Priyattisadhammapala in Hsipaw

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Ody:f yDe.h qof;wj,eref: yAeq
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wgi:f eh. rSe;f pj;pAi?f vlod af Oeef. qof;zj.vlif qof;tki,f uBj,Orf. cke
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ugi:f rl:wgi:f vliO

f ,l eh. bge.f ref:euf:ej,sv; eif,pkod af wtofcmh .
uGj,ihm;rj:vlre
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2383 qg.h
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d yke
d .f cmrf,Ogif erf.euf:wgi:f
710 qg.h
3. OD,ydw;f cgr;f
624 qg.h
4. yDun
l ;f
348 qg.h
5. wj,uky:f N:ygi,f
45 qg.h
6. vSr;f wgi:f wj,wgu,f
51 qg.h
7. wj,P;ODwig :f pmif;vDrj:
1942 qg.h
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6103 qg.h
vlod af Oeef. wSe;f uSo;f wj,awwrf:omif: ugi:f rl:wgi:f eef. vh;
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wSe;f uSo;f qef.Ogif ej;bmof:_ygw:f rD:- 25.ay,? 6-sr;rkod :f ?
wSe;f uSo;f qef.Omrf ej;bmof:_ygw:f rD:- 19.ay,? 6-sr;rkod :f ?
wSe;f uSo;f qef.e[:vdef awj,xkid yf iA :f vdef ej;bmof:_ygw:f rD:-4.ay,?
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vh;ymi:f rj:xkid w
f ;D oAi:f r[,qcme:f Oj,aObof.? vh;pAw:f yAef ymiyf :hg wmi,f xD:yD
OSif rlod ;f yD-1296? vle
d Nf uf:r[,(15)crf;eef.bof./ rlod ;f bmrf:umife[ Nofridl :f
O[eef. qof;zj.vlif OD,ayj.OD,rlid :f qof;tki,f uBj, vh;zdw;f ymif:tof
Oif,cj,qof;cof wmif,tae,uqj, umyf;Ogr:f awj,atj,qj,tj,pj,Ibof.
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bsy.cAe}f }ehbof./ vgt
h efw;D ugi:f rl:eef. Mif.oj;]]vgah qwDbuDI}d }
ehbof./
vke
d :f vhm:ohm:aOeef.rj: bge.f oj;umyf;ymefomef;rlid :f vSu;f vhm;rj:
aO oAi:f qcmef:Oj,auj; vh;ogw;f ohm:uGj,? ugi:f rl:wgi:f vlif tef wif;oh.wD;
elod v
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vlie
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qof;wlecf :l vlif qdol :f tefte
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2.
TOj,qof;vlif eefWb
d (rpjejbu) uRif:crf:? OD,ayj.?
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f u (Nofyof;iof;ulid :f vliO
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rlid :f OD,ayj.OD,rlid :f ? uRif::vliz
f ol :f awj,?
3. TOj,qof;vlif eefWjODId (Nofyof;iof;ulid :f Oifcj,)? uRif:ab,apj,?
4. TOj,qof;vlif eefWb
d (uSrNf ofyof; ulid :f Oif,cj,)? uRif:umef,Oj,?
5. TOj,qof;vlif qefWrd j (Nofyof;iof;ulid :f Oif,cj,)?
uRif:vli?f erf.vef;?
6. TOj,qof;vlif odqw
d w
f OjI (uSrNf ofyof;iof;ulid ;f Oif,cj,)
uRif:umif? erf.vef;?
7. TOj,qof;vlif qefWrd j (uSrNf ofyof;iof;ulid :f Oif,cj,)? uRif:egit
f mif,?
8. qkr:f auj:yu Tzj:vliuf mif.arj,? OD,ayj.?
9. qkr:f ayj;xof;sr;su,e[:oAi:f ?
10. qkr:f wyf.Okud :f sv; qkr:f y[.oAi:f /
3
yIdbwfwO
ugi:f rl:wgi:f vlie

f ef. vh;chm.rD:oh. e[:omif:Tzj:vlif rpj,rBmwf;rked
wmif:qAi,f Mif,oef:tgu,f eef.bof./ rlod ;f yD 1333-eD;? vle
d q
f iA rf ,[ (14)
crf;? (1.12.1971) vh;aw,wif;yuf:OofcrA f pAw:f Omif;wSe;f uSo;f r[,1.
2.
3.
4.
wSe;f uSo;f qef.ekid ;f wmif:bmof:_ygw:f - 32.ay,? 9-sr;rkod :f ?

wSe;f uSo;f qef.Ogif wmif:bmof:_ygw:f - 26.ay,? 4-sr;rkod :f yhmckid ;f ?
wSe;f uSo;f qef.Omrf wmif:bmof:_ygw:f -20.ay,? 10-sr;rkod :f ?
wSe;f uSo;f qef.e[:vdef awj,yAi:f vdef wmif:bmof:_ygw:f 9.ay,wAr?f
5. wSe;f uSo;f aw,tofeodl v

f e
d cf e
dk ;f wmi:f bmo:f _ygw:f 29.ay,?1.sr;rkod :f ?
6. wif;tofqig ;f ugi:f rl: xkid yf O
D iS f wmif:bmof:_ygw:f 8.ay,? 10-sr;rkod :f /
ohm:aOpAw:f Omif; pmif;ygiw
f e
S ;f uSo;f sv; umefbuk .f wrf:ugi:f rl:wgi:f
bof.wlo;f vDimrf:bof.eef. xkid rf j:yD 1335-eD;? vle
d Nf uf:r[, (14)crf;?
(15.5.1973) oef:tif:ume:f ? cmo:f bmr:f umiof ef:wAi;f (12) rgi:f wAr"f eef.
vh;wmi,f xD:yDOiS f ugi:f rl:wgi:f yAeuf rf:xle;f Ogib
f of./ tefvmu,f vhm:sw.
ugi:f rl:wgi:f tefb,[ yAi:f ugi:f rl:Ol,eh. e[:vlr;f zj. trf,yh,rD:aOwD;eh
bof./
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d wfxrfryj,v uSe,f qof;
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cj;wsy:pof: ykid ;f tdirf e
k if of:qof;wif:pj; tofaq,wej, oh.wmif:
ej;aO awwSr;f wmif,yke
d :f uSy;f ymify:hg yIdbwf; wli,f oAi:f OD,ayj. ehcj;
atj;/ ydil e
f ikd ;f auj; bge:f tofye
kd :f ygw:f tge,f yku;f eh. tofuik ,f tofre
k f
qgr:f ymify:hg cle.f ch;wSr;f wgy,f vdu;f pof:ehatj;/
wj,awyAerf j: ymiyf :gh cle.f ch;wSr;f wgy,f vdu;f eh. Nofyof;iof;ulid :f pof:cj;
tefye
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A :f Omif; vgi;f
eh.bl,aOwj.auj; trf,yAerf j:vh;sv; qif,oj;vh;yle.f rj: yDbmo:f cmo:f pkid f
sw."cj;/ bmrf:vAoMf wf;ygi,f xdik rf j: eG:f umyf;ymefaej,wSe:f clod :f cofqof;
ployf of;iof;ulid :f vlipf of:cj; TOj,qof;vlirf v
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TOj,qof;vlipf of:rdve
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pefvig ;f zgr.f Nrf;}}ehbof./ tefe.h ygiof j; qof;wlecf :l vlipf of: cf;G P;Oif,
cj,qof;wif:OAi;f zgr.f plr;f uefpw
A :f Omif; yke;f ymif;tefawyAez
f e
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d :f bmof:cmof:pkid uf jG ,rlod :f ej;/ vlod af Oeef.
eif,pkod af ej,wSe:f clod :f vke;f rf,G awrD:erf.uwf.wmif:cefvold w
f odl :f rj:aO
5
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awyAeaf uj.pmefOj,Oej,uGj, oef:wjrlod :f ej;eef. pof:vlo,f vh;pAw:f

Omif;pmif;ygif ]]ymify:hg yIdbwfwO
d WfXrfryj,v uSe,f qof;}} ef:G wli,f oAi:f
pof:ehatj;/ bge.f vln;f umifqGf tefc;Gf bku.f bgi;f pgi;f pmrf Oj,Oej,ykw.f
xcrf:qof; P;sz;wde
l :f bde
k :f bmof:cmof:uh rf,G Okicf rS .f wge:f vdol uf of,sv;
xdik rf j: yD 1365 vde
l Nf uf:rf,G (1)crf; (01.05.2003)eef. qif,vh;zdw;f
vof; TOj,qof;vlipf of:cof? qof;cl:Ogepf of:cof ul;owf.aOtrf,uj: vh;
zdw;f rgu,f yj: wif:qof;zl;rD:yke;f zge:f pmy,f umeof me;f rdil :f pof:cof cde
k ;f Mwf;
ymifurk v
f il f wD;owf.vlit
f ig ,f rif,uvj,zlo:f awj, wj,awsw,wif; yAef
ymify:hg yIdbwfwO
d WfXrfryjv uSe,f qof; ef:G wli,f oAi:f OD,ayj.bl,atj;/
OAe;f rmh TOj,qof;vlipf of:cof qof;uge:f uRif: qof;cl:Ogef Nrf;yj:
qof;ej;wD;pof:cof qdol :f cde
k ;f Mwf;ymifurk -f
1.
TOj,qof;vlif rdve
d W
f ]rpjOWfXrfraQjwduXq} uRif:vlif
tgi,f rif,uvj,zlo:f awj,? OD,ayj.
2. TOj,qof;vlif aujvdew
f OjI (zl;tgeNf ofOif,cj,qkid ;f rlid :f rlid :f
Nrf;wkr)f uRif:umifoiA :f ? OD,ayj.
3. TOj,qof;vlif yEf%q
d q
f uRif:Noferf.? OD,ayj.
4. TOj,qof;vlif tdeW
f Ojrd OSiuf oS .f
5. TOj,qof;vlif OqfqjeefW uRif:vli?f erf.vef;
6. TOj,qof;vlif njaEjZjO uRif:umif? erf.vef;
7. TOj,qof;vlif Okqe
d w
f j uRif:omef;ej:
8. TOj,qof;vlif tdeW
f u uRif:vlie
f rf.rj.
9. TOj,qof; ugE%
f nfn uRif:vliyf mifeyd .f
10. qof;cl:vlif ynfnjeefW uRif:ugi:f rl:crf: umifoiA :f ? OD,ayj.
6
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
11. qof;cl:ugE%
f nfn uRif:Noferf.
12. TOj,qof; ynfnjorfO uRif:Oly:f vif:
vdol af Oeef.trf,uj: Nrf;yj:wif:Zl;rD:yke;f zge:f zhm,vliyf ig q
f ikd ;f
rdil :f Nrf;wkrrf ild :f rmef;sv; wuj,Owf.xj: qlod :f cke
d ;f Mwf; eG:f ymifurk f rde
l f
eif,wD;wf;G eh.atj;/
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OD;rsKd ;atmif? taxGaxGtyk cf sKyaf &;rSL;?

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vki:f qmh:aqj,ode:f ?
qof;Oduk :f qgr:f rdil :f ?
yj;bD,bD,axG: (qkr:f ymh:bl,vD)/
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l e
f efeif,
uof, ayj:vli.f vSe,f yIdbwf;auj; awarjwdok :f urfqrg :f ayj:wdok :f urfqrg :f
rSe;f Mh;rSe;f wmif:ref:auj; wde
k :f awvh;xdik w
f ;D uwf:bAet
f rf,pmif.bof./
acj;Oif,Ogef qof;wlecf :l vlif rdve

d ,f w
Nofyof;iof;udil :f Oif,cj, wli,f oAi:f OD,ayj.
]]rif,uv> yjy> vkejwd}} qof;pof:cofwif:OAi;f ayj:pof:tgr,f vgr;f
zgr.f OAiyf iA :f ymuf,uefaO pAw:f Omif;ej;umef yke;f wj,Oj,Oej,uGj,qdik f
rD:rif,uvj, ul;cmof:bmrf:bof./
acj;Oif,Ogeq
f of;wlecf :l vlif ugi:f rl:crf:umifoiA :f OD,ayj.
ayj:cf;G uwf:bAeO
f old :f Oj, qmw;f eh.sv;qmw;f ej;qdik f bj,ayvdrk :f
wgi:f udrk :f cku:f cle.f uke:f rkeq
f of;wif:pj; Tzj: Twj: Oif,cj, TOj, ayj;sr;
ul;qof.efoG ef:crf;wj./
8
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
acj;Oif,Ogef qof;TOj,uRif:vlif erf.vef;

ayj:ch;yAez
f ;l tgeNf ofvq
D ikd f vlo,f bde
l .f uef;vh; avj:z awj:O
arj:p tdOO
f j, rqfOIdb rj,epof:bof./
acj;Oif,OgeTf Oj,qof;ugi:f vSi:f erf.vef;
vDsv;qj.Ogiv
f ig ;f ? umrf,bku.f bgi;f ygiyf ef?
trf,zgi:f vdol v
f ;h umrf,? ygiv
f old pf iS :f yAew
f mrf,?
ygiv
f old uf mrf,yAee
f ;D /
yAerf j:aIj:uj,N.bl, bjbl,sv;trf,phm yAeof w
l ;f /
trf,N.sv; bjtrf,phm yAew
f mrf,/
ayj:rD:oDIb
d trf,xdik w
f ;D vh;wku.f ccmefq/[
ayj:rD:oDIb
d vgi;f wku.f c trf,ayj:vh;xly:f erf/
tgeuf efso;vgi;f yde
k z
f mof, sO.ae:wSu,f bhm;
ohm,ej;cof;pjuefvt
D old ;f /
acj;Oif,Ogeq
f of;TOj,nj,aej: uRi:f umif erf.vef;
ayj:arjcof;tgu,f uyf:Odyk ,f yde
l ;f yAeuf mefimh ;?
ayj:trf,arjcof;tgu,f uyf:Odyk ,f yde
l ;f pmrf:umefv;h yhm;?
bj,ayuln:f zgr.f rdol ;f ref:ihm; bj,ayOgi.f yhm;rdol ;f ref:bmyf,?
pmyf,tofye
k ;f zge:f P;xdik w
f ;D /
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tki:f ygi,f ujcrf:

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qgr:f wmif:qkod ;f q[;/
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qhm:egi.f tge,f cAo;f rmif;(N:eg.h )?
10
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d ;f b[, yhm:ykw.f x
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12
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14
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15
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29
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31
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32
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33
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f oS ;f vli:f vkod ;f Oli:f bl, cefMif.wl:wl; wl:wl;eef.bof./
11. e[:yku;f rhm(1)eef. tofwif:uj,bef, -4-6-8-10 wlof tofNof
ugi.f uhm,rhm,oAe:f cAe:f vdof ayj:xkid uf od t
f efce
dk :f Nyf: cke
d :f vly:f OAib
f uf: quf:
zj,OAit
f j,OAit
f ,D OAit
f ig ,f OAiq
f ig ,f OAiw
f w
dk .f OAiMf ;h OAiv
f ;gh OAiO
f mw;f
pof:vmwf;yefujG , vif,uj,ckid rf e
d f pjudecf e
dk :f vli:f pkod O
f il :f pkod if of Oyf:tof
vh:g vh:g zg:h tofxidl :f xlid :f ulid :f ohpw
A :f ehwud :f wdu:f ayj:oj;xkid q
f ud :f xkid q
f rg f
pjMrfOiA rf e
k O
f iA rf e
d f OAiuf e
d pf mr:f tefbuf:acj: ayavj:rAw.f Ogif ayygif
buf:aij: ayj:omif:qrf;wmif:ej; ugoh j;OAiMf if. rhm(1)ckid w
f if;wrf:N.rD:arj
rku.f qkr:f aujrkee
f ef.aO,cBj,-rkef qof; bl, uRif: uAy:f wgi:f oh.ref:z[
cof;e[:q[ vhm:wSr;f vif,uj,eef./
12. ayj:pof:awwSr;f yku;f rhm(2)qrf. P;wSr;f uGmrf:ydov
f od v
f uS ,f pAw:f blid ;f
zlod yf uS ,f zli.f cke
d ;f ydoof e
dk ;f vlr:f yof, rof,ylid ;f vhm:ekid ;f pAw:f blid ;f elz:h eSw;f
oh:wkid ;f cke
d ;f wkid ;f cke
d ;f xkid rf odl ;f bmr:f ref:uAi;f pke
d ;f rlw:f uki,f tpki,f ref:OAi;f
41
yIdbwfwO
rle
d e
f if,oef:wAi;f bof.ohm,vgi;f trf,cgi;f pAw:f udu;f vif,uj, oh.Omrfxj,puf:
bof.cke
d :f vle
d ;f iSu:f vdi.f pjvil :f -oli:f wD;cgw,f bgw;f vif,uj, sr:oh.buf:qrf;
OAix
f e
l ;f Omrfpmif; wloe
f idk ;f sr:wkw
d .f yAeif il :f tefe.h OAiyf w
S ;f uSw;f
vSw;f udw
k :f oh.bAeO
f il :f eef.bof./
13. e[:uj;oj;eef.aOauj;- Oifoj;vgi;f wmif:ref:rD:rj: trf,qmif;
tofpw
A :f OAiyf od f OAicf e
dk ;f OAicf iS f ayeSie
f if,uof, zof,rlod ;f vlo,f vmw;f blo:f
blo:f ohm:eef.qif,uh;g cyf:cAo:f rdeuf jG , vif,uj,wkid ;f cke
d ;f qke
d ;f qmif, rle
d f
elu.f rdecf e
dk ;f ugi:f umifqef.zj. tj,Oef,Orf,yef,x cAi;f uGj,wtrf,ylid ;f
qif,Ndi;f ulid :f ely;f vif,uj, oh.Omrx
f j,puf:bof. sr:Oge.f buf:qrf;wmi:f yhmOAit
f rf,wif;cke
d :f yle
d ;f wke
d :f ckid sf y,oh. buf:qrf;tge,f yku;f (2)eh. trf,
wif; sp.uif;wmif:uGj, trf,cIj,omif:oh.vhmvhmbof./
14. ayj:awwSr;f yku;f rhm(3)qrf. P;wSr;f OAicf iS O
f iA pf iS :f OAiw
f iS :f OAiw
f rf
ayirfaybkw
d :f ayudw
k :f vj:vj: yj:rAw.f qrf;ej;vhmvhm yAeO
f mh yAeq
f odl :f
yAecf odl :f yAeb
f :[ q[:pAw:f OAiyf od f vdouf e
A q
f rg :f vlr:f qlr:f qgr:f wmif:arj
zj:aujpAo:f emef: bly;f bmef:ohvil :f pkpjNnf;- uhyg w
S ;f OAit
f j,OAit
f ,D xSof
xD,oh.buf: ulw.f puf:uli,f Oln,f vln;f - tefe.h ref:wif;cke
d :f P;wke
d :f ygi,f
q[ blid ;f pof:bj.udeuf n
l ;f eef.wj./
15. ayj:pof:awwSr;f awapj: Oazj:yku;f rhmav:qrf. P;tefOuf:
aO:rle
d uf ef wif:tefyuk ;f rhmekid ;f serj: bj,aytj:vj:OAicf iS f P;tlef
wrf:zSiuf yf:wmrf: Oh.g O[,Oh.g O[, umrf:vmrf:erfej yAeb
f mif;yAeb
f mif;
cmif:zjukud :f Mrf: xSrq
f rg :f xSrq
f rg :f P;ayj:Mwf;xkid w
f ;D blid :f rhm wle:f uGmrf:
vSe;f qgr:f Ohm wmif:OAe;f uGj,Oj,-sr:Nyf:sr:vly:f bof. sr:uAo;f ywf:zAo;f
42
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
OAiof .h rD:rAw.f wmif:ej; OAiz

f j;omif:ySw;f ayeSw;f cke
d :f tof ySw;f omif:rof
e[:wge;f vif,uj,eh./
16. qof;TOj,xmwf;awj,vhv
g rS f xSryf efwmif:N. qlod :f qkyuk ;f rhm(1)sv;
yku;f rhm(4) P;qD,wif;tle;f ugch iS f yku;f rhm(2)sv; rhm(3)eef. P;wif;cSiuf hg
tle;f Ogw,f vle;f qdrq
f rg ,f xgr,f uGj, qof;rD:ynf,nj,cofvmwf; bj,umwf;
bj,clo,f yku.f ulo,f c[;N. pof:qif,pky;f qkserSi,f ckid w
f iS ,f zkud :f wSr;f cyf.tSr;f e[:
cln,f P;yAet
f rln,f wlouf of, zof,rlod ;f Okw:f OAi;f bj,uAi;f Ohmsp, ej,sr,cif.
cmr,f xj; vgi;f oj;vif,uj, P;Okyd ,f uGj,ukw
d :f oh.e[:qkid ;f vkrd w
f :h - qlod :f qky;f vAu.f
qky;f vke
d :f P;cke
d :f vku.f rle
d z
f :h tgez
f rg .f uefpyd ;f Ogepf rf.oh:"wD;cj;aej:/
qof;TOj, rkee
d ,f w
wlud ;f Ogev
f ud ;f Oj,OeodOw
k .f xd
omef;bAe,f ? xki.f yli:f /
43
yIdbwfwO
cof;wmif,Ogr:f
vku;f qhm:sr; (OSiuf oS .f )
Friday, September 14, 2012. 9:30, AM.
wD;e[:rlid :f wh: tefu.h "bmrf;vh;ide:f aO wkud .f ukud :f uyf:qyf:oh. Oly:f

q[ yD;egi.f wh:pof:awj,pmef.eh.eef. yAev
f ig ;f tefoj;-]]trf,vDue
d f
cof;Ogr:f awj,}}eheef.bof./ trf,vDue
d cf of;Ogr:f awj,qlid .f pkod f ayj:oj;eh
qkid f rlod ;f pof:auj.vAu.f "eef. yl,ehm:ayj;sr;yD;egi.f ule:f bl,pdr:f udeq
f rf
tln:f auj.tln:f sO;pof:qlod :f eef. uh."oj;rj: ]]thm;qhm: trf,vDue
d f cof;
Ogr:f awj,r[:? ayj:udecf of;Ogr:f awj,eh nme,f tgu:f atjpof:xkid .f atj:qj,
tj,ej,qmuf;pof:wlu:f zki:f nmrf.tlod ;f }}ehqodl :f eh.aw,uGj, uh."tgeuf efoj;
ehrj:bl,/
vgif;ref:sw.auj; ugyf;yldof;uofcj;wkduf.vAuf.ehg.sv; vgif;oj;
q[;sw.pkdof? trf,q[;sw.pkdofeheef.sw. uofcj;auj;trf,arjwSyf:
wwf:rj:? awj;uj;oj;nmef,xkid .f atj:qj,wlu:f zki:f nmrf.rle
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f h
uofcj;bif:trf,ygi,f q[/ uofcj;auj;trf,pwf:wgy,f xAiq
f odl :f cof aOygu;f ?
aw,tof f e ef . rj: ud e f a uj;uof c j;trf , pwf : ud e f ? ayj:pef
tln:f auj.uofcj;qke.f udecf of;Ogr:f awj, tefwmif,oh.wrf;wD;ykw.f x
qof;eef.eh uofcj;auj;Odyk ,f qgr:f uGmrf:yl,rge,f sv; uh.oj;pif:cof]trf,
vDudefoj,r[: cof;wmif,Ogrf:awj,eh. nmef,xkdif.tguf:atjxkdif.zkif:
wlu:f oj,thm;}ehce
dk :f bl,/
wD;sw.ref: uofcj;auj;trf,pkw;D ygi,f ref:eif,uof, ref:yAeuf mG rf:
Okyd ,f uGmrf:uln:f vl:/ ref:c[;rle
d yf ;D egi.f wh:pof: uh.av,tgeuf ef bkr,f xSi;f
tefeidk ;f oj;-]]Ody:f trf,vDcof; uof;trf,vDtug ,f }}eheef.bl,/ oef:Ody:f
44
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
crf;eef. trf,vDvuk .f wmif,wD;aO cof;rj:ql:wD; bl,uof,pof:? uof;crf;

