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တလိုင္းေ၀ါဟာရသုေတသနစာတမ္း-အပိုင္း- ၁ - ႏိုင္ေဖသိန္းျဇာ PDF
တလိုင္းေ၀ါဟာရသုေတသနစာတမ္း-အပိုင္း- ၁ - ႏိုင္ေဖသိန္းျဇာ PDF
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yk'fodk@ajymif;vJjzpfay:cJhonf/xkdrSwzef(brm)yk'frSonfArm[laomyk'fokd tqifhqifhajymif;vJjzpfay:vm cJhonf
qkdjyD; a&;om;=uw,fqdkygpkd@
2
&weoDcr[m&mZ0if/ pm 162/
17
ArmvlrsdK;awGtaeeJ@'Dta&;om;ukdzwfjyD;a'gotacsmif;vkdufxGufrSmaocsmw,f/ qwfqwfcgcgemusnf;rSmaocsmw,f/
txufyga&;om;xm;wJhpmyk'feJ@ywfoufjyD; atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkvJ tcsdeftenf;i,f,l pOf;pm;jyD;u|efawmfwkd@ ajz=unfh=u&if
aumif;vdrfrnfxifygw,f//
(1) xkdodk@t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudkArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@=unf=unfjzLjzLvufcHekdifygrh vm;/
(2) 'Dvdkt"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudkw&m;r#ww,frSefuefw,f/tusdK;ta=umif;ckdifvkHw,fqkdjyD;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@tm;twif;vufcH
vmatmif=udK;pm;oifhygrh vm;/
(3) 'Dvkdt"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudkArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@vkH;0vufrcHrausbJvsufu|efawmfwkd@bmomu|efawmfwkd@vGwfvGwf
vyfvyfokH;eSKef;a&;om;ajymqkdaeoifhyghrvm;/
(4) 'Dvdkt"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudka&;om;okH;eSKef;ajymqkdwJhtay:ArmvlrsdK;wdk@taeeJ@pdwfcsrf;ajr@pGm&Sdedkifyghrvm;
(5) 'Dvkdt"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudka&;om;okH;eSKef;ajymqdkae=uwJhtay:ArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJhbmrSrajymrqdkrwkef@jyefbJacgif;ikH
cHaeekdifyghrvm;/acgif;ikHcHaebdk@u|efawmfwkd@ar#mfvifhoifhyghovm;//
txufygar;cGef;wkd@udkajz=um;=unfh&ifcHpm;csuftrSefudku|efawmfwkd@&=uvdrR,f/wvkdif;vkd@oufoufrJhtac:cHae&wJhrGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@
b0udkvnf;udk,fcsif;pmemvmwwfr,fvkd@xifygw,f/
'DOyrmudkray;csifygbl;/
'gayrJhudk,fcsif;pmemwwfbdk@ay;&jcif;jzpfw,f/
wvdkif;vkd@ac:cH&wmb,favmufrGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSm
qwfqwfcgcg emusnf; wwfw,fqkdwmudk odapcsifvkd@'DOyrmudkay;&wmjzpfw,f/ ArmvlrsKd ;awGemusnf;ovkd rGefvlrsdK;wdk@rSmvJ
xyfwlxyfr# emusnf;wwfw,fqkdwmudk odapcsifvGe;f vkd@rvGJa&SmifomOyrmay;&jcif;jzpfw,f/ udk,fcsif;pmemwwfjyD; rGefvlrsdK;
wkd@udk wvkdif;vkd@rajymqkd ra&;om;=ubdk@wkdufwGefekd;aqmfwJh Oyrmwckjzpfw,f/ tcsdK@ArmawGudk&kd;&kd;ajymvkd@ em;rvnf =ubl;
rGefvlrsdK;udk wvkdif;vkd@rac: ajym=ueJ@ra&;om;=ueJ@ ajymvJemr,l=ubl; tJ'DvlrsdK;awGtwGuf 'DOyrmudk ay;&jcif;jzpfw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkwvkdif;vkd@qJjyD;eSpfaygif;(250)ausmfausmfnSif;qJeSdyfhpufcJhjyD;jyD r0ao;bl;vm; aemufxyfreSdyfpuf=ubdk@tel;nGwf
awmif;zefwifjyaewmjzpfw,f/ u|efawmfhudkem;vnfjyD;cGifhvGwfapvkdygw,f/ 'DOyrm[mArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;vkH;udk tvGefxd
ckdufepfemapwJh Oyrmjzpfw,fqkdwmu|efawmfem;vnfw,f/ tjrifusOf; ajrmif;aewJhArmvlenf;pktcsdK@twGuf Oyrm
ay;wmjzpfw,f/ tcsdK@ArmawG/Armpma&;q&mawGeJ@ tcsdK@Armordkif; q&mawG[m wvkdif;udk tom;vGwf a&;om;ae=uw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSmqwfqwfcgcgemusnf;wwfw,fqkdwm ukd,fcsif; pmempdwfr&Sd=ubl;/ igwdk@rSmtm%m&SdwJhvlrsdK;bJ/ igwkd@a&;csif
wdkif;a&;vkd@&w,f/ b,fol@udkrSrSKp&mrvkdbl;vkd@txifa&mufae=uw,f/ rGefudkwvkdif;vdk@a&;wmbmjzpfvkd@vJ/ rGefvlrsdK;udk
wvkdif;vdk@ac:wmbmjzpfovJ/ tJ'Dvkdqifajc qifvufawG ay;wwfwJh ArmtcsdK@&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dvkdqifajcqifvufrsm;wJhvlawGudk
&nf&G,fjyD; 'DOyrmukday;wmjzpfw,f/ ,Ofaus; odrfharG@wJh ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk &nf&G,fjyD;ay;wmvkH;0r[kwfygbl;/
xkd,Ofaus;odrf@arG@wJhArmrsm;ukdvJu|efawmftm;emvnfcGifhvGwfbdk@awmif;zefygw,f/ 'g[mOyrmom jzpfw,f/ wu,fr[kwfyg
Armyk'f[m (b)yk'fu qif;oufvmwmr[kwfygbl;ArmeJ@ywfouf&if ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ ,lqcsufudkbJ u|efawmfwkd@
av;pm;vufcH&rSm jzpfw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmoabmudk odatmif Oyrmay;wmjzpfw,f/ olwyg;a&;om;xm;wJh ta=umif;&mudk
taxmufxm;jyKjyD;
tjcm;vlrsdK;wrsdK;udkaumufcsufcsvkd@r&bl;
rrSefuefbl;qkdwJhoabmudk
odomxif&Sm;apvkdvkd@
'DOyrmudkay;&wmjzpfw,f/ tJ'DvkdrSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;a&;om;xm;wJh pmyk'fukdtaxmufxm;jyKjyD; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@udk tqkH;jzwfjyKr,f
qkd&ifrSm;wJh oabmudkom 'Dae&mrSmxif&Sm;odapcsifygw,f/
tJ'Dvkdta&;om;rsdK;udku|efawmfwkd@a&Smif&mS ;&r,f/ArmvlrsdK;wrsdK;vkH;wkd@udk tvGefxdckdufepfemapygw,f/ ArmvlrSKtaqmuftHk=uD;
wckvkH;udk xdckduf apekdifwJhtokH;eSKef;jzpfw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;wdk@&@J*k%foduQmvlrSKa&;pD;yGm;a&;ekdifiHa&;wckvkH;udkyg xdckdufapedkif
w,fqkdwm u|efawmfaumif;aumif;em;vnfygw,f/ tJ'DvkdygbJwvkdif;vkd@Armpma&;q&mtcsKd@rqifjcif a&;om;okH;eSKef;vkdufwJh
tokH;eSKef;[m rGefvlrsdK;w&yfvkH;udk xdckdufepfemapygw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@*k%foduQm rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&JvlaerSKtaqmuftkH
wckvkH;udkxdyg;apcJhw,f rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@vlrSKa&; /pD;yGm;a&;/ekdifiHa&;/ynma&;/ordkif;a=umif;wdk@udkyg tvGefxdckduf epfemapcJw
h ,f
qdkwmudk odapcsiw
f ,f/
'Dae&mrSmw&kwfvlrsdK;wdk@&J@pum;ykHwckudkoGm;jyD;owd&rdw,f/pum;ykHu'Dvkdqkdxm;w,f
18
19
20
trSefw&m;udk&SmazGcsif&ifvGwfvyfwJhokawoDawGorkdif;ynm&SifawG&J@avhvmpl;prf;okawoejyKjyD;awG@&Sdcsufwkd@udk ukd;um;,lbkd@
vkdw,fvkd@u|efawmfajymcJw
h Jhtwkdif;/ 'Dae&mrSmvGwfvyfwJhordkif;ynm&Sif Forchhammer'&@JawG@&Sdcsufudk udk;um;jyD;wifjyvkd
ygw,f/ Forchhammer' [m emrnf=uD;wJh jAdwdo#vlrsdK;ordkif;ynm&SifwOD;jzpfw,f/ ol&J@okawoeavhvmawG@&Sdcsuft&qkd&if
wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m rnfonfh ae&mrSmrS rawG@&bl; rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ ywfouf qufEG,fjyD; wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;rawG@&bl;vdkd@
olutcdkifrmqdkxm; w,f/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if b,fausmufpmrSmrS wvkdif;vkd@ rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmrawG@cJh&bl;wvkdif; qkdwJh
pum;vkH;[m OD;atmifaZ,suwrifwumoufouf wDxGifjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkckeSdrfwJhpum;vkH; jzpfw,f qkdwm udk oGm;awG@w,f/
atmufygtaxmufxm;udk =unfh&ifodomekdifygw,f/
Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJhpmtkyf "Burma" (with special reference to her relations with China),
Printed and Published at the "Rangoon Cazette" Press, 1893. Chapter VII, Page 72
rSmatmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;onfudkawG@&w,f/
"The use of the word 'Talaing' here disproves Forchhammer's contention, repeated by
Gay, and approved by Mr. Eales in his Census Returns, that the term was invented by
Alompra."
