nong. ac biet pH co the tao ra moi trng dan en tua CaCO3, tuy nhien nh phan co lau cung co the hoa tan lai ket tua. S thay oi cham tai iem ket thuc thng cho ket qua thap hn . Nham giam thieu ket tua CaCO3 tao thanh. Viec nh phan can hoan tat trong vong 5 phut. Ba phng phap sau ay lam giam ket tua CaCO3. Pha loang mau bang nc cat e toi giam lng CaCO3. Dung mot lng mau qua nho de dan en sai lech khi oc ket qua tren than ong nho giot. Neu o cng a c biet hay a c xac nh bang phng phap nh phan s bo. Them nhanh EDTA vi khoang 90 % lng can dung hay mot t le thch nghi tuy vao the tch mau can nh phan trc khi chnh pH bang dung dch em. Acid hoa mau va khuay trong vong 2 phut e uoi CO2 trc khi chnh pH xac nh o kiem sau moi lan them axit.
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2. Dung cu, thiet b va hoa chat va 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b 02Coc 250 ml 01 Buret 10 ml 01Erlen 100 ml Ong ong 2.2. Hoa chat 2.2.1.Dung dch em a. Hoa tan 16,9g NH4CL trong 143 ml NH4OH am ac + 1,25g muoi MgEDTA + nc cat = 250 ml b. Neu khong co muoi Mg- EDTA, hoa tan 1,179g muoi Na-EDTA(PA) + 780 mg MgSO4.7H2O hoac 644 mg MgCL2. 6H2O trong 50 ml nc cat. Hoa tan 16,9g NH4CL trong 143 ml NH4OH am ac. Tron eu hai dung dch tren va pha loang thanh 250 ml vi nc cat. e at o chnh xac cao can gi ung t le ve phan lng gi cac hoa chat tren. ng cac dung dch tren trong chai nha deo hay chai thuy tinh trung tnh. Thi han s dung khong qua mot thang. ay nap kn e ngan NH3 bay hi va CO2 ngoai khong kh khong xam nhap vao dung dch. Them vao mau 1- 2 ml dung dch em, neu dung dch mau nh phan cha at ti pH 10,0 0,1 tai iem ket thuc chuan o. 2.2.2.Nhng tac nhan che Phan ln cac loai nc khong can them tac nhan che. Tuy nhien mot vai mau nc cha nhng ion gay nhieu, can them tac nhan che e lam s oi mau tai dt iem c ro rang. Sau ay la nhng chat che thch hp. Chat che I Mau co tnh acid phai c trung hoa ti khi pH = 6 bang dung dch em hay NaOH 0,1 Ntru7c khi them 200 mg sodium cyanide ( NaCN) di dang tinh the. Them u dung dch em e co pH 10 0,1. ( Chu y: NaCN rat oc. Can than khi s dung no. Xa that nhieu nc trc khi o bo dung dch tren e tranh phan ng toa hi oc hydroxyanide (HCN)). Chat che II Hoa tan 5g NaS. 9H2O hay 3,7g Na2S. 5H2O trong 100 ml nc cat. Dung dch Na2S de b oxy hoa bi kh tri tao ra ket tua sulfide anh hng en viec xac nh iem chuyen mau chat ch th. Phai bao quan dung dch nay trong chai ay kn bang nut cao su. Khi biet ro co s hien dien cua cac kim loai nang, s dung chat che x ly mau trc khi nh phan ( xem phan nhng lu y khi nh phan)
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Cha 2.2.3. Chat ch th mau a. Eriochrome Black T : muoi natri dan xuat t 1 ( 1 hyroxy 2 naphthylazo 5 nitro 2 naphthol 4 sulfonic acid), hoa tan 0,5 g ch th tren 100 g 2, 2,, 2,, - nitrilotriethanol. Them hai giot cho moi 50 ml mau. Chnh the tch mau nc can thiet. b. Calmagite: 1 ( 1 hydroxy 4 methyl 2 phenylazo) 2 napthol 4 sulfonic acid. Calmagite thch hp cho dung dch long va tao ra s thay oi mau tng t nh Eryochrome Black T. vi iem ket thuc ro rang hn. Hoa tan 0,10 g Calmagite trong 100ml nc cat. Dung 1ml cho moi 50 ml mau nh phan. Chnh the tch neu can thiet. c. Chat ch th I va II co the dung di dang tinh the kho. Khong nen dung chat ch th qua nhieu. Chan b hon hp kho cua chat ch th di muoi tinh thiet. d. Neu tai iem ket thuc chuan o, s thay oi mau cua ch th khong ro rang trong trng hp nay can phai them tac nhan che. Neu cho chat che NaCN vao mau ma iem oi mau van khong ro rang, nguyen nhan co the do chat ch th mau b h. 2.2.4. Dung dch chuan EDTA 0,01 M Can 3,723g EDTA. Hoa tan trong nc cat va pha thanh 1000 ml, chuan o lai bang dung dch Calcium. Dung dch chuan EDTA phai c ng trong chai thuy tinh trung tnh hay bnh nha polyethylen. 2.2.5. Dung dch chuan Calcium Can 1g CaCO3 ( dung chat chuan tot nhat hay hoa chat at biet co ham lng cac kim loai nang, o kem va magnesium thap) vao trong mot erlen 500 ml. at mot cai phieu tren mieng bnh, moi lan them mot t HCL ( 1+ 1) cho ti khi tat ca CaCO3 tan hoan toan. Them 200 ml nc cat va un soi vai phut e oi CO2 lam lanh va them vai giot ch th methyl o, chnh lai pH en khi co mau cam bang NH4OH 3N hay HCL ( 1 + 1) chuyen qua bnh nh mc va pha thanh mot lit1 vi nc cat : 1 ml = 1 mg CaCO3. 2.2.6. Dung dch sodium hydroxide : NaOH 0,1 N. 3. Trnh t th nghiem Lay mot the tch mau sao cho lng EDTA chuan o khong qua 15 ml, hoan thanh viec nh phan trong vong 5 phut tnh t thi iem cho dung dch em. Neu lng EDTA ln hn 15ml th phai pha loang mau.
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Lay 25ml mau, them 1 ti 2 ml dung dch em, thng dung 1 ml u e at pH 10 0,1, them chat che neu s thay oi mau tai iem ket thuc chuan o khong ro rang. Sau khi them chat che nhng mau the hien van khong ro rang. Chat ch th co the a b hong. Them chat ch th mau (lng nho bang 1/5 hat gao). Chuan o t t bang dung dch EDTA cho en luc co mau xanh da tri lai iem ket thuc . Neu the tch mau co u va khong co chat gay can tr th tr so nh phan se tang khi s dung 1 lng mau nhieu hn c mieu ta trong phan c di ay. Mau co o cng thap: nc sau khi qua trao oi ion, cac loai nc mem khac va cac loai nc thien nhien co o cng thap ( t hn 50 mg/l) can lay 1 the tch ln hn (100 1000 ml) e nh phan va them vao mot lng dung dch em. Chat che. Chat ch th mau theo t le tng ng. Chuan o bang ong nho giot nh phan nho nhat, lam them mau th khong: dung nc cat 2 lan nc qua cot trao oi ion bang the tch mau .Lng dung dch em. Chat che. Chat ch th mau tng t nh mau. Lay the tch EDTA nh phan cua mau tr i the tch dung nh phan cho mau th khong. 4. Cach tnh
( A B 1000) o cng ( EDTA) mg CaCO3/l = ............ ml mau Trong o: A ml EDTA tham gia phan ng trong mau B mg CaCO3 tng ng 1 ml EDTA nh phan. 5. Cau hoi 1. Nguyen nhan gay ra o cng cua nc? 2.Mau nc c phan tch co cac ket qua nh sau: Cl- = 40 mg/l Na+ = 20mg/l K+ = 30 mg/l HCO3- = 40 mg/l 2+ CO32- = 67 mg/l Ca = 15 mg/l Mg2+ = 10 mg/l SO42 = 5 mg/l NO3- = 10 mg/l Sr2+ = 2 mg/l Tnh o cng tong cong, o cng carbonate, bicarbonate cua mau nc; ( n v mgCaCO3/l)
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O CNG CALCI Gi 1. Gii thieu chung Calci la mot nguyen to thng gap trong nc thien nhien v chay qua nhng vung co nhieu a voi, thach cao, dolomit Tuy theo nguon goc va cach x ly ma ham lng calci trong nc co t 0 en vai tram mg/l. Ch vi mot lng nho calcicacbonate cung co the tao nen mot mang cng bam vao mat trong cac ong dan theo thi gian tch tu, bao ve kim loai chong lai s an mon. Mat khac, lp mang nay lai la mot tai hai ln cho nhng thiet b s dung nhiet o cao nh noi hi Phng phap lam mem nc bang hoa chat hoac nha trao oi ion thng c ap dung e kh bt calci ti gii han chap nhan c Nguye 2. Nguyen tac Trong dung dch co cha calci va magnes, pH12-13, magne se b ket tua di dang hydroxy. Chat ch th mau ket hp vi calci cho mau hong. Khi DETA c them vao dung dch se ket hp vi calci va phan ng xay ra hoan toan. iem ket thuc dung dch chuyen mau hong sang tm CAC ANH HNG (XEM PHAN O CNG) Du 3. Dung cu, thiet b, hoa chat Dung 3.1. Dung cu Erlen Pipet Buret Ong ong Ho 3.2. Hoa chat Dung dch NaOH 1N Ch th mau Murexider: Can 200g murexider + 100g NaCl nghien nho, tron eu Dung dch EDTA 0.01M: Xem phan o cng Th 4. Thc hanh e tranh ket tua, viec nh phan can thc hien nhanh chong sau khi nang pH a. Lay 25ml (hay mot the tch mau pha loang en 25ml) sao cho the tch EDTA dung nh phan khong vt qua 15ml. Neu mau nc co ham lng calci vt qua 300mg/l nen pha loang hoac trung hoa vi acid roi un soi mot phut, lam nguoi trc khi nh phan. b. Them 2ml dung dch NaOH 1N hoac mot the tch ln hn e nang pH len 12-13, lac eu c. Them 0,1-0,2g ch th mau murexider (lng nho bang 1/5 hat gao), dung dch co mau hong nhat