Orf. trf,vDvuk .f wD;bl,uof,pof:aO tgu,f cmof:wmif:uGj, bkr,f brfeif,
ehauj; rD:rj:wif:pkid b
f of./ wD;sw.ref: auj.pkye
A af uj.ekid ;f auj.trf,pk
Orf.Okyd ,f vmwf; yAee
f rh j:awj,pmef.eh.eef.bof./ Ody:f trf,vDcof;
tefoj;eef. ref:c[;oj;wD;ygi,f tefre
S ;f ref:oj;-]]wkqIlud ;f (10)ylid }f }
trf,vDtofcof;rj: e[:rmuf,vrf:Nofqp[ of:? P;ilid .f so;wj,aO,eh/ uof;trf,
vDtug ,f tefoj;eef.Orf. ]]uki,f Tzj:yAeq
f of;uof;ylid }f }qlod :f eef. trf,vD
tofzmw,f tgu,f e[:rmu,f vrf:Nofqp[ of:? P;tgeuf efoe
l .f ch;pefxidk b
f ,l wj,
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qof;TOj,vlicf ofqof; apj:xrf:yefb,l eef. awtrf,cof;q[aO xgr,f pkod ?f
trf,eef xgr,f bl,aOwj. nj:zgi:f q[wudk .f ydof rlod :f xkid e
f :[ Olee
f :[ ej:pkod f
qlod ;f eh. pof:vlo,f cke
d :f rle.f ar:erf"/ ref:c[;rle
d uf e
l :f auj.ekid ;f rlod :f xgr,f
Twj:aO qof;TOj,sw. yefNofacj;Twj:uGj, oj;-]]tzdxrf,rj,yxmef:}}
ehaO zlod ,f rlod :f xkid Nf e
d :f vku;f vmefOrf.xmrfoj; ]]rlod ;f eh.qof;TOj, apj:
yefTwj:qlid .f pkod cf j;ayj;_sr;}}eh awtrf,vmwf; Orf.ulov
f uk ;f tge,f oj;
pif:ule:f xof; trf,xgr,f xrf:? awvmwf;Orf.trf,wgi:f vDqidl .f eefaO
vmw;f uGj,oj;-]]zDxmrpf jyj;xge:f }}eheef.bl,/ oh.aOuge,f awcke
d :f Okyd ,f
vmwf;se vgi;f udecf of;Ogr:f awj,eh.aOuge,f /
wD;rl,vdu;f Nofe.h awbl,wD;wlox
f yl :f rj: vAy;f pAe:f N.pefzwf:pef
rSe;f nj:qlod :f eef.aO awvmw;f seuGj,oh.wD;e[:yyf.eh.? vgi;f oj;q[;bl,
sw.pj.` trf,eefauj; trf,q[;? bof.Orf.vku.f wD;v[aO yAerf j:?
nj:ymefv?[ ckev
f ?[ rlid :f v[aOyAerf j:? bof.auj; cj;awvlud ;f pjacj;urf.qh;g
ref: e[:yyf.xrf:ydwumwf;qof;aO vmwf;seoh.yj: uj;eif,bke
d :f rkod :f
vAy;f pAe:f pefo.h eef.aOuge,f /
45
yIdbwfwO
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A v
f ig ;f oj; ]trf,vDue
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k f
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d ;f b[,bl,eef./ wD;rlid :f rmef;auj;
nj:rSe;f ymerf idl :f yl:urf, rme;f cofMif.oj;(yume,f )eheef.wkud .f Ndi:f ? rlid :f rge:f
Ij,ref,n(Oxki,f )Orf. ymefqof;ckerf el,pj, wkud .f Ndo;f Ndi:f rlid :f wkud .f cke
d ;f
b[, tlre
k t
f j,ej,qmu;f clid ,f crf. wkud .f tky.f ylid ,f ome;f ygirf idl :f bl,eef. wD;rlid :f
rmef;sv; rlid :f rge:f trf,eef rlid :f rmof:thm;wh:-eh. uh."vh;pef yAeyf mif
wkud :f uefb,l wj,aO,? ayj:trf,yAeyf mifwudk :f uefw:h wif:rmef;auj; rmef;
wif:rge:f uh."pef yAeyf mifwudk :f uefrj: qArrf odl ;f rde
k .f Oke
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tefu.h yAeyf miw
f udk :f uefb,l eh.auj; rmiyf ug ;f rmiv
f [ pdruf efome;f rlid :f pdruf ef
clo:f cgif tgu,f e[:rlid :f pdre
f mif:cmif:Nof pdrt
f j,ej,qmuf;uef pdraf pjcrf:uef
qlod :f eh.v[bof./
ygu;f eh.sw. yAeyf mifwudk :f uefrmef;wif:rge:f pmof;"pSi:f "bl,/ bge.f
Oifeh taej,Ixj, rlid :f yl:urf, c[;vh;xrf:ydwumwf;qof; tefr:D e[:rlid :f
Ij,ref,n(Oxki,f )eef.bof./ pAw:f Oifc;[ vh;xrf:ydwumwf;uln:f Orf.
ayj:vh;yAerf j: ymifwudk :f uefb,[ pmof;pSi:f vj,ayj:ehqidk ?f qof;taej,Ixj,
eh. pAw:f vdu;f aO yg,h cj;ckerf idl :f rlod :f bge:f ymi:f tof xrf:ydwumw;f wrf;wD;
ckerf el,pj, rj:OgiO
f mrfyug ;f bof. rel,pj,trf,yefrj:/ yhmoj;rj:wD;cj;ckef
taej,Ixj,eef.oj; ]]ckeaf pjcrf:Ol yAeuf e
l :f ulod :f brf Ipme:f tbD:uB:D }}
tlod ;f ? pof:trf,yefv;h ulorf ef:rlod :f qkw,f zofz:h bj.uof:vkvoS yf w
S ;f xrf:ydwumwf;eh wD;cj; cket
f aej,Ixj, rlod :f cke
d :f bl,bof./ rlid :f Ij,ref,
n(Oxki,f )eh. ref:qrfridl :f tde,f wdbj: rwf.Odraw,Osv; xrf:ydw
umwf;ax,Iomwf;qof; cof;xkid rf j:wD;cofte
g w
f mif:sv; bmrf:eh.ule:f e[:
rlid :f rmef;wif:OAi;f qif,vh;bdy:f wkod :f qgr:f ax,Iomwf; tefrj:wmif:rlid :f
Ij,rnf,n(Oxki,f )eef.bof./
46
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
cj;ckeaf uj; tofumG rf:qlod :f eef. rlod :f vmwf;sewD;cket

f aej,I
xj,? taej,Ixj,cke
d :f wSr;f vdu;f Oli,f xkid x
f iS ;f oj; ]]ayj:trf,yefv"D auj;
pof:awpAw:f ymifwudk :f cof;Odr:f tofpif:uln:f }}eh/ rel,pj, qif,cke
d :f wgy,f
oj;- ]]ayj:xmef;oj; Oluwf.cSe,f auj; qmrf:wln:f sv; ayj:trf,ulouf e
l :f
Ol rj:tg,h zDy.[ rlid :f pof:aOauj;}}ehyefce
dk :f / rj:bli;f vlr:f taej,Ixj,
pmo.f pSi:f ej,sv; taej,Ixj, pmi;f Okud :f vli:f wkud :f rlid :f Ij,ref,n urf:Okod ;f
bl,bof./ uln:f uj; wmif:xmif,trf,sy.wmif:umwf; vh;Okr:f Okud :f aO tgef
vku;f egi.f Nefce
dk :f ? xkid rf j:OgiO
f mryf ug ;f auj; Okr:f rj:rle
d uf of,bl,wdu:f "bof./
taej,Ixj,eh. uwf.cSe,f zhm,Okud :f sw."eh pAw:f Oifwudk .f Okr:f Okud :f bl,
vj,ayj:ehqidk f ckerf el,pj,eh. rD:rmuf,wjOmrfNnf,/ Nnf,ekid ;f rD:wD;ej;
zmuf,ref: ayj:ref:tofrmuf,wjNnf,eef. wln:f ayj:ehqidk f wln:f xkid f
v[auj; wD;eef;vlw
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[ rf,bl,vh;wD;eef;eh
bof./ xSi;f vgi;f ekid ;f eef. wD;Oly:f Orf.rD:tj,pj. zki:f tj,ej,qmuf;Oly:f
ayj:vmw;f uGmr:f ekid ;f acj;ayj:ehqidk f yde
l ;f ayj:Oef,ulof wkr,f cke,f elod .f ayj:
uD;uGj,wif:wloe
f e
h ef.bof./
urf:vke
d :f rj: taej,Ixj, Mif.yki,f ej:arjeyf.rj:pdr:f qrfaO wgi;f
xmrfvig ;f wmif: vgi;f trf,tgi,f sy.Okud :f rlid :f Ij,ref,neh.aO yki,f ej:arj
eyf. qif,wmif,vof;uGj,oj;- ]]bj,rh;q[cj; qof;ckepf of: rD:vhm:Okr:f auj;
awrD:vhm:sy.ref:bl,wD;cj;}}eh? vmw;f se vgi;f oj;bmr:f vAopf of:cj; vlo,f
pjvmh : P;cofeif,uef trf,xku,f rSe;f uefeef.cj;atj;/ ayj:bmr:f eef.rj:
pof:cof;vh;ihm;"uln:f / wmif,vof;uGj,eif,ehb,l / taej,Ixj,auj; yh,g ule:f
cof;rlod :f rlid :f Ij,ref,naO qgy,f xmrw
f n
l :f vh;N.oj; e[:apjcofeef. bmr:f
vAof ckeaf pjcrf:rel,pj, rD:ar:Ogiaf uj. ar:tge,f trf,xku,f rSe;f uef
wif:ar:vli/f vh;N.eif,ehaO cke
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f aej,Ixj,
47
yIdbwfwO
bl,bof./ bmrf:eef. cket

f aej,Ixj, qif,cke
d :f Mif.yki,f ej:arjeyf.
rj:aO xmrfvig ;f wmif:awpAw:f pkod f Odyk ,f ckid x
f iS ;f / arjeyf.qif,oj; ]qof;
pof:yh,g ule:f cj;ckef tefqof;pof:wrf:q[vodl yf e
ld ;f eef.aO yg,h rlod :f bl,rlid :f
Ij,ref,n wD;omef;egu;f aOwD;"? P;pkid yf e
D idk ;f P;yde
l ;f ayj:trf,N.oj; yAef
ule:f rlid :f yl:urf,? ayj:pkid rf j:xSi;f yDeidk ;f P;cof;vh;e[:oAi:f Ij,ref,n? xSi;f yD
ekid ;f P;cof;bl,vh;e[:omif:apjcrf:? urf:vke
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qkr;f tge,f emif:ar:eh.g qof;rel,pj,}ehbof./ taej,Ixj,auj; yg,h ule:f
wrf:q[ref:auj.ekid ;f Oif,vmwf;P;wArx
f e
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bl,elod af cj:bl,w[;ehaO yg,h ref:cof;rlod :f rlid :f Ij,ref,nbl,bof./
cj;ckef taej,Ixj,auj; pAw:f eif,uGmrf:yliO
f if, taej,Ixj,aO
rlod :f bl,e[:rlid :f rge:f cmof:wmif:OmrfO,D yD pAw:f qgr:f uwd qof;ckeyf efo.h
awj,ayj:cof;uyf:Okyd ,f uefv;h wif:emif:qkr;f tge,f ckerf elpj,eef.rj:
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qkr;f tge,f pAw:f eefu;l oef: pkid rf j:qrfqu[ ef wif:qof;emi:f qkr;f tge,f ?
zmrf:eif,pmif;arjeyf.aO eyf.yef qof;emif:tge,f ? tefref:eyf.
qlod :f eef.auj; ref:ayj:N.bof. tgew
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ref:rmef,bl,uln:f tlod ;f / auj.yAeq
f of;emif:qkr;f tge,f sw. ugy;f ylod ;f c[;vh;
wD;bl, wD;emif:qkr;f vlisf v; wif:ule:f auj.eef. eyf.yef Orf.rj:imrf,
rSe;f uefsv; qif,Okyd ,f xmrfvig ;f wmif:ref: awpAw:f pkod f P;ayj:vh;pAw:f
emif:qkr;f vlif ayj:yAee
f mif:qkr;f vlirf j:eh awyefO:l aOtef"eh/
wD;eh; ykxq
k ef,ule:f pof: e[:avj:uvlie
f .h rlod ;f uwf:bAeq
f [
yAerf oA :f ekid ;f rlod ;f nj:wmi:f bmy,f zkw
d ,f rj: yAerf oA :f ekid ;f / vgi;f oj;q[;sw.pj.?
trf,q[;sw.pj.`ehqodl :f eef. trf,arjwyS :f wwf: vli;f ej;rj:tgew
f if:
48
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
aO qif,wSy:f wwf:/ eh.auj;vhm:eef.eif,uof, vgi;f oj;ule:f auj.eh.

rj:eyf.yefe.h q[;trf,q[; trf,arjwSy:f wwf: trf,ole.f vli;f ej;tgef
wmif:aO qif,ckid sf v;? N.oj;tefrik ;f rgi:f rh;q[rj: cmof:wmif:pkid e
f ef.
c[;wkr.f wgy,f wSe:f aO c[;yAeb
f ,[ uln:f sv; qif,Okyd ,f xmrfvig ;f wmif:ref:
bl,/ ule:f auj.eh.sw. urf:eh. rSe;f vgu:f uofbof;eh.aO qif,vof;vmwf;
oj; ]]qof;emif:tge,f pof:wD;cj;J ayj:qof;emif:tge,f pof: c[;P;qof;ckef
vlipf of: puf.aO bku.f bgi;f cke
d ;f yAee
f mi:f qkr;f vlie
f h qof;emi:f tge,f pof:
vlo,f ymwf, tofwe
d O
f e
d ;f qof;emif:pof: bAy.f qyf:O[,wD;zSe,f qAw.f
ej; qof;ckepf of:eef.atj;? ayj:eefqidk f trf,pkid q
f w
A :f oef: qof;ckef
awylid ;f rj:aO awpuf.qof;emi:f pof:vlod uf of, bof.auj;awbku.f tof qof;
emif:pof: cke
d ;f yAee
f mif:qkrv
f il t
f rf,pmif.wD;cj;}}wmif,vof;eif,ehbof./
auj.ekid ;f sw. ugy;f trf,N.qgr:f yIdsb,yle
d ;f aO trf,rD:ynf,nj,
wj,wSy:f wwf: N.c[;yAee
f mif:qkr;f tefvoA af O c[;vh;wmif:puf.elod yf e
dl ;f ?
c[;wgy,f wSe:f elod e
f mif:qkr;f vlif ylid v
f oA uf n
l :f sv; vh;pAw:f uGj, qgr:f eif,
arjzmrf:eyf.ygre
f ef. rj:vmwf;yefb,l bof./ xkid rf j:e[eidk ;f eef. rel,
pj, vku.f rj:Oku;f ej;aO tofze
S ,f qAw.f ej; tefu.h bmrf;tofqw
A .f bl,
eef. qAw.f ej;ref:uGj,bl,bof./ ohm:qAw.f bof. xkid rf j:Ogie
f O
[ mrfe[
eef. Ohmwjvku;f umifue
S :f rj:aO tofrw
g ,f phmuGj,pif:uln:f bl,bof./ rmuf,wj
omef;rlid :f Ij,ref,nsw. vyf:Odi,f uGj, yke;f wj,rlid :f yD;egi.f rge:f cofrj:bl,
bof./ ayj:oj;rmuf,wjvku;f uSeuf mifeef. rgw,f uGj,auj; awvh;oj;rlid :f rge:f
sw. rle
d e
f if,umifoef:wlu:f uGj,cmof:bmrf:wmrf:crf;eef.aO wj,omef;rlid :f
rge:f rlod :f ej;eef. iof:vhm:trf,vDee
h ef. ckerf el,pj,-Orf.ayj:vmrf:
vh; urf:vAob
f ,l bof./ bge.f z[pw
A :f eh trf,N.aOwj. vgi;f oj;rD:egee
f :[
elod .f oh.eheef. qof;ckeaf yj:vmrf:N.oh.bl,bof./
49
yIdbwfwO
ayj:vh;qAw:f oef:bof.auj; cmof,imof:tefoj; ]]rmuf,wjqof; ckef

rmuf,wjuSeuf mifOodk ;f ej;zmuf,eef. rgw,f uGj,bof.}}ehsv; qlod :f tefye
dl ;f
rD:ynf,nj,eef.sw. q[trf,vDqrg :f vDacj:clrq
f rg :f rh;q[qrg :f omef;rlid :f
cof oef:rlod :f ej;sw."bl,/ qlod :f trf,rD:ynf,nj,cofsw.auj; trf,pefyidl ;f
OifaOw uln:f yhmoj; ]vDbof; vDbof; ay,xrf:ref:}ehun
l :f aO trf,rD:
vgi;f cD;rh;Oif/ pAw:f eef cmof,imof:vgi;f eh. Mwf;xkid rf odl :f rlid :f yl:urf, Mwf;
xkid Nf OSiNf crf: cket
f aej,Ixj,sv; taej,Ixj, qif,Mif.yki,f ej:
arjeyf.rj:xSi;f ? vh;N.oj; ]]ayj:qof;pof: cof;wkud :f urf:eh. awsy.rj:trf,
pmif.? awngy:f vh;yj:wlof ckerf elpj, wif:ule:f e[:apj tdu,f qArx
f rf:ydw
umw;f qof;rj: trf,pmi.f cj;}}ehsv; taej,Ixj, pmi;f Okud :f cof;wkud :f rlid :f Ij,
ref,n urf:Okod ;f bl,bof./
ayj:oj;cof;wkud :f auj; rle
d e
f if,arjeyf. vof;wmif,oh.qlod :f eef. wArf
xle;f rj:eif,umifq[ taej,Ixj,aO ngy:f vh;yj:wlof ckerf el,pj,rj:bl,
bof./ rlod ;f eef. omef;rlid :f rge:f cofauj; vh;vyf:Odi,f uGj, rle
d e
f if,umifoef:
wlu:f zj.vrfOrk ,f ukr;f wefrj:eef.bl,bof./ taej,Ixj, wdtofce
k f
rel,pj,sv; rpj,aw,oD,e[:apj ule:f e[:apjsv; xrf:ydwumwf;rj: rlid :f yl:
urf,bl,bof./ uln:f uj; tj,ej,qmuf; wD;Oly:f cgicf e
k rf el,pj,wkud .f udw
k :f bl,
sv; ayj:ref:vmwf;uGmrf: urf:v[auj; taej,Ixj, Oef,wif:wloe
f h
wD;e[:yyf.vdu;f qof;TOj,vlif (wnfawmq&mawmf ,aeY Ak'0 g' tar;
tajz) wSr;f oh.eef. vmwf;eif,ehbof./ uln:f uj;eif,pkod af wsu;ch;vh;
yef,pjvgi;f eh.eef. taej,Ixj,qif,Mif.rj: arjeyf.ref:aO wgi;f
xmrx
f iS ;f arjeyf.qif,vof;vmw;f oj; trf,vh;rh;q[Oifcj; qof;ckef vgi;f
eh. cj;awsu;ch;yef P;qof;pof: wArx
f e
l ;f cj;vheah O qif,wmif,vof;
uGj,oj; ]]e[:cof;tefawrj:vAi.f rel,pj,eef. tofroA :f tefawP;tj,
50
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
ej,qmu;f Oly:f ref:phmeef. O[,avj:aO rj:wmi,f elod f yme.f ide

k :f yme.f crf:?
bof.Orf.pAw:f pmif;eif,wmif,Ogr:f awj,aO wmif,oh.elod cf iA ,f Tzj:? bof.
qke.f vli:f vAi.f yef ckerf elpj,ul;oef:wD;cj;sv; awtoftj,ej,qmuf;
ckerf el,pj,phmuGj,atj;}}/ wmif,vof;eif,ehaO aw,tofe
f ef.rj: ckerf
el,pj,auj; OhmwjvSi:f omef;rlid :f rge:f auj;phm thmOly:f tj,ej,qmuf;auj; trf,
rD:bof.? trf,rD:vgi;f Oifwj,uofbof.ehaO tofqw
[ ul :f uGj,/ qif,Oge:f vl,
oh. Tzj:Ol,ekid ;f rD:qkod ;f oh. awj,pmef.bmrf:eh.oj; ]]Tzj:rel,pj,}}ehbof./
bge:f Ol:oj;]]yAeuf e
l :f rj: zoqmwf;v[auj; bj,P;nj:yde
l ;f sy.udeaf O
urf:wD;cj;}} ehaO Oge:f oh.Tzj:yAeq
f of;Ol,eh.bl,bof./ aw,tofeef.
rj: taej,Ixj,auj; eif,umiq
f r[ ef:c[;yAee
f ef. pAw:f vh;OAi;f "bl,bof./
ugy;f vgi;f eh.aO aw,tofe
f ef.rj: ule:f e[:rlid :f yl:urf,v[ rlid :f rge:f
Oxki,f v[ tgeuf efoj; qof;rel,pj, udecf of;Ogr:f awj,sv; tj,ej,qmu;f
phmuGj,ehaO trf,pwf:udecf of;Ogr:f awj,rj: awj,xkid pf mef.eh.bl,/ bof.
auj; rlod ;f ymefeef. yD;egi.f wh:pof: uh.vli:f uj.clo:f wif:rlid :f yl:urf,v[ rlid :f
rge:f v[qodl :f eh.sv; vh;acj;uGmrf:tefe.h rj: Orf.ayj:qgw,f xkid f e[:rmuf,
vrf:Nofqy[ ;D egi.f wh:pof: awj,pmef.eh.bl,bof./ wD;sw.ref: udecf of;
Ogr:f awj,aO tj,ej,qmuf;ckef wlu:f uGj,auj;trf,q[;/ bge.f yde
l ;f rD: yId
sb,vDsv; qgi,f Okr:f uln:f / uln:f ej, cof;Ogr:f awj, tefvq
D e
k .f udef
sv; trf,vDqe
k .f udee
f h rD:Ogirf oA :f ? cof;Ogr:f awj, teftrf,vDqe
k .f
udee
f ef. rle
d e
f if,cof;Ogr:f awj, tefemif:Okqj,wj, vl,cof;erf.elr:f
wD;ykw.f xqof;eef.v[? tefyw
k .f xqof; Oki:f urf:vke
d :f Okw:f cof;Ogr:f
elod .f rl tefqe
k ,f w pAw:f vl,wmef:eef.v[ ref:trf,q[;ule:f pAw:f
uln:f ? ref:yj:atj:qj,zDcofpw
A :f qh;g sv; rD:ykw.f xqof;uln:f udeO
f ik :f
51
yIdbwfwO
vh;? ayj:ule:f xrf,rwj,qlid .f pof:eh. udee

f h tqj,e[:wgi.f pof:trf,vSof
vh;sv; awyAew
f ig .f qAy:f wgi.f uSe:f aO qmif;whmehbof./ cof;Ogr:f awj,
tefvq
D e
k .f udeO
f rf. wD;e[:rl,vyef,ej,Oyj,vdqof; xrf,rwj,bj,
wOkw;f eef. ykw.f xqof; apj:yliof j;]]vku;f puf.Ipmef:cofJ P;yAef
qlod :f pyf.cmrf,xlud ;f tofcol :f cgix
f rf,r wD;uofTzj:uln:f sv; bj,P;yAeq
f odl :f
pyf.cmrf,tofcol :f cgit
f j,rdO wD;uofTzj:}}ehbof./ bmrf:eef. rD:qof;I
pmef: Ogiw
f e
l f vku.f wD;uhaO awrj:pyf.tofvmh :uBmif.urfTwj: wrf;wD;
ykw.f xqof;ehsv; zSoMf wf;rj: yh,vh;Oki:f Ogr:f oef:? ykw.f xqof; qif,
yliof j;]]vku;f puf.cofJ cof;Ogr:f tefuofTzj:Oki:f trf,rlw:f aO udw
k :f oh.
eef. rD:bl,? Oifoj;c[;Oki:f eh tofOik :f auj;vh;bl,? Oifoj;trf,c[;Oki:f
auj; tofujG ,xgu,f ySw;f aOwD;"sv;}}Oif,eif,ehbof./ qof;Ipmef:wlef
ekid ;f Orf.oj; ]]ykw.f xqof; oh.yef clo:f cgix
f rf,rsv; tj,rdOOgiyf idl e
f .h
rle
d e
f if,cof;Ogr:f ykw.f xqof;eh.auj; ref:qof;ayj:cGmi:f yefbof.? uofaw
udeO
f ik :f aO pAw:f P;bof.uGj,cke
d :f eh.aOuge,f }}ehaO udeO
f ik :f uGj,bof./
qof;wlee
f idk ;f Orf.oj; ykw.f xqof;yefcol :f cgif Ogiyf idl e
f .h uofawtof
clo:f cgix
f rf,ruln:f bof. cof;Ogr:f eh. uoftrf,Oki:f bof. wj,oef:rlod ;f eh.
ble
d .f tofqidl .f ehaO pAw:f umefTwj: bjq[vrl :f wgi.f rh;uGj, awj,ayj:xkid f
rlid :f vSi:f umifeq
[ of.rlod ;f zku;f eef.bl,bof./ e[:uj;Ogiq
f of;eh. ykw.f x
qof; bgi;f abj: qof;auj.tefpyf.cmrf,tofcol :f cgix
f rf,reef.bl,bof./
wD;eh; c[;oj;sw.auj; clo:f Ogiyf idl e
f ef. toftefva[ uj;bof.? ref:
yAeO
f e
k ,f wloz
f r[ ef:uln:f sv; c[;N.oj;qgi,f xku,f vD qke.f udeb
f ,l sw.
pj.` trf,xku,f vDqe
k .f udee
f e
h ef.uln:f eif,uof,? ayj:vAy;f pAe:f wln:f
wD;eh;sw.auj; vgi;f oj;qke.f udecf of;Ogr:f awj,eef. vDb,l eh xmif,
qSi;f oh.bl,/ Orf.wD;wSu;f ref:xSi;f tefeidk ;f wD;e[:rpj,ouf.uyj,vdqof;
52
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
eef. vmwf;oh.oj; rlod ;f ykw.f xqof; yAev