'Dpmyk'f&J@t"dy`g,fu/ ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfwJh/ Forchhmmer, Gay eSifh Mr. Eales wkd@okawoe t=udrf=udrf jyKvkyfjyD;/
rSefuefonf[ktcdkifrm/wifjyxm;wJhtcsuf((contention)w&yf&SdcJhw,f/ tJ'gubmvJqkdawmh/ (wvdkif;qdkwJh a0g[m&
21
txufygtwkdif;tcsdK@ArmawGuqifajcay;aumif;ay;=ur,f/
'Dvkdqkd&ifOyrmwckudk u|efawmfwifjyyg&ap/ u|efawmfwifjyrJh
Oyrmu'Dvkdyg/
Oyrmoli,fcsif;eSpfOD; jzpf=uwJh/ rjreSifhrvSwdk@[m/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/ t*FvdyfpmXmerSm usLwmtjzpftwlwl tvkyfvkyf=uw,f/
wOD;udkwOD;odyfcspf=uw,f/ pm;twloGm;twlvmtwl&SdcJh=uw,f/ 'gayrJh wae@usvkd@ yk*~dKvfa&;&m ta=umif;wcka=umifh
tcef@roifhvkd@ &efjzpf=uw,fqkdygawmh/ wa,mufudkwa,muf/wOD;udkwOD; rjr/rvSvkd@ ,Of,Ofaus;aus; rac:=u awmhbl;/
rjru/ rvSu/kd zgrvkd@ac:r,f/ wzef/ rvSuvJ/ rjrudk rdef;r&$ifvkd@jyefqJwmaygh/ tJ'DvkdbJ/ ArmeSifhrGefvlrsdK;wdk@ppfjzpfawmh/
ArmuvJrGefudk rGefvkd@,Of,Ofaus;aus; rac:qdkawmhbl;/ wvkdif;vkd@ ac:vmw,f/ wzefrGefvlrsdK;wkd@uvJ/ ArmudkArmvkd@
,Of,Ofaus;aus; rac:awmhbl;/ t&nf;=uD;rsdK;awGvkd@jyefvJ ac:qkdokH;eSKef;vmw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm rvS[m zgrr[kwfovdk
zgrvJrvSr[kwfbl;/ rvS[m armfvjrdKif'Du&Daumvdyfu t*FvdyfusLwmq&mr wOD;jzpfw,f/ ololigigtvGef av;pm;&wJh
q&mrjzpfw,f/ rsdK;&kd;vJaumif;w,f/ aqG=uD;rsdK;=uD; todkdif;0kdif; ujzpfw,f/ tusifhpm&dwWvJtvGefaumif;rGefw,f/ 'gayrJh
'D&efyGJu rjrqJqdkvkdufwJhpum;udk/ tpGJjyKjyD;/ rvSudkawG@wkdif; zgrvkd@ac:qkd=u&if w&m;ovm;/ jzpfxdkufovm;qkdwm
vlwkdif;pOf;pm;oifhygw,f/ wzef/rvSudk zgrvkd@ ac:wJholua&m vl,Ofaus;jzpfedkifyghrvm;/ todOm%facgif;yg;aomol
vl@*Gpmwa,mufrjzpfaebl;vm; pOf;pm;=unfhyg/ rGefvlrsdK;awG[m &efyGJrSmqJqcdk Jh=uwJh pum;vkH;eJ@ 'Duae@xd oufoufrJh qJqkd
cHae&qJbJ&Sdaew,f/ w&m;ovm; oifhovm; qkdwm pOf;pm;=unfh =uyg/ wzef rGefvlrsdK;udk ,ae@txd qJae=uwJh
ArmawGua&m/ b,fvkdtqifhtwef;&SdwJhvlpm;vJqdkwm udk,fhudk,fudkjyefpOf;pm;=unfhyg/ vl@,Ofaus; wa,muf awmh
vkH;0r[kwfedkifbl;qkdwmavmufbJ u|efawmfajymcsifw,f//
(1)
22
tydkif;(5)
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@vJwvdkif;a0g[m&eJ@ywfoufjyD;trsdK;rsdK;&Sm=uHtajzxkwf=uw,f/ rdrdvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uac:a0: orkwfwJh
tay:rSSm ra=urcsrf;jzpfjyD;trsdK;rsdK;awG;awm=uHpnf=uw,f/ tb,fa=umifhrGefvlrsdK;uaewvkdif;jzpfvm&ovJ/ 'gayrJh
trSefw&m;udk b,folrSr&cJh=ubl;/ 'Da0g[m& b,fuvmw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@b,fvkd oufqkdifw,f/b,fvkd t"dy`g,f&Sdw,f
qkdwmb,folrStwdusrajymekdfifjzpfaecJhw,f
tJ'Dvkdtajz&Smvkd@rawG@wJhaemufqkH;rSm
ukd,hftjrifeJ@udk,ftrsdK;rsdK;ajymqdk
vm=uw,f/ qufpyf,lwJh,lqcsuftrsdK;rsdK; (assumptions)xkwfjyD;udk,fhtjrifeJ@ udk,fa&;om;ajymqkdae=uwm &SdcJhw,f/
tJ'DtxJrSmu|efawmfodoavmuf xifay:wJh,lqcsufokH;&yf&SdcJhbl;w,f/
(1)
tdENd,awmifydkif;wdv*FCwkdif;u
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@qif;oufvmw,fvdk@tcsdK@wkd@uxifjrif,lqw,f/
tJ'Dxifjrif
,lqcsuf tay:tajccHjyKjyD; wdv*FCwkdif;uqif;oufvmwJhrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vdk@ac:qdkwmjzpfedkifw,f qkdwJh
qufpyf,lwJh,lqcsuf(assumption) w&yf/
(2)
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkOD;atmifaZ,su rD;&SKd@jyD;rowfcifpyg;usnfxJrS ydwfavSmifxm;pOfrGefvlrsdK;wdk@u rdrdwdk@&J@ taz(zcif)
udk wjyD;atmf[pfikd,dkae=uwJhtoH (telcjrmWYw>) udktpGJjyKjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:a0:wm jzpfedkfif w,f
qdkwq
Jh ufpyf,lwJh,lqcsu(f assumption)w&yf/
(3)
rGefbcifodk@r[kwfrGefrdcifeJ@vlrsdK;jcm;wOD;OD;wdk@tdrfaxmifusjyD; aygufzGm;vmwJh ujym; om;oRD;rsm;udk rGefppfppf
r[kwfwJh twGuftJ'DvkdaygufzGm;vmwJh om;oRD;wdk@udk wvkdif; rGefrppfol vkd@ac:a0:wmjzpfekdifw,f
qkdwaJh wG;ac:,lqcsuf (assumption) w&yf/
tJ'Dqufpyf,lwJh,lqcsuf (assumptions)okH;&yfudkwckpDu|efawmfa0zefokH;oyfjyD;aqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f/
(1) tdENd,awmifydkif;wdv*FCwkdif;urGefvlrsdK;wkd@ tcsdK@qif;oufvmw,fvdk@ tcsdK@wkd@uxifjrif,lqw,f/ tJ'x
D ifjrif ,lqcsuf
tay:tajccHjyKjyD; wdv*FCwkdif;uqif;oufvmwJhrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vdk@ac:qdkwmjzpfedkifw,fqkdwJhqufpyf,lwJh ,lqcsuf
(assumption) w&yf
tdEdN,awmifydkif;wdv*FCu rGefvlrsdK;wkd@qif;oufvmwJh oufaotaxmufxm;orkdif;rSm vkH;0rawG@cJh&bl; tdENd,
awmif;ydkif;wdv*FCwdkif;urGefvlrsdK;wdk@ tcsdK@qif;oufvmw,fqdk@wJh t,lq[mtajctjrpfr&Sdbl;vkd@ajymcsifw,f/ ordkif;
ygarmuQ G.H.Luce / orkdif;ygarmuQa'gufwmoef;xGef;eSifh orkdif;q&mOD;boef;wkd@u rGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mrGef*kdvkduftEG,fjzpfw,f/
rGef-crmwkd@ tkyfpk[mw&kwfjynfawmifydkif;usefpDjrpf0Srf;wGifpwiftajcwnfaexkdifcJhw,fvkd@qkdxm;w,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD;
ygarmuQ G.H.Luce uola&;wJh Old Burma, Early Pagan(1969)pmtkyfrSm'Dvkda&;om;xm;w,f/
The pioneers in civilization both in Old Burma and Old Siam were the Mons. Significantly, the Mons
had played a major role as the most prominent agent in spreading and propagating Indian. And I hold that
the original homeland of the Mon-Khmers was Yangtze valley before they were pushed south by the
Chinese in time immemorial.
jrefrm&mZ0ifpmwef;trSwf(1)/ pm 86
23
wkd@YjrdK@&Gmwnfaxmif aexkdif=uonf[kxif&ef&Sdonf/
rGef&mZ0iforkdif;wapmifYrGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf/ a&S;ya0o%D
tcgu rGefwd[ktrnfwGifvsuf&Srf;(apmxkdifodk@r[kwfxkdif)vlrsdK;wkd@eSifhtwl {&m0wDjrpfeiS fhovGijf rpfwkd@t=um; uke;f jrifh
awmifwef;=uD; wpfav#mufjrdK@&GmjyKpk aexkdif=ua=umif;/ aemifumv&Snfvsm;rSawmifbufodk@ a&$@qif;Itqkdyg
jrpf=uD;wkd@.t0&Sdt&yfa'owkd@wGif aexkdif=ua=umif;eSifh qkdonf
tvGefxif&Sm;wJhtxufygordkif;ynm&Sif(3)OD;&J@
ta&;om;udk
=unfh&if
rGef-crmvlrsdK;wkd[mrGef*kdvftEG,fjzpfw,f/
w&kwfjynftaemufykdif;uke;f jrifhrSawmifbufodk@qif;oufvmjyD;jrefrmekdifiHwGif;odk@a&muf&Sdvmw,fqkdwmxif&Sm;w,f/tdENd,edkifiH
wdv*FCwkdif;u rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ qif;oufvmwmudkrawG@&bJ/
wzefThe New Encyclopaedia Britannica pG,fpkHusrf;rSmvJatmufyg twkdif;a&;om; az:jy xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/
Mon kingdom, also called HANTHAWADDY KINGDOM, kingdom of the Mon people, who were powerful
in Myanmar (Burma) from the 9th to the 11th and from the 13th to the 16th century and for a brief period in
the mid-18th century. The Mon migrated southward from western China and settled in the Chao Phraya
River basin (of southern Thailand) about the 6th century AD.