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d. nh phan bang dung dch EDTA 0,01M, iem ket thuc dung dch co mau o ta. e kiem soat iem ket thuc chuan o, can ghi nhan the tch EDTA a dung, sau o them mot hoac hai giot EDTA e am bao mau cua dung dch khong oi Ca 5. Cach tnh
V MlEDTA 1000 mlmau V 1000 o cng calci (mgCaCO3) = mlEDTA mlmau
calci (mg/l) =
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SAT 1.Gii thieu chung 1.1. Y ngha moi trng T lau con ngi a nhan biet, uong nc co cha sat se khong gay hai oi vi sc khoe. Nc mat sau khi loai bo can l lng th ham lng sat t khi at ti 1mg/l. Rieng oi vi nc ngam va nc thai sinh hoat, ham lng sat co the cao hn rat nhieu. Nhng loai nc nh the khi tiep xuc vi khong kh se tr nen uc va co mau vang, nguyen nhan la do sat dang Fe2+ b oxy hoa thanh Fe3+ tao ra nhng chat ket tua di dang keo. nhng ieu kien t nhien va pH thap, toc o cua qua trnh oxy hoa thng xay ra cham va sat trong nc thng ton tai di dang Fe2+. Trong moi trng pH<6 va co suc kh, Fe3+ co the ton tai mot thi gian. Toc o oxy hoa se tang len khi trong moi trng co pH > 6, co mat cua cac chat oxy hoa hay do hoat ong cua vi sinh vat. Sat co trong nc la nguyen nhan lam cho quan ao b vang sau khi giat, lam o cac o vat bang s va tao ra cac vet o tren cac o vat han ch. Khi ham lng sat trong nc ln hnmg/l gay ra v tanh trong nc va ve mat cam quan khong the chap nhan c. Ngoai ra, can sat bam tren thanh ongdan lau ngay lam thay oi lu lng va tac cac ong dan cua he thong phan phoi nc. Chnh v nhng ly do tren nen tieu chuan at ra cho nc s dung trong sinh hoat va an uong phai co ham lng Fetc < 0,3 mg/l. oi vi mot so nganh cong nghiep, tieu chuan cho phep sat co trong nc oi hoi rat cao nh oi vi cong nghe det nhuom th Fe < 0,1 mg/l. 1.2. Nguyen tac Sat trong dung dch c kh thanh dang Fe2+ (tan trong nc) bang cach un soi trong moi trng acid va hydroxylamine, sau o Fe2+ tao phc co mau vi 1,10 phenanthroline pH = 3,0 3,3. Moi nguyen t Fe2+ se ket hp vi ba phan t cua phenanthroline tao thanh phc chat mau o cam. Cng o mau tuan theo nh luat Lambert-Beer va phu thuoc vao pH. Phan ng se at toc o cc ai khi pH cua moi trng trong khoang t 2,9 3,5 va s dung mot lng tha phenanthroline. Cac phng trnh phan ng c bieu dien nh sau : Fe(OH)3 + 3H+ Fe 3+ + 3H2O 3+ 2+ 4 Fe + N2O + 4H+ + H2O 4 Fe + 2NH2OH
3
N N
+ Fe2+
N-N Fe N N-
2+
(mau o cam)
N N-
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1.3. Tr ngai Nhng chat oxy hoa manh nh cyanide, nitrite va phosphate (polyphosphate manh hn orthophosphate), chromium, zine vi ham lng ln hn sat 10 lan, cobalt, copper ln hn 5mg/l va nicken ln hn 2 mg/l eu gay anh hng en ket qua phan tch. Bismuth, cadmium, mercury, molybdate va silver ket tua vi phenanthroline. Trong qua trnh thc hien th nghiem, bc un soi vi acid nham chuyen polyphosphate thanh orthophosphate, loai bo anh hng cua nitrite va cyanide. Them mot lng tha phenanthroline e loai bo nhng sai so gay ra bi cac chat oxyhoa manh va tao phc vi mot so ion kim loai co trong dung dch. Neu ham lng cac ion kim loai qua cao, can phai s dung phng phap trch ly. Neu mau co mau hay chat hu c, x ly mau bang cach un soi mau nhieu gi vi acid HCl 1:1 trong coc co quai bang silica, s hay platinum. Khi mau can, ot nhe, phan tro con lai c hoa tan bang acid. Neu ham lng chat hu c qua cao, bc phan huy se c thc hien trc giai oan trch ly. Phng phap phenanthroline co the xac nh ham lng sat nho nhat la 10g. 2 . Dung cu, thiet b va hoa chat 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b 2.1.1. Dung cu Dung cu thuy tinh: nham loai bo sat bam tren thanh dung cu can phai ra tat ca dung cu thuy tinh bang acid HCl am ac, trang lai bang nc cat trc khi s dung. + 02 Erlen 125ml + 01 Ong ong 50ml + 06 Bnh nh mc 100ml. + 02 pipet 2ml, 5ml, 10ml + 01 pipet 25ml 2.1.2.Thiet b: + Spectrophometer +Bep ien 2.2. Hoa chat: S dung nhng hoa chat co ham lng sat thap va nc cat khong co sat e chuan b cac dung dch chuan va tac nhan.
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2.2.1.. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) am ac. 2.2.2.Dung 2.2.2.Dung dch hydroxylamine: hoa tan 10g NH2OH.HCl trong 100ml nc cat. 2.2.3. Dung dch em ammonium acetate (NH3C2H3O2): hoa tan 250g NH3C2H3O2 trong 150ml nc cat, them 700ml acid acetic (CH3COOH) am ac. Lac eu. 2.2.4. Dung dch phenanthroline: Cach 1: hoa tan 100mg 1,10 phenanthroline (C12H8N2.H2O) trong 100ml nc cat, khuay va un ti 80oC. Khong c un soi. Cach 2: cho 10ml nc cat vao trong coc cha 100mg phenanthroline C12H8N2.H2O, them 2 giot acid am ac, khuay eu en khi tan hoan toan, pha loang thanh 100ml. Khong s dung khi dung dch co mau. 2.2.5. Dung dch lu tr sat: o 20ml H2SO4 am ac vao 50ml nc cat va them vao 1,404g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O. Sau khi dung dch ong nhat, them tng giot KMnO4 cho en khi xuat hien mau hong nhat khong oi. Pha thanh 1000ml vi nc cat (1,00ml = 200g Fe). 2.2.6. Dung dch chuan : chuan b moi khi s dung. Lay 50ml dung dch lu tr sat cho vao bnh nh mc 1000ml, them nc cat ti vach nh mc (1,00ml = 10,00g Fe). 3. Thc hanh 3.1. Sat tong cong (Fe tc) Mau phai c lac eu trc khi phan tch, lay 50ml mau cho vao erlen. Neu the tch mau co ham lng sat cao hn 200g, s dung mot lng mau t hn va pha thanh 50ml. Them 2ml HCl am ac va 1ml NH2OH.HCl. Them vai vien bi thuy tinh vao erlen, un soi en khi the tch con khoang 15 20ml (neu mau b can, cho vao 2ml HCl am ac va 5ml nc cat). Lam nguoi mau nhiet o phong, chuyen dung dch vao bnh nh mc 100ml, them 10ml dung dch em NH3C2H3O2 va 4ml dung dch phenanthroline. Cho nc cat ti vach nh mc va lac eu, sau o e khoang 10 15 phut cho cng o mau at cc ai va on nh. o o hap thu tren may spectrophotometer bc song 510nm. 3.2. Sat hoa tan Ngay sau khi lay mau, loc mau bang giay loc co ng knh 0,45m, nc sau loc c acid hoa vi t le 1ml HCl am ac/100ml mau. Tong ham lng sat hoa tan c xac nh nh trong phan 3.1.
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3.3. Sat hai (Fe2+) Viec xac nh Fe2+ phai thc hien tai v tr lay mau bi v co s thay oi ty le gia Fe2+ va Fe3+ theo thi gian trong moi trng acid. e xac nh Fe2+, acid hoa mau theo t le 2ml HCl am ac/100ml mau tai thi iem lay mau. Lay 50ml mau a c acid hoa, them 20ml phenanthroline va 10ml dung dch em NH4C2H3O2, lac eu. Pha thanh 100ml vi nc cat, i khoang 1015 phut, sau o o o hap thu A bc song 510nm. 4. Cach thanh lap ng cong chuan S dung dung dch chuan co nong o 1ml = 10g Fe. 10 Pha loat dung dch chuan sat nh sau : 0 1 2 STT
V dd chuan (ml) 0 2 4 6 8 10 V nc cat (ml) 50 48 46 44 42 40 V HCl am ac (ml) 2 V dd NH2OH.HCl (ml) 1 V dd em ammonium acetate 10 NH3C2H3O2 (ml) V dd phenanthroline (ml) 4 ** nh mc 100ml Ham lng Cg 0 20 40 60 80 100 Nong o C mg/l 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 o hap thu A (o bang may) bc zero ? ? ? ? ? song 510nm. Chu thch ** nh mc thanh 100ml bang nc cat. Lac eu va o o hap thu. Neu mau b uc va co mau, thay v s dung nc cat lam mau chuan trang, s dung chnh mau lam mau chuan trang va x ly mau qua tat ca cac bc nh trong qua trnh thc hien nhng khong cho phenanthroline. Tnh toa 5. Tnh toan Sau khi co o hap thu cua mot loat chuan. Ve gian o A = f(C), s dung phng phap bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y= ax + b. T tr so o hap thu cua dung dch mau Am suy ra Cm t phng trnh tren. Ket qua bieu dien bang n v mg/l. 6. Cau hoi 6.1.Trnh bay nhng trang thai khac nhau cua sat trong nguon nc t 6.1. nhien, neu ieu kien ton tai cua moi trang thai. 6.2.Ne 6.2. u nhng nguyen nhan chnh gay o nhiem sat trong nguon nc ngam.