f rl :f wgi.f yku;f wgi.f ygi:f vlr:f urf.
e[:wgi.f sv; arjbjvliq
f ,D ou tofbj;bjref:O[,e[:rgu,f rloaf O vl,
wmef:yef ykw.f xqof; P;tofOw
k ,f elrf eif,pkod af Ij:uj,vlr:f wgi.f uyf.
wgi.f ygi:f awqAo:f qke
d ;f phmehbof./ rlod ;f eef. qof;rgu.f uvmef,Orf. tof
nmef,qof; rki;f bAr;f wln:f oj; ykw.f xqof;awOki:f vh;Oif awOki:f vh;
cof;Ogr:f z[ve
[ h vh;N.oj;awOki:f vh;cof;Ogr:f Oax:vliaf Oj:eeh
sv; qof;qif,Myf,tofO,D ydw;f abj:cdi:f rlod :f Nde:f Oax:aOj:eeef.
bl,bof./ Oax:auj; rj:pyf.tofO,D ydw;f qof;rgu.f uvmef,aO toferf.
emrf,Oj,vmif.yefO,D ydw;f P;ayj:Mrfo.h aObof. qif,tofcof;Ogr:f vgi:f
O[,yef e[:OD,ydw;f eef.bl,bof./ qof;rgu.f uvme,f trf,Oki:f aO tmi;f
abj:cdi;f ygu;f cke
d :f eef. Oax:qif,oj; ]qof;pof: cSe:f awj,Oki:f Ogi,f
yef wD;eh;aOurf:wD;cj;} qof;rgu.f uvmef, qif,vmwf;oj; ]eh.yAew
f j,
ykw.f xqof;tlod ;f wuj,Oax:}/ Oax:qif,oj; ]atj:wD;cj;qof; vh;
bl,? cj;way:awcke
d :f vl,yefxiS ;f cj;vh}ehaO P;qof;rgu.f uvmef, Oki:f
yefw;D Nde:f ref:bl,bof./
ayj:bof. Oax:cke
d :f vmi.f yefO,D ydw;f qof;xSi;f aO tofcof;Ogr:f
vl,wmef:rlod :f wj,ykw.f xqof;xSi;f bl,bof./ rlod ;f tefqof; rgu.f uvmef,
cke
d :f xkid uf Rif:rlod :f uGj,eef. rSe;f rlod ;f ckeaf pjcrf:ydr,f ydOj,I rj:oh; Tzj:yAef
qof;sv; rj:bde:f thmMrfcof;Ogr:f tefyw
k .f xqof; wkud .f Oki:f bl,eef.
Mrfej,tj:vj:sv; rD:q[c;[ udeb
f of./ ykw.f xqof; N.pefxidk uf mifq[ ckef
apjcrf:ydr,f ydOj,IaO qif,oh.udw
k :f yef wj,ckeaf pjcrf: P;udeb
f ,l bof./
ckeaf pjcrf:ydr,f ydOj,I qif,oh;vof;oj; cof;Ogr:f tefe.h qkid af y.Mrfomef
wmef,eh. yAez
f cD ofrj:vl,cj;pj.? trf,eef ukew
f if:Mif,cofrj:vl,cj;p
ehbof./ vh;pkoj; trf,q[;tefv[ yAecf of;Ogr:f wuj,Oax:vliaf Oj:e
53
yIdbwfwO
vl,eheef. qif,pyf.tofue
d uf jG ,bl,bof./ wD;eh;auj; vh;wD;urf.wSu;f
ref:xSi;f tefeidk ;f bof. vgi;f oj;cof;Ogr:f tefv,l wmef:oh. wrf;wD;
ykw.f xqof;eef. vDqe
k .f udeb
f ,l eh/
uln:f uj; wD;eh;zl;wSr;f vdu;f c[;pmrf;wmyf;vgi;f ekid ;f cof;Ogr:f awj,
tefpof:awvl,wmef:eef. bj,blid :f tmef:oj;]]pof:awqke.f udecf e
dk :f
sv; vlo,f wmif,cSr.f "tdw:f ekid ;f ? ayj:eefqe
k .f udecf e
dk :f qif,vh;/ ayj:
trf,eef awySw;f vhm}}ehqodl :f eh. bj,ayblid :f tmef:qlid .f ehaO vl,
wme:f ? ayj:blid :f tme:f qlid .f ehaO vl,wme:f qkid f rle
d w
f if:pof: xgu,f ySw;f
vhm"uln:f awtrf,vh;zge:f vDOifwj,pof:? ydu.f Orf.oj; pof:qke.f udecf e
dk :f
bl,aOwauj; trf,rD:vgi;f Oif wj,P;yAez
f e
g :f vDwj,pof:vh;/ uln:f uj;
trf,wmif,cSr.f aObof. vj;vD;wmif,vl,auj; bj,aypAw:f / qlod :f eef.auj;
trf,vh;ukOol ,f eif,uof,/ urf;zgi;f uh."av,pef tefcofwmif,Ogr:f awj,
eef. yAecf of;rke:f qyf:cAo;f Okod .f rj:ugi.f oh. wD;elod cf iA ,f Tzj:yAeq
f of;eef.
ayj:tme,f Nofve
dl Nf ofoef:ref: e[va[ uj;bof.cof;rke:f qyf:cAo;f eef.bl,
ul;e[un
l :f / yefvuk ;f tge,f cofue
d f bif:awwgy,f xAiof j; trf,c[;udee
f v
h :l
uge,f / ayj:wj,pof:Orf.Okod .f udet
f efvD tefomefref:vhm" ayj:trf,cSr.f
trf,omef bif:trf,c[;udev
f :l uge,f / qlod :f eh.auj; trf,vDP;yAef pof:vlo,f
rle.f sr:uGj,pif:z[ref:/
tefpof:vl,wme:f oh.eef.auj; trf,q[;sv;oj; ref:Okr:f ide
k :f pof:
aO Okod .f vl,ySw;f vhm" trf,q[;? ref:yAew
f e
g ;f wj,zopof: rlod ;f zgi:f wkud .f
cke
d ;f "vli:f "bl, e[:zki,f zoOmrfOyd :f tAw:f cli:f qlo;f yh,vh;edy.f ymef,uwf:
bAee
f ef.uln:f eif,uof,/ vlod e
f ef. ref:yAeO
f e
A ;f wmif:wj,urf.qh;g
Mwf;xkid rf idl :f crf:edy.f ymef,uge,f / wD;wdul ;f Okw:f ref: pof:trf,Okod .f vl,ckud .f
vh;auj; pof:udeO
f ifauj; tofeef.bke
d ;f vl,wme:f auj; zge:f vDref:b[,
54
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
ej,bof./ trf,q[;oj; P;vl,wmef:erf" rAo:f ref:ayj:aq:sw.auj; pof:

trf,oj;eif,uof,? pSe:f cSr.f "zle
d e
f ikd ;f aO tofv,l wmef:P;yAew
f j,e
qSw;f "rme,f " qke
d ;f "O["qkid f zge:f vDref: yefye
k ;f wj,pof: ul;zoqmw;f
yme?f awj,ayj:Mwf;zSox
f idk rf idl :f crf:edy.f yme,f eh c[;Oif,vmw;f xkid f zl;vl
vdu;f pof:cof qlod :f teftrf,cku:f q[;vh;ole.f rSe;f yj:eef.eif,ehb,l /
urf;zgi;f eh.Orf. ayj:wj,ej;Nde:f wjab:eef. yAet
f efcudk .f ref:
vhm" ayj:wj,wD;elod cf iA ,f Tzj:eef.Orf. ayj:Nuf.ayj:rlod v
f il uf jG , c[;wrf:Oif
auj;wrf: c[;oh.Oifauj;oh. rmifyug ;f rmifv[ umif,ugeb
f if: uGj,wmif,oh.elod pf mef.
Tzj:yAeq
f of;eef.auj; bif:rD:uge,f / qlod :f eh. bj,P;vh;yAef wD;pof:vl,oh;
wD;tefawyefze
g :f vDpof: ul;zoqmwf;ymef wD;ulod :f vDpof:eef. bj,
xmif,zSy.f oh.rofrmifvj:"/ qlod :f eh. sw,tofe.h uGj, pof:vlo,f zmif.sw."aO
rle.f ar:cke
d :f ? ayj:wmif,zj,Oj,rj:Mwf;Nde:f pof: rj:pefpmef.Tzj:pof:qkid f
awqmif;xmif,vAu.f pof:eef.bof./ rmifauj."yhmxh,tofpmif;ref: rlod :f se
yj:rlid :f cofxiS ;f uge,f / qlod :f eh. pof:trf,vDtmh yle
d ;f pj./ bj,aypAw:f eif,
]]yl,pAw:f rj: bj;pAw:f oh.eef.vhm"uln:f }} tgeuf efre
l .f ar:cke
d :f vgi;f trf,
vDpw
A :f pof:eef.wj./ ckid O
f mi;f cke
d :f vgi;f wj,cke
d ;f b[,pof:z[:"wj.eh c[;tof
rl,vdu;f tge,f Nofe.h aO zmuf,wge;f xkid f e[:rmuf,vrf:Nofqy[ ;D egi.f wh:
pof: qlod :f wkud .f yh,ole.f rSe;f vgi;f eh. eif,ehb,l bof./
zke
d t
f id -f
1. rl,vyef,ej,Oyj,vdqof;? xrf,rwj,bj,wOkw;f ?
2. rpj,ouf.uyj,vdqof;?
3. wnfawmq&mawmf? ,aeYA'k 0 g'qkid &f mtar;tajzrsm; trSwpf Of(5)
4. wlox
f yl :f /
55
yIdbwfwO
wmif:puf.
wke
d :f clod :f (ukepf iA )f
ule:f pof:ul;auj. ayj:yh,ylw:f ySw;f udav,Oj,aO xkid q

f ef.tIdbj,
qkid f N.awyhzj,nj:OAe;f wmif:puf.bl,/ bge.f vgi;f wmif:puf.eef.sv;
tgeuf efv;h ph;vh;rh;vh;clov
f ;h Olod :f bge.f ref:rj:vhmqol ;f vhmurf,zj,/ vgi;f
puf.eh. wj,awyAerf j:ref:auj; awj;rD:vgi;f wmif: wkod .f wmif:OAe;f wmif:
ref: vhm"vgi;f vhm"wmi:f bl,/ ]wmi:f }eh. yAev
f ig ;f wmi:f OAe;f wmi:f wj,aw
yAerf j:vgi;f puf.sv; qif,tgeuf efMif.oj; ]]wmif:puf.}}ehauj; awj;aw
rSe;f bl,/
wmi:f puf. (3)ylid f
1. wmif:puf. ylid w
f e
dk :f Ozj,o?
2. wmif:puf. yke;f zge:f ?
3. wmif:puf. qIe-oj;eh rD:oh.(3)ylid /f
ekid ;f ]]wmif:puf. ylid w
f e
dk :f Ozj,o}}eh. yAew
f mif:puf.ayj;sr; puf.
vku;f vmif:? vku;f vmif: puf.ayj;sr;? zloaf r:uef puf.uef? ql.qlo:f uef
puf.uef? yD;egi.f uef puf.uef? tln:f auj.uef puf.uefeef. bge.f vln;f
yAerf j:qgr:f ylid yf e
A O
f zj,oref:sv; Mif.oj;-]]wmif:puf. ylid w
f e
dk :f Ozj,
o}}eh/
wmi:f puf.tefayj;sr; puf.elod v
f uk ;f vmi:f eh. trf,qkod ;f oj; pAw:f tof
zkud :f tofsv; yAerf j:trf,q[;? ref:wke
d :f yj:rj:qgr:f elod .f vlw
d ;f ylid w
f e
dk :f
ref:eef.urf:vAo?f trf,oj;ule:f trf,oj;Owf: qlod .f rli;f auj; rli;f ySi:f
56
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
qlod .f rSi:f auj; rSi:f puf.? vku;f z[,vmif:ref: wke

d :f puf.ul;auj.bl,/ uln:f uj;
q[ue
l :f pof:urf;zgi;f eh. ayj:yAev
f uk ;f vmi:f pof:sw. puf.bl,? rD:wmi:f zdw:f
rj:auj; yh,g omi:f yefv;h bl,aOwj. ayj:yAev
f uk ;f vmi:f yde
l ;f Orf. trf,yh,g omi:f
yefv;h ? zloaf r:uef puf.uef ql.qlo:f uef puf.uef? tln:f auj.yD;egi.f
uef puf.uefqodl :f eef.auj; awj;eif,eef? uln:f uj; cofqodl :f eh. qgi,f
Orf.yj;Mif.vh; wmif:puf.qSw;f qmif,bof.pkod ?f qgi,f rD:wD;bly;f bgr:f wmif:
zdw:f Oifbof.pkod ?f vlwn
l :f vdu;f Nofe.h aO cof;wmi:f ole.f uefwn
l :f zgi;f /
Ogif ]]wmif:puf. yke;f zge:f }}eh. yAet
f efue
l :f pof: rD:q[puf.elod f
yke;f zge:f qof;uof,aO pAw:f Omif;ej;umef ul;Orf,ul;vgi;f eef.bof./
qgr:f eif,yke;f zge:f qof;uof,rD:eef. pAw:f yefwrA "f xle;f "? trf,yef
bly;f bgr:f Oifeef. ygi,f oj;puf.yke;f zge:f ehbof./ eh.sw. yAev
f ig ;f vD
bl,tefeikd ;f eif,uof,/ uln:f uj; Oifoj;trf,rD:yke;f zge:f trf,q[;yke;f
zge:f qof;uof,ehv:l qgi,f Orf.awcwf:q[ pAw:f yef? yAeyf e
k ;f zge:f
qof;uof,bl,aOwj. bge.f trf,vlod v
f ;h rD:yke;f zge:f sv; trf,qmif;pAw:f
pkod af O vh;pAw:f yef? ayj:qlid .f eef qgi,f ref:Orf.awxkid w
f ;D xkid w
f mif:
rD:zge:f vDerfvodl v
f ;h pkod ?f Oifoj;trf,q[;ugr.f rD:yke;f zge:f sv; vh;pAw:f
Omif; bge.f ylod ;f ygi,f q[N.pefxidk of j; ref:rD:zge:f vD wge;f wj,qof;uof,
sv; ule:f wif:erftodl ;f ehaO trf,cmif:Ndo.f cmif:rh;g cmrf,bmyf,cmrf,zkw
d ,f
aO pAw:f Omif;ehv:l trf,vDwodl :f vlod e
f ef.pj.? pefxidk of j; ayj:ugr.f rD:
yke;f zge:f sv; pAw:f yef? trf,eef trf,vlod v
f ;h yke;f zge:f sv; vh;
pAw:f Omif;uGj,uln:f sw. awtrf,ayj:rD:vgi;f cke
d ;f b[,wlod :f wge:f e[:rl,e[:
qkr:f e[:ej;umefpof: ul;tgi;f ul;wD;/
Omr
Omrf ]]wmif:puf.qIe}}eh. yAew
f mif:puf. rD:erf.uwf.wmif:cef
tefue
l :f ul;auj. trf,rD:vh;eef.bof./ ]]qIe}}eh. yAeaf cj;uGmrf:yj,vd
57
yIdbwfwO
ygi,f oj;]]wmif:bmrf;? vgi;f wkod :f urf}}ehaO Nrf;uefr:D wD;ygi,f oj;]]wmif:puf.

qkod ;f OAiq
f of;uof,? vgi;f wkod :f urfqof;uof,? Odex
f rf:uki,f Odu.f cj,qof;uof,?
pAw:f qgr:f yuf:ylid Tf wj: trf,wln:f ej;vAu.f ej;b[,? eif,pkod O
f e
d x
f rf:qkod ;f
OAif uki,f Odu.f cj, awtrf,vkvoS f vgi;f arjb,l Oof:wkod :f urf pAw:f Omi;f qgr:f
P;ule:f wif:erfsv; wlouf of,rD:zge:f vD}}ehbof./
wmif:puf.rhmOmrfe.h vrf,vgi;f wj,ule:f pof: ul;xmef;ul;yhm:ul;auj.
sw."/ Oifoj;tofwmif:puf.rhm(1_2)oh.yAeyf idl b
f ,[ aO yg,h ySw;f oh. wmif:puf.
rhm(3)qkid f rl,eef. qkr:f eef. Nde:f eef. omef;eef. oAi:f eef. rlid :f
eef. wuf:awbly;f bgr:f wlu:f Okr:f uGj,bl,trf,pmif./ bge.f ylod ;f wmif:puf.rhm
(1_2)eh. ref:qmif;tofwmif:bmrf;ule:f pof: vl.zdw:f ydil ;f aO awulw
d ,f
tgu,f q[twf.w pSi:f b[,vlod rf j:wdu:f "eef.bof./ auj.ekid ;f sv;auj.ekid ;f ?
Nde:f ekid ;f sv;Nde:f ekid ;f ? ome;f ekid ;f sv;ome;f ekid ;f ? oAi:f ekid ;f sv;oAi:f ekid ;f ?
rlid :f ekid ;f sv;rlid :f ekid ;f ? qkr:f ekid ;f sv;qkr:f ekid ;f ? ule:f clod :f ekid ;f sv;clod :f ekid ;f
tofqt
[ wf.w yAeyf idl b
f ,[ aO trf,c[;cof;tgu,f qh;g xSruf ef? trf,arjtrf,
rD:erf.q[cof;tgu,f qh;g xSruf efaO awqmi;f udw
l ,f tgu,f zge:f phm.vlirf j:wif:
erf/ wmi:f bmr;f vgi;f twf.wrj,eb[,eh. vDuol sf w."/ vDv;h arjoe
l .f vD"
ole.f bmof:" wj,vku;f vmefpof: cmof:wmif:ej; eif,pkod w
f mif:bmrf;trf,vD
vlit
f wf.wrj,e awtrf,rj:qgr:f Mrf:qyf: e[:wloe
f :[ q[cofe
f ef. qlod :f
yAeuf e
l :f vlif zl;tgeNf ofsewmif:wif:OAi;f wlouf of,auj; ylw:f ySw;f
twf.wrj,eaO seyefwmif:qkiq
f ef vku;f vmefve
d pf of: P;yAef
ule:f ekr,f vDsv; yAez
f ;l tgeNf ofuwf.cSe,f vD rlod :f ej;aOurf:/
58
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
]]Ohmq[vil f pj;OAe;f }}
1. Ohmqq
[ mo:f ykw.f x yAeO
f Ieuki,f sv; urfrOuwj,Orf,rj,wdw.f xd/
2. Ohmq[qof;Omif,qof;qmif:cof yAeof e
d mh :Odu;f cj, wif:wkod :f urfOe
d f
xrf:/
3. Ohmq[Oj,Oej,Tzj:yAeq
f of; yAev
f ig ;f Ogepf e
A :f xrf:yIdbmwf;/
4. Ohmq[qodl .f qmwf;qmof:clod :f yAeuf mG rf:vmwf; vdu;f vhm:sv;zdi;f /
5. Ohmq[vig ;f rl,qkr:f cke
d ;f b[,wlod :f wge:f yAez
f ;l tgeNf ofvz
D rg .f OAiyf iA :f
ymuf,uefv/D
ODviS f (egirf e
g )f vj;OAo;f
bAef
cef,xj,wloq
f p[ of: - trf,vh;Oof:uwf:bAef
ugy;f ylod ;f vgi;f yAev
f k - wD;qkvig ;f cmefq[
oef:e[v;h rh;vlw
d ,f - wmrf,udw
l ,f xof;yAew
f mh
clod :f OhmOif,cj,I - tedw.f qpkod rf ef;
ble
d .f uef;bmyf,cmefq[ - ref:z[trf,pmrf;vh;
wj,vgw;f rh;uwf:bAef - yAeuf mefoyd Of.Oej,
buf.cef,xj,yAev
f k - N.Oqf.qj,OD,yj:
vh;rmuf;zlo,f Twj: - trf,cde
k :f rj:sw,qmwf;xSi;f bof. J/
wke
d :f clod :f (ukepf iA )f
59
yIdbwfwO
uke:f rkeIf pme:f wK,qof; (4)ylid f

qof;cl:aujodWjqjI (zhmcke,f )
owf.Ogex
f rf:rln,f awK,? oAi:f rlid :f yef,
e[:OK,OeK,TzK:yAeq
f of; Ipme:f wK,cofqof;eh. yAeyf uk .f ulo,f tef
rBmwf;wge:f vlod af Oyle
d ;f ? yAez
f ;l pyf.cmrf,xlud ;f wmif:vl, tefuwf.cSe,f
vlod af Oyle
d ;f bof./ zl;auK.tefv;h vl,wme:f wrf; wD;Ipme:f wK,cofqof;
eh. yAew
f mif:vl, tefrBmwf;wge:f vlod af Oyle
d ;f aOtrf,uK: qmif;yefyK:
zge:f vD Okod ;f eK;urf:vAob
f ,l bof./ ugy;f eh ule:f pof:eh. tgeuf efrig :f
P;vh;vl,wmef: wrf;wD;Ipmef:wK,cofqof; rki;f rgi:f P;vh;Nyf.xly:f Ipmef:
wK,cofqof;bl,wK,aO, tefye
A If pme:f wK,cofqof;qlod :f eef. uke:f rkef
cofqof; rD:oh.OD,ylid O
f ,D rAo:f bl,bof./
1. y#dOrfZW
d jywfw- qof;Ipme:f wK, tefwrA x
f e
l ;f ywdOrfzw
d j
TwK:OD,blid ;f ?
2. OVZdnn
f -qof;Ipmef:wK, tefwrA x
f e
l ;f tZdn,f nmef,Nuf:ylid ?f
3. awodQQ
f - qof;Ipmef:wK, tefwrA x
f e
l ;f odw.f qK,Omrfyidl ?f
4. Okucf odyOfOu- qof;Ipmef:wK, teftrf,rD:Omef,OrK,xdaO
bof.? Ome,f OrK,ywf;TwK:pAo,f pSi;f eh Ipme:f wK,cofqof; ySu,f ylid ;f uef
oh. OD,ylid O
f ,D rAo:f eif,ehb,l bof./
1. y#dOrfZW
d jywfw- qof;Ipme:f wK, tefwrA x
f e
l ;f ywdOrf
zdwj OD,ylid t
f efoK;eef. Ipmef:wK,qof;yK:eh. twfxy#dOrfZW
d j?
Xrfry#dOrfZW
d j? edIw
k w
f yd #dOrfZW
d j? y#dZjeOrfZW
d j tefoK;
ywdOrfzw
d j OD,ylid e
f .h wArx
f e
l ;f oh.vD"sv; qif,vh;Mif.-]y#dOrfZd
Wjywfw Ipmef:wK,}ehbof./
60
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
D K tefoK;eh.qrf. nmef,
e[:uK;OD,ylid e
f ef. twfxy#dOrfZw
tefN.pefxidk f zge:f vDqodk ;f q[;? nmef,tefN.pefxidk f wD;ygi,f OazK:
yK,vdszref: rme,f rSe;f qkod ;f q[;? nme,f tefN.pefxidk f vgi;f wku.f ccmef
q[u;l vgi;f ? nme,f tef,N.xkid f vgi;f wD;Okw:f Oif,cK,I? wD;wku.f crlw:f OAi;f
edy.f ymef,qlod :f eh.bof./
Xrfry#dOrfZW
d j tefoK;eh.qrf. nme,f tefN.xkid f vgi;f wmi:f
ref: rme,f rSe;f qkod ;f q[;? nme,f tefN.pefxidk f yK,vdOwf.wK,rme,f rSe;f ?
nmef,N.xkid f vgi;f wmif:yAew
f uk .f c tef,Mif.oK; Orkwb? nmef,tefN.
xkid f vgi;f OAe;f wmif:wku.f crlw:f OAi;f aO Mwf;xkid rf idl :f crf:edy.f ymef,
tefMif.oK; ruf.uqlod :f eh.bof./
edIw
k w
f yd #dOrfZW
d j tefoK;eef.qrf. nmef,tefarKN.ygi,f

vgi;f zdw:f vgi;f rSe;f ? wD;zK,OK,uGmrf:vmwf;sv; vgi;f vgw;f apK:tmef,
yK,vdOwf.wK,cofqodl :f eh. zdw:f pK.rSe;f pK.eh arKqSu,f szvh;vD"eef.
bof./ ylid w
f uS ;f ref:qrf. yku.f ulo,f auK.tefv;h edIw
k .f wdywdOrf,zdwj,
eh. ayK:oK;vh;ide:f auK. tefvw
g ;f apK:oK; ]tWdee
f KWjeK aoIrEd
Oducf KyW> OrKWdbKrd}ehqidk f eh.yAeO
f iA v
f w
g ;f apK: rmef,rSe;f tlod ;f eh
N.pefxidk uf rf:vAob
f of./ ayK:vgw;f apK:oK; ]tWdee
f WKeK aoIrEd
Oducf KyW> OrKWdbKrd}ehqidk f OAiv
f w
g ;f apK:tefe.h ref:trf,rSe;f
ref:zdw:f oh.tlod ;f eh N.pefxidk v
f ;h eef.bof./ ugy;f eh ule:f yku.f ulo,f auK.
tefarKN.ygi,f xkid v
f ;h qlod :f eef. awvh;Mif.oK; yku.f ulo,f auK.tefMwf;xkid f
vh; ]edIw
k w
f yd #dOrfZW
d j}bof;/
vgi;f N.rmef,rSe;f wD;]tWdee
f jWjej}eef. (tWdee
f +tK
WKeK)eh awvh;quf:tgu,f Ogiaf cK;oh.bof./ tWdee
f -tefqof;ref:
61
yIdbwfwO
trf,tofwol O
f yl :f aO yefsv; clo:f cgie
f ef.? tKWjeK-vgi;f vuf.tof
eef.? aoIrEd Oducf KyW>-yAev
f ig ;f ilid .f so;sv; wD;Odu;f cK,yku;f eef.?
OrKWdbKrd-wkod :f urfv"D bof./ awvh;rmef,rSe;f qlid .f eif,ehbof./
vgi;f zdw:f ref: wD;]tWdee
f WjeK}eef. tWdee
f -tef
qof;ref: trf,tofwol O
f yl :f aO yefsv; clo:f cgie
f ef.? wKeK-vgi;f yef
eef.? aoIrEd Oducf KyW>-yAev
f ig ;f ilid .f so;sv; wD;Odu;f cK,yku;f eef.?
OrKWb
d Kr-d wkod :f urfv"D bof./ tefzw
d :f ref: yAee
f if,ehbof./ ayK:oK;
vh;ide:f OAiv
f w
g ;f apK: tefref:zdw:f ylid ;f rle
d q
f idl .f ehqidk f nmef,tef
arKN.ygi,f qSu,f szvh;eef. qif,Mif.oK;]edIw
k w
f yd #dOrfZW
d K}ehbof./
y#dZKeyWdOrfZW
d K tefoK;eef.qrf. eif,tefrug ,f vmwf;
serK: nmef,ywdOrfzw
d jOmrfyidl f yK;elod e
f .h arKN.wD;ygi,f tefumG if;
ref:eef.bof./ qof;Ipmef: tefwrA x
f e
l ;f ywdOrfZw
d jOD,ylid e
f ef.
qif,vh;Mif.oK; ]y#dZjey#dOrfZW
d jywfw Ipmef:wK,}ehbof./
4. OVzdnn
f - qof;Ipmef:wK, tefwrA x
f e
l ;f tzdn,f nme,f
Nuf:ylid t
f efoK;eef.(1) nmef,tefarKzmef,Omif: arKsepmif;zmiftrl e
k uf ;l ylid "f tef
Mif.oK; tdWX
f od X
d tZdnn
f jE?
(2) nmef,tefie
d :f OAif wD;qrfw;D uhv;h tefMif.oK; WdYYf aOKw
tZdnn
f jE?
(3) nme,f tefarKvrf:N.q[ye
dl ;f tefMif.oK; yIqdww
f odQQ
f je
enjE?
(4) nmef,arKN.pef zooef:vifce
dk :f tefMif.oK; ykYaf YedoKOj
ekOO
f wdtZdnn
f jE?
62
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
(5) nme,f arKN.pefxidk f pmi;f zmiv

f ;h ul;zhm,ul;wmi:f tefMif.oK; WdYYf
qufct
k Zdnn
f jE?
(6) nmef,arKwSy:f cmwf, tK,OoOD,ylid f tefMif.oK; tKOoufcb
tZdnn
f jE? tefMif.oK; tzde,f nmef,Nuf:ylid e
f .h wArx
f e
l ;f bof./
qof;Ipmef:wK, tefwrA x
f e
l ;f tzde,f nmef,Nuf:ylid e
f .h bof. qif,vh;
Mif.oK; OVZdnn
f Ipmef:wK,ehbof./
5. awodQQ
f - qof;Ipmef:wj, tefwrA x
f e
l ;f odw.f qK,Omrfyidl f
tefoK;eef.qrf.(1) nmef,tefN.pefxidk cf e
dk :f zouof,oef:vif tefMif.oK; ykYaf Y
edoKOjekOO
f wdoQ
d Q
f njE?
(2) nme,f tefN.pefxidk v
f ;h pmi;f zmiq
f rfuh tefMif.oK; WdYYf qufck
odQQ
f njE?
(3) nmef,tIpwfwrmuf; teftug ,f yle.f vgw;f vh; tK,OoOD,ylid ?f
tefoK; tKOoufcbodQQ
f njE? qof;Ipmef: tefwrA x
f e
l ;f nmef,
Omrfyidl e
f .h bof. qif,Mif.oK; ]awodQQ
f Ipmef:wK,}ehbof./
6. Okucf odyOfOu- qof;Ipmef:wK, teftrf,rD:Omef,Orjxd
aO Omef,OrK,ymwf;TwK:pAo,f pSi;f tefoK;eef.qrf. qof;Ipmef:wK,eh.
qArrf odl ;f yh,Mwf;xkid f tIpwf.wzlo,f eef. wD;elod O
f mef,OrK,ymwf;TwK:
eef. trf,rD:vgi;f Nrfqrl :f trf,rD:vgi;f yAi:f ayK:q[aObof. cwf:q[pw
A :f
umef odywf.OeK, pmof;"pSi:f "aObof. vh;rK:tIpwf.wzlo,f aO yAeIf
pmef:wK,uGj,bl,eef.bof./ tefye
A q
f of;Ipmef:wK,eef. qif,vh;Mif.
oK; ]Okucf odyOfOu Ipmef:wK,}ehbof./
63
yIdbwfwO
tdie
f odl If pmef:wK,OD,ylid f ySu,f ylid ;f uef rle
d e
f if,yK;elod e
f .h aObof.
sv; OK,OeK,TzK:yAeq
f of;auK; awref;ukrd :f pK;pAiyf rD idl :f tlod ;f eh qSu,f
szoh.yef eif,yK;w[;eh.bof./
1. ymefy#dOrfzW
D jywfw Ipmef:wK,qof; OK,OeK, pAie
f idk ;f ?
2. ymefOVZdnn
f Ipmef:wK,qof; OK,OeK, pAie
f idk ;f ?
3. ymefawodQQ
f Ipmef:wK,qof; OK,OeK, pAie
f idk ;f ?
4. ymefOuk cf odyOfOu Ipmef:wK,qof; OK,OeK,pAie
f idk ;f ?
5. ymefyKwrd ug cf OrfoI OK,OeK, pAie
f idk ;f ehaO ykw
d ,f se vln;f vgi;f
OK,OeK, awref;ukrd :f pK;pAiyf rD idl :f uGj,oh.bl,bof./
]]ayj:umrf,vDre
k yf ef ule:f zmefqmif;cke
d :f rD:
ayj:umrf,phm.rkepf :D ule:f rD:qmif;cke
d :f zmef}}
(zducf k aujodW? XrfarjWb? uAi:f wki)f
]]rlid :f zDurf.wmi:f vl, wD;bl,urf.Nofq[

bl,wD;v[auj; trf,rD:yefpjOifwj,J}}
64
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
]]Orf,ao,uTwj:}}
wloq
f M[ if.Iky;f emrf, - tefcmrf,trf,rD:Oif?
yAev
f w
dl ;f vky,f elod .f eif - qkwrk x
f ifye
A pf mif;?
qmif;qku:f bmif;udee
f e
g :f - wli.f ekid cf e
g :f pAw:f Orf,?
tOmif,pmif;trf,whm - trf,ySw;f vhmaOygu;f ?
ykid ;f tdipf mif;ide
k :f crf:tkw.f qj,?
ykid ;f tdin
f mef,ynf,nj,pAw:f Oki?f
ykid t
f id b
f j,xl:qkod ;f vkod :f Nif?
ykid ;f tdiq
f odl .f clod :f vlib
f ,[ sz;?
ykid ;f tdiaf yj;tdu,f sr;zloaf r: - awqAo:f vl.Okr:f whmuGj,?
trf,ygi,f cIj,ylid O
f if - tofeodl .f eifw,l vmef;?
yle
d ;f rlod ,f qmef;zifzof?
z[trf,tofo.h vh; - qmif;vlw
d ,f rh;Okr:f ymef?
ugy;f ylod ;f ref:yAee
f h - zl;v[za[ uj;bj,?
vlo,f N.wlocf ef,xj,z[ref: - pdy;f vef:uef:pjnmef,?
P;qAo:f xkid e
f yd .f ymef,rle
d uf efaOurf:vln;f wj./
yl,uRif: (oAi:f vlod ,f )
65
yIdbwfwO
uGmr:f Oif,Ogef
qof;IaO: odyOfOe rlid :f emi:f
uAy:f Mrfwrg w
f rS ;f
yl,uRif: (oAi:f vlod ,f )
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
eif,eh.tgeuf efrmwf;wgi:f xgr,f ? uAy:f qgr,f oh.e[:q[?

Tzj:yGmif.ayj,uGj,? erfej,aOrAw.f Ohm:?
Orf.oj;udw
l ,f xly:f nj:? trf,xgr,f uGmrf:Twj:qof;vmwf;?
ukr,f rkid .f rlud ;f vlid :f wef? ukr,f se:uefzmh ,egu;f ?
ayj:Tzj:rD:wmif:Mif,? r[:uGj,ygi,f wmif:qmef:?
ayj:Tzj:rD:wmif:wlu:f ? r[:uGj,rlu:f oef:tgu,f ?
qof;oj;P;r[:ygiw
f mif:vD? Orf.ygicf uD jG ,w[;?
iIhm:wdIqf.Omef,ydw.f wj,tOl,Ij,su,?wD;bl,aq,pkid b
f e
dk :f ?
clod :f clod :f uh.rlod :f uGj,? urf,zj,vkqif,cke
d :f ?
yAeuf e
l :f rj:ab;qmwf;? pAw:f rlud ;f umwf;zdw:f wmif:?
ugy;f ylod ;f Owf.qj,trf,vSi:f pef? qif,tgeuf efuBmif.ylid ;f ?
Tzj:Oj,Oej,? rke
d ,f OSeq
f mwf;ab;cj,xly:f nj:?
rmifqmwf;pAe;f ugw:f zmef? ukr,f pAw:f umefviA .f wgi.f ?
rmifymefOrf.rD:rmuf;? ukr,f Oge,f wGmuf;qImif:?
qof.Orf.oj;rlne
f mh :? ohm:oef:oj;vSw,f rh;?
urf:ekid ;f oj;vj;bof.? Orf,ekid ;f oj;qof.ej,?
urf:ekid ;f oj;wgi.f rh;? Orf,ekid ;f oj;Oh;wAr?f
Twj:trf,yAepf jOget
f mef,? ynf,nj,nmef,pmrf:rD:?
urf;zgi;f oj;pof:eh.bif:ekr,f ? Olqidk uf rk ,f oj;pof:?
66
P
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
uln:f qgr:f q[avj:z? ab;xmif,uBcSe:f zdw:f ?

Oax:yAerf j:bof.erfej,?tefOrf.zmeftq
k .f qj,vhm:vAo?f
zkw:f cke
d ;f bof.qlrv
f il :f ? wmef,bkr:f uli:f erf.qSo;f ?
uj;yAeq
f mh :ul;zl;? vh;yAet
f ;l r[:aq:?
uj;yAeb
f id :f vlid ,f sz;? vh;yAesf r;r[:rlw:f ?
uj;yAeaf vj:uD,nmef,? qmwf;ej;Orf.cke
d :f tmef,qif,arj?
qmwf;eh.Oifye
A uf e
l :f oj;ihm;? wmif:zhm;trf,yhzw
d :f ?
ugy;f nj:Oj,Oej,? yke;f cBmrf:Oj,rD:wmif:?
Iky;f emrf,OgePf ;N.? rlod ;f yAev
f w
k n
l :f qgr:f ?
Iky;f emrf,eh.cmefq?[ ul;oef:e[P;qSi;f ?
Iky;f emrf,eh.trf,qgr:f q[avj:z? xku,f vDqj.qgr:f vgi;f ref: yAe?f
avj:z wdw.f xde.h yAecf uS ,f rj:qdr?f rj:xifprd b
f ,l rdw
k ;f ?
arj:pNrf,irf:wef? todq.f qj,trf,yefpefwuk .f c?
qj.eh.yAecf uS ,f ug:h uh:g ? tgeyf v
h :hg ylid ;f OAi;f ?
ayj:vlo,f erfauj;cmefqb
[ ,[ ? ayj:vlo,f at,auj;cmefqr[ mif?
ayj:c[;vh;? rh;q[qrg :f ? ayj:trf,c[;vh;? awj;trf,rh;q[?
ugy;f ylod ;f c[;vh;qmwf;ule:f sv;wif:zD? qif,pAw:f vDv,l oh;?
Orf.yAerf j:bl,sw.? yh,q[;sv.ref:vD?
ugy;f ylod ;f vh;xof;sv;whm? aO:vhmueftrf,vgw;f ?
puf.uefv;h zmwf,uef? ole.f q[wefb,l bmuf;?
qif:uefb,l vln;f uef? ole.f q[wefvw
dl ,f rh;?
avj:utrf,vmwf;vAe;f ? ab;wAe;f ab;cSe:f wSe:f ?
wj.pof:uBmrf,pjwmif:? OAe;f Omif:vmif:tgu,f yhm;?
zge:f vDqIky;f emrf,? ole.f q[uBmrf,vSw:f vSw:f ?
67
yIdbwfwO
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
uj;q[ye
A Pf ;N.? rlod ;f yAev
f w
k n
l :f qgr:f ?
bj,tofpw
A :f cgirf :[ ? yAerf j:z[:rgw,f ySw;f ?
q[vaD uj;qmi;f rlw:f ? q[qj.auj;qmi;f OAi;f ? trf,ref;wAi;f aObmr:f ?
ayj:oj;N.eif,eh? ref:trf,uheyd .f ymef,?
ayj:zoqmwf;ymefvmh ;uGj,? qef.aw,oj,rlod :f Oof:?
rlod :f xgr,f Twj:xSi;f rlid :f zD? N.vSi:f vDyig ,f ihm;?
trf,cke
d :f nj:ule:f Oku.f ? trf,wku.f bmuf;vj:vj:?
ug:h vh;qmrf,zki,f qSe,f ? Twj:uSe,f vSw:f vuf:?
ugy;f vh;ydik ;f nj:Oj,Oej,? avj:ukw.f wIj,? nme,f odw.f qj, ynf,nj,
pjoh.z[:z[:?
53. pjP;qAo:f yle.f qAo:f vgw;f ? bkr:f zgw;f avj:z awj:O arj:p qkr:f
qj.Ody:f blid ;f bmifb:[ vln;f wj. OlJ Olaej:J/
68
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
vku.f wD;zj,Oj,wmif,tefaO cof;rj:
cl:OSiw
f joef: (OSiuf oS .f )
wD;e[:vlu;f avj:uvlie
f .h ule:f clod :f v[ zj,Oj,v[aOtrf,oj; rD:oh.
xmw;f cmr,f yj,IrD, z[ref:bl,ul;auj."/ Oifoj;xmw;f cmr,f yj,IrD, pSi:f at,qkid f
trf,qmi;f Nyf.xly:f pefnj: Oj,Oej,ykw.f xqof;vh;? trf,qmi;f vh;xgr,f
ide:f acj;yge;f Ogev
f D ykw.f xqof;/ uln:f ej, ayj:bif:oj;xmw;f cmr,f yj,I
rD,ref: Okiaf u,oh.bl,qkid f yAeof .h zj,Oj,wmif,ylid af uj; oef:ekid ;f N.uj;
awvh;xgr,f ide:f vde:f xrf: ykw.f xqof;bl, trf,pmif./
uAo;f vln;f vgi;f eh.aO ayj:awsewD;qSi;f ref:qkid f rlod ;f ykw.f x
qof; wkud .f rD:bl,eef. rle
d e
f if,qof;Oj,Idyw
k .f wIj,sv; qof;rpj,rgu.f u
vmef, Ogiq
f of;eh. qSi;f vSi:f vlod yf e
dl ;f e[:yke
d :f Oj,Oej, e[:xrf:ydw
umwf;qof;sw."/ Ogiq
f of;eh. vku.f wD;zj,Oj,Fyrf,re(FYpfrE)aO cof;
rj: e[:Oj,Oej, ykw.f xqof;bof.? awoj;pkod af uj; ugy;f ylod ;f xmwf;cmrf,yj,I
rD, Ogiq
f of;b[,su,bof.vl:? ohm:aOykw.f xqof; tofyIdeyd .f ymef,bof.
auj; tefvuk .f wD;wmi,f zj,Oj,aO cof;rj:ulod :f brf Oj,Oej,ykw.f xqof;
eef. rD:wif:erfwif:vhmbof./
tdiv
f n
l ;f vgi;f eh.aO wD;eh;awtof yke
d :f qhm:tge,f auj.ekid ;f
tefqodk ;f oj; qhm:Odurmef,? vku.f wD;zj,Oj,uBL:? qmof:clod :f uBL:aO cof;rj:
e[:Oj,Oej, ykw.f xqof;aObof. yAez
f ;l yde
k sf zOj,Oej, e[:rlid :f
oef:wlu:f uGj,eef. ykw
d ,f sezl;vlvud ;f pof:cof P;yAew
f ;D vDbidl ;f qgr:f uGj,
yke;f wj,Oj,Oej,sv; vku;f egi.f ygi;f yhmpof: oef:rlod :f ej;eef.aOuge,f /
qhm:Odurme,f eh. yAeuf e
l :f udw
l ,f ukud :f uyf: e[:qkid ;f rlid :f uBj,reD,? wD;oAi:f
zj,Ide,f aO yAev
f uk ;f qhm:auj.vAof tD,OSw.f sv; Olo,f zD,ehbof./ rlod ;f
69
yIdbwfwO
(21. 07. 1901)eef. ulw

d ,f pefej;ayj;sr; wD;omef;peloe
f ef.aO
qkod ;f ref:qhm:Mif.oj;]qhm:Odurmef,}ehbof./
bge.f ylod ;f ayj;sr;ref:qhm: yAeq
f mof:clod :f udol :f brf zj,Oj,uBL:rj:
qArrf odl ;f ymefy,l ymefre
g ,f sv; zgi:f wkud .f vAu.f eh.g bl,eef. ref:qhm:Orf.
ayj:vh;cof;pAe:f tofvud ;f vhm: e[:Nif:pAe:f sp:yvAo:f (Heb-urew)sv;
uBL:(Juness)aO pAe:f Oget
f ofvig ;f vln;f zj,Oj,sp:yvAo:f wif:uBL:rj:
bl,bof./ rlod ;f qlo;f cly,f vh;(16)yDeef. cof;rj:e[:cGmif,umefymh :rmuf;rD:aO
vh;pjvAi.f ayj;sr;bof.sv; qif,cof;rj:pAw:f umef wD;vmef.chmyyf.vdu;f ul;
rAo:f "wD;ekid ;f e[:oAi:f zj,Ide,f ? ohm:aO cof;rj:pAw:f umecf mh yyf.vdu;f qgr:f yle
d ;f
wD;eef;eef. vh;vl vdu;f vhm:yhmay, wif:erfwif:vhmsv; tofqrA v
f ud ;f
tefuoA ,f vln;f vgi;f umeyf mh :rmu;f rD:? umeyf mh :rlid :f ? umew
f il ,f olid :f ule:f umez
f j,
Oj,sw,uGj, wif:erfwif:vhm/ e[:eef. ref:qhm: vh;uGj,cof;q[vyA ;f pAe:f
wln:f zj,Oj,ul;tef? bge.f ayj;sr; yAeuf e
l :f ulod :f brf zj,Oj,oh.tef
ekid ;f sv; ref:rD:wD;ygi,f qlid .f pkod ?f rD:zge:f ymif; wj,wlouf of,qlid .f pkod e
f h
qlod :f eh.aO rle
d e
f if,zj,Oj, wmi,f ylid q
f odl :f eef. vAy;f pAe:f wln:f bl,aO
wj. trf,pefw;D vDbidl ;f vDtofaOtefsv; urf:vke
d :f rj: vh;rj:vAy;f
pAe:f pefre
S ;f yyf.tefuoA ,f vln;f vgi;f zj,Oj,ykw.f xqof;aO cof;q[
vgi;f zj,Oj,ykw.f x rj:bl,bof./
cIAw.f 1922-eef. cofayj;sr;vku;f chm.rj:bl,Oof: wD;oAi:f zj,
Ide,f aO ref:qhm:vh;rj:xly:f pef qmof:ykw.f x wD;ule:f clod :f zIde,f cof
eef.xSi;f aO vh;vAy;f pAe:f tof vgi;f zj,Oj,ykwx
f wD;ule:f clod :f zIde,f
cof uGmif;"cGmif"rj:xSi;f wif:erfb,l bof./ vlod e
f ef. vh;xly:f pefyj:xSi;f
qof;Ipme:f qmo:f clod :f uBj,rme,f tefqodk ;f oj; qof;njEwdavju eef.aO
70
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
rD:Oke,f vh;vAy;f pAe:f tof vgi;f zj,Oj,ykw.f xrj:xSi;f wD;qof;njE

wdavjueef. wif:erfwif:vhmbl,bof./
xkid rf j: 1924-ayj;sr;Ogiq
f of; chmh .rj:bl,Oof: wD;oAi:f ulod :f edO.f
zlod :f e[:rlid :f IOBj:eef.sv; ref:qhm:auj; qgr:f ayj;sr;rj: bl,Oof:wD;
rlid :f IOBj:? vh;rj:uyf:Okyd ,f rSe;f uefwif: qmo:f clod :f ykw.f x wD;oAi:f ulod :f edO.f
zlod :f eef.aO rD:Oke,f vh;auj,wif;ylu:f ygif rl,qkr:f vAy;f pAe:f zj,Oj,ykw.f
x rj:bl,bof./ vlod e
f ef. Okyd ,f zkn,f yj:xSi;f Nif:wln:f vdu;f qmo:f ykw.f x
wD;vmef.ayj;ref:eef.aO qif,vh;wif:uyf:Okyd ,f xSi;f wD;vkr:f yhm:ynf,
nj, qkid ;f rlid :f IOBj:eef. rj:bl,bof./ 1932-eD;? ayj;OAi;f umr,f Okw:f rkef
uGj,aO qif,vh;qgr:f vifsr;ref: chm.rj:bl,Oof:cke
d :f wD;oAi:f zj,Ide,f
eef.bof./ 1933-eD;? yAez
f ig :f ]thm;pdw.f vlod ,f }vh;tmr:f emw;f aO cde
k ;f
yAecf e
k rf idl :f rj:sv; rdy,f iSe:f wAu:f wAiz
f oA ;f rln.f elod q
f mof:clod :f uBL:cofrj:bl,
bof./ 1935-eD;? bge.f ylod ;f az:cAeO
f udk :f thm;pdw.f vlod ,f sv; vh;qgr:f sr;
ref: tgu,f yhm;rj:rlu:f Oof: wD;oAi:f yD,bde,f ej,eef.aO xkid rf j: 1936eef. Mwf;xkid uf e
k O
f ,D Nof, rj:bl,Oof: wD;uke,f OD,Nof,eef.bl,bof./
e[:yD 1936-eh.eif,uof, bge.f vh;rj:nj: wD;Oj,Oej,ykw.f xqof;
wkud .f Ndo;f Ndi:f sv; ref:qhm:cof;rj: e[:Oj,Oej,ykw.f xaO pAw:f qof;
Omi,f ? Ipme:f wD;owf.apjOe
d x
f rf: wD,yeef.rj: bl,bof./ qkod ;f qof;Mif.
f ud ehbof.? ohm:cke
oj; qof;njEykEE
d ;f yAeIf pmef:rj:bof. qif,vAy;f pAe:f
tof vdu;f yj,vdsv; Ogepf e
A :f tofvud ;f e[:xrf:ydwumw;f acj;Oif,Ogef
ykw.f xqof; rj:bl,bof./ (vh;N.oj; vdu;f tif:udw.f sw. vAy;f pAe:f tof
pif:uln:f ehbof.)/
xkid rf j: 1939-eD;? chm.uGj,tofoj, wD;oAi:f urf,ylo,f vj, rlid :f OD,Nof,
ygw:f elod e
f ef.aO yde,f tof]Orfbw
k w
f edujb} zhm,yj,vd rj:yAez
f mh ,uBj,
71
yIdbwfwO
rmef,aO Nrf;uefwif:qof;Ipmef:OD,Nof, Ogiw

f e
l f wif;wlud ;f urf,r
xmef:Nrf;bAef eif;umefTwj: rj:bl,bof./ zgi:f wkud .f rD:wD;wlud ;f urf,r
xme:f eef. yde,f tof]rpjOwdy#f$jeOkw;f } rj:yAez
f mh ,uBj,rme,f xSi;f
zde
k e
f idk ;f bl,ehbof./ vlod e
f ef. wif:tln:f auj.ref:qof; qof;aOj:r
tgeuf efye
d ,f tof ]rpjOwdy#f$jeOkw;f }eef.aO yde,f yAerf j:zhm,
tif:udw.f O[,qkod ;f oj; ]]OAe;f wmif: rpj,Owdyxmef,}} (The way of
Mindfullness)eh rj:xSi;f bl,bof./
zgi:f tdi,f uvef, wif:uBj,rmef, yAeO
f udk :f awj,uefb,l eef. vlif
ygiq
f idk ;f ydwO
d Bj. wdtofcodl :f ule:f uBj,rmef,cof tefr:D e[:rlid :f OD,Nof,qlod :f
eef. uGj,cifo.h e[:cgu;f sv; e[:eef.yj: qof;njEykEE
f ud wif:cl:oj:
ref:qof; qof;njEwdavjubl,bof./ uln:f uj; qof;njEykEE
f ud sw.
yAeq
f mof:clod :f uBL:sv; vh;bl,e[:cgu;f Omrfoil ;f aO yle
d ;f cke
d :f yg,h tgu,f cgu;f
rj:cke
d :f bl,bof./ 1939-bge.f ylod ;f wD;oAi:f urf,ylo,f vj,eef. yle
d ;f tgef
uef qyf:wmif:yAee
f mofeul .f erfej,sv; qif,tget
f oftn
l :f auj.ref:
qof;Omrw
f e
l af O chm.rj:bl,Oof: wD;oAi:f zef,wIj,ao,veef.bl,bof./
xkid rf j: 1940-vliyf ig q
f idk ;f ydwO
d Bj.cof vSu;f vhm;ylid rf ,l oj,w elod cf odl :f
uBL:cofrj:sv; ngy:f wdtofcodl :f uBL: cof;cgu;f uGj,wif:erf? e[:eef. qof;
njEykEE
f ud auj; vh;yj:cof;uGj, e[:cgu;f qlid .f eif,yle
d ;f rle
d rf odl ;f tgew
f mif:
eef.bl,bof./ zgif:bl,wD;e[:cguf; ydwdOBj.cofeef. ydef,tof
]]Okww
f edyjw yj,vdqof;}}rj:yAez
f mh ,uBj,rme,f xSi;f zke
d e
f idk ;f / ohm:eef.
vliyf ig q
f idk ;f ydwO
d Bj.cof tofcmh .rj:O[, e[:cgu;f wj,pvj, tefr:D e[:rlid :f
tde,f wD:bj: wge;f Mif,eef.aO zgi:f wkud .f yAeO
f udk :f urf,zj,vlif wkud :f
uefb,l eef. qof;njEykEE
f ud bl,wD;e[:cgu;f aO yde,f wSr;f tgu,f ]]Xrf
rOifUED? t#f$OjVdesD v; vgi;f rpj,Owdyxmef,odywf.Oej, urf,
72
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
rxmef:}} rj:yAez
f mh ,uBj,rmef,xSi;f bl,bof./ rpj,Owdyxmef,odywf.O
ej,eef. O[,qkod ;f yyf.oj; (The Heart of Buddhist Meditation) ehbof./
ohm:Okud :f urf,zj,ygu;f Ogif Okw:f OAi;f uGj,bof.eef. qof;njEykEE
f ud
vh;tgu,f cgu;f aO rj:tofoj,xifOof:cke
d :f wD;owf.apjOdef wD,yeef.
aObof. wSr;f tgu,f xSi;f zke
d v
f ud ;f tefqodk ;f oj; (Abhidhamma Studies)
vhm:vAy;f pAe:f tzdxrf,rj,eh xSi;f bl,bof./ yyf.vdu;f zke
d e
f .h bge.f ylod ;f
ref:cSr.f sv; vh;cmrf,qmof:clod :f wmif,clod :f cof yde,f yAez
f j,Oj,cof rD:uGj,
(7)zj,Oj,bof.ehb,l /
xkid rf j: 1952? wj,awwmif,Oif,uj,bej, ygu;f urf:Nuf: wD;wj;uki;f
eef. qof;njEwdavju wif:qof;njEykEE
f ud Ogiq
f of; Mwf;rj:rlid :f
rmef;aO rj:cof;pAw:f ymifurk f wj,awwmif,Oif,uj,bej,uGj,bl,ehbof./
e[:ymifurk e
f ef. wj,yke
d sf zOj,Oej, rlid :f oef:wlu:f qlod :f eef.v[? wj,
awyde,f ydwuwf; Omrfuig af O yke
d sf z P;Oj,Oej,Ndo;f Ndi:f e[:rlid :f oef:
wlu:f eef.v[ qof;TOj,vlicf of yefye
k ;f zge:f cjOgiq
f of; uGj,bl,bof./
xkid rf j: 1954? Ogiq
f of; Mwf;rj:wD;ymifwmif,Oif,uj,bej, ygu;f urf:
Nuf: wD;wj;uki;f aO rj:ykw
d ,f ymif wmif,Omif,uj,bej, uGj,bl,bof./ qof;nj
EykEE
f ud Okyd ,f zwf:vlze
dk v
f ud ;f tefc:l oj:ref: qof;njEwdavju
wSr;f oh.eef. seyle
d ;f e[:ymiw
f mi,f Oif,uj,bej,eef. uGj,xSi;f bl,bof./
1958? tget
f n
l :f auj.ref:qof; Ogiq
f of; wD;oAi:f uef,wD, rlid :f OD,
Nof,aO zgw;f tgu,f rj: qkr:f pAw:f tgu,f zke
d v
f ud ;f tefuoA ,f vln;f vgi;f zj,
Oj,ykw.f x (B.P.S)eef. rj:bl,bof./ ohm:aOeef. yle
d ;f wmif,ref:qof;
cke
d ;f yAez
f ;l erf: e[:rl,qkr:f rj:aO urf:vke
d :f vh;cke
d ;f yAeNf ofyof;yle
d ;f uGj,
bl,bof./
73
yIdbwfwO
vlod af Oeef. tzdxrf,rj, tefc:l ref:qof; qof;njEwdavju wSr;f

tgu,f qlod :f eef.auj; cke
d :f sr:pAw:f tgu,f yAeyf yf.rj:aO yke
d sf ztgu,f yAef
vhm"ygu;f bl,ehbof./ vlod e
f ef. yyf.tefqof;TOj,rpj,qD, wSr;f tgu,f vgi;f
wlox
f yl :f odywf.Oej, (Pratical Insight Medi- tation)eef.auj; cke
d :f sr:
pAw:f tgu,f yke
d sf z yAeyf yf.rj: tefe:[ qkr:f yde,f tgu,f yke
d sf zoh.eef.
rle
d e
f if,zde
k v
f ud ;f qof;TOj,sv,wD,? qof;TOj,ao,zl,? qof;TOj,tl:OD,
vj,eef,w? Dr. qof;aIowXrfr? tl:cBmef,xke:f ? tl:cdw.f wde,f qlod :f
eh.v[ wmrfwol rf ef:qof; wSr:f tgu,f qlod :f eef.v[ rD:bl,wif:erfeb
h of./
ref:qof;wif; qkr:f pAw:f tgu,f yyf.vdu;f tefuoA ,f vln;f vgi;f ykw.f xeef.
aO yke
d sf zOj,Oej, uGj,sw."oj;"bl,bof./
1972-eef. ref:qof;yAez
f ;l cof;qkr:f zhm,yhm:ynf,nj,rj: qof;
ekid ;f aO xkid rf j: 1978-eef. vh;yAez
f ;l cof;qkr:f zhm,yhm:ynf,nj,rj:
xSi;f wD;qkid ;f rlid :f uBj,rmef,eef.bl,bof./ 1987-eef. qef.qgryf j,vd
wD;OD,Nof, Orf.egy,f bke
d ;f yef qkr;f wgu.f wlod ,f ? xkid rf j: 1993 qkr:f trI
yl,Ieduj,b tefr:D wD;OD,Nof, Okyd ,f bke
d ;f vl,wmef:yefqrk ;f (trIylI
trapjxBjb OjOeaOjZe)xSi;f bl,bof./
cgw,f bgw;f
eif,tefv;h yh,g zj;ySw;f zj,Oj,uBL:aO cof;rj:e[:Oj,Oej,ykw.f
xqof;eh. ej;umefOj,Oej, tefr:D rj:qlod :f eef. trf,wgy,f trf,xAif
trf,cmif:Ndo.f ele:f rh;g OifaO tD;Oifc;[ rj:ap.rj:pmrf; wmef,v[auj;bj,
ayj:bif:oj;ref:qof; wkud .f rD:tj,bkOmh q[b,l sw. wke
d :f awtrf,Okw;f
trf,Nef zlecf ;[ rj:rj: vSw,f c[;rh;rh; uj;trf,vh;ygiuf mefOj,Oej, wke
d :f
trf,Nefeah O ylu:f ygiaf pj:vmw;f wkud :f Ole:f yde,f wSr;f cyf:ckid af O xkid rf j:
74
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
yDcIAw.f 1994? vle

d t
f ug .f wlo,f ylod ,f (19)oef:? zgi:f qlo;f cly,f qof; vh;rj:
(93)eef. vh;cBj:omif:cef,xj, wlew
f ol If yk ;f cmyf;qof;aO cof;Olerf muf,
pmuf;crf:uGj,bl,bof./
vhm:wgy,f uke:f rkesf r;

uke:f rkeb
f ,[ ej,
vhO
g ofridl :f auj;
urf,zj,wSu;f elid :f
awj;pkod w
f yg ,f vh;J/
uke:f rkesf r;eh.

wAi,f uGj,rj:auj;
tofo.h Nofoj,
awj;pkod w
f yg ,f vh;J/
cky.f oh;oef:Omrf
qAw.f uABif.Oku;f OD
wmrfwol pf w
A :f vAi.f
P;ayj:vDauj; awj;pkod w
f yg ,f vh;J/
wD;eh;J
az:cAev
f w
g ;f umif:
P;sr;uwf:bAef
az:wmif:vhmOj,
ukOol ,f bj,vkrd :f
P;qkrd :f xkid t
f ul :f
ylu:f ygiyf efumefvsD r;sv; ayj:c[;wgy,f J/
vku;f qhm:sr; (OSiuf oS .f )
75
yIdbwfwO
yh:g wgy,f vdu;f xle;f Ody:f yD

yh:g yg:h yg:h yg:h yg:h -
vyf.erf.uwf.cSe,f ?
P;vSe,f vdu;f xrf:?
xle;f urf:Ody:f yD?
zj;vgi;f cDaO?
awOlod :f ul;auj./
wgy,f wgy,f wgy,f wgy,f wgy,f -
vdu;f rkecf rf:Tzj:?

rj:trf,vkod ;f Oof:?
iof:Oj,Oej,?
bj,P;oof:rgi?f
ygiPf ;Ndo;f Ndi:f /
vdu;f vdu;f vdu;f vdu;f vdu;f -
vhm:yAeq
f c[ odl :f ?
trf,ulod :f ule:f vl.?
yefwmif:N.pef?
qefMwf;wD;vD?
trf,yefcrD ig /f
xle;f xle;f xle;f xle;f xle;f -
xkid uf rf:Ody:f yD?

Mwf;wD;vDOodl :f ?
wArrf odl :f uGj,ej;?
trf,zj;ySw;f uef?
yefze
g :f vDue
l :f /
76
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
Ody:f Ody:f Ody:f Ody:f Ody:f -
bdy:f vdu;f wh:pof:?

trf,rof:qgr:f yle
d ;f ?
trf,tofie
dl ;f phm?
Odyk ,f Ohmq[codl :f ?
Nrf;Ndo:f vrf:vAo/f
yD yD yD yD yD -
xgw;f rBSw;f xkid rf j:?

pof:pj:pAw:f yg:h ?
ule:f trf,ohm:aO?
szukOol ,f pof:?
P;wlu:f Oof:vD/
OSicf oA e
f rk ,f (ujvd? ukepf iA )f
zdi;f Ozj,o
- tefbj.vh;rmu,f Nofq[ ule:f qhm:cofe.h
yAepf mi;f zmie
f mi:f bdi:f cofbof./
- tefbj.vh;rmu,f Nofq[ emi:f bdi:f cofeah uj;
yAepf mi;f zmiuf e
l :f qhm:cofbof./
chm:Odr,f
77
yIdbwfwO
wD;ykid ;f tdiv
f D trf,vh;cD
qof;TOj,rkedeW
f
rpj,odOw
k .f xd? omef;bAe,f
e[:avj:ueh.sv;Oif e[:Oj,Oej,ykw.f xqof;eh.sv;Oif wD;

ykid ;f tdiv
f t
D efoj;eef. yAeyf idl v
f il rf ef:bof./ bge.f ylod ;f rD: wD;ykid ;f tdiv
f D
ayj;sr;vD vku;f vmif:vD yD;egi.f vD zlov
f D ar:vD wuj,vD rkeq
f of;vD
sv; qif,vh;wmif:qh;g xSrf vh;wmif:N.wmif:pef wmif:c[;q[sv; pof:pAw:f
umet
f efva[ uj; bof.wlo;f xkid w
f ;D vh;vD"imr:f "aO qif,cke
d ;f b[,r[,Okirf j:
ul;vgi;f "bof./ e[:zoqmwf;eh.sv;qmwf;ej; ayj:c[;pmof.Oj;NifauBj, c[;
ayBj,wloaf yBj,q[qidk f wD;tefvyD idk ;f tdie
f ef.auj; P;ykid ;f tdi?f wD;tef
trf,vDyidk ;f tdie
f ef.auj; bj,ayykid ;f tdiuf e
g ,f qif,awcke
d ;f b[,vh;bof./
wD;teftrf,vDyidk ;f tdie
f ef. ayj:pof:vh;uGj,ykid ;f tdirf e
S ;f qkid f qmi;f zdw:f
ylid ;f rle
d q
f idl .f eif,ule:f yAef udeb
f j;bjzdw:f sv; Orf:cArz
f w
d :f eef.
bof./ bge.f ylod ;f udeb
f j;bjzdw:f Orf:cArz
f w
d :f sv; wmif:yAet
f efuof,
trf,phmaOtrf,uj: wmif:yAet
f efr,[ auj; qmif;yAerf j:xSi;f uge,f bof./
bge.f ylod ;f eefsv; tefvv
[ yD idk ;f tdif tefvt
[ rf,vDyidk ;f tdit
f efoj;
eef. vlo,f vh;arjquf:szwSy:f wwf:rSe;f "aOsv; ykid ;f tdib
f of./
teftrf,vDyidk ;f tdiq
f rf. Tzj:yAeq
f of;pof:auj; apj:oh.oj; ]]wD;
ule:f rlud ;f cofe
f ef. bj,ayykid ;f tdi}f }ehbof./ ule:f rlud ;f tefoj;eef. yAef
ule:f qlid .f pkod v
f j, Wkqq
f e
d w
f w
d qdew
f -d ule:f auj.ole.f uBmrf,ckid yf ig f vgi;f
trf,vDeef. yAeuf e
l :f rlud ;f bof./ tefve
D ef. trf,wge.f ole.f ch;q[?
rlod ;f v[aOauj; ukr,f ole.f vgi;f trf,vDb,l ul;bmrf: yhm:ole.f tefnmrf.wSr,f
78
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
eef. tofO,[ oh.e[:rmuf,vrf:Nofqr[ ef:bl, ul;cmof:bmrf:bof./ ayj:vAi.f oh.

q[trf,vDauj; awyAet
f eftrf,vDbof.? zge:f phm.vgi;f trf,vDeef.
awMwf;zSorf j:bof./ ayj:oj;zge:f phm. vgi;f trf,vDeef. Mwf;zSorf j:auj;
awvh;teftrf,vDaO awvh;cmrf,wmif:vl.vSoO
f rk :f ul;qlod .f ul;vgi;f
eef.bof./
WkYZ
f jOdw ZjOD-ule:f auj.tefvmwf;uGmrf:trf,vDeef. yAef
ule:f rlud ;f bof./ uGmr:f vDumG r:f rBmw;f uGmr:f tefr:D zge:f vD uGmr:f qkod ;f uGmr:f q[;qlod :f
eef. trf,wge.f vmwf;aOygu;f ? rlod ;f v[aOauj; ukr,f rkid .f vmwf;uGmrf:trf,
vD uGmrf:trf,rD:zge:f vDeef. bl,ul;cmof:bmrf: pAw:f P;Okr:f cmof:bmrf: Okr:f
qmwf;ymefyw
S ;f vhm"uln:f ? ayj:vmwf;trf,vDauj; awyAet
f eftrf,vD
awtrf,rD:zge:f vD awwlu:f Okr:f ul;qlod .f ul;vgi;f bof./
Wkuuf #urfrujID-ule:f auj.tefpw
A :f umeftrf,vDeef. yAeuf e
l :f
rlud ;f bof.? umet
f efve
D ef. wke
d :f oj;trf,pAw:f aOylid ?f rlod ;f v[auj; ukr,f rkid .f
pAw:f umefrudl ;f wkqIlud ;f ul;qof.e[oef:crf; ayj:pAw:f umeftrf,vDauj; aw
vh;zge:f phm. awvh;xly:f wmi:f phm. awvh;vl.Okr:f ul;vgi;f aOtrf,uj: Okr:f
yj:zoqmwf;ymefqof;uof,/ ule:f auj.tefoe
l .f vgi;f trf,vD vmwf;vgi;f
trf,vD pAw:f vgi;f trf,vDeef. bj,ayuGj,pAw:f auj.ref: bj,ayuGj,ykid ;f tdif
ref: ayj:pAw:f auj.rSe;f qkid f vgi;f uwf:bAef vgi;f cke
d ;f b[, vgi;f rmu;f rD:qlod :f
eh. awwlu:f Okr:f bof.? ylid ;f wmif:ref:ySw;f bof./
ule:f trf,vDtefoj;eef.qrf.
1. ule:f tofye
dl ;f whm ule:f ilod ;f Ole
d ;f wuf:vle
d ;f bgr:f vli:f uGj,?
2. ule:f vuf.clo:f cgif uh.rlod :f xgif Oof:rgib
f mrf:yle
d ;f uGj,?
3. ule:f ulw.f zloaf r: trf,uloaf z: xly:f aq:vgi;f uBmrf,rj,?
79
yIdbwfwO
4. ule:f ySw.f vSeuf of: qAryf e

dl ;f pof: trf,Oof:Nrf;uefujG ,?
5. ule:f udev
f of;bj; yle
d ;f Mif.oj; pmrf:xj;edy.f yl,wj,/
ayj:zdw:f rSe;f yle.f ySef Odepf j;OAe;f ehauj; yAeuf e
l :f rlud ;f / Odef
pj;OAe;f eh. rle
d q
f idl .f eif, clo:f eki;f qyf:wlopf of:eef.bof./ ule:f pmif;vD
aOwj. ayj:trf,eki;f clo:f qkid f trf,pmif;vD? trf,vSy;f vof:? trf,vDvv
l D
wln:f ? trf,rD:tltmh zik :f iof:? rle
d q
f idl .f eif,ule:f bgi,f trf,rD:wif:ulow
f if:
thm xgw,f ylnaf O uGj,"cke
d :f "bl,eef.bof./ bge.f ylod ;f eefsv; ule:f
trf,rD:Odee
f ah uj; vh;Mif.oj; ule:f rlud ;f eif,uof,bof./ e[:zoqmwf;eh.
auj; vh;cmefq[ qmwf;ej;ymefve
dk :f auj; vh;bmyf,bmuf;cmefqb
[ of./
ayj:trf,cke
d :f ar:wloq
f q
[ of;uof,vh;qkid f trf,rD:wmif:uwf:bAef trf,rD:
vgi;f cke
d ;f b[,vh;bof./ wrf;wD;ule:f rlud ;f trf,rD:wmi:f uwf:bAef trf,cke
d ;f
b[,eef. ayj:pof:vh;uGj,pAw:f auj.rSe;f qkid f wloq
f p[ of:auj; awvh;xly:f
wmif:bmyf,zdw
k ,f trf,pmif.bof./
ule:f rlud ;f tefoj;eh. zgi:f bmrf:rlod ;f tefcofoe
l .f vgi;f trf,vDvmwf;
vgi;f trf,vDpw
A :f vgi;f trf,vDb,l eef.auj; vh;xly:f vgi;f wlob
f myf, q[
wku.f Oku.f bki;f bl,Okod ;f ej;wef:wjeh.urf:vAob
f of./ e[:bmrf:rlod ;f cof
xly:f pef yle
d ;f wD.yle
d ;f rwf.zl;vuf.ule:f qleaf O wgi;f xmrfxyk .f ayj.bl,
eef. e[:q[ref:ole.f oj;]]uofe.h auj; yAeuf e
l :f rlud ;f vlid :f auj.ekid ;f eif,uof,
uofauj;rD:wmif:zdw:f oh.bof. oef:ekid ;f qof." ayj:yle
d ;f wD.ngy:f vh;uofqidk f
awvh;cmrf, wmif:yde
l ;f xky.f ayj.wAu:f iSe:f qlid .f eif,eefbof.ehaO
vh;cmrf,wif:rh;q[ e[:zoqmwf;eh.urf:vAob
f of./
iof:vhv
g il pf rd oef,wj,eef. ayj:xkid Nf ofcrf;rj: vh;ulr;f umef:vli:f
ql:vdeuf jG , qlid .f eefeif,uof, umeftrf,vD tefue
l :f rlud ;f cof pAw:f oh.
eef.auj; ayj:xkid b
f mrf:tefref:awvh;whm ege:f wmuf,phmbl,eef.
80
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
urf,redrw
d ;f uwderd w
d ;f awxmi;f qSi;f pefrj: e[:wjref:aO awide:f
zdw:f ole.f oj;]]atj;J uofe.h vh;pAw:f rSe;f umet
f rf,vDbof.? uofawvh;
uGj,wD;cD awvh;Nyf.xly:f wmif:cmefq[ trf,pmif.bof.}}ehaO yAev
f ig ;f q[
trf,uwf:bAef q[trf,Odol :f Oj,eef. awvh;cmrf,qArrf odl ;f trf,yh,whmaO
trf,uj: ayj:whmbof.auj; awvh;uGj,Mwf;xkid f wD;bmy,f bmu;f cmeq
f [ e[:rlid :f
tsy,eef.bof./ oh.Owdsv; ayj:pof:uGj, pAw:f auj. ule:f tefyw
h mif:
zdw:f uGj,ykid ;f tdif auj.tefyw
h mif:zdw:f eef.qkid f wlopf of:auj; awyAef
ule:f rlud ;f aO Orf.yhqrg :f OAe;f wmi:f zdw:f sv; awvh;Mwf;xkid f wD;bmy,f
bmuf;cmefqv
[ il e
f ef. trf,pmif.bof./ wD;tefawvh;ykid ;f tdif Orf.yAef
tefvv
[ j,`/ ayj:ykid ;f tdib
f ,l Oof:pAw:f auj. ule:f tefqmif;pAw:f P;pof:
cke
d ;f b[,r[,Okif uwf:bAeO
f odl :f Oj,eef.uge,f pof:qif,cke
d ;f b[,vh;bof./
]yEf%w
d jenf q aOoej}qlid .f eif,oj;eef. ule:f vDr:D yh,nj,cofe.h
vgi;f wmif:yke;f wj,P;ule:f pof: ayj:awuwf:bAeO
f odl :f Oj, P;Oj,Oej,
ayj:awNdo;f Ndi:f ylid :f O[eef. cofN.oh.bof.? rD:erf.uwf.wmif:cSe,f oh. wArf
xle;f bof./ cofr:D wmif:uwf.cSe,f qlid .f pkod v
f j, ayj:ehqidk f Okqe
d w
f -d
rD:wmif:ole.f vD? OkZjOdw ZjOD- qmif;arjvmwf;uGmrf:vD? Okuwurfruj
ID-qmif;arjpAw:f umeftefv?D ule:f auj.tefr:D wmif:ole.f ch;q[[ vgi;f vD
eef. yAeuf e
l :f vuf:vSrf yAeuf e
l :f rD:ynf,nj,bof./ xku,f vD pAw:f auj.ref:
bge.f oj; ref:yAez
f ;l ule:f vDeef.bof./
bge.f ydol ;f pof:pAw:f auj. ykid ;f tdiuf e
l :f vDr:D ynf,nj,sv; wmif:N.
wmi:f peftefvD erf.uwf.wmi:f cSe,f tefvD erf.q[tefvD wmi:f bmr;f
tefvD vgi;f ole.f ch;q[pw
A :f Omif; tefvcD ofeef. awqkrd :f cof;rj: e[:
rmuf,Nofqp[ of:bof.? bge.f ylod ;f eefsv; eif,pkod q
f odk ;f OAiq
f of;uof, ayj:
awcof;rj: e[:OAe;f rhmule:f vDeef. P;pAw:f auj. ule:f vDaOurf:/ule:f
81
yIdbwfwO
auj.tefr:D wmif:ole.f ch;q[ yke;f wj,cke