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@rif;aejynfawmf[m[Hom0wDedkifiHjzpfonf/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@onf/ 9-&mpkrS 11-&mpk/ 13-&mpkrS m16-
24
'Dt,lqeJ@ywfoufjyD;ordkif;tjzpftysuftcsdK@udk'Dae&mrSmwifjyrSom
pmzwfolrsm;&Sif;&Sif;vif;oabmaygufrSmjzpfw,f/
[Hom0wDrGefvlrsdK;wkd@aejynfawmfudkodrf;ydkufjyD;aemuf t&yf&yfrSm&SdwJhrGefvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@udkOD;atmifaZ,su vkdufvHzrf;qD;
apw,f/ zrf;qD;csKyfaeSmifvkd@&wJhrGefvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wdk@udk rD;&SKd@rowfcifpyg;usnfvkdusnfrSmtvkHydwfavSmifxm;w,f/ tJ'DtxJrmS
txl;ojrifhrdef;cav;awG/ edk@pkd@uav;i,fawG/ausmif;om;t&G,fcav;i,fawG/touf=uD;wJhvltkdawG rsm;w,f/ t&G,faumif;wJh
a,musFm;awG[mOD;atmifaZ,swkd@a&$bkdArmppfom;awGudkwkdufckduf&if;touftaocHoGm;=uwmrsm;w,f/ usefwJhtenf;i,f
a,musFm;awG[m xGufajy;a&Smifwdrf;vdkuf=uvdk@r&Sdoavmufjzpfw,f/ awm=udKawmif=um;usef&pfwJh olwkd@[m rdef;cav;awG/
cav;awGeJ@touf=uD;ol&G,ftdkolwkd@om&Sdw,f/ 'Dordkif;tjzpftysufeJ@ywfoufjyD;/ aemifvmaemufom; rGefvlrsdK;wdk@tjzpfrSef
od&Sdekdif&eftwGuf a&S@rGefpmqkdawGatmufygtwkdif; pyfqdkxm;cJhw,f vuFmvkd a&;pyfxm;cJhw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,srowfcif
pyg;usnfxJrSm ydwfavSmifxm;pOfrGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@ tajcaeudkrsufpdeJ@wyftyfaocsm/rsuf0g; xifxifawG@jrif&ouJhodk@ay:vGifatmif
atmufygtwkdif;uvuFmeJ@pyfqkdxm;w,f/
-------bOtlek.nj minjlwjek.njgNO minjTmOtHj p>cjgHjy.otO ek.njgHjer.tJ aJkuEmigNO mix.tjd,bkj
txufygvuFmudk&kd;&dk;pum;ajyeJ@bmomjyefa&;om;&r,fqkd&ifatmufygtwdkif;jzpfw,f/
---------pyg;usnfxJrmS ydwfavSmifcHxm;&jyD; r=um;cifr;D &SdK@owfjcif;udkcH&rJh rGefrdcifi,fwOD;onf rdrd&J@edk@qkd@&G,fvlrr,f
om;i,ffav;ukd tomt,mayG@zuf ,k, ykdufaxG;jyD; edk@&nfwkdufau|;&if; w&SdKufiifiifikda=uG;ae&Smonf/ yg;jyifay:rSm
rsuf&nfrsm;wvdyfvdyf,kdpD;usqif;ae&Smonf rdcif&J@ikda=uG;ae&wJh tajcaetjzpfrSef udk rod&Smaom ekd@qkd@&G,f vlrr,f
om;i,fuav;rSm rdcifrsufeSmukd rsufawmifuav;aumh/ tomt,marmh=unhfjyD;ajcvuf vSKyf&Sm;apmhupm; ae&Smonf/
rdciftm;jyKH;&,fum=unfhae&Smw,f/ xkdodk@ekd@qkd@&G,fvlrr,f rdrd.om;i,fav;u jyKH;&,fum &$ifjrL; aeonfhtjzpfudk
jrif&&SmaomrdcifrmS &ifwGif;Ypkd@wufjyD; &SKduf=uD;wiifikda=uG;&Smonf tJ'v
D kdrdcifu &SKduf=uD;wiif idka=uG;wJhtwGuf/ om;vwfeSifh
om;=uD;wkd@uyg toHygygvdkufIidka=uG;=u&Smonf/ xkdtcgrdcifcrsm; rxdef;ekdif&Sm awmhbJ toHukef atmf[pfcg idka=uG;&Smonf/
xkd@twlvifa,musFm;eSifhr,m; nDeSifhtpfudk wleSifhb=uD; tpfreSifh nDrwkd@onf wOD;udkwOD;wtm;zufwG,fIikda=uG;=uukefonf/
Tokd@wOD;udkwOD; wtm;zufwG,fI ikda=uG;ae=uykHrSm aumuf&dk; vdeu
f spf xm;ouJhokd@jzpfae=uonf/ rdk;OD;us zg;atmfoHuJhokd@
wnHpDpDjzpfae=uonf/ wusnfvkH; rkd;xpfcsKH; aeouJhokd@ rnf[D;aeonf av;zufav;wefzufaygif;pkHrSmidk,kdae=uukefonf/
touf&G,f=uD;&ifhjyD;Zm&mt&G,fodk@a&mufae=uaomrGeftzdk;tkdtzGm;tdkwkd@onf/ pdwfajcmufjcm;xdef@vef@cg trsdK;rsdK;tzkHzkH
atmf[pf=uukef./xkdtxJr(S telcjrmWYw>) taza& Twcgawmh ArmvlrsdK;a=umifh usKyfwdk@rGefvlrsdK;b0 qkH;&acs&J@
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rGefbmomeJ@ 'Dvkd a&;om; xm;w,f/ tJ'Dpmyk'fudk zwfjyD; rGefvlrsdfK;wdk@ tbdk@ ,l=uKH;r&atmif cHpm;cJh=u&w,f/ toJem cJh&w,f/
rdrdwkd@&J@&ifcGifukdcGJ toJeSvkH;udkwtm;qGJ=uKH;,liifvkduf&ouJhokd@cHpm;=u&w,f/ rdrd.toJeSvkH;udkudkifqJcG gausmufwkH;=uD;ay:rSm
wtm;v$J/ &kdufzGwfvdkufouJhodk@vJ qwfqwfcg emusnf;pGmcHpm;=u&w,f/ txl;ojzifhedk@&nfcsdKwkdufau|;aewJh rdcifwOD;
tjzpfudkawG;jyD; odyfoem;aerd=uw,f/ odyfhpdwfemp&mjzpfapcJhw,f rdcifrSmr=umcif t&Sifvwfvwf rD;&SdK@owfcH&jyD;
ao&rSmjzpfw,f/ raocif ekd@pkd@t&G,fvlrrmuav;udk ayG@csDjyD; edk@csdK&nfw0wkdufau|;csifao;w,f/ rdcif&J@tjzpfrSefudk
vlrr,fom;i,fav;rSmvkH;vkH;rod&Smbl;/ xkdtxJrS rGeftzdk;tkd tzGm;tkd wkd@uvJ a=umuf&G@Hxdef@vef@jyD; ua,mifuwef;
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25
26
pGyfpJaG jymqkdjyD;wkdufckdufacsrSKef;cJhw,f/tJ'DawmhOD;atmifaZ,swkd@a&$$bkdArmawG
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r,m;u|efjzpfom;u|efjzpfyljyif;vSonfqdkIol&defapmeSifhauG@trsm; rkHa&G;a&$ausmif;wvkdif;jrefrmwkd@aeonfh aus;&Gmrsm;udk
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4
ajrSmfvifhIae=uygonftvsifcsDwufvmrnfhta=umif;udkpmeSifhvlapv$wfonf---
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tif;0rif; "rR&mZm"dywd[m tkyfcsKyfa&; tvGefnHhzsif;wJhrif;jzpfw,f/ yGJvef;obiftaysmftyg;vGeu
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owfjzwfjyD; rdrdudkajrSmufyifhwwfwJhol rdrdeJ@eD;pyfwJholwkd@udkomrl;rwf&mxl;cef@w,f jynfojl ynfom;awG iwfrGwfacgif;yg;=uw,f/
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4
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27
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(3) rGefzcifodk@r[kwfrdcifeJ@vlrsdK;jcm;wOD;OD;wdk@tdrfaxmifusjyD; aygufzGm;vmwJhujym;om;oRD;rsm;udk rGepf pfppf r[kwf wJh
twGuf tJ'DvkdaygufzGm;vmwJh om;oRD;wdk@udk wvkdif; rGefrppfol vkd@ac:a0:wmjzpfekdifw,fqdkwJhawG;ac:,lqcsuf
(assumption) w&yf/
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olwdk@[mujym;jzpfayrJh rGefvlrsdK;bJjzpfrSmaygh/ vlwOD; wa,mufrGefjzpfw,frjzpfbl;qkdwm rGefppfppfrGefujym;eJ@ rqdkifbl;
ol&J@pdwf"gwfcH,lcsuftay:rSmrlwnfw,f/ ujym;bJ jzpfjzpf ujym;r[kwfbJjzpfjzpf rGefpdwf"gwfr&Sd&if/ udk,fhukd,fudk rGefvdk@rcH,l&if
rGefvlrsdK;rjzpfekdifbl;/
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oabmoufa&mufaew,f/ ujym;jzpfwJh vlwkdifukd wvkid ;f vkd@ac:r,fqkd&if urBmrSm&SdwJhujym; wdkif[m wvkdif; jzpfukefjyD;aygh/
ArmeJ@ukvm; ArmeJ@w&kwf ArmeJ@rGef ArmeJ@&Srf;aygif;pyfjyD; &vmwJhom;oRD;awGtm;vkH;[m wvkdif;bJaygh/ t*Fvdyfujym;awG
w&kwfujym;awG ukvm;ujym;awG pydeu
f jym;awG ,dk',m;ujym;awG tm;vkH;[m wvdkif;aygh rGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;eJ@omqdkifwJh oabm
r[kwfawmhbl; ujym;wkdifeJ@ qdkifaewJh oabmudk az:n$ef;aew,f/ 'gqkd&ifbmjzpfvkd@rGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;udkomwvkdif;vkd@ac:ae=uovJ
bmjzpfvkd@rGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;udkom oD;jcm; &nf&G,fjyD; wvkdif;vkd@ ukef;abmifquf orkdif;rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; a&;rSwfae&ovJ/ 1740ckeSpfrSmtif;0"rR&mZm"dywdrif;udk awmfvSefykefuef=uwJh tkwfzkdrwW&m;ujynfolvlxkawGudkwvdkif;vdk@owfrSwfjyD; Armwkd@
wkdufckduf acsrSKef;cJhw,f/ tJ'DvkdwkdufckdufacsrSKef;cJhpOfuokH;eSKef;wJhwvkdif; a0g[m&t"dy`g,feJ@ rGefujym;wvkdif;&J@t"dy`g,fwkd@[m
qufpyfvkd@ r&jzpfaew,f/ rqDrqdkif jzpfaew,f/ 'ga=umifh 'DawG;ac:rSK[m uav;qefjyD; vkH;0rjzpfedkifbl;qdkwm pOf;pm;wwfwJh
olwkdif;odekdifygw,f/ u|efawmftaeeJ@ tus,fcsJ@jyd; oufao xljyaebkd@ rvkdbl;jrifw,f/ 'D,lq csuf (Assumption)[m
vkH;vkH;rSm;,Gif;w,f/ vkH;vkH; tajcjrpfr&Sdbl;/tqifhwef;tvGefedyfhjyD; uav;tvGefqefwJh awG;awm,lqcsufw&yfomjzpfw,f
qkdwm aumufcsufwifjyvkduf&w,f/
ed*kH;csKyftaeeJ@ u|efawmfaumufcsufcsajymcsifwmutxufygwifjycJw
h Jhtajcjrpfr&SdwJh ,lqcsuf(Assumptions)awG[m
aoaocsmcsmavhvmprf;ppfvkduf&ifwckrSArmvlrsdK;wkd@uxkwfaz:wifjyvmwJh,lqcsufawGr[kwfbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@uom rdrdwkd@
bmomrdrd wkd@awG;awm=uHpnf pOf;pm;jyD;xkwfaz:a&;om;vm=uwJh,lqcsufawGjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f tvGefxl;qef;bdk@
aumif;w,f/ trSefrSmrGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSmbmrSwm0efr&Sdbl;/bmrSvJ,lqcsufxkwfaz:aebdk@vJrvkdbl;/ ukd,furSwvkdif;vkd@rcH,lxm;wJh
twGuf ,lqcsufawGudkxkwfaz:jyD;jiif;csufxkwfp&mrvkdbl;xifygw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;ukdokH;pGJa&;om;ajymqdkae=uwJh
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@rSmomvkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;wm0ef&Sdw,f/wvkdif;a0g[m&J@t"dyg`,ftppfrSefukdxkwfaz:a&;om;&Sif;vif;wifjyekdif&r,f/Arm
vlrsdK;wkd@ taeeJ@rvif;&Sif;rwifjybJ/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@urdrdwkd@bmomrdrdwkd@trsdK;rsdK;awG;awmpOf;pm;jyD;t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdae=uw,fqdkwm
tvGef&Dp&mjzpfaew,f/
,ckvkdwvdkif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;tay:rGefvlrsdK;wdk@taeeJ@trsdK;rsdK;t"dy`g,faz:jyD;trsdK;rsdK;xifa}u;ay;aewm[m/
bmeJ@oGm;wl
aeovm;qkd awmh t&l;-31ykHjyifxJut&l;a&;om;xm;wJh (31)*%ef; pmvkH;eJ@oGm;wlaew,f/ t&l;wa,mufu
olpdwful;ayguf&mopfwkH;wckay:rS
(31)qkdwJh*%ef;ocsFmudk
a&;om;xm;w,f/
aemufr=umcif
vleSpfa,mufu
28
29
tykdif; (6)
vlrsdK;wrsdK;eJ@wrsdK; odk@r[kwf wkdif;jynfwjynfeJ@wjynfppfjzpf=ujyD;qdk&if eSpfzufpvkH;urdrd&efoludk csdK;eSdrfwJhtrnfemray;jyD;
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30
31
Nor could they be married till they were set free early in the morning. If they were married without sending to the
teachers the flower of their virginity, it is said that they were heavily punished by the king for breaking the custom. The
sending of the flower of virginity meant an act of worship.(G.E Harvey/ The History of Burma/p. 18)
32
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These practices although forbidden by the Indian Government are still prevalent in parts of the
country today.