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NITROGEN NITRITE (N NO2) 1. Gii thieu chung 1. 1 Y ngha moi trng Nitrite la mot giai oan trung gian trong chu trnh am hoa do s phan huy cac chat am hu c. V co s chuyen hoa gia nong o cac dang khac nhau cua nitrogen nen cac vet nitrite c s dung e anh gia s o nhiem hu c. Trong cac he thong x ly hay he thong phan phoi cung co nitrite do nhng hoat ong cua vi sinh vat. Ngoai ra nitrite con c dung trong nganh cap nc nh mot chat chong an mon. Tuy nhien, trong nc uong, nitrite khong c vt qua 0.1 mg/l. 1.2 Nguyen tac Nitrite c xac nh bang phng phap so mau. Mau do phan ng t cac dung dch tham chieu va mau sau khi tac dung vi acid sulfanilic va naphthylamine moi trng pH = 2 2.5 tao thanh hp chat mau o tm cua acid azobelzol naphthylamine sulfonic nh sau: HSO3-NH3 + NaNO2 HSO3-N=N+Cl- + NaCl + H2O
Phng phap DIAZO thch hp khi xac nh ham lng N-NO2 t 1 - 25 g / l 1.3 Cac nh hng nh Chlorine va nitrogen trichloride ton tai trong mau se gay ra tr ngai oi vi phng phap nay. Anh hng nay se giam thap khi them naphthylamine hydrochloride trc, sau o en acid sulfanilic. Nhng ion tao ket tua lam sai lech ket qua nh: Sb, Fe3+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Ag+, khong nen ton tai trong mau. Mot lng nho chat ran l lng cung gay can trm co the loc qua giay loc kch thc 0.45 m 2 . Dung cu, thiet b va hoa chat 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b 2.1.1 Dung cu Pipet 1ml (1); ong ong 50ml (1); pipet 25ml (1) Erlen 125ml (9); qua bop cao su (1) Coc ot 100ml (1) Spectrophotometer Ong o o truyen suot
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2.1.2 Hoa Chat a. Dung dch chuan Dung dch lu tr N-NO2: (1ml = 250 g N-NO2): NaNO2 0.05: hoa tan N1.232g NaNO2 trong nc cat va nh mc thanh 1000ml. Dung dch N-NO2 chuan (1ml = 0.0005mg = 0.5 g N-NO2): Lay 2ml dung Ndch lu tr + nc cat = 1 lt. Xac nh lai nong o dung dch NO2- mi pha bang cach pha cac dung dch sau: KMnO4 0.05N: can 1.6g KMnO4 + nc cat = 1 lt. FAS 0.05N: can 19.607g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O + 20ml H2SO4 am ac + nc cat = 1 lt. Na2C2O4 0.05N: can 3.350g Na2C2O4 the6m nc cat cho u 1 lt (neu khong dung FAS). Cho vao bnh thuy tinh co mai 50ml KMnO4 0.05N va 5ml H2SO4 am ac, them 50ml dung dch NaNO2 0.05N (hoac Na2C2O4 0.05N) vi dung dch bang cach them moi lan 10ml dung dch FAS (hoac Na2C2O4) vi dung dch KMnO4 0.05N en khi dung dch chuyen sang mau hong nhat. Tnh nong o cua dung dch lu tr N-NO2 bang cong thc:
A= [( B * C ) ( D * E )] * 7 F
mg/ml N-NO2
B ml dung dch KMnO4 a dung C nguyen chuan o cua dung dch KMnO4 (0.05N) D ml FAS (hoac Na2C2O4) a dung E nguyen chuan o cua dung dch chuan (0.05N) F ml dung dch NaNO2 dung nh phan b. Dung dch EDTA: can 0.5g muoi natri dan xuat t EDTA + nc cat = 100ml c. Acid sulfanilic + 70ml nc nong e nguoi + 20ml HCl am ac pha loang thanh 100ml vi nc cat. d. Dung dch Naphthylamine chlohydrate: can 0.6g naphthylamine chlohydrate + 50ml nc cat + 1ml HCl am ac + nc cat = 100ml. Pha dung ngay hoac lu gi nhiet o thap.
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e. Dung dch em axetat: can 16.4g CH3COONa hay 27.2g CH3COONa.3H2O + nc cat = 100ml. f. Dung dch huyen treo Al(OH)3: can 125g AlK(SO4)2.12H2O hay Al(NH4)(SO4)2.12H2O trong 1000ml nc cat, un nhe en 600C + 55ml NH4OH am ac. T t lac eu. c 1 gi, ra huyen troc nhieu lan vi nc cat en khi nc ra khong con Cl- (th bang AgNO3). Sau o them nc cat cho thanh 1000ml.
2.2 Trnh t th nghiem a. Neu mau th nhieu chat l lng va mau, them 2ml Al(OH)3 vao 100ml mau, e lang vai phut, loc bo lp nc qua loc au tien. (Neu mau trong th khong phai lam bc nay). b. Chuan b mau va dung dch tham chieu (ng chuan) theo bang sau: 0 0 2.5 1 2.5 22.5 3 4 5 7.5 10 12.5 17.5 15 10 0.5ml/ong 0.5ml/ong i 10 phut 0.5ml/ong 0.5ml/ong i 20 phut 2.5 3.75 5.0 6.25 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 2 5 20 6 0 25
STT ml dd N-NO2 chuan ml nc cat ml mau nc ml dd EDTA ml acid sulfanilic ml naphthylamine ml dd em axetat C ( g ) C (mg/l)
0 0
1.25 0.05
Cac dung dch theo ung th t trong bang, sau moi lan them dung dch phan ng ch ung thi gian qui nh. c. o o hap thu A bc song = 520 nm 2.3 Tnh Toan T loat chuan o o hap thu. Ve gian o A = f(C), s dung phng phap bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b. 2.4 Cau Hoi a. Phan tch mot mau nc ngam, ket qua ham lng nitrite cao, co the ket luan g? b. Nitrogen thng ton tai dang nao trong nc mat? Nc giam?
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PHOSPHATE 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1.Y ngha moi trng Trong thien nhien phosphate c xem la san pham cua qua trnh lan hoa,thng gap dang vet oi vi nc thien nhien.Khi ham lng phosphate cao se la mot yeu to giup rong reu phat trien manh .ay co the co nguon goc do o nhiem bi nc sinh hoat,nong nghiep hoac t nc thai cong nghiep san xuat bot giat,chat tay ra hay phan bon .Do o,ch tieu phosphate c ng dung trong viec kiem soat mc o o nhiem cua dong nc. Viec xac nh phosphate rat can thiet trong van hanhcac tram s ly nc thai va trong nghien cu o nhiem dong chay cua nhieu vungv ham lng phosphate co the coi nh la mot lng chat dinh dng trong x ly nc thai . 1.2. Nguyen tac Trong moi trng acid cac dang cua phosophate c chuyen ve dang orthophosphate va se phan ng vi ammonium molybdate e phong thch acid molybdophosphoric, sau o acid nay se b kh bi SnCl2 cho molybdenum mau xanh dng. PO43- +12 (NH4)2MoO4 + 24 H+ (NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 + Sn2+ Ca 1.3. Cac anh hng Trong ong mau phan tch ,tot nhat sat khong c vt qua 0,4 mg/l. Ham lng silica hoa tan phai di 25mg/l. o uc cung la mot nguyen nhan tao kho khan cho viec xac nh .Cromate va cac tac nhan oxy hoa manh nh peroxide co the lam nhat mau phan ng .Anh hng cac chat tren co the loai bo bang cach them 0.1g acid sulfanilic vao mau trc khi them molybdate. 2. Dung cu ,thiet b va hoa chat Du 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b - Ong o o truyen suot. - Muong muc hoa chat . - Bep un. - Erlen. - Bi thuy tinh . - Pipet.
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(NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 + 21NH4+ +12 H2O Molybdenum (xanh dng) + Sn4+
Ho 2.2. Hoa chat a. Dung dch ch th phenolphthalein. b. Dung dch acid : can than cho 300ml H2SO4 am ac vao 600 ml nc cat va nh mc thanh 1000ml. c.Hon hp acid manh (strong acid solution):cho t t 300 ml H2SO4 am ac vao 600 ml nc cat ,e nguoi .Them vao 4,0 ml HNO3 am ac nh mc thanh 1000 ml. d. Ammonium persulfate (NH4)2S2O3 tinh the hoac potassium persulfate K2S2O8 tinh the. e. Hydroxiyt natri NaOH 1N f. Dung dch ammonium molybdate: Hoa tan 25g (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O trong 175 ml nc cat .Can than them 280 ml H2SO4 am ac vao 400 ml nc cat,e nguoi.Cho dung dch molydate vao nh mc thanh 1000 ml. g. Dung dch tin chloride: can 2,5g SnCl2.2H2O trong 100 ml glycerol. un cach thuy va khuay en khi tan hoan toan. h. Dung dch photphate chuan: Hoa tan 219,5 mg KH2PO4 khan (say kho 105o C mot gi) trong nc cat va nh mc thanh 1000 ml (1,00 ml=50,0 g P-PO4) Dung 50 ml dung dch chuan pha loang thanh 1000 ml .Dung dch nay co nong o 1 ml =2,5 g p-PO4. Trnh 3. Trnh t th nghiem a. Mau lac eu lay 50 ml hoac the tch phu hp .Cho vao 0,05 ml (1 giot) chat ch th phenolphthalein.Neu mau co mau them vao t t dung dch sulfuric acid en khi mat mau .Sau o them 1 ml dung dch sulfuric acid va 0,4 g (NH4)2S2O8 hoac 0,5g K2S2O8. un khoang 30 en 40 phut hoac the tch con khoang 10 ml .e nguoi them vao 1 giot chat ch th phenolphthalein va trung hoa en mau hong nhat bang dung dch NaOH., nh the tch lai thanh 50 ml bang nc cat. b. Lay 50 ml mau ,khong co mau va uc ,them mot giot chat ch th phenolphthalein. Neu mau chuyen sang mau hong ,them t t dung dch strong acid e mat mau. c. Them vao 2,0 ml molybdate va 0,25 ml (5 giot ) tin chloride va lac eu .Toc o va cng o hien mau phu thuoc vao nhiet o. Do o nen gi loat dung dch chuan,mau va hoa chat cung nhiet o( chenh nhau khong qua 2oC) trong khoang 20-30oC.
