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UNIT 7 Phonetics
UNIT 7 Phonetics
UNIT 7 Phonetics
WORD STRESS..................................................................... FEATURES OF CONNECTED SPEECH.................................................................. Phonetic Variations vs Phonemic Variations................................................................... Connected Speech Processes...........................................................................................
UNIT 7.
CONNECTED SPEECH
Definition
An utterance consisting of more than one word.
The only simple rule of English rhythm id the BORROWING RULE: a syllable with a reduced vowel borrows time from any immediately preceding syllable containing a full vowel. Full-vowelled syllables each take approximately an equal amount of time. Each syllable containing a reduced vowel is much shorter, and by the Borrowing Rule a full-vowelled syllable is itself shortened if immediately followed by a syllable with a reduced vowel, but any further following syllables with a reduced vowel take time from the full-vowelled syllable.
Conjunctions Prepositions Pronouns Relative pronouns Articles The words accentual pattern can change because there is a tendency in English to avoid adjacent accented syllables (ACCENT (STRESS) CLASH, see Tema 6). The secondary accent in the word rather than the primary may be lost when another word with secondary accent immediately precedes, e.g.: not full- blooded (but full- blooded). This tendency to the alternation of accented and unaccented syllables is so strong that the accent may be shifted in the case of certain words whose citation form contains only one, later, accent, e.g. or nate but ornate carvings. The alternation tendency extends into longer utterances.
/ t/ / t/ (weak form)
3. Contrast It is for him not from him /f :/ /fr m/ (weak forms: /f / /f m, fm /) 4. Emphasis I must go /m st/ (weak forms: /m st, m s/) 5. Auxiliary verbs ????? when???? I have been /h v/ (weak forms: /h v, v, v/) tb t/ / I did not know that
6. That Adjective/Pronoun -> Strong form / Relative pronoun/ -> Weak form / you Conjunction There
Demonstrative adverb -> Strong form Existential construct./ -> Weak form Indef. adv.
Some Adjective: depends on the meaning. Strong form -> if it means a considerable amount /s m/ Weak form -> if it means a few /s m/ I met some people at the party /s m, s m/ Pronoun -> Strong form /s m ma t se /
Vowels + nasal come in, wait for me (especially when the vowel has an adjacent nasal in its word) Approximants + nasal tell me 2. Phonemic variations The mutual influence of contiguous phonemes in English is produced by a series of processes: assimilations, elisions, liaisons, clipping, and stretching. They are more frequent in rapid and colloquial speech.
->
-> ->
->
-> ->
When there are two alveolars together, both of them are affected: /fr nt pe d / -> /fr mp pe d / Alveolar fricatives /s, /: /s/ / / /dres p/ + /j, , / / sj / / / /t , d / / / / i:/
-> ->
Voiced/voiceless variation (voice assimilation) Rare in English. /v/ -> /f/ / v k :s/ -> /h v tu:/ -> /z/ -> /s/ /h z tu:/ ->
b. Progressive or perseverative: One phoneme influences the following phoneme, i.e. one phoneme takes characteristics from the preceding phoneme: A -> B It is not very frequent, usually when happens affects:
Variation of Place (place assimilation) Alveolar syllabic nasal /n /: /n / after bilabial -> /m / / p n/ -> / pn / -> / pm / after velar -> / / /be k n/ -> /be kn / -> /be k / c. Coalescence: A fusion of forms takes place. Two sounds merge into another, the new sound has features of both. /t/ + /j/ -> /d/ + /j/ /t / -> /d /d / nt ju:/ -> /w d ju:/ /d nt u:/ -> /w d u:/
?????????? El siguiente caso est tambin en Regressive ???????????? /s/ + /j/ -> / / / sj / -> / / /z/ + /j/-> / / / j :/ -> / :/ 2. Elision. It is the omission of one sound (when a sound drops). Only occurs in certain environment: /t, d/ in word final position surrounded by consonant, the consonant preceding must have the same voicing, and the following one can be any consonant except /h/: C + /t, d/ # + C same voicing any consonant as /t, d/ except /h/ /l:st na t/ /send m/ -> -> /l:s na t/ /sen m
Exception: some negative contractive forms can have elision even if the preceding sound has not the same voicing: /k:nt k m/ -> /k:n k m/ 3. Liaison. r-liaison only occurs in non-rhotic accents. a. Linking /r/ Word-final post-vocalic /r/ is introduced as a linking form when the following word begins with a vowel. It is limited to those cases where there is an <r> or <re> in the spelling. Bare it -> /be r t/ b. Intrusive /r/ It appears in cases of vowel hiatus (one word ends in vowel and the following word starts by vowel) where there is no <r> in the spelling. Idea of it -> /a d r v t/ The environment is phonetically comparable to that of linking /r/ My dear Anna -> /ma d r n /
It is frequent after / / and diphthongs ending in / / and when its termination is near to another word with <r> in its spelling (see example above). Linking-r is historically justified, intrusive-r is historically unjustified. 4. Rhythmical clipping. The shortening of a vowel depending on the number of post stressed syllables. / st nd d/ / st nd d z/ / st nd d ze n / The last / / is the shortest because is followed by a larger number of syllables 5. Stretching. It is the opposite of clipping. Lengthening of the vowel duration before a pause. It affects the vowel of the final syllable. 6. Juncture. The phonetic cues that allow to differentiate the sounds between words or sequence of sounds. I scream /a skri:m/ Ice cream /a s kr i:m/ Only two allophonic features allow to distinguish these sequences (both in the last one): - the devoicing of /r/ - the prefortis clipping of / / in the last /a s/, by which this / / is a little shorter than that of the first /a / (prefortis clipping only occurs within the word). RECURSOS MNEMOTECNICOS QUE AADO: ASIMILACIN:
t o d o n o t o d o n o
p o b re m as k a g
as
T: asimila a p antes de plosives y a k antes de velares (k y g) (ANTES DE BILABIAL) TOPO: t + p, b, m = to + p,b,m : that pill, thap pill, thap bill, thap man (ANTES DE VELAR) TOKO D: dobo, dogo: asimila a b y a g antes de plosives p,b,m y velares k y g bad boy. bab boy bad girl: bag girl N: nemo, ningun: asimila a m y a g antes de p,b,m y las velares k y g ten pens: tem penz ten girls: