Graphic Elements Types of Lines Construction of Lines Lines Division Exercises

Point Line Plane

In learning about geometry, graphic elements play a significant role in producing a drawing. Graphic elements consist of the point, line and plane.

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Point - in engineering drawing a point is defined as the point of intersecting between two lines or arcs. Examples of points are shown

Point Characteristics - Two intersecting short lines or curves

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A line is formed when a point over in a certain direction. A line can be straight or curved according to its traced direction.

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A plane is an imagined surface. To understand the concept of plane, imagine a person is standing upright and his feet are on a horizontal plane formed when a point over in a certain direction. A line can be straight or curved according to its traced direction. A plane is normally shown as a smooth surface and does not have thickness.

VERTICAL PLANE

INCLINE PLANE

HORIZONTAL PLANE

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Horizontal Line Characteristics: - A horizontal line is at 0.

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Vertical Line Characteristics: - A line that is a at 90 to the Horizontal Line

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Inclined Line Characteristics: - Is at 0 from the reference line
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Curve Characteristics: - Does have a radius

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Arc Characteristics: - Has the radius R

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Perpendicular Lines Characteristics: - Intersect each other at 90

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Parallel Lines Characteristics: - Have equal distance between them along their lengths
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Non-Parallel Lines Characteristics: - Have varying distance between them along their lengths
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Perpendicular Lines

Parallel Lines

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Perpendicular lines are two lines which intersect each other at a right angle, or 90. (a) Constructing a Perpendicular Line from a Point Outside of the Line *Click*

(b)

Constructing a Perpendicular Line at the End of a Line *Click*

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Given a point P, located outside a line.

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Centered at P, draw arcs intersecting at C and D.

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Centered at C and D, draw arcs intersecting at F.

D

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Draw the line PF.

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Given a straight line AB

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Centered at O, draw a circle trough the point B and intersecting at C.

B
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Draw the line CO and extend to D.

B
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Draw the line DB.

B
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Parallel lines are two or more lines, which have the same distance between them along their length. Parallel lines maybe straight or curved lines.

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Given a line ab and the distance between lines as s

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Construct two perpendicular lines on the line.

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Draw arcs with the radius s intersecting at point M and N.

M N

s
A

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Draw the line MN. MN is parallel to AB

M N

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(a) Line Division *Click*

(b) Dividing a Line into Several Equal Parts *Click*

A 1

B
3 4 5
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Given the straight line AB

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Centered at A, construct arcs C and D

C

D
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Centred at B, construct arcs as in A

C

D
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The line CD bisects the line AB at E

C

D
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Given the straight line AB.

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From the point A, draw a line inclined to AB. Mark five equal parts on the line.

1 2
3

4
5 C
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Draw a line from point 5 to B.

A 1 2 3 4 5 C

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Draw lines parallel to 5B through the points 1,2,3 and 4. Mark the points on the line AB.

A 1 2
3

4
5
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Question 1

Question 2

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Answer

Draw a line XY which parallel with line AB with length=g

B
EXERCISES

Answer

Draw a perpendicular line from point P. P

EXERCISES

B
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g
A

B
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B
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F
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F
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