NGOs estimate 5000 to 15000 girls are still dedicated to such or similar practices every year.
33
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34
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yDyDoo(wvkdif;)qkdwJha0g[m&okd@ rajymif;vJvmbl;vkd@b,folajymekdifrvJ/ tJ'Dvkdajymif;vJ vmwJhtwGuf rlvpum;vkH;&J@
t"dy`g,ftppfrSefudk aumuf,lvkd@ r&awmhbl; a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm;awG t"dy`g,faumuf,l vm=uw,f/ Oyrm &Srf;wkdif;&if;om;
wOD;ajymqkdwJh pum;vkH;wvkH;udk rdrd=um;wJhtwkdif; rGeftrsdK;om;wOD;u rGefbmomeJ@ (wmJvHif)vkd@ a&;om;xm;w,f
qkdygpkd@/wzef tJ'DrGefpmvkH;udkArmvlrsdK; wOD;taeeJ@ toHxGuf=unf@prf;yg b,fvkdtoHxGufvm rvJ/ jyD;awmhrdrd
toHxGufwwfwJhtwdkif; ArmpmzGJ@xkH;rSK yDyDooeJ@jyefa&;=unfhyg/ jyD;&ifrlvrGefpum;vkH;eJ@rdrda&;xm;wJh Armpum;vkH;[m
b,favmufuGm[wmudkavhvm=unfhyg/uGm[rSKudkawG@edkifygw,f/wzefrlv&Srf;wkdif;&if;om;pum;vkH;eJ@rnfr#uGm[oGm;ekdifonf
udkvJu|efawmfwkd@cef@rSef;,lekdifygw,f/
OyrmwckudkxyfrHjyD;ay;yg&ap(zsmykHjrdK@)[mb,fvkdt"dy`g,f&Sdw,f/ bma=umifhzsmykHjrdK@vdk@ac:qdk&ovJvkd@ wpkHwOD; ukdar;&if
,cifuzsmawGpkykHa&mif;cswJhae&mrdk@(zsmykHjrdK@)vdk@ac:qkd &a=umif; tajzay;=urSmaocsmw,f/ trSefrSmzsmykHqkdwm Arma0g[m&
pum;vkH;r[kwfbl;/
rlvu
rGefpum;jzpfw,f
(zsmyki)f jzpfw,f/
t"dy`g,fu
zsmykHjrdK@[m
avSqdyf&GmjzpfjyD;
xrif;rsm;a&mif;cswJhae&mjzpfcJhbl;w,f ukefuloef;a&mif;0,fwJhavSawGqkdufuyfwJhae&mjzpfw,f/ 'Dae&ma&muf&ifavSawG
tem;,l tyef;ajzjyD; xrif;[if;0,fpm;=uw,f/odk@r[kwfcsufjyKwfpm;aomuf=uwJhae&mjzpfw,f/
tJ'DwJhtwGuf(zsmykif)xrif;qdyfvkd@rGev
f lrsdK;wdk@urdrdbmompum;eJ@ac:qkdcJh=uw,f/
ArmvlrsfdK;wkd@=uD;pkd;wJhvufxuf=urS
Armpum;yDyDooeJ@ajymif;vJa&;om;=uw,f/ zsmykifrzS smykHjrdK@ jzpfvmw,f/ uGm[rSKudk avhvmawG@&Sd edkifygw,f/
yxrrlvyk*~dKvfArmvlrsdK; awGurGefpum;vkH;twkdif;(zsmykif)vdk@ =udK;pm;jyD;a&;csif a&;vm =ur,f/ aemufrSArmpm
ta&;tom;zGJ@xkH;rSKyDyDooeJ@(zsmykH)vdk@a&;om;vmwmjzpfedkifw,f/ tJ'DvkdArmpum;vkH;ydDyDooeJ@a&;om;vmwJhtwGuf rlv
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ta&;tom;eJ@ uGm[vmw,f/ pmvkH;ta&;om;ajymif;vJoGm;ovkd t"dy`g,fvJ vkH;vkH; ajymif;vJ jzpfay:vmw,f/
'DvkdygbJwvkdif;&J@rlv ta&;om;toHxGuf trSefudkrodwJhtwGuf rSm;,Gif;wJh toHxGufeJ@ rSm;,Gif;wJh t"dy`g,fudk &vm=uw,f/
wvdkif; pum;vkH;&J@ t"dy`g,f trSefrodawmhbJ a,mif0g;0g;jzpfvm=uw,f/ wjznf;jznf; aemifvm aemufom;awG
vrf;paysmufoGm;w,f/ rl&if;ta&;om;toHxGufeJ@t"dy`g,fudkygvkH;vkH;tpaysmufoGm;w,f wvGJwacsmf ta&;om;toHxGufeJ@
wvGJwacsmf t"dy`g,fudk aumuf,l vm=uw,f/ wvkdif;qdkwm 'gav;jzpfwefaumif;&J@'gav;awmhjzpfekdif aumif;yg&J@ jzpfvmw,f/
ok;H pGJ&mrSmvJ vGJacsmfjyD; &nf&G,fcsuf wjcm;jzpfvmw,f/ acwfumv=umanmif;vmwJhtcg ydkrdkjyD;awGa0 apvmw,f/ aemifvm
aemufom;awGuvJ
bkrodbrodbJ
a,mifa,mifrSm;rSm;
[kwfekd;edk;eJ@okH;pGJvm=uw,f
rGefudkcsdK;eSdrfwJh
pum;tjzpfeJ@em;vnf,lvkdufjyD; rGefudkcsdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrfokH;pGJvmw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uvJ rdrdudkrqDrqdkif wvkdif;eJ@ edKif;,SOf
35
tykdif;(7)
wvkdif;pum;vkH;[mrlvub,fuvmw,f/ b,fol@&J@pum;vkH;tppfrSefjzpfw,f/ bmt"dy`g,f&Sdw,f/ jyD;awmhrGefvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@
rnfodk@rnfykHywfouf vmw,fqkdwmudk u|efawmfwdk@rqkH;jzwf=ucif/ wvkdif;qkdwJha0g[m&pum;vkH;eJ@ ywfoufjyD;pwifokH;pGJcJhykH/
ok;H pGJwJhumv/
okH;pGJcw
Jh Jhae&mXme/okH;pGJ&wJhta=umif;&if;pwJh
ordkif;tcsufvufawG
twdus&Sdoifhoavmuf&Sdw,f/
tJ'Dordkif;ta=umif;cHwkd@udk
yxrtao;pdyf
avhvmpl;prf;bdk@vkdw,fvdk@u|efawmfxifw,f/
u|efawmfvJtJ'DtjrifeJ@
avhvmcJhw,f/ wvdkif;a0g[m&ukdu|efawmftaeeJ@b,fvkdpwifavhvmcJhw,f aemufqkH;rSm bma=umifh'Dvkdaumufcsufcs&ovJ
qdkwmudk pmzwfy&d\wfrsm; odatmif u|efawmfwifjyoGm;rSmjzpfw,f/u|efawmfeJ@twl pmzwfoly&d\wfwkd@ pdwf&Snf&Snf
xm;jyD; 'Da0g[m& pum;vkH;udk okawoejyKavhvm=unfh=u&atmif/ 'grSudk,fwkdifudk,fusavhvmjyD;oabmaygufrSmjzpfw,f/
u|efawmfrSmrlvuwnf;u cH,lcsufwck&SdcJhw,f/wvkdif;a0g[m&[m aemufcHorkdif; awmh&Sd&r,f/ ta=umif;rJhawmh rjzpfekdfifbl;vkd@
u|efawmfu cH,lxm;cJhygw,f/ rSefeef;&mZ0ifeJ@ ukef;abmifquf r[m&mZ0ifwkd@rSmvJ taocsm a&;om;xm;wmawGudk
axmuf&SK&ifwvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;[mqJqkdwJhpum;vkH;wvkH;vJ rjzpfekdifbl;vkd@ tcdkifrm,kH=unfvkdufw,f/ qJqdknpfnrf;wJh
pum;vkH;qkd&if Armynm&Sdorkdif;ynm&SifawG orkdif;pmtkyfrSmrSwfwrf;wif a&;om;rSm r[kwfbl;vkd@ u|efawmfucH,lw,f/
wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&@J
pum;vkH;vm;vdk@
u|efawmf
taocsmavhvm=unfhawmhvJ
r[kwfjyefbl;/
ArmawGudkar;jref;jyefvJ 'g[mrGefpum;vkH; jzpf&r,fvkd@bJ ajym=uw,f/ olwkd@Armpum;vkH;r[kwfbl;qkd=ujyefw,f/
'ga=umifhwvkdif;pum;vkH;[m
rGefpum;r[kwfovkdArmpum;vkH;vJr[kwfbl;/
aemufqkH;rSmjzpfedkfifwmu
ArmuArmrSK
jyKvkdufwJhtwGuf rl&if;tprlvyxrpum;vkH;aysmufjyD; ajc&maumufr&jzpfvmw,fvkd@ u|efawmfuaumufcsufcsvkdufw,f/
'gayrJhwvkdif;pum;vkH;rSmaemufcHordkif;tckdifrm&Sd&r,f/&efoludkeSdrfwJhpum;vkH;jzpfekdifw,fokd@r[kwfArmvlrsdK;udk trsdK;om;pdwf"gwf
wuf=uGapwJhpum;vkH;wvkH;jzpf&r,f ppfwdkuf&mrSmjzpfjzpf ppfom;wkd@udk pkaqmif;odrf;oGif;&mrSm jzpfjzpf wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;udk
ajymvkduf&ifArmawGtbdk@ trsdK;om;pdwf"gwfwuf=uGapedkifwJhoabm&Sd&r,f/ 'grdk@vkd@wvkdif;pum;vkH;ukdokH;jyD; Armjynfol vlxkudk
vSKyfaqmfcJhwmjzpf&r,f/ edkifiHa&;ppfa&;&nf&G,fcsufeJ@tokH;jyKcJhwmjzpf&r,fvkd@u|efawmfucH,lxm;cJhw,f/
'ga=umifhwvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;udku|efawmfavhvmwJhae&mrSmtajccHtjrif(3)&yfudktajccHjyD;avhvmcJyh gw,f/
(1) wvkdif;pum;vkH;[mrGefpum;vkH;r[kwfbl;/'gayrJhrGefvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@wenf;r[kwfwenf;qufeG,frSK&Sd&r,f/
wdkuf&kdufodk@r[kwfoG,f0kdufjyD;qufpyfrSK&Sd&r,f/
(2) wvkdif;pum;vkH;pmArmpum;vkH;r[kwfbl;/'gayrJhwvdkif;qkdwJha0g[m&[m
ArmvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@ywfoufqufEG,fwJhta=umif;&m&SdcJh&r,f/ wdkuf&kdufokd@r[kwfoG,f0kdufjyD; ywfoufrSK&Sd&r,f/
(3) wvkdif;qkdwJha0g[m&[m aemufcHordkif;ta=umif;t&mcdkifckdifrmrm&Sd&r,f/rlvpum;vkH;twdtus&SdcJh&r,f/
tJ'DtajccHtjrif(3)&yfeJ@u|efawmfwvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;udkavhvmpl;prf;okawoejyKcJhygw,f/
yxrOD;qkH;,ae@xdxifa,mifxifrSm; udk,fxifovkdjrifovkdajymqkdae=uwJh,lqcsuf (Assumptions)awGudk b,feSpfrsdK; &SdcJhw,f
qkdwmudku|efawmfavhvmcJhygw,f/ udk,fxif&mjrif&majymqdkae=uwJh,lqcsufawG(3)rsdK;avmuf&SdcJhw,fqdkwm u|efawmfawG@
w,f/wckpDudku|efawmftav;eufxm;jyD;pl;prf;&SmazGcJhygw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmbmoGm;awG@ovJqkd&if wvkdif;a0g[m&tac:a0:eJ@
ywfoufjyD; tajz&Smvkd@ r&ekdifwJhtqkH;rSm jzpfekdif wmawGudk =uHzefawG;awm pOf;pm;,l=u&if;eJ@ qufpyfawG;ac:,lwJh ,lqcsuf
36
(Assumptions)
awGjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/
'geJ@ywfoufjyD;
okH;rsdK;pvkH;udkvGefcJhtcef;rSmu|efawmftao;pdyf&Sif;vif; wifjycJhjyD;jzpfw,f/
'gayrJhxyfrHjyD;&Sif;vif;wifjycsifwJhtcsufwcsufubmvJqkdawmh/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mrsdK;rppfwJhtwGuf wvkdif;vkd@ac:w,fqkdwJh
tcsufbJjzpfygw,f/ 'DtjrifeJ@tcsdK@ArmawGu wvkdif;pum;vkH;udktokH;jyKjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkwkdufckdufvmwm&Sdw,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD;
u|efawmftav;av;eufeuftenf;i,fajym=um;yg&ap/ 'Dt,lq[mvkH;0tajcjrpfr&SdwJh ajymqkdcsufjzpfw,f/ uav;
uvm;qefqef xif&mpdkif;ajymqkdrSKomjzpfw,f/ tqifhwef;atmufuswJhtawG;ac:jzpfw,f/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;udkapmfum;&musaew,f/
wu,fhwu,frSm rsdK;rppfwm b,folvJ/ rGefvlrsdK;vm; 'geJ@ywfoufjyD;=uD;=uD;us,fus,f tjiif;yGm;aebkd@rvkdbl;
ordkif;taxmufxm;udk qef;ppf =unfh&ifodom edkifygw,f/ &mZ0if oufao taxmufxm;ckdifcdkifrmrmeJ@ odomekdifygw,f/
vlrsdK;wrsdK;&J@ aysmhnHhcsuftm;enf;csufudk orkdif;eJ@ axmufjyD;vJ tom;,ljyD;u|efawmfrajymcsifbl;/ u|efawmftaeeJ@