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d. e yen sau 10 phut( khong qua 12 phut) do o hap thu bang may quang pho ke bc song 690 nm. e. Chuan b ng cong chuan: STT ml dd P-PO4 chuan ml nc cat ml mau nc ml dd molybdate ml SnCl2 C ( g) C (mg/l) o hap thu o bang may bc song 690nm 0 0 ? 2.5 0.05 ? 5 0.1 ? 0 0 50 8 1 1 49 7 2 2 48 6 3 3 47 5 2,0 ml 0,25 ml= 5 giot 7.5 0.15 ? 10.0 0.2 ? 12.5 0.25 ? ? 4 4 46 4 5 5 45 8 6 50
Tn nh 4. Tnh toan T loat dung dch chuan,o o hap thu ,ve gian o A=f(C) ,s dung phng phap bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b . T tr so o hap thu A m cua mau ,tnh nong o C m .Neu tr so A m cua mau vt qua cac tr so cua dung dch chuan ,phai pha loang en nong o thch hp. Ca 5. Cau hoi 1. Y ngha cua phosphorus trong viec kiem soat o nhiem nguon nc ? 2. S khac nhau gia orthophosphate,pholyphosphate va organic phosphorus ? 3. So sanh ket qua phan tch cua mau nc thai sinh hoat ngay sau khi lay ve va mau a c bao quan trong nhieu ngay?
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OXI HOA TAN (DO) 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1. Y ngha moi trng DO (oxi hoa tan) la yeu to xac nh s thay oi xay ra do vi sinh vat k kh hay hieu kh. ay la ch tieu quan trong nhat lien quan en viec kiem soat o nhiem dong chay. Ngoai ra, DO con la c s kiem tra BOD nham anh gia mc o o nhiem cua nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai cong nghiep. Tat ca cac qua trnh x ly hieu kh phu thuoc vao s hien dien cua DO trong nc thai, viec xac nh DO khong the thieu v o la phng tien kiem soat toc o suc kh e bao am u lng DO thch hp cho vi sinh vat hieu kh phat trien. DO cung la yeu to quan trong trong s an mon sat thep, ac biet la trong he thong cap nc va lo hi. 1.2. Nguyen tac Phng phap Winkler cai tien da tren s oxi hoa Mn2+ thanh Mn4+ bi lng oxi hoa tan trong nc Khi cho MnSO4 va dung dch iodide kiem (NaOH + NaI) vao mau co hai trng hp xay ra: - Neu khong co oxi hien dien, ket tua Mn(OH)2 co mau trang Mn2+ + 2OH- Mn(OH)2 (tua trang) (1) Neu mau co oxi, mot phan Mn2+ b oxi hoa thanh Mn4+, tua co mau nau. Mn2+ + 2OH- + 1/2O2 MnO2 + H2O (2) Hoac Mn(OH)2 + 1/2O2 MnO2 + H2O (3)
Mn4+ co kha nang kh I- thanh I2 t do trong moi trng acid. Nh vay, lng I2 c giai phong tng ng vi lng oxi hoa tan co trong nc. Lng iod nay c xac nh theo phng phap chuan o bang thiosulfate vi ch th tinh bot. (4) MnO2 + 2I- + 4H+ Mn2+ + I2 + 2H2O 2Na2S2O3 + I2 Na2S4O6 + 2NaI (khong mau) (5) Phng phap Winkler b gii han bi cac tac nhan oxi hoa khac nh: nitrite, sat cac tac nhan nay cung co the oxi hoa 2I- I2 a en viec nang cao tr so ket qua. Ngc lai, tac nhan kh nh: Fe2+, sulfite, sulfide, lai oxi hoa I2 Ise lam thap gia tr ket qua. ac biet ino nitrite la mot trong nhng chat ngan tr thng gap, no khong oxy hoa Mn2+ song khi moi trng co iodide va acid, NO2 no se oxy hoa 2I- I2,
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N2O2 tao thanh t phan ng lai b oxy hoa bi oxy kh tri qua mat thoang dung dch e lai cho NO2 2NO2 + 2I- + 4H+ I2 + N2O2 + 2H2O Va N2O2 1/2O2 + H2O 2NO2 + 2H+ Do o khi co NO2 trong mau, iem ket thuc khong the xay ra bnh thng khi co s bien oi lien tuc t 2I- I2 va ngc lai. e khac phuc nhc iem tren cua pp Winker cai tien bang cach trong dd iodide kiem c them mot lng nho sodium azide: NaN3 + H+ HN3 + Na+ HN3 + NO2 + H+ N2 + N2O + H2O Theo tien trnh nay NO2 b loai han. 2. Dung cu ,thiet b va hoa chat Du 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b - 02 Chai DO - 02 Ong ong 100ml - 01 Buret 2.2 Hoa chat a) Dd MnSO4: Hoa tan 480g MnSO4.4H2O (hoac 400g MnSO4.2H2O hoac 364 g MnSO4.H2O)trong nc cat pha loang thanh 1lt. e cho tan het khoang 3 tieng dd co mau hong. b) Dd iodide-azide kiem: hoa tan 500g NaOH hoac (700g KOH) va 135g NaI hoac (150g KI) trong nc cat va pha loang thanh 1 lt. Them 10g NaN3 a c
hoa tan trong 40ml nc cat.
c) axit sunfuric am ac d) Dd Na2S2O3 0,025M: hoa tan 6,205g Na2S2O3.5H2O trong nc cat, them 1,5ml NaOH 6N hoac 0,4gNaOH vien pha loang thanh 1 lt.
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3. Trnh t th nghiem Lay mau vao ay chai DO 300ml, ay nut o bo phan tren ra. Khong c e bot kh bam quanh thanh chai - M nut, lan lt them 2ml dd MnSO4 2ml Iodur-Azur kiem - ay nut, ao chai t nhat 20s cho ket tua lang yen khoang 2/3 chai - i ket tua lang yen, m nut can than cho 2ml H2SO4 am ac. ong nap ao manh chai. - Khi ket tua a tan hoan toan, dung ong ong 100ml rot bo 97ml dung dch. nh phan lng con lai bang Natrithiosunphat en khi co mau vang nhat roi them 5 giot ch th ho tinh bot. Tiep tuc nh phan cho en khi dung dch mat mau xanh. 4. Tnh toan 1ml Na2S2O3 0,025N = 1ml O2/L
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HO NHU CAU OXY SINH HOC ( BIOLOGY OXYGEN DEMAND BOD) 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1 Y Ngha moi trng Nhu cau oxy sinh hoa (BOD) la lng oxy can thiet e vi sinh vat oxy hoa cac chat hu c co kha nang phan huy sinh hoc trong ieu kien hieu kh. Khai niem co kha nang phan huy co ngha la chat hu c co the dung lam thc an cho vi sinh vat. BOD la mot trong nhng ch tieu c dung e anh gia mc o gay o nhiem cua cac chat thai sinh hoat, nc thai cong nghiep va kha nang t lam sach cua nguon nc. 1.2 Nguyen tac S dung chai DO co V = 300ml. o ham lng DO ban au va sau 5 ngay u 20oC. Lng oxy chenh lech do vi sinh vat s dung chnh la BOD. 1.3 Cac anh hng Vi sinh vat nitrate hoa se s dung oxy e oxy hoa nit NH3 thanh NO2- va NO3- , do o co the lam thieu hut oxy hoa tan dan en BOD khong con chnh xac. 2. Dung cu, thiet b va hoa chat 2.1 Dung cu va thiet b Tu ieu nhiet BOD 20oC 1oC Chai BOD Ong ong 100ml Buret Pipet
2.2 Hoa chat a. DD em phosphate: hoa tan 8,5g KH2PO4; 21,75g K2HPO4; 33,4g Na2HPO4.7H2O va 1,7g NH4Cl trong 500ml nc cat va nh mc thanh 1 lt. b. DD MgSO4 : hoa tan 22,5g MgSO4.7 H2O trong nc cat, nh mc thanh 1 lt. c. DD CaCl2 : hoa tan 27,5g CaCl2 trong nc cat, nh mc thanh 1 lt. d. DD FeCl3 : hoa tan 0,225g FeCl3.6H2O trong nc cat, nh mc thanh 1 lt.
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Tu ieu nhiet BOD
e. DD H2SO4 1N hoac NaOH 1N e trung hoa mau co tnh kiem hoac tnh acid. f. DD Sulfit natri: hoa tan 1,575g Na2SO3 trong 1 lt nc cat. g. DD Acid glutami (glucose glutamic acid solution): say glucose va glutamic acid trong 1h nhiet o 103oC, them 150mg glutamic acid vao nc cat va pha thanh 1lt. h. DD ammonium chloride: hoa tan 1,15g NH4Cl trong nc cat, chnh pH = 7,2 bang NaOH va pha loang thanh 1 lt. DD cha 0,3mg N/ml. Trnh 3. Trnh t th nghiem a. Chuan b nc pha loang (nc cat c suc kh bao hoa oxy) S dung moi dung dch phosphate, MgSO4, CaCl2, FeCl3 la 1ml cho 1 lt nc cat n o o bao hoa oxy va gi 20 C 1 C (nc pha loang nay c suc kh t 1,5 2h). b. X ly mau Neu co o kiem hoac o acid th mau phao c trung hoa en pH 6,5 7,5 bang H2SO4 hoac NaOH loang. Neu mau co ham lng chlor d ang ke, them 1ml acid acetic 1:1 hay H2SO4 1:50 trong 1 lt mau, sau o tiep tuc them 10ml% roi nh phan bang Na2S2O3 en dt iem. c. Ky thuat pha loang mau x ly theo ty le e ngh sau 0,4% - 1% 1% - 55% 5% - 25% 25% - 100% : cho nc thai cong nghiep nhiem ban nang : cho nc uong cha x ly hoac a lang : cho dong chay qua qua trnh oxy hoa : cho cac dong song o nhiem