d ;f b[,? qmif;arjuyf:Okyd ,f vmwf;
awj,yle
d ;f rD:erf.uwf. arjpAw:f Omif;ej;umefeef. xlid :f sv;z[: trf,
oef:edik ;f auj;oef:ekid ;f N.uj;vh;rmu;f rD:vDye
A f uwf:bAeO
f odl :f Oj,bl, trf,
pmif.bof./ ayj:c[;N.vgu:f vhm:cke
d ;f b[, tefz;l vDcof pAw:f Omif;eef. wArf
xle;f wmif:pj;ylid f rle
d e
f if,wD;w[; tefseoh.eh.bof.1. trf,tofwmh yle
d ;f trf,ilod ;f Ole
d ;f wuf:vle
d ;f ql:cke
d ;f b[,?
2. vgi;f vuf.clo:f cgif trf,ckid yf ig f wuf:xgiq
f oA :f cke
d ;f b[,?
3. trf,ulw.f zloaf r: ej;Nde:f ab: rD:aq:wuf:cke
d ;f b[,?
4. trf,ySw.f vSeuf of: qAryf e
ld ;f pof: wuf:Oof:vDce
dk ;f b[,?
5. vof;bj;trf,udef wkod :f urfOe
d f bmrf:udee
f e
g :f cke
d ;f b[,/
ule:f auj.tefwodk :f urf y[.xdi:f vh;Odepf j;OAee
f .h vh;Mif.oj; ule:f
vDeb
h of./ wD;eh;awvmw;f sevgi;f ule:f vDsv; ule:f trf,vDeef.vl:
uge,f ? ylid w
f uS ;f ref: ule:f bgi,f tefoj;eef. bge.f ylod ;f Oifsv; Mif.oj;
ule:f bgi,f bge.f ylod ;f q[trf,vD q[ref:trf,qke
d ;f O[bof./ tgu:f atjref:
bki;f bof.? ule:f bgi,f tefoj;eef. wlorf ef:yAeuf e
l :f bl,aOwj.auj;
q[ref: trf,q[;ule:f bof.? trf,rD: ]pdID atmwfwy} wmif:tlu:f wmif:thm
wmi:f ulow
f mi:f spOifbof.? vgi;f bl,vgi;f udef vgi;f pAw:f wmi:f Omi;f ref:auj;
trf,rle
d uf e
l :f bof./
Odepf j;OAe;f tefoj;eh. rle
d e
f if,clo:f eki;f clo:f rhue
l :f pof:eef.
bof./ wD;eh;qmrf:ole.f wln:f vD"vl:" ayj:pof:pef ule:f auj. teftrf,
eki;f clo:f eef. pof:Mif.oj;]]ule:f bgi,f }}ehtrf,q[;se,? ule:f auj.tef
trf,rD:Odee
f ef.vl: pof:Orf.awoj;yAet
f ;D Oif? qof;uof,Orf.rD:Odef
trf,rD:Odet
f efoj;eef.sw. ole.f wln:f tof e[:wloq
f z
[ r[ ef:vj;/
ayj:trf,c[;yAeuf e
l :f bgi,f auj; urfOe
d rf ef;" yef;uSe,f "uefwj./
82
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
]rmuf,zAw:f eh. uGj,zku,f oh.rlid :f v[auj; ref:wke

d :f rD:OhmzAw:f ? cof
wke
d :f yAerf mu,f zAw:f uln:f ? coftrf,yAeuf jG ,rmu,f wmi,f rAo:f vh;}} qlod :f cofe
f ef.
vl: J`
vSi:f ekr,f ? Noferf.? aOj,yd/
]]zoule:f ekid ;f auj. awj,xkid q

f ud :f qgr}f }
qDIujv Zjoej- pAw:f umefcmof:bmof:pkid v
f ;h /
edIefW Zjoej-trf,udw
k :f trf,vkod ;f aOOkyd ,f pAw:f /
edIaOO Zjoej- pAw:f umef trf,oh.udw
k :f oh.uBmef,/
Oufuqfq Zjoej- awvh; eyf.brfej;umef qof;uof,aOpAw:f /
tZdIwd Zjoej- oh.q[rle;f Olod :f qgr:f ej;umef;qof;uof,aOpAw:f /
qhm:qef (vSw,f trf,xgi,f )
83
yIdbwfwO
pef yIdbmwf;r[,
qof;cl:tjavjujZdyjv (Noferf.? OD,ayj.)
zl;cof;pmyf,umefOj,Oej, Oif,cqof;cofe.h cmrf,qke.f ySw;f vgi;f

qmrf,yln;f uj,ruki,f ? vgi;f rle;f Olod :f q[ zoule:f Nde:f aObof. wge;f wj,
awvh;wmif:uwf:bAef ]]OrEOkc}}e[:zoIpmef:aO qif,awcof;
pmyf,umefOj,Oej, rj:wif:erfb,l / wge;f wj,awvh; ]]OrEOkc}}
eef. ayj:pmyf,vh;ej;umefye
k ;f zge:f Ogit
f efue
g ,f qif,awvh;bof./
ej;umefye
k ;f zge:f Ogit
f ef tefoj;qrf. yAeyf e
k ;f zge:f vAy;f
pAe:f Oget
f ofyIdbwf.wdsv; yke;f zge:f uBmif.urfwol x
f yl :f ywdywfwd
eef.bof./ trf,N.qgr:f eif,OhmOAe;f wmif: rmef,rSe;f aO vgi;f uBmif.urf
wlox
f yl :f tefoj;eef. ref:trf,yAev
f ;h / bge.f eefsv; urf:tgew
f if:
Okw:f eh. vlo,f vAy;f pAe:f Oget
f of yIdbwf.wd erf"bl,bof./
bmrf:vAoe
f :[ rlid :f wh: rlid :f rmef;ywf:yke
d .f eh. wge;f wj,ej;umefye
k ;f
zge:f vliO
f ig t
f ef awOkyd ,f bke
d :f bmof:uGj,rlod :f ej;eef. Oif,cj,qof;cof
oAi:f v[oiA :f eef. tgeuf efaw,wif;ykw
d ,f zkn,f wlud ;f Ogepf e
A :f yIdbwf.
wd? Nrf;uwf:bAeyf wdywf.wd rj:wif:erfb,l bof./ vgi;f pAw:f vgi;f Omif;
qlod :f eh.eh. zl;erf:ej;Oif,cj,qof;cof wiferfsv; wuj,cdi:f ehm:bdi:f
qhm:cofwif:OAi;f eif,pkod af yj:awrD: vgi;f bkr,f brfeyf.xdok f vgi;f N.wif:
pefqodk ;f q[; tefqw
S ;f tefrmef, vgi;f arjN.ygi,f q[ elod yf w
k .f xOj,O
ej,rj:eh. yAev
f ig ;f apj:tgu,f rgu,f vmw;f Oyf:vSi:f seuef P;ayj:vli.f vSi:f
rj:eef.bof./ eif,pkod yf w
k .f xOj,Oej, e[:wh:pof: ul;wD;"ul;oAi:f " ayj:
awtrf,rgw,f ogw;f ohm:phmeef. qif,tgeuf efaw,wif; pAw:f Omif;rj:wlud ;f
84
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
Ogepf e
A :f yIdbwf.wd? wlud ;f uBmif.urf ywdywf.wd Ogit
f efe.h rj:bl,bof./
rD:yIdbmw;f uln:f aO Orf.trf,rD:ywdymw;f eh ]]ref:rle
d q
f idl .f eif,
ule:f udeq
f mif; vAi.f olo:f yefye
dl ;f eef. ref:arjuSw,f scy[.yj: vkr:f vj:
wln:f olo:f eif,pkod of ol :f ayj:awtrf,phmeef.uln:f aO trf,vh;udef erf.
elr:f olo:f eef.bof.}}/ rD:ywdymw;f uln:f aO Orf.trf,rD: yIdbmw;f ehauj;
ref:rle
d q
f idl .f eif,ule:f uGj,cmof:wmif: trf,N.OhmOAe;f wmif:vDaO vmrf:
vdr:f uGj,tofun
l :f eef.bof./ uGj,bl,auj; trf,Mwf;xkid w
f ;D blid :f rhmvh;aO
qmif;arjtofue
l :f pof:Ndo.f sv; cmof:bmrf:auj; OAi;f ySw;f vhm"uln:f bl,bof./
bge.f ylod ;f eefsv; yIdbmw;f eh. trf,xku,f vDumi:f bmef ywdymw;f ?
ywdymwf;eh.auj; trf,xku,f vDumif:bmef yIdbmwf;eef.bof./ uln:f uj;
yIdbmwf;eh. wge;f wj,awvh;}}OrEOkc}}eef. ref:yAeif of;pmuf;ylid f
b[,vlirf ef: tefeidk ;f bl,bof./ wj,awuGj,Mwf;xkid w
f ;D ekid ;f sv;wD;ekid ;f
vh;vD"imrf:"eh. rle
d e
f if,vlo,f vh;rD: zmifpmif;zSe,f vdef tefawse
OAe;f wj;Ohmwmif:qkod ;f q[; tefeidk ;f bl,eef.bof./ auj.bdy:f urfre
S ;f
zmifpmif;zSe,f vdef tefq.D seOAe;f wmif:zdw:f aO tgu,f pjav,omef;
vmo:f rlid :f eef. awqmi;f arjuiG w
f j;uGiw
f mi:f trf,qmi;f Mwf;xkid v
f ;h wD;c[;
Mwf;eef.bl,bof./ rle
d e
f efeif,uof, ywdymwf; tefwokd :f urfqrg :f
vgu:f vhm:trf,rSe;f eef.auj; awtrf,qmif;Mwf;xkid v
f ;h rmuf;zlo,f edy.f
ymef,uwf:bAev
f ;h /
zmifpmif;zSe,f vdef wge;f wj,awseyefOe
A ;f wmif: ywdymwf;
eef. wlud ;f Ogepf e
A :f yIdbmwf;cof awvh;wSr;f qefyefeef.bof./
bge.f ylod ;f eefsv; wlud ;f Ogepf e
A :f yIdbmwf;eh. yAev
f ig ;f b[,vlit
f ef
ekid ;f wge;f wj,Nrf;uwf:bAef ywdymwf;cofeef.bof./ rle
d e
f if,vh;pef
bl, Okdof;ej;Okdof;wjz[ref: bmrf:vAofe[:rldif:wh:pof: ul;wD;"auj;
85
yIdbwfwO
tgeuf efaw,wif;wlud ;f Ogepf e

A :f yIdbmwf; oAi:f v[oiA :f eef.rj: wif:erf
bl,bof./ vgi;f Ogepf e
A :f tlrt
f mef, tofxrf:yIdbmwf;rj: yDbmof:cmof:pkid f
eef. eif,pkod O
f rf.ayj:awtrf,vlit
f rf,vdrk :f awwgi:f ukrd :f oh.e[:q[z[
ref:bl,wj,aO,eheef. Oif,cj,qof;sv; Nrf;yj:wuj,wif:OAi;f ]]wli,f
oAi:f OD,ayj.}}cofeah uj; zgr.f OAiyf iA :f ymu,f uefaO ayj:xkid rf j:vle
d uf rfr,[ (8)
crf;? awj,xkid v
f e
dl uf rfr,[ (15)crf;? ul;yD" tgeuf efpw
A :f yAeyf :hg wSr;f wgy,f _
cle.f ch;xrf:yIdbmwf; aw,ygu;f urf:(1)pmef.awj,ayj: Mwf;xkid rf j: ygu;f urf:
(10)eh.bl,bof./ ayj:oj;yIdbmwf;Ndo;f sv; ywdymwf;Ndi:f auj; ule:f rlid :f
wuf:uwf:bAef vgw;f cAet
f rf,pmif.bof./
ayj:trf,N.trf,ygi,f q[ acj;Oif,Ogex
f rf:Twj:qof; qD.seyef
eef.vD"aO tofwol x
f yl :f vgi;f wdok :f urf pmof;pSi:f b[,wmef,v[aOwj.
auj; wj,awMwf;vh;]]OrEOkc}} zoIpmef:uwf:bAet
f efoj;eef.
awyAev
f ;h bmyf,bl,/ bge.f ylod ;f eefsv; tgew
f mif:Okw:f vlo,f vh;vAy;f
pAe:f Oget
f ofyIdbmwf; acj;Oif,Ogef xrf:ykw.f xqof;eh. P;ayj:ygi,f
qSi;f vSi:f q[vaD Ouge,f qif,awwdok :f urfqrg :f OAe;f wmif:qkod ;f q[; tef
rkecf rf:Tzj:yAeq
f of; apj:seyefo.h eef.bl,bof./
86
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
ule:f vlit
f e
g ,f
qof;cl:tjavjujzdyjv
(Noferf.? OD,ayj.)
]]qof;Ipmef:cofJqgi,f pefre
S ;f qof;rax,rBmwf;yj:ekid ;f tef
vku.f wD;pdr:f uofTzj:yAeq
f of;eh. uGj,pkod }f }
]]trf,vh;pefre
S ;f wD;cj;J rkecf rf:Tzj:yAeq
f of;pof:}}
]]qof;Ipmef:cofJ Orf.pefre
S ;f z[un
l :f vj,}}
]]pefre
S ;f qof;Omif,tge,f yj:ekid ;f uln:f wD;cj;J qof;pof:}}
]]qof;Ipmef:cofJ yku.f ulo,f auj.eef. ref:trf,q[; qof;Omif,
tge,f uln:f ? ref:yAerf ax,rBmwf;yj:ekid ;f tlod ;f }}
]]pefyj:vAu.f sw.wD;cj;bof. qof;pof:? rax,rBmwf;yj:ekid ;f sw.
awtrf,vSy;f yAev
f ;h wD;cj;}}
]]qof;Ipmef:cofJ qlo;f cly,f b[,aO vifcw
l :f tSouf rg :f Nelu,f
cleNf ofMuf, cAo;f rmif;qlod :f eh.uge,f qif,awvh;Mif.oj; rax,rBmwf; trf,
q[;}}
]]qof;Ipmef:cofJ wlocf ef,xj,vAu.f aOwj.auj; ayj:uke:f rkef
yIdbwf.wd? uke:f rkeyf wdywf.wd Ogit
f efe.h wArx
f e
l ;f aO yAez
f ;l rD:
yh,nj, wif:N.wif:pefb,[ erfeh Mif.oj;]rax,rBmw;f }tlod ;f / wlocf ef,xj,
b[,vliaf O Nofayj:Oj: ij:ayj:Oge,f bl,auj; ayj:trf,rD:yh,nj, wif:N.
wif:pef b[,erfsv; vgi;f wdok :f urfve
D .h trf,vh;Mif.oj;]qofrBmwf;}
uln:f }}ehbof./
87
yIdbwfwO
rkecf rf:Tzj:yAeq
f of; tofqof;rBmwf; vukE%
f uZWfWb
d tef
vku.f wD;pdr:f rkecf rf:Tzj:yAeq
f of;pof: uRj.uGj,eef. pAw:f yAev
f ig ;f wmif:
ref:aO yliaf cj;aw,Oej,-tInfnojOD-qof;Ipmef: tefb,l e[:
xle
d ,f (uBmif.urfe:[ xle
d ,f ) cofqodl :f eef.bl,bof./
qof;vukE%
f uZWfWb
d eh. ohm:aOvh;yAeIf pme:f bof. qof;vAy;f
pAe:f Oget
f ofoe
d :h ? Okw;f wmef,? tzdxrf,rj,qlod :f eh.uGj,wif:erfaO
qif,yAez
f ;l rD:yh,nj,(ypkOw
k )wArx
f e
l ;f rj:bl,bof./ vgi;f tefqof;vAy;f
pAe:f Oget
f ofy,h nj,rj: wif:erfe.h auj; eif,pkod q
f of;Ipmef:Oif,cqof;
sv; wuj,wif:vhmcof Orf.ayj:awygi,f qSi;f vSi:f q[vaD O awc[;xgr,f c[;
ide:f vde:f xrf:Twj:qof; tefawapj:tgu,f rgu,f vmw;f Oyf:vSi:f seyef
eef.ehsv; qof;qif,Ogepf e
A :f tofxrf:yIdbmwf;rj: wif:erfaO
trf,uj: cwf:q[yj: wj,awyAerf j:vh; ]Xrfruxdu}zl;apj:Twj: uwf.cSe,f
OAiv
f rD j:ehb,l bof./
rlod ;f ymefre
k cf rf:Tzj:yAeq
f of; ]]zkOO
f }}eef.auj; qof;vukE%
f
uZWfWb
d eh. bge.f ylod ;f bmr;f vh;pAw:f rj: umev
f uD O
k ol ,f oh.wif:erfsv;
OAiaf uj;wke
d :f vDxrg ,f vDie
d :f rj: qArrf odl ;f ymee
f ef.bl,bof./ zl;v[za[ O
trf,oj; ayj:oj;vh;xgr,f vh;ide:f OAiq
f of;ayj:eh yAet
f efr:D wif:tke,f
tlu:f tke,f q[ rD:wif:pmef.q[vaD O bkr.f clopf e
k .f elox
f rg ,f tofzr[ ef:
bl,eef.bof./ rmifqodl :f auj; bmrf;vh;xgr,f ide:f vde:f xrf:Twj:qof;apj:
seyefeef.aO qif,rD:wif:bkr,f brfeyf.xlod f c[;oh;c[;Ojqof;rj:? qlod :f
teftrf,yh,bmrf;vh;xgr,f ide:f vde:f xrf:Twj:qof; apj:seyefeef.
Orf. bif:wkud .f xmif,oj; ref:qof;bif:wduk .f yAef qof;Omif,tge,f yj:ekid ;f
uln:f ehauj;rD:bl,bof./
88
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
bge.f ylod ;f eefaO wif:pefxidk f tInfnojOD qof;Ipme:f tef

bl, e[:xle
d ,f cofpefxidk of j; qof;yAef qof;Omi,f tge,f yj:ekid ;f uln:f ehaO
wmif,vof;sewrf;wD;Tzj:yAeq
f of;cke
d :f eif,ehb,l bof./ uln:f uj; qof;
vukE%
f uZWfWb
d eh. wlocf ef,xj,vAu.f aOwj.auj; uke:f rkeyf Idbwf
wd? uke:f rkeyf wdywf.wd Ogit
f efe.h wArx
f e
l ;f uln:f aOtrf,uj: OAif
auj; Oj,bj,vDxrg ,f aO yAeq
f of;Ipmef:wj,rBmwf;yj:ekid ;f tefpyf.vh;
qkr;f cl: qef.atwwmuf;eef. rj:qof;ekid ;f bl,bof./

bj;bjvD zDpuf.ule:f ySi:f

auj.tefr:D wmif:wdok :f urfvD Odex
f rf:qde
k ;f qmif,?
auj.tefviS :f ymif, rD:nmef,ynf,nj,wmif:N.wArx
f e
l ;f ?
auj.tefre
l ;f qgr:f uwdOwf.qj,qdok ;f qf;G ?
auj.tefpw
A :f P;xrf,r sz;wde
l :f cmof:pkid ?f
auj.tefcwf:qfG tmef:xdik e
f yd .f ymef,wD;Odol :f cofpj;ydil q
f old :f eh. zDpuf.
ule:f ySi:f sw.bof./
TOj,qof;egirf e
g f (vj;OAo;f )
89
yIdbwfwO
vgu:f vhm:wj,P;ej;umef qAo:f bof.wlo;f 10 ylid f

qof;cl:cefwq
D jI (vku;f rkecf rf:)
ef:G cli:f umife.h ayj:oj;ulw

d ,f yAeuf e
l :f rle:f yAepf mif;rj:bof. ekid ;f
qmwf;ekid ;f ymefayj:ehqidk f wge;f wj,ule:f pof: awpAw:f vAi.f wgi.f qof;
uof, umefeidk ;f tefeef. Ozj,ovgu:f vhm:ref:wke
d :f yefrj: pif:z[ref:
bl,bof./ ej;umev
f ig ;f v[aOtrf,oj; ayj:pof:pAw:f Omi;f qkid f eif,pkod af w
qAo:f xkid w
f ;D bgw;f Mwf;wD;yhmvD"imrf:"eef. ayj:trf,rD:vgu:f vhm:yuf:ylid f
wSw;f "eSw;f "qkid f wj,P;ej;umefpof: P;ayj:bof.wlo;f uGj, ihm;"vlr"f eef.
wke
d :f trf,yAev
f ;h / bge.f ylod ;f eefsv; eif,pkod e
f j;umefpof: P;ayj:bof.
wlo;f cSr.f vSy;f vDimrf:uGj,eef. vlo,f vh;rD:vgu:f vhm:cSr.f vSy;f Ody:f ylid f rle
d f
eif, tefawawj.wh,ch;seuGj,eh.bl,bof./
1. zSeuf mef - vhm:wkw
d .f qefvug :f vhm:zSeuf mef ylid e
f j;umef
tefwj,awpAw:f Omif;oh.tgew
f mif: rlod ;f pof:yh,vh;pAw:f Omif;ej;umefOif
eef. qif,Mif.oj; vgu:f vhm:zSeuf mefeb
h of./ vgu:f vhm:zSeuf mefo.h tgef
wmif:eh. ref:qmif;pAw:f P;ule:f pof: vgw;f umif: tefwj,awsO.se:
elod uf efeef.uln:f aOtrf,uj: ref:qmif;pAw:f P;ule:f pof: bj,P;vh;yAef
ule:f ySw;f vgu,f ySw,f vhmaO ref:qmi;f pAw:f P;ule:f pof: bl,Oof:qgr:f cgy,f olid :f
yuf:ylid f cSr.f vSy;f vDimrf:eef.bof./ bge.f ylod ;f eef Oifqodl .f oj; pof:trf,
bl,qgr:f cgy,f olid :f yuf:ylid af O pAw:f Omif;ej;umefwjimef:pof:uGj,qkid f pAw:f
umeO
f ifauj; awj;awtrf,rD:wD;aw,wD;ugv
h ;h aOygu;f eef.bof./ Nofyidk :f
iof;pmuf; rlod ;f sw,ref:auj; bge.f ylod ;f pof: trf,N.vgi;f N.wmif:aO pAw:f
vliuf jG , uj;ygi,f uj;yAeb
f e
g .f ylod ;f pof: trf,rD:vgu:f vhm:zSeuf mef wSw;f eSw;f
90
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
oh.xj;tgew
f mif:sv; ej;umefpof:eef. bj,oj;awqAo:f bof.wlo;f yAef
tefemef:bof.wlo;f uGj,ySw;f aO qmif;tofcmof:bmrf:ref:pkid uf jG ,eef.
bof./ qif,oj; tgew
f mif:Okw:f eh. pof:vlo,f vh;rD:oh. vgu:f vhm:zSeuf mef
P;wSw;f eSw;f cSr.f vSy;f vDOw
k :f tgew
f mif:aO qif,pmif;pSe:f pAw:f umef
pof:uGj,eef. yAet
f efvx
D .D Okw:f bof./
2. pAw:f umef - pof:zSeuf mefwrf:omif:oh.bof. pof:bj,ayukr,f rdik .f
yf.G rkod .f y[.oef: rlod ;f zku;f rlod ;f pkod :f yDej;zj.r[,bl,? pof:vlo,f vh;tof ej;umef
pof:eef. O[,q[aO cwf:q[pw
A :f Omi;f ej;umeuf jG ,qgr:f urf:vAo?f tefe.h
qif,Mif.oj;pAw:f umefeb
h of./ ugy;f ylod ;f oj; pof:pAw:f umef ckw
d :f cmof:bmrf:vD
imr:f rle
d e
f if,tefpof: qefze
S w
f rf:omi:f oh.eef.sv; qif,oj;ule:f pof:
trf,vh;Okr:f cmo:f bmr:f aO y[.rkod .f vDoef:rBmw;f uGj,vhm"eef.bof./ ayj:pof:
pAw:f qgr:f qlid .f eefqidk f eif,tefej;umeftefpof: zSew
f rf:omif:oh.
eef. wuf:vh;peferf.pefwol rf ef:aO N.vgi;f zdw:f vgi;f xku,f uGj,qgr:f
urf:vAob
f of./ Oifqodl .f oj; pof:qefze
S w
f rf:omi:f oh.bl,vhm"uln:f aO trf,
pAw:f trf,Omif; ej;umefOifqidk f wke
d :f trf,peferf.pefwol f trf,pef
zge:f vDOifrj:vh; qif,oj; zdi;f uGmrf:wh:pof:rD:oh.oj;]]ej;umef tefxuk ,f
pAw:f rlod ;f eh. bj,ayoh. rlod ;f zku;f }}eheef.bof.? tefe.h qif,oj;yAeyf idl f
vgu:f vhm: pAw:f umefcw
dk :f qef.xmef;ehbof./
3. xwf:Omif - ej;umefwjimef: tefpof:vh;vli:f rkod :f pAw:f Omif;
uGj,eef. ref:q[;trf,q[; ref:xku,f trf,xku,f pof:vlo,f vh;xwf:Omif
wln:f vD"aO ayj:pof:ukr,f zSeuf mefo.h vhm" N.pAw:f vhm"uln:f aO trf,N.
xwf:Omicf e
dk :f qkid f ayj:oj;ref:trf,Omi,f xku,f rj: uloe
f j;umepf of: rD:wmi:f
zdw:f ylid ;f bly;f bgr:f uGj,/ ugy;f ylod ;f eh ej;umefxwf:Omifce
dk :f tefoj;eh.
auj; ref:qmif;qD.qrf;ae P;arjN.wlocf e
dk :f wD;bly;f bgr:f pof: wD;tef
91
yIdbwfwO
trf,cSr.f vSy;f wD;wloq