vlrsdK;rkef;wD;rSKrjzpfapcsifygbl;/ 'gayrJhrsdK;rppfwJh vlrsdK;qkdwmrGefvlrsdK;r[kwfbl;qkdwmavmufbJ u|efawmf ajymyg&ap/
tJ'Dawmhwvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;&J@t"dy`g,fudkb,folrSrodbl;/ b,fvkduae b,fvkday:aygufvmovJqdkwmvJb,folrS rajym
ekdifbl;/t&rf;ajymqkdokH;eSKef;ae=uw,fqkdwmawG@&w,f/
txufygu|efawmfwifjycJw
h JhavhvmawG@&Sdcsufwkd@avmufeJ@u|efawmfrauseyfao;bl;/ tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;awGu rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udk
b,fvkdac:a0:cJo
h vJ/ acwfjydKifay:xGef;cJw
h Jh &Srf;(t,k',)ordkif;/ &Srf;=uD;vlrsdK;(Tai) wdk@&J@ ordkif;eJ@&ckdifvlrsdK;wkd@&J@
&mZ0ifordkif;wkd@rSmrGefvlrsdK;udkb,fvkd okH;eSKef;a&;om;cJh=uovJ 'gawGudkygu|efawmfavhvmcJhw,f/ 'Dordkif;awGtm;vkH;udk
avhvm=unfhawmhvJrGefvlrsdK;udkrGeo
f dk@r[kwfrGef-crm/okd@r[kwf &mrefvkd@ okH;eSKef;a&;om;xm;wmudk awG@& jyefw,f/ &ckdifvlrsdK;
wkd@&J@ ordkif;udk avhvm=unfhwJhtcgrGefvlrsdK;eJ@ywfoufjyD;atmufygtwdkif; a&;om; xm;wmudk awG@&w,f/
167// rGefjynfudkwkdufjcif;
rGefjynfudkwdkufapaompvuFmolonf/ rGefwkd@eSifhwkdufavaomfckeSpf&ufpm&duQmudkom cg;wGifygapvsufusef
or#&duQmwkd@udka&wGifoGefapIavStm;vkH;udkrD;wkdufapjyD;aomf tcsif;csif;&JrufAkdvfygwkd@onf wpfnD wpfnGwf
wnf;wkdifyifIwkduf=uavv#ifrGefwkd@onf xGm;xGm;nufnufysufpD;av.// xkdokd@ysufpD;avv#if rsm;pGm aoma&$aiG/
qif/jrif;/vufaqmify%mwkd@udk
rGefrif;qufoGif;awmfrlvkduf.
pvuFmolvnf;
jyefvmcJhjyD;v#if
9
rif;=uD;tm;qufawmfrlavjyD;aomf rif;=uD;vnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om qkvmwfay; awmfrl .//
vkd@yg&Sdw,f&ckdif&mZ0ifrSmvJwvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;vkH;0rawG@&bl; rGefvkd@bJrSwfwrf;wif a&;om;xm;wmudk awG@&w,f/
'geJ@vJu|efawmfrauseyfao;bl;/anmif&rf;acwf/[Hom0wDacwfwkd@eJ@acwfjydKifay:xGef;cJw
h Jht,k',acwf xkdif;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ orkdif;
rSwfwrf; awGudkvJ&SmazG avhvmzwf&SKjyefw,f/ tJ'DrSwfwrf;ordkif;rSm xkdif;vlrsdK;wkd@u rGefvlrdsK;udk rGeo
f dk@r[kwf &mref(&mrn)
vkd@ okH;eSKef;a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/ atmufaz:jyygxkdif;bk&ifwkd@&J@ eef;wGif;rSwfwrf;udk avhvm =unfh&ifodekdifw,f/
The Burmese and [BCEF: Mon soldiers] [D: Raman host], however, scattered because of the royal
majesty and power.--------------------All the chief ministers and army officers who [BCEF: set out in pursuit of]
[D: pursued] the enemy slashed [BCDF: and killed] Burmese and Mon all along the way to Kancanaburi.10
At the same time the Raman army officers had advanced and reached Martaban just as the boat carrying
the report from [BCD: Tenasserim] [EF: Tanao], Marit and Tavoy reached Martaban.11
q&mawmfOD;Om%."n0wD&mZ0if/ pm 65
10
11
37
taxmufxm;qdkvkd@wckrSrawG@cJh&bl;/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@a&;om;xm;cJhwJh ajrpdkuf ausmufpmawGudka&m
ajratmufrSwl;az: &&SdwJhausmufpmawGudkyg avhvm=unfhjyefw,f rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ taeeJ@ rdrdwkd@udk,fudk wvkdif;vkd@
a&;om;xm;wmrawG@cJh&bl;/ 'ga=umifh aemufqkH;rSm wvkdif;pum;vkH;eJ@rGefwdk@[m wkduf&kdufywfouf qufeG,fwJh tjrifudk
u|efawmfvufavsmhvdkuf&w,f/ tJ'Dvkda&S@acwfausmufpmawG/ ordkif;taxmufxm;awG tjcm;vlrsdK;wkd@ rSwfwrf;awG
urBmhorkdif;awGudkeSHeSHpyfpyf u|efawmf avhvmokH;oyfjyD;rS wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;[m rGefvlrsdK;eJ@roufqkdifbl;/ vkH;0ywfoufrSK
r&Sdygbl;vkd@qkH;jzwfcsuf csvdkuf&w,f/ omrefavhvmjyD;qkH;jzwfvdkufwmr[kwfbl;/ aoaocsmcsmeSH@eSH@pyfpyf zufaygif;pkH
pmtkyfrsdK;pkHavhvmjyD;rS
qkH;jzwfwmjzpfw,f/
wvdkfif;a0g[m&[mrGefvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@roufqdkifayrJhoG,f0SufwJhenf;awmhywfoufrSK&Sdedkifao;w,fvkd@u|efawmfcH,lxm;qJbJ/
'Dtcsufudk u|efawmfrarhbl;/
'gayrJhrar#mfvifhbJtcsdK@Armorkdif;ynm&SifawGuwvdkif;pum;vkH;[mrGefvlrsdK;eJ@wkduf&kdufywfouf&r,f/ wvkdif;[m rGefvlrsdK; wkd@&J@
pum;vkH;bJjzpf&r,fqkdjyD; =udK;pm;aejyefwmudk=um;rdwJhtwGuf u|efawmftaeeJ@ tvGef0rf;enf;rdw,f rvkdvm;tyfwJh
tusdK;w&m;udkomjzpfay:aprSmaocsmw,f/ wvdkif;eJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mrywfouf ywfoufatmif wrifwum =udK;pm;jyD;&SmazG
oufaojyae=uw,fvkd@jrifw,f/
OD;atmifaZ,su ppfumvrSmppfa&;t&tokH;jyKcJhw,f/ rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;okH;pGJcw
Jh Jhpum;vkH;udk rSm;w,fjrifjyD; aemufqkwfbkd@
aumif;ygw,f/ &kwfodrf;bdk@ aumif;w,f/ okd@r[kwf&if ol@ae&meJ@olokH;pGJwwfbdk@ qifjcifbdk@aumif;w,f/ tckawmh'Dvkdr[kwfbJ
OD;atmifaZ,su&nf&G,fcsufwckckeJ@jyKcJhtrSm;udk trSefjzpfvmatmif a&S@odk@wvSrf;jyD;wvSrf;wkd;jyD;=udK;pm;vmawmh tcufawG@rSm
udkjrifa,mifaerdw,f/ trSm;udktrSefjzpfatmif r&ruwrifwum vkdufvH&SmazGoufaoxlvmwJhtcg trSm;wckuae
trSm;eSpfckjzpfvmekdifw,f/ trSm;eSpfckuaejyD trSm;okH;ckjzpfvmedkifw,f/
rjzpfoifhrjzpfxkdufwJhtusdK;qufawG jy\emawG
wbkHwacgif;=uD;jzpfvmrSm aocsmygw,f/
wvkdif;a0g[m&[m
rGefpum;vkH;[kwfovm;r[kwfbl;vm;qkdwm
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkcsOf;uyfjyD;tenf;i,far;bkd@aumif;w,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@ trsdK;om;udpP[mrGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ qkH;jzwfrSKomt"du jzpf&r,f/ r[kwfbl;vm;/ tJ'Dvkdjzpfoifhjzpfxkdfufw,f/
tckawmhynm&SdrGef&[ef;awG rGefvlrsdK;xJrSpmwwfaywwfvlyk*~dKvfawGudkcsOf;uyfjyD;ar;bkd@pdwful;r&=ubl; pmwwfaywwf
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wcg Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrSmvJatmufygtwkdif;awG@&w,f
An ex-monk of Shan race was elected king with the title of Mengtara Buddha Ketthi in 1740, and during his time the
usual struggles with Siam Zimme, &c., went on.-------------------The Shan king was succeeded by one of his officers
called Binya Dala, and it is perhaps to this man that Chinese account refers.18
17
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20
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47
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Jh Jh taxmufxm;rawG@&bl;/ aemufqkH;rSmEdward Harper Parker
a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrS atmufyg pmyk'fukd oGm;awG@rS tenf;i,fpdwfxJrSm &Sif;vif;ayghyg;oGm;w,f/
(In such a situation revolt was bound to ensue. It begun in 1740 with a colony of Gwe Shans at Okpo near Madaya, not
many miles away from the capital. They were discontented because of the exorbitant taxes demanded on their areca
48
palms. So, under the leadership of a minlaung Gonna-ein, they united with a band of Mon deportees settled at
Madaya and drove the Burmese out of the district.)21
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wzef Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfxJrSm atmufyg twdkif; a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&jyefw,f
Binya Dala gave out publicly that it was his intention to reestablish the Empire of Bureng Naung, and allied himself with
the Gwe Shans of Madara (near Ava) with a view of extending his conquests from Prome and Taungu over Burma23
21
Burma, p. 75
22
OD;odrf;armif.tavmif;bk&m;/pm-217
23
49
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'geJ@ywfoufjyD; Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrSmygwJhrSwfwrf;udkavhvm=unfhawmhrS u|efawmfpdwfxJrmS
r&Sif;vif;jzpfaewJhtar;awG&J@tajzudk&awmhw,f/Edward Harper Parker uatmufygtwdkif; a&;om; xm;w,f/
The King of Burma had sent envoys to the Empereror of China, representing the great danger which
then threatened his kingdom, and asking for support. In reply to his appeal two Chinese and Manchu
officers arrived at capital with an escort of one hundred horsemen and a thousand foot. They
suggested that an attack should be made on the Talaing stockade a Madara. This was done, and as it
failed, the Chinese officers retired without making any promise of assistance.
