..

(structured programming)
1:

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 1


I. ......................................3

II. ..................................................................................7
I. : ...................................................................13
IV. ..........................17

V. ......................................20
VI. ......................................26
VI. .................................27
VII. ....................................34
IX.. A ..............................39

. C ( ) .............47
. .......................................50
XI. ...........................................................................52

I. - ...........................................................................................................52

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 2

I.
:

().

.
,
() . ,
() .
:

. .

.
.
60%
() .

1:

() .
ACM, :
(the
software industry is in a state of crisis and new programming methods are needed).
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 3

 2: ,
.
:

:
- (,
, .. ,
, )
- (..
)
- (..
, expert systems, .)

.
:
.
:
.
,
, .
. ,
.
,

:



______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 4

:
- () ;
- ;
- ;
- ;
T (software engineering).
,

H :

-
-

INTERFACES
INTERFACES

(.....)
(.....)

2:
:
:

:
1. ,
: ,
. :
- ,
- ,
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 5

- ,
- , .
, ()
, .
(performance) , ,
.
2. ,
( modular design, top-down design,
.)
.
- ,
.
3. , ,
, ( ).
: systems analysis, structured systems
analysis, functional analysis, .
1960 - (stage-wise)
, o
(waterfall model) .
:
A. ( )
B. ( / )
C. ( )
4. ,
( /
). :
. 1970:
(). (low-level)
, . .
.

1980:
.
, ,
.
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 6

II.
.
.

, , .
, ,
, :
(waterfall model)
(rapid prototyping)
(incremental model)
(spiral model)
(unified model)
,
1. - o

:

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 7

 (waterfall model)
. :
(phases)


, :
1. ( )
2. ( / )
3. ( )
(waterfall model)
:

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 8

 :


:
( )




,

.
(
)
2.
- : ,
, (

).
:

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 9

 :


/

:




. ,

3.
- :
() ,
/ , .
:

(Release) 1

:
-
-
:
-
4.
- :
() ,
.
:
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 10

 (Version) 1
Requirements

Design

Coding

Test

Deployment

(Version) 2
Requirements

Design

Coding

(Version) 3
Requirements
Design

Test

Deployment

Feedback
Coding
Test

Deployment

:
-
- /
:
-
5.
- :
() , /
(
).
.
:

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 11

 .
6.
, ,
, Extreme Programming (XP),

- Rational Unified Process (RUP), .

XP , , :
-
-
-

-
-
- (<10)
:

Planning

2-3

Write tests

Release

Pair Programming
+ Refactoring

Test

Integration

3: Extreme Programming (XP)

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 12

I. :
:
Von Neumann,
()
,
.
, (..
FORTRAN, C)
.
- :
,
. , :
(algorithmic/procedural )
(procedures).
-- ()
( Von Neyman)
(object oriented)
/,
(encapsulate) (methods).
(objects),
(classes),
.
, --
.
(functional programming)

(logic programming)

,
(parallel programming)
,
, .
, , ( )
. ()

.
.
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 13

/
Compiler/Assembler/Linker /Data

/
Domain Knowledge

/
/
Algorithm
Problem Definition

(Source
Code)
.. C

/
Result

:
, .
(
: ),
(
: ),
(
),
.

, :
()

()
(.. ,
, .).
(library code).
.
, .

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 14

 , (source code)

(compiled) (linked) ,
.
(object code),
(run).
:

Compiling

Optimization

Linking

Optimized

- Informatics Laboratory - University of Thessaloniki http://www.infolab.gen.auth.gr -

:
( 2.000)
.
. ,
:
1950: FORTRAN (, , )
1960: ALGOL
( procedural )
1970: PASCAL ()
1970: C
( , system programming)
1980: C++, JAVA (object oriented)
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 15

 C JAVA, :
C:
M ( ) ,
(system programming) .

top-down & modular

i:
o (efficient)
o (portable)
o (flexible)
o (powerful)

C++

JAVA:
z
systems engineering

(portable)
,



,
C++
CORBA, .

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 16

IV.

(problem solving)
, , ,
.

(Top Down), (Bottom Up), (mixed):
I. H A .
H A (top down problem solving)
, , :
:
1. - (sub goals)
.
2. , , .
3. - ( )
, () .
, ,
, () , .
:
- -
- H (integration) -.
:
- (systems analysis)
- (structured systems analysis)
- (functional analysis).

1-1

1-2

2-1 3-1 3-2

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 17

II.
(bottom up problem solving)
(successive refinement).
:
.
:
1. ,
.
2. ,

3. , .

1-1

1-2

2-1

3-1 3-2

,
:
( ) () ( ),
, ,
/

, ,
,
, :

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 18

 (Release) 1

III.
(mixed), ,
. ,
- /
, .

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 19

V.
:
, ,
:
1.
2. GoTo
( ,
GoTo)
3. ,
FORTAN, BASIC, .

(): ,
, ,
, (
), . :
I.
()
. . ,
-
, (.. )
( )
II.

.
,
.