f of;uof,aOuln:f trf,uj:sv; ref:qmif;arjxwf:
Omifce
dk :f elod uf e
l :f pof:ul;auj. tefpw
A :f Omif; ej;umefrj:qlod :f eef.aO
eif,pkod af yj:awtrf,qmif;pAw:f ulw.f pAw:f aij:awj,uef? eif,pkod af yj:aw
trf,qmif;udeq
f ud :f wgu,f qgu:f elod uf ef? eif,pkod af yj:awtrf,oh.erf.uj;e[:
q[uj;egu;f awj,uefeef.bof./ qif,oj;umefxwf:Omifwn
l :f elod O
f ul of
pof:pj: eif,uefe.h auj; ref:rD:zge:f sw."oj;"eif,uof,bof./
4. ole.f ar: - ej;umefwjimef: tefpof:zSepf w
A :f xwf:Omif;
aO N.vgi;f zdw:f vgi;f xku,f bof.eef. Orf.vlo,f vh;ole.f ar:wln:f vD
ref: xku,f vDar: trf,xku,f vDar: ayj:xku,f vDar:auj;ar:? uln:f ej,bj,
ayse: ayj:trf,xku,f vDar:auj; bj,ayP;ej;umefpof:vh;vl.Okr:f uGj,
ySw;f vhm"? ugy;f ylod ;f ehsv; qif,Mif.oj;ole.f ar:bof./ trf,wef:ole.f OD,
ole.f pj;OifaOsv; ar:uGj,rAo:f qlid .f eefeef. trf,q[;ole.f ar:/ ole.f
ar:tefoj;eh. ole.f bof.qif,ug;h ar:sv; ole.f wln:f wD;teftrf,vD
aO pAw:f P;ayj:yAerf j: wD;tefvw
D odl :f wge:f cSr.f vSy;f rj: ole.f ar:wD;
wlu:f wSr,f aO P;ayj:yAew
f ;D cke
d ;f b[,r[,Okirf j: ole.f ar:wD;ilod ;f iofaO
P;ayj:yAef wD;tefvw
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eh. cke
d :f ole.f ar:ul;rAo:f "eef. qif,Mif.oj;ole.f ar:P;vDbof./
5. trf,xlrd f - pof:trf,vlo,f vh;xmif,xlrd e
f odl uf ef ugy;f ylod ;f pof: trf,
rD:wD;ole.f ar:sv; trf,cof;q[yig ,f q[ elod v
f ig ;f ole.f ar:? ayj:oj;pof:cof;q[
ygi,f q[eodl v
f ig ;f ole.f ar:vD"bof.sw. rle
d e
f if,auj.ekid ;f wif:auj.ekid ;f ?
qkr:f ekid ;f sv;qkr:f ekid ;f ? ple
d :f ekid ;f sv;ple
d :f ekid ;f ? omef;ekid ;f sv; omef;
ekid ;f ? tlid ,f ekid ;f sv;tlid ,f ekid ;f ? rlid :f ekid ;f sv;rlid :f ekid ;f qlod :f eh. vgi;f wj,
awxmi,f xlrd yf idl ;f zdw:f elod uf efeef. ref:wke
d :f oj;trf,rD:vh;vj:"/ tef
trf,rD:vgi;f xmif,xlrd f ylid ;f zdw:f elod uf efeef. qif,qmif;yefze
g :f vD
92
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
P;pof:rD:vgi;f ygi,f q[eodl uf ef ole.f peftw

d :f vleodl uf efaO yAerf j:q[puf.
bmif;ql:edol O
f e
A ;f wmif: rmef,rSe;f qkod ;f q[;aO uyf:Okyd ,f Omefrodk :f pAw:f
tln:f auj.vDuefujG , cmof:bmof:rlod :f ej;eef. qif,Mif.oj; vgi;f trf,xmif,
xlrd e
f odl uf ef ref:yefwmif:uwf:bAeq
f [ wD;e[:rmuf,Nofqu[ e
l :f pof:ul;auj.
eef.bof./
6. ygi,f q[ - ugy;f trf,rD:vgi;f xmi,f xlrd e
f odl uf efbof.sv; qif,ygi,f q[
cof;q[ elod uf efrj: bge.f ylod ;f rD:vgi;f ygi,f q[cof;q[ elod uf efrj:/ tefye
A f
q[ze
S O
f ik e
f odl uf efqodl :f eef.auj; bge,f bgr:f vli:f aO qif,awqmif;
cof;pjtky,f tlo:f bke
d :f rkod :f uyf:Okyd ,f rkw
d ;f ukod :f qrfqu[ efrj:vh;bof./ ugy;f eh
vgi;f ygi,f q[viS :f q[eodl uf efe.h pAw:f P;ule:f pof: rkw
d ;f ukod :f qrfqu[ efrj:vh;
ihm;"aOuln:f trf,uj: qmif;pAw;f P;ule:f pof: arjuyf:Okyd ,f Omefrodk :f cof;tgu,f
uefrj:vh;ihm;aO pAw:f P;ej;umefpof: qAo:f bof.wlo;f xkid w
f ;D bgw;f Mwf;
wD;yhmvDimrf:aO yAerf j:q[puf.ySi:f zgr.f Nrf;Omefrodk :f umefujG , e[:cmof:wmif:
rlod :f ej;eef.bof./
7. zgr.f Nrf; - vku;f wD;vgi;f ygi,f q[ rkw
d ;f ukod :f qrfqu[ efrj:eef.aO
qif,qmif;yAerf j:vgi;f zgr.f OAiyf iA :f ymuf,uefeef.bof./ tefpof:vh;zgr.f
OAiyf iA :f ymuf, ugw,f acj:Omefrodk :f uef pAw:f Omif;umefimef:uGj,eef. Mif.oj;
zgr.f Nrf;uefbof./ vgi;f zgr.f Nrf;uefe.h yle,f wj,ule:f auj. teftrf,arj
ygi,f q[eodl uf efeef.sw. c[;yAet
f efbmyf,bAe:f oh.bl,? qif,oj;vgi;f ygi,f
q[eodl uf efeef. yAeif of;pmuf;vgi;f zgr.f Nrf;? vgi;f zgr.f Nrf;uefOrf. yAef
tAepf iA :f wj,awpAw:f Omif; ej;umefcydk ;f ej;uGj, cmof:bmof:rlod :f pkid e
f ef.
bof./ ayj:oj;pof:trf,rD:vgi;f tgr,f vgr;f zgr.f OAiyf iA :f ymuf, Nrf;rkod :f uefauj;
pof:trf,rD:tAepf iS :f wj,wif;wloq
f uk :f ref;rle
d yf e
dl ;f vh;/ bge.f ylod ;f eef
93
yIdbwfwO
uAo,f uyf:vln;f vgi;f zgr.f Nrf;Omef rkdo:f uefe.h yAeif of;pmuf;vgi;f wmif:
wj,cke
d ;f b[,r[,Okiuf jG ,e[:oef:rlod :f ej;eef.bof./
8. r[,Okif - tefoj;eef.rD:wD;v[vj, e[:vlu;f vlr;f zj.vlie
f .h
ayj:oj;pof:trf,Oleq
f [ pAw:f Omi;f ej;umef wj,cke
d ;f Oki?f ayj:pof:ukr,f wSu,f
bhm;uef? ayj:pof:trf,tgr,f vgr;f zgr.f OAiyf iA :f ymuf,uef? ayj:bif:oj;uofqif:
r[:? r[:qif:uof? uofsO.Ogr:f r[:? r[:aO.Ogr:f uof? ayj:pof:trf,pefve
D odl f
uefqidk f vgu:f vhm:wj,cke
d ;f b[,r[,Okirf j:tefoj;eef. wke
d :f oj;trf,pef
iof:vhm:ref:vh;aOygu;f eef.bof./ uln:f vh;pefue
l :f pof: wSr,f nmr.f ugw:f
zmefcmefqu[ jG ,oef:"cke
d :f "eef.uln:f bof./
ugy;f ylod ;f eh ayj:oj;pof:rD: vgi;f tgr,f vgr;f zgr.f OAiyf iA :f ymuf,uefaO
pAw:f Omi;f ej;umepf of: ckyd ;f ej;uGj,cof:bmo:f rlod :f ej;bl,qkid f ref:wuf:awrD:
vgi;f cke
d ;f b[,r[,Okirf j:bl, e[:oef:ekid ;f trf,pmif.tefoj;eef. bkr,f brf
aOurf:/ vgi;f cke
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f efoj;eh. ref:trf,rD:wmif,wD;wmif,wmif:
ref:rD:wD;erf.xmw;f q[pof: oh.uSe,f "cSi"f aO cwf:q[wif;wloO
f ul ofpof:pj:
pAw:f yAerf j:eef.uln:f ? ayj:oj;pof:cwf:q[ pAw:f Omif;aO pke;f rke:f ayj,
yAerf j: peferf.pefwol f e[:Okod ;f ej;wef:wj,pof:eef. yAev
f ug :f vhm:
wj,cke
d ;f Omif.cke
d ;f Okif wj,zoqmwf;ymef e[:qmof:clod :f Oluofpof:pj:urf:
vAob
f of./ ayj:oj;pof: pAw:f ej;umew
f jime:f peferf.pefwol rf j:bof.qkid f
ref:qmi;f pAw:f P; ule:f pof:rD:ej;rD:wj Ndo;f Ndi:f ylid :f O[til of:b[,uGmi;f z[auj;
trf,pwf: cD,eAu:f wAu:f wAif ay.udee
f odl pf of:vh;aO pof:xmif,pmif;pAw:f
xmif,pmif;oj; xmif,pmif;oj:wdeof j:rdok :f aO rD:wmif:Olod :f q[wrA x
f e
l ;f ul;cmof:
bmrf: pof:wke
d :f trf,vh;rD:ej;vAu.f wjeg.h OifaOygu;f eef.bof./
9. uwf:bAef - ayj:oj;pof:rD:vgi;f xmif,pmif; cke
d ;f b[,r[,Okiv
f iD mrf:
bof.auj; N.uj;vlo,f vh;rD: wmif:uwf:bAeO
f odl :f Oj, wloq
f u[ n
l :f bof./
94
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
pof:cke
d ;f b[,r[,Okiaf Owj.auj; ayj:pof:Orf.wkud .f rD: wmi:f vgi;f rh;tlu:f rh;q[
bl,auj; trf,yh,rD:zge:f vD trf,yh,qmif;rle;f Olod :f q[v;h eif,uof,/ ayj:pof:
trf,yh,qmi;f rle;f Olod :f q[v;h auj; vgi;f wmi:f uwf:bAef tefoj;eef. trf,
yh,rD:/ ayj:trf,yh,rD: vgi;f uwf:bAeO
f odl :f Oj,q[auj; trf,rD:wD;bof.wlo;f
vh;eif,uof,? qif,oj;vgi;f uwf:bAef Orf.yAeif of;pmuf; vgi;f wmif:wj,bof.
wlo;f eef.bof./ ayj:trf,rD: vgi;f wmif:Oke,f vh;Oke,f yAeq
f idk f wmif:
uwf:bAeO
f odl :f Oj,wArx
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qif,oj;ref:vlo,f rD: Oke,f vh;Oke,f yAeuf e
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ref:qif,qmif,rD:wmif:uwf:bAeO
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f e
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10. bof.wlo;f - e[:vlr;f zj.vlie
f .h ej;umefroA :f vfaG O trf,oj;
ayj:bif:rD: wmif:cwf:qfw
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f e
l ;f aO pAw:f Omif;bl,qdik f wj,trf,bof.
trf,rD:/ teftrf,pAw:f Omi;f ej;umeO
f ifeef.uln:f bof. tefawtrf,
pef rlod ;f ref:bof.wlo;f vh;aOygu;f / vgu:f vhm:wj,bof.wlo;f xkid yf mh tefoj;
eh. ayj:rD:wD;tefaw,auj; wke
d :f awrD:wD;tefbof.wlo;f xkid yf mh bl,/
ugy;f eh vgi;f bof.wlo;f eh. Orf.yAet
f efuyhg mh ref:sv; pAw:f Oifauj;bj,
ayj:trf,yh,bof.wlo;f xkid yf mh ayj:eh.qkid f wke
d :f oj;trf,vlo,f vh;oh.xmwf;q[
tle;f tge,f bge,f vli:f vj:"? yAepf odk yf e
A ]f ]ayj:rD:wmif:cmefqafG uj; wmif:
Olod :f q[eef. wke
d :f rD:rj:bl,e[:oef:ekid ;f }} vDtofumG rf:acj;eh.O[,q[pof:
aO Okyd ,f cwf:q[ujG ,ej;umefpof:eef. ref:qif,awrD:wmif:bof.wlo;f
xkid yf mh bof./
bgef.yldof;eh tefvh;rguf,vmwf; vguf:vhm:pAwf;umefOdyf:acj;
rl d e f e if , serj:yj;el d o f q l d o f : eh . P;vh ; yA e f a cj;yg e f ; q[
zl;vlvduf;pof:cofaObof. sv; P;vh;Okdyf,cwf:q[ej;umefz[ref:
cke
d ;f b[,uGj,e[: oef:rlod :f ej;aO urf:vln;f J/
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ole.f xwf:Omi;f wln:f pof:uln:f yAeq

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qof;ynfnjo>O (yde
k :f wSw;f )
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acj;erf:
e[:vlu;f vkr;f zj.eh. ayj:awrj:rki;f bAr;f wln:f ul;zmh,ul;yj;ayj:eh
qdik f pof:pj:wde
k :f awvh;pef vmq
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h j,Oj, cle:f cof:uofeof:uef
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d ?f yD eif,eef ule:f pof:ul;auj.ul;
xmef;" wde
k :f awc[;rD:vgi;f uwf:bAesf v; wif:Odol :f q[b,l rde
l uf efeif,
uof, yke;f wj,bl,im;h vlrq
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oh.bl,/ e[:qdol :f eef. qmof:ykw.f (ule:f qdol :f eyf.brfyw
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aej,vgi:f qof; vh;qke.f vl, edol .f vdw

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awj,ayj:xdik w
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qj,OD,yj: apj:Twj:trf,vdok ;f trf,Oof: cmo:f wmi:f OD,Ody:f pj;oj,vkr:f " uSe,f
qof;cwf:q[seyef OAe;f wmif:rmef,rSe;f qdok ;f q[;yke;f wj,pof:pj:aO
bof. uln:f uj; tefpof:vh;yAeq
f mof:cdol :f udol :f brf ykw.f xzj,Oj,pof: urf;
erf"Orf. trf,ayj:N.erf.wge:f zge:f vDeold z
f j,Oj, qof;uof,udol :f brfrj:
trf,N.oj; ykw.f xqof;eh. bdy:f wdok :f ]]odZQfQojW}}eheef. bge.f ydol ;f
trf,N.qSi;f "vSi:f "sv; bdil ;f qgr:f tofqrg :f zj,Oj,wmi,f ydil f rj:avj:yj:auj;
bmrf;vh;pefo.h bl,wif:erfbof./ e[:ydil yf e
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bl,/ (5) ydil t
f efoj;qlod :f eef.qdik -f
1. ukvykw.f xzj,Oj, = bge.f ydol ;f qlo;f yl,ymefre
g ,f udol :f vDeyf.brfrj:
sv; qif,vh;eyf.brfqrg :f xki:f eef.rj:awj,bmrf:vAo/f
2. vjZ ykw.f xzj,Oj, = bge.f ydol ;f c[;rmuf;rD:vDye
A sf v; qgr:f eif,c[;
yAee
f ef.aO eif,pdok af wrD:vgi;f urf.xSre
f ef. vh;bkr,f brfuold :f vDrj:/
3. Zb ykw.f zj,Oj, = bge.f ydol uf ol sf pvgi;f az:aOydil "f tefawrj:
pAw:f cAef wD;edol q
f of;uof,eef.aO qif,vh;udol :f vDeyf.brfrj:/ cofOmrf
ydil q
f old :f eh. vh;xwf:Omif;oh.oj; ykw.f xzj,Oj, qef.iof; trf,eef
qef.wSr,f ehb,l /
4. OWfXjXdu ykw.f xzj,Oj, = rD:q[brk ,f brfvig ;f vAouf n
l :f trf,arj
tofnmef,qdraf O udol :f vDeyf.brfrj:/ eh.Orf.Mif.oj; ykw.f xzj,Oj,
qef.umif ehbof./
5. ynjXdu ykw.f xzj,Oj, = tofnmef,ynf,nj, xwf:Omif;ole.f
wln:f bof.aO qif,udol :f vDeyf.brfrj:eh rD:pj;ydil e
f .h bof./ e[:uj;pj;ydil f
97
yIdbwfwO
qdol :f eef. auj.rmph j;eh. vDvold x

f O
d w
k :f sv; vh;oj;ykw.f xzj,Oj, qef.
Okifeb
h ,l bof./ bge.f ydol ;f eefsv; qgr:f eif, Nofacj;rl,vdu;f eh.oj;
f ild .f pdok }f } tefoj;eh.aO awOyf:
]]olole.f xwf:Omif;wln:f pof:uln:f yAeq
qSi;f uGj, wD;uGmif;ref: acj;v[acj;eef.bl,/
ukv ykw.f xzj,Oj,
ukv ykw.f xzj,Oj, tefoj;eh. sw,qArq
f ol ;f yl,ymefre
g ,f cof vh;
udol :f vDeyf.brfrj:eef.uln:f aO Odyk ,f wmrv
f mr:f rj: bge.f ydol ;f ayj;sr;yAef
qmof:cdol :f udol :f brfyw
k .f xzj,Oj,rj:sv; vku;f vmif:cofauj; vh;yAeq
f mof:
ykw.f rj:uln:f / ykw.f xzj,Oj,tefoj;eef.auj; trf,ygi,f ydik ;f ref:? Orf.
xSi;f uki,f Tzj:? uki,f Twj:? uki,f Oif,cj,rD:vmhyild e
f ah uj; trf,N.aOtrf,uj:
vgi;f oj;Tzj:tefqof;uof, udol :f vDyikd ;f tdirf j:bl,eh. ref:Orf.rD:nme,f qdil .f
pdok /f bdil :f tme:f ref:qof;Orf.yAeO
f if Orf.q[.zj,Oj,uGmr:f vmw;f qdil .f pdok ?f
vgi;f oj,wtefref:qof; bdy:f wdok :f aO yde
k sf z;bl,eef.Orf. yAeO
f if
sw,uGj,qdol :f eh. Orf.trf,N.ygi,f qSi;f vgi;f Oifsv; ydu.f Orf.vh;qdok ;f oj;
yAeuf e
l :f bkr,f brfeyf.xdok f ykw.f xzj,Oj,oj;ehaOwj.auj; vgi;f ykw.f x
zj,Oj,eef. Orf.c[;oj;pdok sf w."ehauj; trf,N.ule:f qdol :f eh. qgr:f eif,yl,
rge,f emh:bj;cof yAeuf e
l :f ykw.f xzj,Oj,rj:sv; ref:auj;vh;rj:yAeyf w
k .f
xzj,Oj,uln:f eh.Mif.oj; ukvykw.f xzj,Oj,ehbof./ qgr:f eif,oj; yAef
ykw.f xzj,Oj,aO arjMrf:rdok :f oh;bl,aOwj. yh,Mif.xdul ;f oj;ykw.f xzj,Oj,
eif,uof,? vdol af Oeef. vgi;f pyf.cmrf,wdok :f urftofOe
d O
f ,D vauj; trf,N.
wD;ygi,f ref: yde
l ;f oj;qdil .f pdok af uj; oj;qdil .f eefun
l :f trf,N.Oazj:ref:
sw,uGj,qdol :f eh.bof./ wD;eh;awch;se vuf:xmerf ef: ygw:f tge,f wge;f
edik ;f J rdol ;f bmrf:eif,eef rD:yl,tgu,f zlosf r:Ogiaf uj./ cjyl,tgu,f eh.
98
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
bge.f vh;pAw:f Omif;vl,wmef:uRif:sv; qif,vh;qkod ;f wuj,uRif:uln:f eif,

uof,? vgi;f Ode(f OD,v)tefoj;eef.auj; trf,N.wD;ygi,f ref:/ rD:oef:
edik ;f cj;Ogiaf uj.yl,tgu,f rD:q[Owf.xj,ayj,rj: c[;umyf;cof;zuf:Ogr:f tef
omeftefref:sv; qif,q[.emh:uRif: uGj,pjOdok .f zuf:e[:umwf, uGj,zSow
f ;D
vmef.cmhyj xmrfwn
l :f uj;cefref:aO vmwf;oj;awtofb,l ehbof./ qof;
yjeef.auj; tofrmuf,qg.h pSryf jwmh zmh,ej;ref:sv; ref:Orf.ole.f oj;
bge.f ydol ;f uofsv; yjvh;wmh uoftrf,tofbof. oj;ehaO yefuj;ref:bl,
yjsw. trf,tof? cde
k :f ygu;f rj:ql:wD;Nde:f rj:vmwf;se yl,uRif: oj;]Ol
eef.bof. trf,ulow
f mif:zdw:f ]twde,f ej,}umrf, oj;ehq:l yl,uRif:sv;
yl,uRif:Orf.cde
k :f wgy,f oj; ]]pdok .f toftOmuf;yde
l ;f wmhe.h yAef ]ujarOkrq
d f
!jqjI}umrf,uln:f ehb,l pAw:f eefcjOgiaf uj. xAiuf eftrf,bof.vh;sv;
rdol :f ql:rkeq
f of;wD;uRif: su;vdw;f yefb,l bof./ rkeq
f of;eef.auj;Orf.
cde
k :f zdw:f xSi;f vgi;f edik ;f eif,uof, ref:wSy:f wwf:yefcjqdil .f pdok e
f h ]]yj
tefcold uf jG ,Odok .f eef. qof;yjtofrmuf,qg.h wg,h O[,Nofref:sv; ref:vh;
wAe;f zImy.f zImy.f ehaOwme
h ef. xku,f nj:umr,f ]Orfzyfyvjy}tdol ;f oj;
eh wgy,f su;vdw;f yefzw
d :f "zle"f bl,bof./ qgr:f eif,vuf:xmef ygw:f
tge,f Nofe.h ayj:rj:xwf:Omif;wln:f qdik f bge.f trf,N.oj; wD;ygi,f Odef
(OD,v)OAe;f eh. vlo,f so;qdil .f pdok t
f efoj;eef. bge.f ydol ;f trf,N.wD;ygi,f
ref:qSi;f vDsv; yj:uefzw
d :f wif:rlw:f eif,eefbof.? Orf.xSi;f vgi;f
edik ;f ayj:xdik of ef:Oderf j:eh yde
l ;f rdol :f tofOe
d e
f e
g :f uRif:auj; rdol :f qgr:f
yde
l ;f qdil .f eif,eefun
l :f vgi;f oj;wD;ygi,f tkyw
k ;f eh.oj;pdok f yAeuf mG rf:Oif?
Orf.vku.f wD;v[ye
A rf j:sw,uGj, trf,rD:nmef,xwf:Omif;pif:uln:f wln:f
toftefye
ld ;f pAw:f rj:uln:f auj; trf,yh,vh;oj; ykw.f xzj,Oj,qSw;f qmif,
uge,f / uln:f vh;qdok ;f oj; ukv ykw.f xzj,Oj,uln:f / tefOrk ,f ukr;f irf:wef
99
yIdbwfwO
edol f ukv ykw.f xzj,Oj,eh. yAev