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h Jht,lq[m rSefuef&r,fvdk@ pdwfxJrSm ckdifckdifjrJjrJ
,kH=unfqJbJ&Sdw,f/ 'grkd@ZJrG av#mhbJrawG@,awG@atmif&SmazGw,f/ pm=unfhwkduftpkHoGm;a&mufjyD;pmtkyf pmwrf;awG tpkHvifudk
vkdufvH&SmazGzwf&SK&wJhtjyif
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@.ordkif;rSwfwrf;udk&SmazGzwf&SK&jyefw,f/
atmufyg&Srf;orkdif;rSpmyk'fukd=unfh&SK
avhvmwJhtcgtpetenf;i,f&vmw,f/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[molwdk@udk,folwkd@ Tai ac:a=umif;od&w,f/
In their own language the Shans call themselves Tai or Tai Long and their country Mong Tai instead of
Shan State. The origin of the name Shan is not very clear, but has been discussed by many scholars. One of
the hypotheses concerning the origin of the name Shan is that Shan, Siam and Assam had been derived from
the word "Sian" (Hsian, Sein), which designates a group of mountainous people who migrated down for
Yunnan in the 6th. century AD. Another says that the Shan people were named after the "Mighty Shan", the
Great Mountain Ranges of China from where they had migrated. A third hypothesis suggests that Shan is a
corrupt word of Syam, a name given to Kshatriya (warriors) on duty of the Khmer empire in the early period
of the Tai history. In fact, all peoples of Mon-Khmer language family call the Tai "Shan", "Shen", "Sham",
or "Syam". However, all hypotheses lead to the names Shan and Tai as being one and the same race.31
'Dae&mrSmtwkdjcKH;jyD;bmomjyefa&;om;&r,fqkd&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
&Srf;omompum;rSmolwkd@udk,folwkd@Tai odkr[kwf Tai Long vkd@ac:w,f/ &Srf;jynfudkvJ&Srf;jynftpm; Mong Tai vkd@
ac:qdkokH;eSKef;=ua=umif;/&Sr;f emrnfjzpfvmykHudkwdwdususrod&bl; &Srf;emrnfeJ@ywfoufjyD; ynm&Siftawmfcyfrsm;rsm;[m
ukd,fhtjrifeJ@udk,f aqG;aEG; wifjy=uw,f/ ynm&SifwOD;u &Sr;f pum;vkH;[m Siam(pD,H/xkdif;/) eSifh Assam (tmoH)
pum;vkH;rsm;u qif;ouf vmw,fvkd@qdkw,f/ wjcm;aomynm&SifwOD;u &Srf;pum;vkH;[m olwdk@tprlvaecJw
h Jhw&kwfjynf&Sd
(Mighty Shan ) (rdkufwD&Srf;) &kd;rawmifwef;udk tqGJjyKjyD;&Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@ac:w,fvkd@qdkw,f/ wwd,,lqcsufu&Srf;pumvkH;[m
olwkd@&J@ ol&Jaumif; trnfemr (Syam) rSqif;oufvmwJhpum;vkH;ysufjzpfw,fvkd@qdkw,f/ rGef-crmtkyfpkrSvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@u
Tai udk &Srf;/&Sif/ o#rf;/odk@r[kwf pD,Hvkd@ac:=uw,f/'gayrJh 'Dt,lqtm;vkH;wkd@[m Tai eJ@&rS ;f twlwlbJ jzpfw,fqdkwmudkn$ef;jy
aew,f/
txufygpmyk'ft&&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[molwkd@udk,fol&rS ;f vkd@rac:bl;/olwdk@udk,folwkd@(Tai)vlrsdK;okd@r[kwf(Tailong)vlrsdK;vkd@ac:qdk=u
w,f/ rGeef J@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uom Tai vlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;aewmjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dawmh &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ Tai
vlrsdK;wkd@[mvlrsdK;wrsdK;wnfjzpfw,f/ twlwlbJjzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;w,fqdkwmod&w,f/ u|efawmf odu|r;f wJh
31
The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P. 1
57
&Srf;vlrsdK;&Srf;ausmif;om;rsm;udkar;=unfhawmhvJolwdk@udkolwkd@Taivkd@ac:ajym=ua=umif;od&w,f/olwdk@vlrsdK;udkrGefeJ@Armwkd@uom
&Srf;vkd@ac:qkdae=uwm/(Tai)vlrsdK;wkd@uolwkd@ukd,folwkd@(Tai)vkd@bJac:w,f/od=uw,f/&Srf;vkd@olwkd@tcsif;csif;rSmrac:/rajym/rokH;
eSKef;bl;/rod=ubl;/rGefeJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uolwdk@udk&Srf;vkd@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;ae=uudkawmholwkd@odw,f/
Tai vlrsdK;udk rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u (aoH)vkd@ac:cJhw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u Tai vlrsdK;udk &Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@ac:aewmjzpfw,f/ rGefeJ@Arm[m
ta&;om uGmjcm;w,f/ toHxGufu wlavmufeD;yg;jzpfw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ac:a0:wJh aoHtoHudk,ljyD; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u &Sr;f vkd@
ac:a0: w,fvkd@u|efawmf,lq&w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm u|efawmfajymcsifwmu &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@uolwkd@udkolwdk@ Tai vdk@ac:jyD;rGefeJ@
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u &Srf;vdk@ac:w,f/ Tai toHxGufeJ@ &Srf;toHxGufcsif; vkH;0rwlwmudkawG@&r,f/(Tai) toHxGufudktu,fvkd@
rGefbmomeJ@a&;om;r,fqkd&if wmJ vkd@wduswJh toHxGufudk&edkifygw,f/ Armpm ta&;om;eJ@a&;r,fqkd&if wJ/ w vkd@
teD;pyfqkH;a&;vkd@&w,f/ tckawmh rGefeJ@Arm vlrsdK;wkd@u&Srf;vdk@ ac:vdkuf=uw,f/ bma=umifhrGefeJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@uTai vkd@rac:bJ
k Jhpum;vkH;uqif;oufvmwmukdawG@&w,f/
&Srf;vkd@bma=umifhac:qkdokH;eSKef;ovJqkdwmukdaoaocsmcsmavhvmwJhtcg/ Siam qdw
Tai rS&Srf;vlrsdK;trnfemrodk@ ajymif;vJ vmykHudkavhvmwJhtcg wdwdusustajzudk rawG@&bl;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ ta=umif;udk
avhvmcsif&if TaivlrsdK;wkd@ta=umif;ukdbJ&SmazGavhvm&w,f/ atmufygpmyk'fukdavhvmwJhtcg Tai ac: &Srf; vlrsdK;wkd@rSm
rsdK;EG,fpkuGJtajrmuftrsm;&SdwmudkawG@&jyefw,f/
Why Tai Nation
Tai People have many different subgroups namely, Tai Nue (Northern or Chinese Shan), Tai Lam (Black Shan of
Laos,Vietnam), Tai Sa (in China), Tai Mao (living along the China/Shan State border), Tai Khun, Tai Sipson Panna
(Eastern Shan StateI), Tai Kham Ti ( Northrn Shan State, Kachin State), Tai Ahom (Assam, India) Tai Lue (Lanna,
Thailang), Tai Long (Thailand,Central Shan State), Tai Leng (Kachin, Shan State border), Tai Loi (Mountain Shan/Hill
Shan), Tai Lai. All Tai/Shan people call themselves Tai and not as members of the different subgroups. Identifying
themselves separately only serves to classify them as a people.(Tai-Nation. Org/p.1)
'Dpmyk'fudkoifhav#mfovkdbmomjyef&&if
(Tai )&Srf;vlrsdK; wkd@rSmtkyfpkuJrG sdK;EG,fpkawGtajrmufrsm;&Sdw,f/4if;wkd@rSm Tai Nue (ajrmufydkif;&Srf; okd@r[kwf w&kwf&Srf;), Tai
Lam (avm/Ad,uferf&Srf;rJ), Tai Sa (w&kwfjynfxJrSm&SdwJh&Srf;), Tai Mao(w&kwfArme,fpyfae&Sr;f ), Tai Khun, Tai Sipson
Panna (&Srf;jynfta&S@ydkif;ae@&Srf;), Tai Kham Ti ( ajrmufykdif;&Srf;eJ@ucsifjynfe,f&Srf;), Tai Ahom (tmoHjynf&Srf; tdENd,&Srf;),
Tai Lue (xkdif;jynf&Sd&Srf;), Tai Long (xkdif;jynf&Sr;f eJ@&Srf;jynftv,fydkif;&Srf;), Tai Leng (ucsifjynfe,feJ@ &Srf;jynfe,fpyf&Sd&Srf;),
Tai Loi (awmifay:&Srf;), &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[molwkd@udk,folwkd@ Tai vkd@ac:=uw,f/ tkyfpkuGJemrnf taeeJ@rac:=ubl;/
oD;jcm;rsdK;EG,fpkudk&nfn$ef;wJhtcgrSmomtkyfpktEG,ftrnfemrudkwyfjyD;ac:=uw,f/
txufyg'Dpmyk'fudkavhvm&if&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@rSmtkyfpkuGJrsdK;EG,fpkawGtajrmufrsm;&SdwmudkawG@edkfifw,f/tkyfpktrnfudkokH;pGJcJw,f/tm;
vkH;wOD;udkwOD;(Tai)vdk@bJac:ajym=uw,f//
'gayrJhtxufyg Tai &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkwkd@udkavhvm&ifrGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;awGac:qkdokH;eSKef;aewJh auG@&rS f;trnfemrudkrawG@cJh&bl;/
arm&Srf; (Tai Mao) trnfemrudk aw@G&w,f/ arm&Srf;trnfemrudkawmhpmzwfolrsm;tu|rf;0ifjyD;jzpfr,fu|efawmfxifygw,f/
arm&Srf;wkd@XmeDoDcsif;vJ&Sdw,f/arm&Srf;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@&if;eSD;jyD;omjzpfw,f/
'Dae&mrSmTai rsdK;EG,fpk trnf pm&if;xJrSm auG@&Srf;eJ@qufpyfwJh rsdK;EG,fpktrnfemrudk rawG@&wJhtwGuf u|efawmf pdwfxJrSm