d. Chiet nc pha loang vao 2 chai. Cho mau vao moi chai bang cach nhung pipet xuong ay chai tha t t mau vao chai cho en khi at the tch can s dung, lay nhanh pipet ra khoi chai ay nhanh nut lai(khong c co bot kh). Mot chai ay kn e u 5 ngay (DO5). Chai u trong tu 20oC ay ky, niem bang nc mong tren cho loe cua mieng chai (lu y khong e nc can het). c. nh phan lng oxy hoa tan: - Mot chai xac nh DO ngay tren mau pha loang: DOO - Mot chai con lai u 20oC 1oC va nh phan sau 5 ngay: DO5 -o pha loang sao cho e s khac biet gia 2 lan nh phan phai >1 mgO2/L
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Tnh 4. Tnh toan BOD(mg/l) = (DOO DO5)xf DOO: oxy hoa tan o c ngay au tien DO5 : oxy hoa tan o c sau 5 ngay f: he so pha loang
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HO NHU CAU OXI HOA HOC (CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND COD) 1. ai cng 1.1. Y ngha moi trng COD la nhu cau oxi can e oxi hoa cac chat hu c trong ieu kien moi trng oxi hoa manh va nhiet o cao. COD la mot trong nhng ch tieu ac trng dung e kiem tra o nhiem cua nguon nc thai sinh hoat va nc thai cong nghiep, ac biet la cac cong trnh x ly nc thai. 1.2. Nguyen tac Hau het cac chat hu c eu b phan huy khi un soi trong hon hp cromic va acid sulfuric: CnHaOb + cCr2O72- + 8c H+ nCO2 + (a+ 8c)H2O + 2c Cr3+ (1) Vi c = 2/3n + a/6 b/3 Lng potassium dicromate va sulfuric acid c biet trc se giam tng ng vi lng chat hu c co trong mau. Lng dicromate d se c nh phan bang dung dch Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 va lng chat hu c b oxi hoa se tnh ra bang lng oxi tng ng qua Cr2O72- b kh, lng oxi tng ng nay chnh la COD. 1.3. Cac anh hng Cac hp chat beo thang, hydrocacbon nhan thm va pyridine khong b oxi hoa, mac du phng phap nay gan nh oxi hoa chat hu c hoan toan hn so vi phng phap dung potassium permanganate. Tuy nhien, hidrocacbon b oxi hoa de dang hn khi them Ag2SO4 vao lam chat xuc tac, nhng bac de phan ng vi cac ion ho halogen tao ket tua va chat nay cung co the b oxi hoa mot phan. Cac co gang s dung chat xuc tac oi vi hidrocacbon vong khong a en ket qua cu the nao, no ch co the oxi hoa ru va cac acid day thang. Khi co ket tua Halogen, tr ngai nay co the vt qua bang cach tao phc, nhat la vi cac ion thng gap nh Cl-, khi them HgSO4 vao mau vi t le HgSO4 : Cl- la 10 : 1 trc khi un, se tao thanh phc chat HgCl42- hoa tan, la phan ng loai bo tot nhat. Nitrite cung gay anh hng en viec xac nh COD, nhng anh hng nay khong thng xuyen va cung khong ang ke, nen co the bo qua. 2. Dung cu, thiet b va hoa chat 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b - Pipet 25ml. - Ong ong 100ml. - Buret 25ml. - Ong nghiem co nut van kch thc xem bang 2.
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- Bnh cau co mai 100ml. - He thong chng cat hoan lu. - Erlen 125ml; 50ml. - Tu say 150oC. 2.2. Hoa chat 2.2.1. Dung dch chuan K2Cr2O7 0,0167 M: Hoa tan 4,913g K2Cr2O7 (say 105oC trong 2 gi) trong 500ml nc cat, them vao 167ml H2SO4 am ac va 33,3g HgSO4, khuay tan e nguoi en nguoi en nhiet o phong, nh mc thanh 1000ml. 2.2.2. Dung dch chuan K2Cr2O7 0,00417 M Hoa tan 1,2259g K2Cr2O7 (say 105oC trong 2 gi) trong nc cat va nh mc thanh 1000ml. 2.2.3. Acid sulfuric (sulfuric acid reagent) Can 5,5g Ag2SO4 trong 1kg H2SO4 am ac (1lt = 1,84kg), e 1 -2 ngay cho hoa tan hoan toan Ag2SO4. 2.2.4. Ch th mau feroin Hoa tan 1,485g 1-10 phenantroline monohydrate va 0,695g FeSO4.7H2O trong nc cat va nh mc thanh 100ml. ferrous 0,1M 2.2.5. Dung dch ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) 0,1M Hoa tan 39,2g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O trong mot t nc cat, them vao 20ml H2SO4 am ac, lam lanh va nh mc thanh 1000ml. 2.2.6. Dung dch ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) 0,025M Hoa tan 9,8g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O trong mot t nc cat, them vao 20ml H2SO4 am ac, lam lanh va nh mc thanh 1000ml. 2.2.7. Sulfamic acid S dung neu nh anh hng cua nitrite ang ke. 2.2.8. Dung dch potassium hydrogen phthalate chuan (KHP) Hoa tan 425g potassium hydrogen phthalate (HOOCC6H4COOK) a say kho nhiet o 120oC trong 2 gi them nc cat thanh 1000ml. Dung dch nay (KHP) co COD = 1,176 mgO2/mg hay COD = 500g O2g/ml. nh phan FAS: chon the tch mau va hoa chat s dung theo bang sau: Bang 2: T le the tch mau va hoa chat dung trong phan tch COD ng nghiem The tch mau Dd K2Cr2O7 H2SO4 Tong the tch ng reagent (ml) (d x l) (ml) 16 x 100mm 2,5 1,5 3,5 7,5 20 x 150mm 5,0 3,0 7,0 15,0 25 x 150mm 10,0 6,0 14,0 30,0 Ong chuan 2,5 1,5 3,5 7,5 10ml
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Sau khi lay mau va cho hoa chat vao e nguoi nh phan bang FAS mi pha (mc ch l kim tra li nng ca FAS) ThetchK2 Cr2 O7 adung(ml) M( FAS) = C ( FAS) (*) ThetchFASdungnhphan(ml) Vi C(FAS) la nong o cua FAS a dung e nh phan. (=0,1M) 3. Trnh t th nghiem 3.1. Phng phap un kn: (vi mau COD > 50mg/l) Ra sach ong nghiem co nut van kn vi H2SO4 20% trc khi s dung . Chon the tch mau va the tch hoa chat dung tng ng theo bang 2. Cho mau vao ong nghiem, them dung dch K2Cr2O7 0,0167M vao, can than them H2SO4 reagent vao bang cach cho acid chay doc t t theo thanh ben trong cua ong nghiem. ay nut van ngay, at ong nghiem vao ro inox va cho vao lo say hoac may COD 150oC trong 2 gi. e nguoi en nhiet o phong, o vao erlen, trang ong COD bang nc cat May COD va o vao Erlen sau o them 0,05 0,1ml (1 -2 giot) ch th feroin va nh phan bang FAS 0,1M. Dt iem khi mau chuyen t xanh luc sang nau o. Lam mot mau th khong vi nc cat (cung bao gom cac hoa chat nh mau that nhng thay mau bang nc cat, u 150 oC trong 2h) 3.2. Phng phap un hoan lu: (vi mau COD < 50mg/l) (ko lam) Lay 50 hoac 100ml cho vao bnh cau nut mai them 1g HgSO4 va vai vien bi thuy tinh, can than them 5,0ml H2SO4 reagent lac eu cho HgSO4 tan ra (nen at trong moi trng lanh e tranh nhng chat hu c co the bay hi). Them 25,0ml K2Cr2O7 0,00417M vao lac eu, sau o noi vi he thong hoan lu, them 70ml H2SO4 con lai qua pheu cua he thong hoan lu, lac eu. un hoan lu trong hai gi, e nguoi va ra ong hoan lu bang nc cat, e nguoi nhiet o phong. Sau o nh phan lng K2Cr2O7 tha bang FAS 0,025M vi 0,10 0,15ml (2 -3 giot) lam ch th mau feroin, dt iem dung dch chuyen t mau xanh sang mau nau o. chu * Ghi chu: - Phng phap un kn dung K2Cr2O7 0,0167M va FAS 0,1M. - Phng phap un hoan lu dung K2Cr2O7 0,00417M va FAS 0,025 M.
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4. Tnh toan Phng phap un kn va phng phap un hoan lu eu cung tnh tren mot cong thc sau: COD mgO2/l =
( A B) M 8000
mlmau
Trong o:
A: The tch FAS dung cho ng th khong B: The tch FAS dung cho th that. M: Nguyen chuan o cua FAS.
5. Cau hoi 5.1. Cac sai so trong qua trnh th nghiem? 5.2. S khac nhau gia phng phap un kn va un hoan lu? 5.3. Y ngha cua viec kiem tra COD? ng th khong (A): nc ct + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 2h 150OC ng th tht (B): mu nc thi + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 2h 150OC ng (*): nc ct + K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 e nhiet o thng, nh phan bang FAS e xac nh he so M (co the bo qua bc nay neu FAS mi pha)
Ghi chu:
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MANGAN