(.. ). H

.
.
.
(
)
. :
-
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 20

- ()
.

. :
(time complexity),
(space complexity),
(parameterization),
(reliability),

(robustness), .
:
. ,
.
. .
.
, .
. (data)
(input) ( , ..
)
. .
) (output)

. . /
, .
: ,
(.. )
IV.
.
(flow-chart)
.

(1).
,
. (flowcharts)
.
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 21


.
:
) ,
:

)
:

True

False

False
C

True

False

True
E1

E3

E4

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 22




.
V. ( )
(
). ,


. ,
(
) :
-
- (.. C)
(pseudocode):
,
-,
. - ,
( ) .
, /
(.. C).
- :
1.
2.
3. (design)
(implementation)

:
:

let name1, name2

( )
)

get name1, name2

( name1, name2
)
)

record name1, name2

name1, name2

(
.. )
)

name1

(
name1

if expression then
A
else
B
endif

( )
)

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 23

x2 + x + = (x)
(x) = 0.

get a, b, c;
if a = 0 then
if b = 0 then
case 1;

record case;
else
.
case 2;
root1 - c/b
record case, root1;
endif
else
if b2 >= 4ac then
case 3;
root1 (-b + sqrt(b2 4ac) / (2a);
root2 (-b - sqrt(b2 4ac) / (2a);
record case, root1, root2;
else
case 4;
root1 (-b/ (2a)) + j (sqrt(abs(b2 4ac)) / (2a));
root1 (-b/ (2a)) - j (sqrt(abs(b2 4ac)) / (2a));
record case, root1, root2;
endif
endif

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 24

 V.
:

()

.
, ,
data.

()
VI. ( )
,
( ).
VII.
() ,

(,, ).
- :

.

. , ()
.
.
,

,
,
, , .
.

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 25

VI.
:


(performance) . (data)

.
.

.
(data structures). :

( ):
. , ,
5: , : 70 99.

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 26

VI.
,

GoTo
( ,
GoTo).
GoTo
. , ,
() .
, .
GT, ,
, :
(performance)
( )


(correctness)
( )

.
, ,
,
, ,
.

. ,
GT
,
, .
E. Dijkstra 60.
(1968) "GO TO Statement Considered Harmful (
GO TO ), 70.
, (
), .

. , , ,
.
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 27


,
, ,
,
,
, . (.
):
H (principle of abstraction):

.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
(principle of formality):

, .

.

.

(divide and conquer concept):

,
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 28

 ,
.
(modular).
(hierarchical ordering concept):
. ,
.
.

(: = , =
)
:
. ,

(top - down development), ,
. , ,
, . ,
(bottom - up development)
:
,
.
o
,
.
o


______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 29

?
?

?
?

:

:
o (
)
o (.
, ,
( ))
,
,
.

:
o
( )
o
( )
o

( )
FUNCTION F1

FUNCTION F2

FUNCTION F5

PROCEDURE P3

FUNCTION F6

PROCEDURE P4

FUNCTION F7

:

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 30

FUNCTION(T1) F1 (...) BEGIN

...
F2();
...
P3();
...
P4();
...
END
FUNCTION(T2) F2 (...) BEGIN
...
F5();
...
F6();
...
END

PROCEDURE P3 (...) BEGIN

...
F7();
...
END
PROCEDURE P4 (...) BEGIN
...
F7();
...
END

: ( )

(stepwise refinement) .
, , .


. :
, :
- ( )
- ( )
- ( )
- (
)
- ( )
- (
)
, , :


______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 31

 ,
/


!
, , :
(logically cohesive modules)


:

--------------------------------------------Label :
--------------------------------------------IF A > 0 GOTO Label
---------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------WHILE A > 0 DO
----------------------------------------------END WHILE
-----------------------------------------------

- . , , ... -

( ,
) .
, ,
1.
(sequence)
( )
2.
( : ..., ..., ...)
, , ,

3.
,
.
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 32

 :

(..
).
, , :

, ,

Pascal / C:
To 1970 Pascal
.
C.
: Quickbasic, Visualbasic, .

.

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 33

VII.
,
GoTo.
(, , ).
.
.
, ,
. ,
top-down,
(hierarchical
programming), (modular programming),
.
A. TOP - DOWN
top-down ( ) ,
. N.
Wirth
(stepwise refinement). H A (top down)
:
:
1. - (sub goals).
2. ,
3.
, () .
,
, ()
-, .
top-down:

.
(-) ,
,
.
.
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 34

 TOP-DOWN

1-1

1-2 2-1 3-1 3-2

- . , , ... -

top-down ,
, ,
.
. topdown -, ,
.
top-down :
1. ()

.
1. ,
.
2.
,
.


. , ()

.
,
.
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 35

B. O
(top-down programming)
,
.
top-down
(stepwise refinement). top-down, ,
. ,

,
.
(hierarchical
programming).

(Top down design)

.
,
, :




, --,
,
,
.
:

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 36

 :
,

, :
H
(..
.. )
,
,
-- ,

,

(.. C).