txl;qef; jzpfrdjyefw,f wcgtkwfbkdrwW&mrSawmfvSefykef=uwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;udk auG@&rS ;f vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ac:a0:okH;eSKef;aewmudk
32
vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;wmudkawG@&w,f/
u|efawmfwkd@ odcJh&w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udkavhvm=unfhwJhtcg aoHaumJ
Armordkif;rSmauG@&Srf;vdk@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;rSm &Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<uwWdudk aoHaumJrsdK;EG,fvkd@
a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@w,f/ rGefpum;vkH; aoH [m&Srf;vlrsdK;ukdac:jyD; aumJ[m &Srf;rsdK;eG,fpkwpk&J@trnfjzpfw,f/
32
edkifxGef;odef;a&;om;wJh[Hom0wDordkif;rSwfpkrS
58
aoHaumJ
[m&Srf;rsdK;EGk,fpktrsm;rSrsdK;EG,fpkwpkjzpfw,f/ ArmawGu auG@ &Sr;f vkd@ ac:vkdufw,f/ rGeftoHxGuf aumJ
eJ@ArmtoHxGuf auG@ wkd@[mwlnDrSK&Sdw,f/ wcgrGeftoH aoH [mArmtoH &Sr;f eJ@wlnDw,f/&Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ywfoufjyD;
rGefeJ@ArmtokH;eSKef;[m vkH;0wlnDw,fvkd@ajym&if &edkifw,f/ ta&;om;wm rwlnDrSK&Sdw,f/rGeftoHxGuf aumJudk Armwkd@u
auG@ vkd@,lvkdufwmjzpfekdifw,f/'grdk@aoHaumJrGeftokH;eSKef;eJ@ArmtokH;eSKef; auG@&rS ;f qdkwmwlnDw,f toHxGufrSm wlnDrSK&SdjyD;
auG@&rS ;f rsdK;EG,fpkudk &nf&G,fwmtwlwljzpfw,f/
'gayrJh&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk pm&if;xJrSmauG@&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpktrnfemrudk rawG@&wJhtwGuf u|efawmfrSm=uH&cufaew,f/ rGefeJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u
&Srf;vlrsdK;pkwpkudk auG@&rS ;f vkd@ ac:qkdayrJh TaivlrsdK; awGtaeeJ@tjcm;emrnfeJ@ rdrdwkd@ukd,fudkrdrdwdk@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;wm
jzpfedkifw,fvkd@bJaemufqkH;rSmaumufcsufcs&awmhw,f/ 'grdk@ auG@&Srf;eJ@ywfoufjyD; u|efawmf avhvm wJhtcg wduswJh
ordkif;tcsufvufawGudkrawG@&bl;/ Armorkdif; ynm&SifawGvJauG@&Srf;ta=umif;ukdwdwdususrod=ubl;/ OD;boef;a&;wJh
jrefrmhorkdif; pmtkyfrSm atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;wmukdawG@&w,f/
auG@vlrsdK;wkd@ta=umif;t&mudkpmaytxift&Sm;rawG@&acs/ auG@vlrsdK;wkd@ae&mrSmyJcl;teD;&Sdt0kdif;&GmeSifhrEWav;'Dp=wdwf&Sd tkwfzkd
t&yfrsm;jzpf=uonf/33
'DavmufbJodcJh&w,f/'gxufykdjyD;auG@&Srf;ta=umif;udkrodcJh&bl;/
txufyg Tai rsdK;EG,fpktrnfemrtrsm;tjym;rSm auG@&rS f;trnfrawG@wmudk axmuf&SK&if rGefvlrsdK;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;wJh
auG@&Srf;tac:ta0:eJ@ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@tac:ta0: tokH;eSKef; rwlwm aocsmw,f/ Oyrmqkd&ifrGefvlrsdK;eJ@Armwkd@u
TaivlrsdK;udk&Srf;vdk@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;jyD;&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@uolwkd@ukd,fholwkd@ Taivkd@ac:a0: w,f/ tac:a0:csif;rwlnD=ucJhovkd ,ckvJ
rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u auG@&rS ;f vkd@ac:a0:wmeJ@ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ ac:a0:wm rwlwmbJjzpf&r,fvkd@ aemufqkH;rSmu|efawmf
aumufcsufcsvkdufw,f/
auG@&Sr;f vkd@rGefvlrsdK; ArmvlrsdK;wdk@ ac:aewJh rsdK;EG,fpk[m &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ac:a0:okH;eSKef;wJh arm&Srf; (Tai Mao)jzpfaeovm;vdk@
u|efawmfpOf;pm;aerdw,f/ Tai &Sr;f vlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@ arm&Sr;f vkd@ac:a0:aewmudk rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@u auG@&Srf;vdk@
ac:a0:aeovm;vkd@u|efawmfpOf;pm;awG;awmaerdw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmtxufyg &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpktrnfpm&if;rsm;txJu wtkyfpk &J@
trnfemr[m auG@&Srf;jzpfekdifw,fvkd@bJ u|efawmfpdwfxJrSm cH,lvkdufw,f/
'DtcsufawG[myXrtqifhtaeeJ@u|efawmf&SmazGawG@&Sdcsufrsm;jzpfw,f tkwfbkdrwW&muawmfvSefykefuefwJh &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkudk
bma=umifhrGefeJ@Armwkd@u auG@&Srf;vkd@ ac:&ovJ auG@&rS ;f vkd@rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@ac:a0:aewJhrsdK;EG,fpk[m b,f&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk
xJrSm yg0ifaeovJ u|efawmf wa,mufwnf; av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;aerdw,f u|efawmftav;eufxm; t"du
&SmazG&rSmuauG@&rS ;f ta=umif;jzpfw,f/ auG@&rS ;f eJ@wvkdif; pum;vkH;wkd@&J@ qufpyfrSKudku|efawmf&SmazG wifjy&rSmjzpfw,f/
oufaotaxmufxm;ckdifckdifvkHvkHu|efawmfrSmvkdtyfaew,f/ 'grkd@auG@&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkeJ@ ywfoufwJh ordkif;tcsufvufawGudk
rawG@,awG@atmif u|efawmf&SmazG&OD;rSmjzpfw,f/ pmtkyfrsdK;pkHzwf&SKavhvmjyD; rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ okH;eSKef; ac:qkd
ae=uwJhauG@&rS ;f rsdK;EG,fpkta=umif;udk u|efawmfxyfrHavhvm&jyefw,f
atmufyg Tai &J@orkdif;pmtkyfudkawG@&SdawmhrS auG@&Srf;&J@tptevrf;pudkawG@&Sd&awmhw,f/
In the 10th. and 11th. century, there is little doubt that a powerful Tai kingdom, the Nam Mao Long
Kingdom, had been founded in the northern region of Nam Mao (now called Shwe Li River). It is believed
that this was a branch of the "Tai Mao Kao" Kingdom founded in the 7th. century by the Tai of Yunnan.
Sao Hom Hpa of the Nam Mao line was the ruler of the Tai Nam Mao Long Kingdom in Burma for 80
33
59
years until he died in 1104. During that period the Tais were the main rivals of the Burmans and Mons,
when the three groups were struggling for dominance in Burma.34
The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P. 1
60
ta=umif;jyKjyD;rS'DekdifiHawmfrSae=uwJh
&Srf;vlrsdK;udk(aoHauJ)aum&Srf;vkd@
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ (auG@)&Srf;ac:wmjzpfekdifw,fvdk@bJu|efawmfaumufekwfcsuf,lqvdkufawmhw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uac:qkdjyD;
ArmjynfxJodk@0ifa&mufvmwJhrlv&Srf;vlrsdK;[m/ (Tai-Long)vlrsdK;pk=uD;jzpfw,f/
ArmjynfxJudk0ifa&mufvmjyD; a&$vDjrpf0Srf;
(Nam Mao) a&$vDjrpfudktajccHjyD;edkifiHawmfwnfaqmufaexkdifojzifh (arm&Srf;) vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;vmwmjzpfw,f/ csKyfjyD;ajym&&if
(arm&Srf;)vkd@emrnfwGifvmwJh&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk[m(Tai
Long)rsdK;EG,ftkyfpk=uD;rS
qif;oufvmwmjzpfw,f/
'Dae&mrSmydkrdk&Sif;atmiftenf;xyfrHjyD;a&;om;wifjyvkdygw,f/ ArmjynfudktpyXrOD;qkH;0ifa&mufvmwJh&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk[m (TaiLong)&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkjzpfw,f/ Armtac: a&$vDjrpf0Srf;[m/ (Tai) vlrsdK;wkd@tac: (Nam Mao)jzpfw,f/(Tai=&Srf;/ Nam=jrpf/a&/
Mao=a&$vDa'o)Armjynfodk@(Tai-Long)
rsdK;EG,fpktaeeJ@0ifa&mufvmw,f/
/a&$vDjrpf0Srf;
(Nam
Mao)
t&yfa'orSmtajcwnfaexkdifojzifh/armf&rS f;vkd@trnfemrwGifvmwmjzpfw,f/
atmufygpmyk'ft&qkdvJ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[mrdrdbmomeJ@rdrdwkd@udk,fudk (Tai) odk@r[kwf (Tai Long) vkd@ac:qkd=ua=umif; az:jy
xm;w,f/In their own language the Shans call themselves Tai or Tai Long and their country Mong Tai
instead of Shan State.
wzefatmufygpmyk'fudku|efawmftav;eufxm;avhvm=unfh&SKaerdjyefw,f/
The Shan imgrants of upper Burma were the oldest branch of Tai ethnic group being known as Tai
Long or Tai Yai, that is Great Tai. Tai Mao and Tai Nua were also classified as Tai Long.35
Long
35
61
'Dpmyk'fudktwkdcsKH;jyD;bmomjyef&&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
36
Mon- Khmer and Siamese Families.p.64/(The above is based on the note on page 284 of Mr. Gait's Census Report.)