THAM KHAO THEM
1. Gii thieu chung 1.1. Y ngha moi trng Mangan ton tai trong thien nhien di dang quang dioxid, tuy nhien gap moi trng co ham lng dioxid carbon cao va thieu oxy hoa tan nh nc ngam, mangan tr nen de hoa tan va tr oxy hoa kh thay oi t Mn2+ thanh Mn4+. Co nhieu ac iem giong nh sat, mangan khong phai la nguyen to oc hai oi vi con ngi, no thng i oi vi sat trong mach nc ngam va de b oxy hoa khi tiep xuc vi kh tri tao thanh ket tua Mn4+ co mau, v the gay phien phc cho viec giat giu nhat la nganh cong nghiep det 1.2. Nguyen tac Persulfate la mot tac chat co tnh oxy hoa manh u e oxy hoa Mn2+ thanh Mn7+ khi co bac lam chat xuc tac. San pham sau cung mang mau tm cua permanganate ben trong khoang 24 gi neu s dung mot lng tha persulfate va khong co mat chat hu c. Phan ng xay ra nh sau: 2 Mn2+ + 5 S2O82 + H2O 2 MnO4 + 10 SO42 + 10 H+ Ca 1.3. Cac tr ngai Cl- vi ham lng 2g/l se gay tr ngai cho viec xac nh mangan, v the phai loai bo Cl- bang cach them 1 g HgSO4 e tao thanh hp chat ben HgCl2. Bromide va Iodide du ham lng yeu oi v phng phap nay cung gay tr ngai. Phng phap persulfate co the s dung e xac nh ham lng mangan trong nc thai co ham lng chat hu c thap, neu thi gian un c keo dai sau khi them lng tha persulfate. oi vi mau co ham lng chat hu c cao, can phai phan huy mau bang acid H2SO4 va HNO3. Neu ham lng Cl- trong mau nc qua cao, un soi vi HNO3 nham loai bo anh hng do ham lng Cl- gay ra. Mau tiep xuc vi khong kh co the cho ket qua thap do ket tua MnO2. Them 1 giot H2O2 30% vao mau, nam muc ch hoa tan MnO2 ket tua, sau o them cac hoa chat khac. Du 2. Dung cu , thiet b va hoa chat Du 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b - Erlen 100 ml - Ong ong 100 ml - Bep ien - May spectrophotometer
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Ho 2.2. Hoa chat Dung dch xuc tac: hoa tan 75 g HgSO4 trong 400 ml HNO3 am ac va 200 ml nc cat. Them 200 ml dung dch H3PO4 85%, 35 mg AgNO3 khuay eu, lam nguoi, nh mc en 1000 ml. Ammonium persulfate tinh the ( NH4)2S2O8 Dung dch lu tr Dung dch KMnO4 0,1 N: hoa tan 3,2 g KMnO4 bang nc cat va nh mc en 1000ml. Sau o e ngoai nang trong nhieu tuan hay un gan en iem soi trong nhieu gi. Sau o loc loai bo can. Can 100 mg Na2C2O4 them 100ml nc cat va khuay en tan hoan toan. Them 10 ml H2SO4 1 + 1 va un nhanh en 90 960C. nh phan bang dung dch KMnO4 cho ti khi xuat hien mau hong nhat, be trong 1 phut. Khong c e nhiet o giam xuong di 850C. Neu can lam am erlen cha mau trong suot thi gian nh phan. Thong thng, 100mg Na2C2O4 can 15 ml dung dch KMnO4. Thc hien mot mau trang gom nc cat va H2SO4. gam Na2C2O4 Nong o KMnO4 = -------------------------( A - B) * 0,06701 Vi A : ml dung dch KMnO4 nh phan cua mau B : ml dung dch KMnO4 nh phan cua mau trang e tranh sai so trong qua trnh nh phan, lap lai th nghiem tren 2 3 lan, lay ket qua trung bnh. Tnh the tch cua dung dch KMnO4 can e chuan b dung dch chuan co nong o 1 ml = 50 g Mn nh sau: 4,55 ml KMnO4 = -----------------------nong o KMnO4 Them vao dung dch nay 2 3 ml H2SO4 am ac va tng giot dung dch NaHSO3 khuay eu cho en khi mat mau cua dung dch KMnO4. un soi e loai SO2 lam ngoi va nh mc thanh 100ml. e co dung dch chuan (1 ml = 10 g Mn lay 200 ml dung dch chuan va nh mc thanh 1000ml. Dung dch H2O2 30% Dung dch HNO3 am ac Dung dch H2SO4 am ac Dung dch sodium nitrite : hoa tan 5 g NaNO2 vi 95 ml nc cat Sodium oxalate tinh the Dung dch sodium bisulfite : hoa tan 10 g NaHSO4 trong 100 ml nc cat.
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3.Th 3.Thc hanh Lay 100 ml mau hay mot the tch mau thch hp sao cho ham lng Mn khoang 0,05 1,2 mg/lit. Cho vao mau 5 ml dung dch xuc tac va 1 giot H2O2, un soi con khoang 90 ml. Them 1 g (NH4)2S2O8 un soi trong 1 phut e nguoi en nhiet o phong. Pha loang bang nc cat ti 100 ml. Lap ng cong chuan vi cac dung dch chuan nh sau: STT ml dd chuan 1 ml = 10 Mn ml nc cat (NH4)2S2O8 C C(mg/l) 0 0 100 1g 0 0 1 2 98 20 0,2 2 4 96 40 0,4 3 6 94 60 0,6 4 8 92 80 0,8 5 10 90 100 1 6 12 88 120 1,2
o o hap thu A tren may spectrophotometer. 4.Ca 4.Cach tnh T o hap thu cua loat chuan, ve gian o A = f (C), s dung phng phap bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b. T tr so o hap thu cua mau Am suy ra nong o Cm cua mau. 5.Ca 5.Cau hoi 1. Trnh bay nhng trang thai khac nhau cua mangan trong nguon nu7o71c t nhien. Neu nhng ieu kien ton tai cua moi trang thai. 2. Neu nhng nguyen nhan chnh gay o nhiem mangan trong nc ngam.
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NITROGENNITROGEN-NITRATE (NO3-) 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1. Y ngha moi trng Nitrate la san pham cua giai oan oxy hoa cao nhat trong chu trnh cua nitrogen, cung la giai oan quan trong trong tien trnh oxy hoa sinh hoc. lp nc mat thng gap nitrate dang vet nhng oi khi rong nc ngam mach nong lai co ham lng cao. Neu nc uong co qua nhieu nitrate thng gay benh huyet sac to tre em. Do o, trong nguon nc cap cho sinh hoat gii han nitrate khong vt qua 6mg/l. 1.2. Nguyen tac Phan ng gia nitrate va brucine cho san pham co mau vang c ap dung e xac nh ham lng nitrate bang phng phap so mau. Cng o mau c o bc song = 410nm. Toc o phan ng gia nitrate va brucine chu anh hng ro ret vao lng nhiet toa ra trong qua trnh phan ng. V the, cac chat phan ng c them vao lan lt va u mot khoang thi gian chnh xac tai nhiet o a biet. Nong o acid va thi gian phan ng c la chon e tao mau tot nhat va on nh. Phng phap nay thch hp vi ca nc ngot va nc bien, vi ham lng N-NO3 xap x 0,1-2 mg/l. 1.3. Cac anh hng S hien dien cua tac nhan oxy hoa co the c loai tr bang cach them chat phan ng orthotolidine. Tr ngai bi clor d co the b loai bang mot lng sodium arsenite khi chlor d khong qua 5 mg/l. Mot lng d sodium arsenite nho khong anh hng en viec xac nh nitrate. Ion Fe2+, Fe3+ va Mn4+ se gay anh hng nhe, nhng neu ham lng cac ion nay nho hn 1mg/l th anh hng khong ang ke. Tr ngai do nitrite gay ra khi N-NO2 < 0,5 mg/l c ngan nga bang acid sulfanilic. Ham lng chat hu c cao trong nc thai cung se gay tr ngai cho viec xac nh nitrate. 2. Dung cu, thiet b va hoa chat b 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b Ong nghiem 25ml a anh so t 1-5 va 7 ong khac; Pipet 1ml, 2ml, 10ml, 25ml; Hop giay kn hoac tu kn; Spectrophotometer.
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2.2. Hoa chat NN2.2.1. Dung dch N-NO3 chuan : (1ml = 2 g N-NO3) Dung dch N-NO3 lu tr: (1ml = 2 g N-NO3). Hoa tan 0,7218g Anhydrous Potassium Nitrate KNO3 + nc cat = 1 lt. Dung dch N-NO3 chuan: (1ml = 0,002mg = 2 g N-NO3). Pha loang 10ml dung dch lu tr thanh 500ml e co 1ml dung dch chuan = 2 g N-NO3. 2.2.2. Dung dch Brucine-Sulfanilic: Can 1g Brucine Sulfate + 0,1g Sulfanilic Acid trong 70ml nc cat nong, them 3 ml HCl am ac, lam lanh, pha loang thanh 100ml. Gi trong chai am mau 5oC. Dung dch nay co mau hong nhng khong anh hng en ket qua phan tch va co the dung rong vai thang (chu y: rat oc khong c dung mieng e hut dung dch vao pipet). 2.2.3. Dung dch H2SO4 am ac 2.2.4. Dung dch Sodium Arsenite (NaAsO2) Hoa tan 5,0g NaAsO2 vi 1 lt nc cat (chu y: rat oc khong c dung mieng e hut dung dch vao pipet). 2.2.5. Sodium 2.2.5. Dung dch Sodium Chloride Hoa tan 300g NaCl vi 1 lt nc cat. 3. Trnh t th nghiem Neu mau co chlorine, kh lng clor d arsenite cho moi 0,1mg Cl2 tren 50ml mau. Chuan b dung dch tham chieu nh sau: STT 1 2 ml dd N-NO3 chuan 1 2 ml nc cat 9 8 C(g) 2 4 C(mg/l) 0,2 0,4
nay bang cach them 1 giot sodium
3 3 7 6 0,6
4 4 6 8 0,8
5 5 5 10 1,0
6 6 4 12 1,2