.
(modular programming)

.
,

,
.
.

.
( )
.
(module) :
,
,
.
,
(modules), :
, ,
,
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 37


..
(modules)
. ,
,
. :

.
,
.
():

.
() :
1. .
2. .
3. .
4.
.
5. .
6. .
7. (
, , )
(modules) :
.
.

.

.
(modules) :

.
.
.
,
.

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 38

IX. A
.
(Bohm Jacopini (3))
:
1. .
.
2.
. ,
, .
,

,
.
.

,
.
(3)
Pascal.
1. .


.

2. IF - ELSE.
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 39


IF ELSE
( GoTo
).
IF ELSE :

:
if ( )
-1;
[else -2];

:
if (x>5) max=x;
if (a>b) max=a;
else max=b;


3. .

.
( ):
(while), (do while), (for).
:
. (while)
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 40

 :
while ( ) -1;

:
x=0;
while (x<4) x=2+x;
. (do while):
:
do

while ( )

:
x=5;
do
x=x-1;
while (x>=4);
H do while .
:

______________________________________________________________________________
do .. while

while

. , , , , 54006

. 41

. (for):
:
for ( = ; ; )
;

:
for (x=1; x<=4; x=x+1)

printf (%d, x);

. (nested)

,
(nested/), ,
. :
x=1;
while (x<=3) {
y=2;
while (y<=5) {
printf(%d %d, x,y);
y=y+1;
}
x=x+1;
}
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
x=1;
do {
y=2;
do {
printf(%d %d, x,y);
y=y+1;
}
while (y>5);
x=x+1;
}
while (x>3);
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 42

for (x=1;x<=3; x=x+1)

for (y=2; y<=5; y=y+1) printf(%d %d, x,y);
/*------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
x=1
while (x<=3) {
y=2;
do {
printf(%d %d, x,y);
y=y+1;
}
while (y>5);
x=x+1;
}
v.

,
:
. nested -if
:
IF (-1) -1;
ELSE
IF (-2) -2;
ELSE
IF (-3) -3;
ELSE
-4
(
) IF ... ELSE.
, .
. switch
,
Nested- IF
. switch ,
.

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 43

switch :
switch (type of )
{
case -1:-1;
case -2: -2;

case -: -;
default: ;
}

:
switch (x)
{
case 1: P1;
case 2: P2;
case 3: P3;
default: P4;
}
if else, :
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 44

if (x=1) P1;
else if (x=2) P2;
else if (x=3) P3;
else P4;

. ,
, C
,
,
.
.

.
.
.


GOTO , ,

.
,
.
,
. ,
: , ,
,
.
, :
,
,
,
(.
) .
. (escape)

,
.
GOTO. GOTO
,
.
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 45

 GOTO
,
. , GOTO

. GOTO
.
:
goto ;

: ;

:
if (x=0) goto 99;
else x=x+1;

99:printf(%d, x);

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 46

. C (
)
(iterative statements) (..
2 )
( ,
, .). C .
C ,
.
C, (body)
. (condition).
(fixed point).
, C ,
:
while
do-while
for
, ,
C
():

1
while A do
B
endwhile

( )

False

True

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 47

 2

( )

do B
while A

False

True

while
while

while (< >)

:
:
int i = 0
while (i <= 10)
{
printf(
printf(The number is: %d
%d\n, i);
i++;
}

i = i+1

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 48

 do while
while

do
while (< >)

.
.
:
:
int i = 0
do
{
printf(
printf(The number is: %d
%d\n, i);
i = i + 1;
}
while (i <= 10)

for
for
for (< >
>; <
< >
>; < >)
>)

:
:
int i, sum=0;
for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
{
sum = sum + 1;
printf(The sum now is: %d\n, sum);
}
printf(The final sum is:%d\n, sum);

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 49

.
.
(testing)
, ,
.
.
.

.


.
. :



. :

positive testing
.

.

. : [positive and
negative testing], [boundary case], white box vs black box testing,
( ;),
, ..
(
;), . :
.
.
.

. ,
-

. Black box / white box testing
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 50

 Black box
[manual]. .
, White box
. ,
( , -if, if else
, )


.
. (
)
. ,
.


. ,
, . ,
.

,
.
, , . [regression
testing] (Regress = () , )
;
,
!
. (debugging)
(debugging)
. .
,
..

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 51

XI.

. ,
. ,
.
,
.

, (),
(coding style). .

, , .

.
,
(. ):
.
GO TO.

.
.

.
5 25
.
, , ,
,
.
.
.
THEN (.. if B then else S;) if (not B)
then S;
______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 52

 THEN IF
ELSE IF.
.

.
.

.
5
.
.

.
.

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 53

I. -
1.
2.
3.
4.

. , , , 2002
. , , , 2000
. , , , 2004
, . , et. al., . ,
1997
5. A Structured Approach to Programming, J. K. Hughes, et.al, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1977.
6. , . , , 1991.

//////////////////////////

______________________________________________________________________________
. , , , , 54006

. 54