62
ajrmufydkif;&Srf;wkd@udktjcm;&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkwkd@u 'Tai Long' (wvki)f
63
,ckvJ&Srf;vlrsdK;awGu
(wvkif)
vkd@a&;cJw
h Jha0g[m&udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u jrefrmpmzGJ@xkH;rSK yDyDooeJ@ wvkdif;
vdk@ajymif;vJa&;om;vmwmudkvJjrifvdfrfhr,fvdk@u|efawmfar#mfvifhw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmykdrdk&Sif;atmif jrefrmpmzGJ@xkH;rSKeJ@ ywfoufjyD;
u|efawmftenf;xyf&Sif;jycsifygw,f/ ykif vkif ukif bkif rkif wkd@ta&;om;rdsK; ArmawGa&;om;avh r&Sdbl;/
tvGef&Sm;yg;w,f/ jrefrmpm zGJ@xkH;rSKvJr[kwfbl;/ tJ'Dvdkta&;om;rsdK;udk ArmawGa&;&ifvJ rGefvlrsdK;/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@
toHxGufouJhokd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@toHrxGufedkifbl;/rGefeJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@upmvkH;wvkH;taeeJ@toHxGufw,f/'gayrJh
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u
pmvkH;eSpfvkH; taeeJ@ toHxGuf w,f/ ta&;rSmpmwvkkH; toHxGufrSmpmeSpfvkH;jzpfaew,f/ Oyrm vkif pmvkH;udk avhvm=unfhyg
rGefeJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@u vkif
vkd@bJ pmvkH;wvkH;taeeJ@ toHxGufw,f/ 'gayrJhArmwdk@u tJ'Dvkdta&;om;rsdK;udk
a&;&ifpmvkH;wvkH;taeeJ@ toHrxGufwwfbl;/ pmvkH;eSpfvkH;cGJjyD;toHxGufw,f/ *dwvkifvkd@ArmawGa&;avh&Sdw,f/ vkif
pmvkH;udktoHxGufwJh ae&mrSm pmvkH;wvkH;taeeJ@ toHrxGufekdifbl;/ pmvkH;eSpv
f kH;cJGvkdufjyD;toHxGuf&w,f/ vkif pmvkH;udk
vk+vif pmvkH;eSpfvkH;cJGjyD;/ vk ukdoD;jcm; toHwvkH;xkwfw,ff vifudkvJ oD;jcm; toHwvkH;xkwfw,f/ 'ga=umifh *dwvkif
pmvkH;udktoHxGufzwfwJhtcg *dwvkvif vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@u toHxGufwmudk u|efawmfwdk@=um;&w,f/ wcg vkifysdK
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64
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pdwfqif;&J yifyrf;vmcJh&w,f/ emwm&Snf elema&m*gqkd;wckuJhokd@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udktjrJwrf;eSdyfhpufnSif;yrf;vmcJhw,f/
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65
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wvkiv
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vm=uw,f/ waumif;/ Aefarmf/rdk;eJ/ rdk;aumif;/ oDaygpwJhjrdK@jyedkifiH(Mong)rsm;udk wnfaxmifjyD; tajcwus aexkdifvm=uw,f/
atmufyg&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udkavhvm&ifod&Sdedkifygw,f/
5 million people inhabited the Shan State (Mong Tai), the majority being the Shan or Tai. The early history of the
area is hazy, though it appears that the first entry of the Shans into Burma took place in the 1st. century BC, when
rebellions in Central China drove many people from that area to seek their fortune elsewhere. These people moved
south into Burma and founded such ancient Shan cities as, Ta Gong, Mongnai, Hsenwi and Hsipaw.
Most of Northern Shan Chronical also indicate that a great wave of Shan imigration took place in A.D. 6th
Century with the Shan shifting from the mountain of southern Yunnan into the Nam Mao valley and to
adjacent region, establishing many Mongs like Bhamo, Mong Mit, Hsipaw and other37
&Srf;jynf(Mong Tai)rSmvlOD;a&5oef;&Sdw,f/trsm;pkrSm(Tai) &Srf;vlrsdK;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f&J@ yxrOD;ydkif;orkdif;[m
The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P,1
66
the ruler of the Tai Nam Mao Long Kingdom in Burma for 80 years until he died in 1104. During that period
67
the Tais were the main rivals of the Burmans and Mons, when the three groups were struggling for
dominance in Burma.38
(wvkif)vlrsdK;wkd@[mArmjynftxufykdif;ajrvwfydkif;wkd@rSmtm%mxlaxmifvm&kHrubl;/
wjznf;jznf;eJ@jrpfpOfwav#muf
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ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh (Tai Nam Mao Long Kingdom ) ekdifiHawmfudk apm[GefzueSpfaygif;(80)tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfcJhw,f/ 1104-ckeSpf
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aemufawmh wvkif&Srf;vlrsdK;tay: wdkif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ cHpm;csuf udk az:n$ef;wJh pmyk'fwyk'fvnf;&Sdo;w,f
38
The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P,1
68
69
70
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vmw,fqdkwm u|efawmfwkd@&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odcJh&jyD;jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJhtb,fa=umifhwvkdif;a0g[m& pum;vkH;udk rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;
ok;H pJGaeovJqdkwJhta=umif;&if;udk avhvmwJhtchgbmoGm;awG@ovJqkdawmh anmif&rf;acwfaeSmifydkif;eJ@ ukef;abmifacwfOD;ykdif;rSm/
wvdkif;a0g[m&orkdif;a=umif;udkodoltvGefenf;vmwmudkawG@&w,f/ ukef;abmifacwfaemufykdif;rSm wvkif a0g[m& aemufcH
orkdif;a=umif;udkvlawGvkH;vkH;rod=uawmhbl;vdk@ ajym&ifydkrdkrSefuefw,f/jrefrmrSKjyKvkdufwJhtwGuf rl&if;tp rlvorkdif;a=umif;
aysmufuG,foGm;w,f/ ajc&maumufr&atmifjzpfoGm;w,f/wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m wvkif (Tai Long)vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;wJh
pum;vkH; tjzpf odolr&Sd oavmuf jzpfvmw,f/ wvkdif;pum;a0g[m&[m (wvkif)a0g[m&u qif;ouf
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apmfum;oludk&nfn$ef;wJh t"dy`g,fudkbJ odvm=uawmhw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm rGefvlrsdK;udk oD;jcm;&nfn$ef;wJhpum;vkH;jzpfvmw,f/
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wvdkif;a0g[m&udkoGifoGifokH;eSKef; vmwmudk awG@&w,f/
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awmfvSefykefuefwJh twGuf &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ rGefvlrsdK; wkd@udk wom;wnf;jrifvkdufw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
vGJvGJrSm;rSm; a&ma&maeSmaeSmjrifvdkufw,f 'Dta=umif;a=umifh rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;(wvkif)vkd@okH;eSKef;vmw,f/
(2) rlv&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@pum;vkH;jzpfwJhwvkipf um;vkH;udk
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=umanmif;vmwJhtcg
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vmw,f/ vlrsdK;udk0g;rsdKbkd@twGufwvkdif;pum;vkH;[mtokH;cscHjzpfvmw,f/
txufygaumufekwfcsuf(3)ckeJ@ywfoufjyD;wckpDudku|efawmfwkd@avhvmokH;oyf=unfh&atmif/
(1) 1740-ckeSpfrSmtkwfbdkrwW&m &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@awmfvSefykefuefrSKeJ@ [Hom0wDwyfwkd@yl;aygif;jyD; tif;0rif;udk
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rGefvlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
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pjyD;jzpfay:vmw,f/ b,fvkdta=umif;a=umifhokH;pGJvmcJh=uw,fqkdwJh rlvta=umif;&if;udkOD;pGmtenf;i,f tpjyefaumuf
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auG@wvkdif;qkdwm&Srf;vlrsdK;udkoD;jcm;&nfn$ef;wJhpum;vkH;a0g[m&jzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsufygbJ/
71
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awmif;jyD; acsrSKef;&wJhtxdjzpfw,f/ 'gayrJhracsrSKef;ekdifcJhbl;/ awmfvSefykefuefwJh&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@ tiftm; tvGef=uD;rm;
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tif;0rif;udk awmfvSef ykefuefw,f vkd@rSefeef;orkdif;rSmqdkxm;ayrJh wu,fhvufawG@rSm wjcm;pDjzpfaew,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufrSK awmfvSefa&; jzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/
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(1) [Hom0wDrSm&Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<auoDrif;tjzpfudk&vkdfuf&wJhta=umif;wa=umif;&,f/
(2) tif;0rSmArmbk&iftiftm;enf;jyD;wkdi;f jynfudkaumif;rGefpGmrtkyfcsKyfekdifwJhta=umif;wa=umif;&,f
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jzpfw,f/jrefrmhordkif;udk=unfh&iftif;0aejynfawmfrSm Armbk&ifwvSnfh&Srf;rif;wvSnfhwjyefpD tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfcJhwmudk orkdif;udk
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tif;0rSArm
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Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrSmvJatmufygtwkdif;awG@&w,f
An ex-monk of Shan race was elected king with the title of Mengtara Buddha Ketthi in 1740, and during his time the
usual struggles with Siam Zimme, &c., went on.--------------For some superstitious reason or other he suddenly
abdicated and left his kingdom in 1746,..The Shan king was succeeded by one of his officers called Binya Dala,
and it is perhaps to this man that Chinese account refers. Binya Dala gave out publicly that it was his intention to
reestablish the Empire of Bureng Naung, and allied himself with the Gwe Shans of Madara, 41
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43
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Mon: A. sb. A people of Indochinese origin, also called TALAING, now inhabiting eastern Burma and western Thailand
but having their ancient capital at Pegu in Southern Burma;---------Moan, the name by which the Talaings now call
themselves.
219. Talaing.- Upon the conquest of Pegu by Alaungpaya in 1757 the Burmese strongly discouraged the use of the
Talaing language, Its teaching in the Buddhist monasteries or other schools was then prohibited and in the
interval between 1826 and the reoccupation of Pegu by the British in 1852 the language practically became extinct in
Burmese territoryBut the remarkable vitality shown by the language is a demonstration that the absorption of the
Talaing race by the Burmese and the disappearance of the Talaing language are neither so immediate nor so inevitable
as has been generally assumed.
Talaing
1911
1901
Strengthe race
320,629
321,898
Numbers peaking racial language.
179,443
154,483
78
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