Trong loat ong nghiem khac, can than lay 4ml H2SO4 vao tng ong. That chnh xac, trch 1ml dung dch tham chieu cung nh mau vao tng ong nghiem theo ung so th t tng ong. STT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ml dd tham chieu 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 ml nc cat 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ml mau nc 1 Dung dch brucine 0,5ml/ong H2SO4 Rot nhanh 4ml dung dch acid a chuan b vao moi ong ng dung dch N-NO3 chuan va mau. Lac eu tng ong
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Lac eu. at tat ca vao tu kn hoac hop giay trong bong toi. i 10 phut. Trong thi gian i phan ng hoan tat, hut san 5ml nc cat vao loat ong nghiem a dung H2SO4 trc o. Sau 10 phut rot nhanh 4ml nc cat vao tng ong nghiem, lac eu. Tiep tuc e trong bong toi them 20 phut na cho phan ng hoan toan. o o hap thu A = 410nm. 4. Cach tnh T loat chuan o o hap thu. Ve gian o A = f(C), s dung phng phap bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b. T tr so o hap thu Am cua mau tnh nong o Cm. NmgNO3/l = mg N-NO3 x 4,43 5. Cau hoi 1. Tai sao phai phan tch Nitrate trong kiem tra o nhiem? 2. Nitrate co mat trong nguon nc mat, nc ngam, nc cap do nguyen nhan nao? 3. Khi s dung nc co cha nhieu Nitrate co anh hng en sc khoe nh the nao?
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NITROGEN AMMONIA (NH3) 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1. 1.1. Y ngha moi trng S hien hu cua ammonia trong nc mat hay nc ngam bat nguon t hoat ong phan huy chat hu c do cac loai vi sinh vat trong ieu kien yem kh.oi vi nguon nc cap cho sinh hoat, ammonia c tm thay khi b nhiem ban bi cac dong nc thai .Trong mang li cap nc, ammoniac con c s dung di dang hoa chat diet khuan chloramines nham tao lng chlor d co tac dung keo daithi gian diet khuan khi lu chuyen trong ng ong .Tuy theo ty le phoi hp, ammonia co the ket hp vi chlor e cho monochloramine, dichloramine, trichloramine. 1.2. Nguyen tac a. Phng phap Nessler c ap dung hco nc uong tinh khiet ,nc thien nhien,nc thaia c lam sach hoac chng cat .Tat ca cac loai nay phai co o mau thap va nong o N-NH3 ln hn 20 g/l. Ap dung phng phap Nessler hoa trc tiep oi vi nc thai sinh hoat chie khi co the chap nhan sai so cua N-NH3 t 1-2 mg/l. Ammonia tac dung vi thuoc th Nessler trong moi trng kiem theo phan ng sau e cho san pham co mau vang: (NH2)Hg-O-HgI + 7KI + 2 H2O 2(2KI.HgI2) +NH3 + 3KOH (mau vang) b. oi vi nc thai ,e tranh nhng tr ngai do cac tap chat co trong mau gay ra ,mau can c chng cat va dch pham thu c se dung phng phap Nessler e xac nh. 1.3. Cac tr ngai Khi ham lng calci vt qua 250mg/l ,ammonia o c thng thap hn thc te.e tranh ieu nay phai ieu chnh pH trc khi chng cat mau.Dung dich on phosphate con c dung vi muc ch phu lam ket tua lng calci tren di dang calci phosphate.Mot so hp chat amine day thang,hp chat vong, chloramines hu c, acetone,aldehyt,ri,va nhng chat hu c khac cung gay nhieu tr ngai ,Nhng dung dch nay co the cho mau vang hay mau luc hoac tr nen uc khi them thuoc th Nessler vao chng cat pham.
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ng 2. Dung cu thiet b va hoa chat 2.1. 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b - Bnh va bau Kjeldahl. - Erlen 500ml. - Ong ong 100ml. - Pipet 1;10;25 ml. - Buret nh phan. - Ong nghiem 30ml. - Quang pho ke va ong o o truyen suot ( =430nm) - He thong chng cat Kjeldahl. 2.2. 2.2. Hoa chat a. Dung dch ZnSO4: hoa tan 100g ZnSO4.7H2O trong nc cat va nh mc thanh 1 lt. b. Dung dch NaOH 6N: hoa tan 240g NaOH trong nc cat va nh mc thanh 1lt. c. Dung dch EDTA : hoa tan 50g EDTA Na trong 60ml nc cat co cha 10g NaOH.Co the un nhe cho tan het ,lam nguoi en nhiet o phong va nh mc thanh 100ml. d. Dung dch chuan N-NH3(1ml= 10 g N-NH3) * Dung dch lu tr NH3 : ( 1ml=1mg N= 1000 g N-NH3).Hoa tan 3,819g NH4Cl( a say kho 100oC), them nc cat cho u mot lt (1ml =1mgN= 1,22 mg NH3) * Dung dch chuan N-NH3: (1ml = 10 g N-NH3).Pha loang 10ml dung dch lu tr vi nc cat cho u mot lt (1ml=0,010 mgN =0.0122mg NH3) e. Dung dch boric acid: Hoa tan 20gH3BO3 vi nc cat cho u 1 lt,them 10ml ch th mau e dung dch co mau tm. f. Thuoc th Nessler: hoa tan 100g HgI2 (mercuric iodide) va 70g KI vi mot t nc cat(dung dch A). Hoa tan 160g NaOH vao 500 ml nc cat ,lam nguoi(dung dch B).Rot cham va khuay eu dung dch A vao dung dch B tren roi pha loang thanh mot lt.e lang mot ngay, s dung phan trong. Chu y : Rat oc tranh hut vao mieng. Dung dch kh Na2S2O3N/70 : hoa tan 500g NaOH va 25g Na2S2O3.5H2O them nc cho u mot lt.
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3. Thc hanh tie 3.1. Phng phap Nessler hoa trc tiep a. Kh Clo d (ch ap dung cho nc thai sinh hoat hoac nc thai nhiem clo).Them 1 ml Na2S2O3 N/70 cho 1mg Cl2/l trong 50 ml mau. b. Them 1 ml ZnSO4 va 0,5 ml NaOH 6N (pH = 10,5)trong 100 ml mau ,xao tron eu, ly tam loai ket tua,lay phan nc trong. c. Lay 50mlmau qua loc them 1 giot EDTA e tranh ion Ca2+,Mg2+ hoac cac ion khac gay ket tua vi Nessler. d. Chuan b tham chieu nh sau: STT ml dd N-NH3 chuan ml nc cat ml mau nc Thuoc th nessler C( g) C(mg/l) 0 0 1 0,5 2 1 49 3 1,5 48,5 4 2 48 5 2,5 47,5 6 3 47 7 4 46 8 5 45 9 0 0 50
50 49,5 2 ml/ong 0 0 0,5 0,1
1 0,2
1,5 0,3
2 0,4
2,5 0,5
3 0,6
4 0,8
5 1
e. So mau cac dung dch = 430 nm sau khi them Nessler c 10 phut . Neu mau cua mau vt qua ng cong tham chieu ,lam lai vi mot the tch mau thch hp va pha loang thanh 50ml. 3.2. Phng phap chng cat . f. Trong bnh Kjeldahl, mot bnh s dung th khong vi nc cat ,bnh kia ng 140ml hoac 280 ml mau . g. Neu mau c bao quan bang acid sulfuric am ac phai trung hoa lai en pH =7.Them 5 ml dung dch on phosphate (hay 12ml cho nc thai ) e co pH =7,4+0,2. h. Lap bnh va bau Kjeldahl vao he thong chng cat .au ong ngng hi phai nhung chm trong dung dch acid boric theo t le 50ml/1mg N-NH3. i. Nhiet o chng cat c ieu chnh sao cho c 6-10 ml/phut.Tat may khi chng cat pham thu c khoang 150ml. j. Rot dung dch nay vao ong Nessler 50 ml va xac nh o hap thu nh giai oan d,e tren.
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B chng ct Kjeldahl
3.3. Phng phap nh phan the tch k. Them vao dung dch hap thu acid boric bao hoa 10 giot chit th mau tong hp trc khi chng cat nh a thc hien giai oan f,g,h. l. viec phan nh c tien hanh tren toan bo chng cat pham thu c vi HCl 0,01N.Dt iem xay ra khi mau chuyen t luc sang tm ro. 4. Tnh toan Phng 4.1. Phng phap Nessler trc tiep T loat chuan ,o o hap thu. Ve gian o A=f(C), s dung phng phap bnh phng cc tieu e lap phng trnh y = ax + b. T tr so o hap thu cua mau Am suy ra nong o Cm. pha ho 4.2. Phng phap Nessler hoa chng cat pham Tng t nh phng phap Nessler trc tiep tnh c Cm. Mg N-NH3 = Cm x
A B
A: the tch chng cat pham tong cong ke ca acid boric. B: the tch nh phan hon hp dung e tac dung vi thuoc th Nessler. Phng 4.3. Phng phap nh phan the tch ( Vt Vo) x140 mg N-NH3 = ---------------------ml mau Vt : the tch HCl 0,01 N dung nh phan mau th that . Vo: The tch HCl 0,01 N dung nh phan mau th khong.
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Mg NH3/l = mg N-NH3/l x 1,21 Mg NH4+/l =mg N-NH3/l x 1,29 5. Cau hoi 1. Nhng nguyen nhan nao gay o nhiem ammonia trong cac nguon nc ngam,nc mat va nc cap. 2. Ham lng ammonia cao trong cac nguon nc anh hng en ssc khoe cua con ngi nh the nao ? 3. Tai sao khi o ammonia bang phng phap Nessler hoa trc tiep phai lam mau th khong?
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NITROGEN ORGANIC Gi 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1. ai cng Viec xac nh Nitrogen hu c bang phng phap Kjeldahl khong tnh en nit cac dang khac nh: azide, azo, hydrazone, nitrate, nitrite, nitro, nitroso, oxime va semi carbazone. Neu nitrogen ammonia khong c kh trc th phng phap nay cho ket qua la lng nitrogen tong cong. V the, muon xac nh lng nitrogen hu c can xac nh rieng nitrogen ammonia trc sau o tien hanh chng cat tiep theo. 1.2. Nguyen tac Vi s hien dien cua acid sulfuric, potassium sulfate va mercuric sulfate lam chat xuc tac, amino-nitrogen cua nhng chat hu c c bien oi thanh ammonium sulfate. Ammonia t do va ammonium-nitrogen cung chuyen thanh ammonium sulfate. Trong thi gian phan huy mau, hon hp mercury ammonium c hnh thanh va b phan tch bi Na2S2O3. Sau o trung hoa mau bang dung dch kiem va chng cat. Ham lng ammonia hu c c hap thu bang acid boric va xac nh bang phng phap so mau hay chuan o vi acid chuan tren the tch chng cat pham thu c. Phng phap so mau xac nh ham lng N-Organic thap khoang 5mg/l. Phng phap chuan o xac nh ham lng N-Organic ln hn 5mg/l. Du 2. Dung cu, thiet b va hoa chat 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b - Thiet b phan huy bnh Kjeldahl 800 ml dung phan huy mau di tac dung cua mot dung dch phan huy (acid manh) va un nhiet o 370oC. - Thiet b chng cat :he thong chng cat gom mot dan Kjeldahl vi 6 bnh Kjeldahl 800 ml c noi vi he thong lam lanh ngng tu. Hi ammonia bay ra c hap thu bang dung dch acid boric. - Buret 25ml. - Erlen 500 ml . - Ong ong 250 ml.
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2.2. Hoa chat 2.2.1. Ch th hon hp: Hoa tan 200 mg methyl rred vao 100 ml ethyl alcohol (hoac isopropyl alcohol) + dung dch 100 mg methylene blue trong 50 ml ethyl acohoi. Hoa hai hon hp lai , dung dch s dung trong mot thang . 2.2.2. Dung dch acid boric (H3BO3): 20 g acid boric +nc cat = 1 lt + them 10 ml ch th mau e dung dch co mau tm. 2.2.3. Dung dch acid sulfuric (H2SO4) 0,02 N 2.2.4. Dung dch mercuric sulfate: Hoa tan 8 g oxit thuy ngan o HgO trong 100 ml H2SO4 6N. 2.2.5. Dung dch phan huy (acid manh ): Hoa tan 1 34g K2SO4 trong 650 ml nc cat + 200 ml H2SO4 am ac . Them vao dung dch Mercuric sulfat a ieu che san gom 2g HgO ( mercuric oxid red ) trong 25 ml ,quay eu + Them nc cat cho u mot lt. Gi nhiet o thap gan 20oC. 2.2.6. Dung dch borate: Them 88 ml NaOH 0, 1N vao 500 ml dung dch tetraborate Na2B4O7 0,25 M (9,5g Na2B4O7. 10H2O/ lt ) va pha loang thanh mot lt. 2.2.7. Dung dch sodium hidroxide (NaOH) 6N: Hoa tan 240g NaOH vien trong mot lt nc cat. 2.2.8. Dung dch sodium hidroxide sodium thiosulfate: Hoa tan 500g NaOH va Na2S2O3.5 H2O bang nc cat va pha thanh 1lt. Th 3. Thc hanh 3.1. Chuan b va chon the tch mau thch hp theo bang hng dan sau Lng Nitrogen trong mau (mg/l) 0 -1 1 -10 10 20 20 - 50 50 100 The tch mau (ml) 500 250 100 50 25
Neu can pha loang mau thanh 300 ml roi trung hoa en pH = 7. 3.2. Them 25ml borate buffer va NaOH 6N en pH = 9,5. Chng cat va xac nh lng ammonia-nitrogen bang the tch chng cat pham thu c (hap thu vi 25ml acid boric + vai giot ch th mau hon hp). Dung can con lai trong bnh Kjeldahl e xac nh lng Nitrogen hu c.
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3.3. Phan huy: Can than them 50ml dung dch phan huy vao bnh kjeldahl co cha can con lai + vai vien bi thuy tinh va un nong trong tu hut hay trong mot thiet b co the loai bo khoi acid bay ra. Tiep tuc un cho en khi thay khoi trang bay ra, dung dch co mau vang rm va trong. e nguoi, pha loang thanh 300ml vi nc cat roi trung hoa bang dung dch sodium hiroxie thiosulfate (khoang 30 40ml. dung phenolphtalein lam ch th mau) lac eu, oi khi thay xuat hien tram hien en cua HgS. pH cua mau luc nay khoang 11,0. 3.4. Chng cat: noi bnh Kjeldahl vao he thong chng cat, au ra nhung chm trong 25ml acid boric, chng cat en khi chng cat pham thu c khoang 200ml. Sau o nh phan bang HCl 0,1N hay H2SO4 0,1N. Lam mot mau th khong vi nc cat. Ca 4. Cach tnh N(mg) N-hu c =
(Vt Vo ) 140
mlmau
Vt : the tch HCl 0,1N dung cho th that. Vo : the tch HCl 0,1N dung cho th khong. Ca 5. Cau hoi 5.1. Y ngha moi trng cua viec xac nh nitrogen organic 5.2. Tai sao muon xac nh nitrogen organic phai s dung phng phap chng cat va phai nang pH = 9,5
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CHLORINE CHLORINE Cl2 1. Gii thieu chung 1.1 Y ngha moi trng Chlor hoa nc cap va nc thai sau x ly nham muc ch diet nhng vi khuan gay benh con lai sau qua trnh x ly, ong thi chlor hoa cung lam thay oi chat lng nc do phan ng gia chlorine vi ammonia, manganese, sulfide va mot so hp chat hu c hien dien trong dung dch. Ben canh nhng u iem tren chlor hoa con gay ra nhng anh hng co hai va lam tang mui va v cua phenol va nhng hp chat hu c trong nc. Nhng hp chat hu c co kha nang gay ung th co kha nang gay ung th nh chloroform cung co the hnh thanh trong qua trnh clor hoa. 1.2 Nguyen tac Chlorine dang hypochlorous acid hay ion hypochloride se phan ng vi DPD (N-N-diethyl-p-phenylene diamine) cho hp chat o tm. Cng o mau t le thuan vi ham lng chlorine trong mau. 1.3 Cac tr ngai Mau co o kiem >250 mgCaCO3/L hay o acid >150 mgCaCO3/L se lam giam cng o mau hay khong hien mau khi cho DPD vao dung dch. Trung hoa mau ti pH 6-7 trc khi cho DPD. Mau cha monochloramin se lam tang ham lng Cl2 t do. C 3 mg/l monochloramin lam tang ham lng cua Cl2 len 0,1mg/l. Bromine. Iodine, ozone va cac dang oxide cua manganese va chloromium cung phan ng vi DPD nh Cl2. 2. Dung cu, thiet b va hoa chat 2.1. Dung cu va thiet b - May HACH DR/2000 - 01 Pipet 5ml 2.2 Hoa chat - Ch th mau DPD -Dd potassium Iodide: hoa tan 30g KI vi nc cat, nh mc thanh 1 lt - Dd Sodium arsenite: hoa tan 5g NaAsO2 bang nc cat va nh mc 1 lt
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3. Thc hanh Chuan b mau: e loai tr anh hng cua manganese hay chromium, chnh pH en 6-7, sau o them 3 giot potassium Iodide vao 250ml mau, lac eu va i trong 1 phut, them 3 giot Sodium arsenite lac eu. Bam Power e m may Bam nut 80 va nhan Enter, xoay nut ben hong may cho ti bc song 530nm 530nm. Lay 25ml mau cho vao curvet (mau trang) va at vao may, nhan Zero Cho vao Curvet 25ml mau can o. Them moat goi DPD, lac eu trong khoang 20 giay. at mau vao may bam Read oc ket qua mg/l Cl2
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TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Standard Methods. 2. Tai lieu thc hanh Hoa Moi Trng, Centerma Ceter. 3. Tai lieu thc hanh Hoa Moi Trng, Vien Moi trng va Tai nguyen, H Quoc gia tp HCM.
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BO GIAO DUC VA AO TAO AI HOC KY THUAT CONG NGHE ---------------

GIAO TRNH THC HANH

HOA MOI TRNG

Bien soan: ThS. INH HAI HA

2008 TP.HO CH MINH, thang 01 nam 2008 (Lan 1)

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Th.S inh Hai Ha

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thi gian ton tr toi a

28 gi 24 gi 6 gi 48 gi 28 ngay 7 ngay 8 gi 7 ngay 28 ngay

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Carbon hu c Cyanide Phenol N-NH3 N-NO2; N-NO3 Phosphate Fe, Mn

7 ngay 24 gi 24 gi 7 ngay Phan tch ngay 48 gi 6 thang

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

(4 nhom lam 1 bai)

N5,N6,N7,N8 N1,N2,N3,N4 N5,N6,N7,N8

(2 nhom lam 1 bai va hoan oi cho nhau)

N1,N2 N3, N4 N5, N6 N7, N8

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

pH = -lg[H+] pH + pOH = 14 2. Thc hanh

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

4. Cach tnh o kiem P (mg CaCO3/l) =

o kiem tong cong T ( mg CaCO3/l) =

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

(NH4)3PO4.12MoO3 + 21NH4+ +12 H2O Molybdenum (xanh dng) + Sn4+

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H

Thc hnh Ha Mi Trng Bin son: ThS inh Hi H