f ig ;f trf,N.(arjp)ehbof./ bge.f eef
sv; eif,pdok af wtrf,yAee
f if,oj;rj:yj;edol q
f old :f eh. P;arjtofnmef,pof:
aO xwf:Omif;wln:f ? P;arjvAy;f pAe:f P;N.wD;ygi,f tefqmof:ykw.f pof:
xku,f vDso;qdil .f pdok `f vlo,f vh;uBmif.urfqild .f pdok `f tefoj;eef. c[;wduk :f
Ole:f xdik f P;yAeq
f rg :f eif,]oj,w}rkecf rf:ykw.f xqof;aO bkr,f brfeyf.
xdok uf jG , z[ref:aOurf:/
vjZ ykw
k .f xzj,Oj,
qdol :f pof:pj: yAeq
f mof:cdol :f ulod :f brf ykw.f xzj,Oj, xku,f vDN.uj;cef
oh.erf.euf:edol z
f j,Oj,qof;uof,bl,? ykw.f xqof;eh. vh;cwf:q[ P;ayj:N.
pefxrf:Twj:Owf.qj,OD,yj:sw,uGj,wif:OAi;f wif:rlw:f aO yAez
f ;l tef
ydw
k ,f ymuf;sewmif:yef Owf.woj,qdol :f rD:e[:avj:uwif:OAi;f eif,pdok f
ayj: awN.vh;OAe;f wmi:f wj,tgu,f yle.f e[:atj:cOrf,OIj,vlie
f .h uSe,f
qof; trf,vdok ;f trf,Oof:/ eif,eef Nofyikd :f tgew
f mif:vh;apj:yef ynf
qouf.uD,pj;qof; wD;e[:vliw
f ikd rf ud wj,oef, cwf:q[seyefOe
A ;f wmif:
rmef,rSe;f qdok ;f q[; eif,pdok O
f wf.woj,wif:vmh awrD:yde
k .f N.e[:xrf:aO
arjurfqgrf:uBmif.qgrf:ykef;wj,ylef.vgwf;az:Orf,OIj,vlifeh.bof./
Twj:tefyw
k .f xqof; apj:seOif,yge;f se wif:rlw:f wif:OAi;f e[:xrf:
ydwumwf;Omrfuig q
f old :f eef. ayj:rj:cge;f wkrt
f ofw;D uSy;f iSy.f tofw;D brf
urftofve
g .f rge:f ref:ayj:ehqidk f awvh; pefb,l Omrfacj;uln:f ehbof./
e[:Omrfyild t
f efoj;eef. yAeq
f old :f v[vmh"ayj:ehqikd ~f
1. uj;yAeuf met
f rf,vD tukOol ,f wif:OAi;f awvh;so; wde
k :f awtrf,vh;
pAw:f /
2. uj;yAeuf mev
f D ukOol ,f wif:OAi;f Orf. awvh;cwf:q[pw
A :f P;wArx
f e
l ;f
vDimrf:/
100
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
3. P;oh.q[z
f uld ,f qde
k ;f cmofOb
[ ,l wj,aO,/ qgr:f eif,Omrfacj;eh. zl;wSr;f
vdu;f cofqof; wSr;f ogu:f ref:oh.oj;J]]so;ySw;f umefruld ;f ? vdul ;f pAw:f umefv?D
ODqPf[ ;cmofu,l ? ul;Ol,crf:Tzj: apj:rj:rD:Omrfbild ;f }}ehb,l /
ayj:awvmwf;se P;ayj:wArx
f e
l ;f qdik f vgu:f vmh:tefawP;q[ pof:
zdul ,f qde
k ;f cmofOv
[ ;h eef. awrD:bl,Ogiv
f mh: 1. vmh:Orx sv; 2.
vmh:odywf.Oej,ehb,l / zmh,edol O
f ig yf ild e
f ef.sw.auj; zj,Oj,cIAw.f
sw,uGj, zj,Oj,wmif,tefcofauj; awqmif;pAw:f vh;bl,/ vge.f uSesf w."
qmof:cdol :f ykw.f xzj,Oj,qdik f yAev
f mh:pAw:f P;iof;pmuf;udav,Oj, rgw,f ogw;f
bAepf mheef.eh wgi:f rmho.h P;ref;ukrd :f wj./ udav,Oj,tefoj;eh. zl;v[z[
aOtrf,oj; Oifoj;udav,Oj,eef. wduk .f xifOof:rD:oh.bl,qdik f N.uj;ref:
wuf:awyefwif:bmyf,zdw
k ,f sv;wif:rh;Mef.aOtrf,uj: wj,awyle.f
vh;Orf,OIj,owf;wku.f cvlie
f ef. wde
k :f trf,vh;ehbof./ udav,Oj,
tefoj;eef.auj; ayj:awrj:toftug ,f seqdik f awvh;pefw;D uSy;f ref:rD:
(10)ydil af O? ayj:tofroA :f ref:oj;Orf. awvh;pefb,l (3)rAo:f bof./ e[:
OmrfroA :f qdol :f eef.qrf.~
1. odwud uf rudavOj - odwud .f urudav,Oj,eh. ref:rdw
k ;f vln;f uj,ruki,f
tj,Iki,f (5)ydil sf v; qmif;tofOyl :f wlof Nofqcf[ e
g :f ohzw
d :f ydil ;f aOtrf,uj:
qmif;pAw:f P;yAerf j:vgi;f wmif: sp.uif;pmrf;OD:vgi;f wdok :f urfue
g ,f bof./
2. yIdbx
k x
f jeudavOj - udav,Oj,tefqmif;vku.f qde
k ,f rj: wD;e[:
q[eef. vlo,f vh;tofvug :f vmh: Orxzj,oej,aO sp.uif;bof./
3. tekObudavOj - tekOb udav,Oj,eh.Orf.bl,Oof:xif
tgi:f oh.bl, e[:q[wj,aO,aO Oifoj;iof:vmh:ref:yefrold ;f v[auj; ref:
qmi;f yle.f ySeaf O cof;rj:bof./ vgi;f eh.Orf.vlo,f vh;tofvm:h odywf.Oej,
zj,oej,aO wSy:f cmwf,bmwf,ySw;f pmuf;ref: P;ayj:rln.f pmheb
h of./
101
yIdbwfwO
qgr:f eif,acj;rmhOmrfe.h uln:f rD:e[:ydil q

f mof:ykw.f pof:uln:f trf,vh;
pefr:D e[:ydil z
f j,Oj,wmif,ydil x
f iS ;f ? tefpw
A ;f P;q[zuld ,f qde
k ;f cmofOe
[ .h
yAeyf ild v
f il q
f mof:ykw.f pof:bl,bof./ eif,pdok O
f wf.woj,wif:vmh ayj:aw
vgw;f az:Orf,OIj,owf;cmeq
f v
[ il e
f ef. ykw.f xqof; cwf:q[tofTwj:
Owf.qj,OD,ydil af O apj:sebl,auj; qdol :f tefwn
l :f pef vgi;f vmyf;vj,
z wln:f pefymh:rmuf;rD:Oke,f wloq
f of;uof,aO udol :f brfb,l eef. vh;oj;
]vjzykw.f xzj,Oj,}ehbof./ qdol :f eef. coftrf,bkr,f brfo.h euf:uj;pdok f
cofun
l :f wln:f pefOe
k ,f wlocf of yke;f wj,bl,im;h vlrq
f u[ n
l :f aO pefxikd z
f D
yj:sv; Nrf;wif:vgu:f vmh:uj,xj,rmef,wmef,sw,uGj,qdol :f eef.bl,bof./
qdol :f eef.rde
l e
f if,coftrf,eyf.brf.oh.ylid v
f il af Otrf,uj: tofyj:vgu:f
vmh:wmif,ydil af O O[,yefqokd ;f ykw.f xqof;oj; vj,zrked (Tzj:vmyf;b[,)
sw,uGj, pAw:f P;qdol :f yh,N.vgi;f ykw.f xqof;sw."eef. bkr,f brfzw
d :f qgr:f
cofxiS ;f uge,f bof./ ayj:awrj:xwf:Omif;wln:f qmof:cdol :f udol :f brfzj,Oj,
wmif,ydil cf ofeef. bif:trf,udol :f vDTzj:rde
l e
f if,pof: bge.f OifOrf.rmuf;rD:
vDye
A b
f ,l eh cofbif:trf,zmif.rSe;f aOtdw:f vgi;f qdol :f eh. vDv;h zmif.
pefyj:zgi;f bl,/ pof:trf,xku,f vDr:D vgi;f wmif:tof zdw:f bkr,f brfzw
d :f
bof./ ayj:pof:c[;rD:vgi;f wArx
f e
l ;f rde
l e
f if,q[pof:sw."qdik f pof:xku,f vD
ole.f xwf:Omif;cde
k :f wlopf of:aOtrf,uj: vlo,f N.yj:vgi;f bly;f bgr:f pof:
tgew
f mif:uge,f qif,udik ,f vDwyS :f wwf: P;qgr:f vmh:xku,f rSe;f wj,pof:bof./
ykw.f xqof;apj:oj; Owf.woj,wif:OAi;f wif:vmh P;vgw;f az:
udw
l ,f ? xof;? yAe?f wmh ehun
l :f trf,oj;P;vmy;f b[,ude
k :f erf/ urf;zgi;f trf,N.
sv; wln:f Oke,f vh;wj,rmuf;rD:qof;uof, vgi;f vAoaf O tofyw
k .f xqof;
pAw:f yAew
f ;D acB,bTwj,cofaOsv; vl,wmef:bl,eef. yAev
f mh: vj,z
ykw.f xzj,Oj,ehbof./ bge.f vgi;f tofzw
d :f qdol :f eh.aO wde
k :f awqmi;f
102
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
pAw:f P;zj,Oj,qmof:ykw.f pof:qlrpf mhujG , e[:su;ref:bl,eh qif,vh;yef

zmif.xdik f qmof:ykw.f pof:cofb,l bof./ uGmrf:rD:oh.oj; ]ayj:N.wloof j; pof:zdw:f
bof.eh vlo,f arjbgr:f pyf.aO wj,awsr:cde
k :f eef. wde
k :f trf,rD: rdol ;f
wlul :f vde
k :f }eh xku,f vDzmif.rSe;f uefb,l / Odyk ,f eh.aO c[;vmwf;sevgi;f
pmif;Oge:f emif:Ol,IOwD, ygw:f tge,f wge;f edik ;f / wD;e[:rdil :f tde:f wD:
bj:eef. rD:sr;erf.tge,f sr;edik ;f qdok ;f erf.eef.oj; Ol,IOwD,eh
bof./ ayj:xdik cf mof:pSi;f rj: bge.f ydol ;f erf.bgr:f uGj,sv; awvh;pefue
k z
f :l
tgu,f rj:eif,eef ule:f rdil :f tde:f wD:bj:cofurf;zgi;f tgeuf efzuk ,f rmuf,
omu;f wmi:f udef edol uf e
k t
f e
g ,f qdol :f eef.aO Orf.rmu,f yli:f Nif:uge;f vDsw."
sv; cofOrf.cof;q[oj; zDy.[ sr;erf.eef.qg;h yef cofoe
l .f eif,eef
sr;erf.eef.auj; rde
l pf mif;vDvyS ;f Odol :f q[ rde
l e
f if,yefwif:uwf:bAef
q[cofo.h ehaO qif,Oge:f pmi;f emi:f auj.edik ;f oh.bl,wD;sr;erf.eef.bof./
pmi;f Oge:f eef.auj; tofqrg :f qdok ;f erf.sr;eef.aO Mif.emi:f OlIOwD,
ehbof./ omh:eef. yDbmof:cmof:pdik rf j: qdok ;f OAie
f mif:Ol,IOwD,eef.auj;
yAew
f ;D cofeyf.brfyj:sv; ay,wmif,Omrfuig t
f efcof vh;ydik ;f tdif bdy:f urf
rj: cmof:wmif:pdik "f eef.auj; ydok ;f cof;e[:rdok :f emif:Ol,IOwD, P;y[.yj:uGj,eh
bl,bof./ pAw:f eif,eef sw,tofeef.rj: qmo:f cdol :f pde,f wl,cofwif:OAi;f
auj; bkr,f brfemif:Ol,IOwD, yAew
f ;D udol :f vDo.h rde
l e
f if,zDauj.edik ;f e[:
wD;tefcofyikd ;f tdie
f ef.bl,bof./ tof;vgi;f wmi:f ydil yf e
A e
f ef.aO Odyk ,f
wmrfvmrf:uGj,ul;wD;ul;vSef ySez
f oS cf of;rj:e[:rdil :f rmef; rdil :f wh:sw,uGj,zSof
xdik yf wf:yde
k .f rdil :f bof.sv; ule:f cdol :f tefbrk ,f brfeef. cofoe
l .f wj,aw
tofcof;zSoe
f :[ Nofqq
[ mof:ykw.f pof:oj;ehaOwj. cofOrf.pefxikd of j; ayj:
awtofqokd ;f OAie
f mi:f Ol,IOwD,aO vmw;f seoj; ref:emi:f y[.ay,wmi,f
Omrfuig rf j:eh cofawtrf,bkr,f imh;" cofce
kd :f rj:vmh;oj; ref:emif:eh.yAef
103
yIdbwfwO
tefy.[ ydwumwf;Omrfuig f rj:vmwf;seOle:f wkre

f if,ehaO xdik w
f ;D ayj:
vh;qkrd .f zSoe
f :[ Nofqq
[ mo:f ykw.f pof:urf;zgi;f bl,bof./ wD;sw.ref: om:h aO
ykw.f xqof; cof;qmrf,yIdeyd .f ymef,uGj,aO Ipmef:wj,Oif,cj,cofqof;
qdol :f tefye
A v
f uk ;f OAw;f way:ykw.f xqof; uloTf wj:ykw.f xqof; Nif;pme
h h
sv; qif,pAw:f ymifurk f eif,pdok af cj;Oif,Ogeyf w
k .f xqof; ayj:awref;
udrk :f bde
k :f bmo:f awj,ayj:xdik e
f :[ Nofq[ qmo:f cdol :f ykw.f xzj,Oj, Nrf;vln;f
Owf.woj,wif:OAi;f eef. cofqof;vh;bmyf,vh;zdw
k ,f aOwj.auj; bge.f
ydol ;f ide:f tdw:f vl edol O
f wf.woj, rde
l e
f if,ykw.f xqof;aO wln:f pef
puf.Ojxdik yf j: eif,pdok af cj;xrf:ykw.f xqof; awedrrf ef;udrk :f pdik uf jG ,rdol :f
ej;eef.ehaO qif,pky;f wkrt
f ofacj;Oif,Ogeyf w
k .f xqof; pAw;f yAef
qkr:f v[qrk :f eef.aO vgw,f tmef,ole.f ch;rj:eef. Mif.oj;]wmif,Oif,uj,
bej,}ehbof./ sw,tofOif,uj,bej, ygu;f urf:edik ;f eef.rj: awj,xdik f
ymefpof:pj:bmrf:vAoe
f .h ckerf ild :f ymefOykd ,f ymefsv; qof;rpj,ax,vlicf of
tgeNf oferf:ej;aO pAw:f rj:xle;f xdik Nf uf:ygu;f wAr"f ehb,l bof./ zgi:f
bmr:f eif,eef bge.f ydol ;f Omih mih of:vm:h ome;f rdil :f trf,ayj:edrsf v; Ipme:f
Oif,cj,qof;cof yAet
f efv;h ole.f uGib
f my,f q[rj:sw."sv; vh;awj,Ol;rj:
vgi;f bmyf,zdw
k ,f qdol :f eef.wif:erfbof./ eif,pdok af cj;xrf:ykw.f xqof;
awtrf,Nif;trf,pmv
h ;h eef.auj; vh;cwf:q[vw
g ;f tme,f ole.f ch;aO Odyk ,f
wSr;f wmi,f oh.edol cf yS :f vme:f ? cSy:f pdesf w,uGj, ul;vgu:f ul;ydil v
f :l uge,f pof:qif,
awvh;pef awj,xkid of ef:rdol ;f eh.tefoj;eef. qSi;f vSi:f vDb,l bof./
ref:trf,uAo,f uef wif:tefoj;emif:zDO,l IOwD, rj:y[.ydwumwf;Omrfuig f
eef.aOtdw:f vgi;f eh.auj;P;tgeuf efyig ;f qSi;f vSi:f q[zr[ ef:aOurf:/
rde
l e
f if,vgi;f wmi:f tefserj:qdol :f eh.bof. ayj:pof:ukr,f bkr,f zdw;f
oj; emif:Ol,IOwD, y[.yj:ydwumwf;Omrfuig t
f efoj;eef.bl,qdik f Oif,c
104
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
qof;cofOrf. qmif;vlo,f wli.f edik f vgi;f umefOj,Oej,pAw:f Oifbof. vgi;f

qdol :f eh.vlo,f cke
d :f tgeuf efoe
l .f wln:f bl,/ Oifoj;pof:trf,arjole.f Oge,f
yj: yke;f wj,qmof:ykw.f pof: tefawbdik ;f b[,cde
k ;f rj: Odyk ,f eyf.brfuold :f vD
oh.uj;cefzj,Oj,qof;uof,aO Odyk ,f xdi:f Odr:f uGj,rdol :f ej;ehqikd f yke;f zge:f
pof:auj; awtrf,wArx
f e
l ;f aOtrf,uj: awqmif;yj:uefujG ,yAez
f oydu.f
wj,uge,f ehbof./ ydil yf e
A O
f zj,o q[vj,zykw.f xzj,Oj,cofe.h tof
vgi;f c[;vh;c[;yAef wef,pj,erf:ej;aO pAw:f uGj,bof./ ayj:coftofwefpj,
eef. erf:ej;qdik f tefcofpw
A :f cofOmi;f ukOol ,f sv; tukOol ,f eef.auj;
yAeO
f e
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pj, vgi;f c[;vh;c[;yAee
f ef. erf:ej;bl,wdu:f wdu:f qdik f Orf,OIj,owf;wku.f
ctefoj;eef. wde
k :f awtrf,qmif;yle.f vh;aOygu;f / bge.f eef ykw.f
xqof; rD:rSw.f wj,tdw:f vleold O
f wf.woj,zDOmifue
l :f Owf:wif:OAi;f
P;ayj:vh;vgw;f tgu,f e[:wku.f cOrf,OIj,ehsv; qif,cwf:q[apj:se
ymuf;seOAe;f wmif:tefrmef,rSe;f qdok ;f q[;bof./ pof:Orf.trf,uBmif.urf
qgr:f eif,ykw.f xqof; seyefOe
A ;f wmif:aOtrf,uj: trf,rD:vgi;f xwf:
Omif;OifaO bkr,f yde
k .f bkr,f ySw;f zj,Oj, tefvuk .f wif:egu;f zgu;f cof;
zSorf j:eef.bl,ayj:ehqikd f rde
l uf efwif:pof: ugiv
f ifawj,ykw.f xqof;
qdok ;f OAit
f efoj; pof:yAeq
f mof:cdol :f ulod :f brfyw
k .f xeheef. trf,xku,f vD
yAeb
f of.? bge.f eef wj,awvh;yAerf j: zoule:f ehauj;vh;bmyf,? yAef
ule:f rj:aO wj,awvh;wD;udol :f vD tefqw
S ;f tefrmef, rde
l e
f if,Oj,O
ej,ykw.f xqof;eh. vh;bmyf,sw."eh P;ole.f wln:f pefce
kd :f rde
l e
f if,
uGmrf:pof: rD:oh.oj;J]]yAeuf e
l :f rj:edik ;f qmwf; trf,rBmwf;auj;bj,P;Okr:f
yme}f }ehaO zl;wSr;f vdu;f c[;yefzmi.f xdik f zl;vlvud ;f pof:cofsv; yD;egi.f
qmof:cdol :f udol :f brfzj,Oj,ykw.f x zl;ule;f vDpof:cofwif:OAi;f bl,/
105
yIdbwfwO
Zb ykw.f xzj,Oj,
Zb ykw.f xzj,Oj,tefoj;eh. uloaf z:cAef tefawyAerf j:qdol :f
eef.aO qif,udol :f vDeyf.brfyw
k .f xqof;eef. Mif.oj; Zbykw.f x
zj,Oj,ehbof./ wD;sw.ref: ykw.f xqof; trf,qmif;sp.uif;yefv;h
az:cAef tefawyAerf j:eef. uSe,f qof; seyefv;h OAe;f wmif: wj,
awyle.f vgw;f vh; az:udw
l ,f ? az:xof;? az:yAe?f az:wmhaO seyef
vgu:f vmh:ref:uln:f / Oifoj;trf,urfqrg :f vgu:f vmh: tefue
S ,f qof; seyef
eef.auj; awtrf,rD:vmh:v[ awqmif;vgw;f vh;ehbrk ,f brfb,l bof./
wD;eh;ygi,f oj; yke;f wj,awvgw;f vh;az: tefserj:qdol :f eh. ]twfwpd
twfwaej ejaxj-wloq
f of;uof, P;arjydik ;f tdicf e
kd :f wloq
f of;uof,}eh
bof./ urf;erfawqmif;bkr,f brfoj; az:cAet
f efawyAerf j:wif:OAi;f
eef. ykw.f xqof;awsp.uif;yefeah O udol :f vDun
l :f sw. awyAev
f ug :f
vmh: Zbykw.f xzj,Oj,bgr:f pyf.uln:f / ayj:oj;rD:rj: vgi;f trf,rde
l q
f [
trf,bkr,f brfwol uf of, ayj:ehqikd f awqmif;pjvgu:f vmh:wmif,ydil x
f iS ;f aO
udol :f brfzw
d :f bl,? qdol :f eh. bge.f ydol ;f trf,N.(todqq
f j)Okr,f ukr;f irf:iof:
sv; Orf.uGj,pyf.tofvig ;f bkr,f zdw:f tofyild ;f xSi;f qdik f OIeuki,f auj;
qmif;vl.yj:qgr:f ehbof./ Tzj:yAeq
f of; apj:oj; ]bge.f ydol ;f rD:tuRif:Twj:
sv; tuBLof:Twj:qif,ayj,yAerf j: (apwk? zv)ehb,l / ayj:trf,N.vgi;f
apwk zvauj; wde
k :f awqmi;f tofzw
d :f bkr,f zdw:f bl,trf,pmi.f ehbof./
bge.f eef P;yAeq
f mo:f clod :f ykw.f xzj,Oj,qSw;f qmi,f eef. vlo,f arjxrg ,f ?
vlo,f arjwdok :f urfqrg :f eif,ykw.f xqof;Oif, Ogeuf e
g ,f qif,awMif.xdul ;f
oj; ykwf.xzj,Oj,tefqSwf;tefrmef,eh zl;rD:ynj,cofwif:OAif;
xwf:Omif;seeif,ehb,l bof./ bge.f ydol ;f trf,N.aOvrfwefpw
A :f uGj,
urf;erfsv; qgi,f qmif;vh;wif:wku.f cbof./ wmif:wku.f ctefoj;eef.
106
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
trf,q[sv;oj; rdil :f ule:f uln:f rD:vgi;f wku.f c sw,qArrf ild :f zD? rlid :f Omif iImh:
sw,uGj,qdol :f eef. auj;yAew
f ;D wku.f cvge.f "bof./ eif,pdok af wyle.f vgw;f
vh; wmif:wku.f cqdol :f eef. Oifoj;pof:pAw:f umefvD wj,e? OD,v? zj,o
ej, umefvuD O
k ol ,f wif:OAi;f qdol :f eef. pof:xku,f vDbild :f ql: wD;tef
vgw;f az: (eYfYjeOfO yqfqabj apjw-k P;yAev
f ig ;f wmi:f wj,aw
Mwf;edy.f ymef,)aOurf:ehb,l / Nrf;oj;pAw:f eef bge:f Ol:vmh"uln:f sw.
vgi;f bge:f Ol:pof:eef. trf,yh,qmi;f vh;wArx
f e
l ;f eif,uof,/ vlo,f vh;pAw:f
umefref:xSi;f wif:erfue
g ,f qif,awqmif;vh;bof./ umeftefvol ,f vh;
pAw:f eef. Orf.yAeuf mefoyd wf.Oej, zj,oej,urf,rxmef:Twj: umefwj,
arjN.quf:szIky;f emrf,yAev
f .l ? yqfqbyWduUf pe-nmef,wj,N.vh;
vgi;f wmif:Iky;f emrf,sw,uGj,ehbof./
vgi;f wmif:wku.f c yAe:f rj:eef. bge.f ydol ;f pof:trf,N.sv; trf,
qmi;f su;ch;vh; yefpjvig ;f wku.f c/ ayj:awvmw;f sevgi;f Owf.qj,OD,ydil f
qdik f awxmif,qSi;f bl, vgi;f oj;tefvy[ e
A f tuRi:f ? tuBLof:ref:/ OrkW
b-bge.f ydol ;f c[;vh;c[;yAesf v; qif,vh;wmif:wku.f c? wD;eh;auj; vDoe
l .f
cku:f xly:f cde
k :f acj;uGmrf:qof;ayj;cl:oj:oke:f qkr.f uh.tofapj:se pof:pj:oj;
]]ayj:rD:wmif:c[;vh;erfauj; wku.f cerf? rh;q[erf? ayj:trf,rD:wmif:c[;vh;
auj; awtrf,rD:vgi;f wku.f c vgi;f rh;q[}}ehsw,uGj, yAev
f mh:Owf.qj,Twj:
wku.f csv;OrkWbbof./ OrkWbeh. yAeTf wj:tefvol ,f ymuf;ySw;f aO
ruf.uOwf.qj,Orf.vlo,f sz;wde
l :f uge,f edaIj:xOwf.qj,Twj:eef.
qif,qmif;yAerf j:bof./ Oiftrf,tofvmh:eh. ukr,f bkr,f vgu:f vmh:uBLof,tle;f
uBLof,ydol .f uBLof,uRu:f uBLof,oSe?f edik ;f trf,vDujG ,wmi:f wlu:f Nuf:trf,vDujG ,wif:
tgu,f sw,uGj,qdol :f eef.bl,qdik f awj,xdik yf mefNofpof:ayj:Muf,ayj:Oj:
ij:ayj:Oge,f auj; pof:awtrf,pefv;h vgi;f zdw:f vgi;f xku,f Oifun
l :f trf,
107
yIdbwfwO
uj: awukruf iG af O trf,qmif;bkr,f umrf,sv; zge:f vDumrf,pof:vh;aOygu;f

omh:rj:qmif;qyf:tofwif:bkr,f zdw:f rdw.f Ojwdw.f xdww
d :f yj: Okr:f ySw;f
zoqmwf;ymefte
g ,f pof:pj: tefv;h udw
l ,f rj:rSe;f cmof:bmrf:vDe.h vl:uge,f
bof./ Oifye
A e
f efujG ,qkid f az:cAet
f efawrj:eef.auj; trf,qmif;
vgw;f vh;aOtrf,uj: az:Orf,OIj,vlie
f ef.auj; wde
k :f trf,qmif;
vgw;f vh;ehbof./ vgi;f eh.P;arjtofnme,f qdraf O rle.f sr:cde
k :f qlo;f yh,
wlu:f vde
k :f eh.aOurf:/
OWfXjXdu ykw.f x zj,Oj,
OWfXjXdu ykw.f xzj,Oj,tefoj;eh.qkid f rD:vgi;f bkr,f brf Tzj:?
Twj:? Oif,cj, Iwej,Omryf ild uf n
l :f / trf,yh,arjtofnme,f ole.f xwf:Omi;f
aO bkr,f brfyj:sv; vh;oj; OWfXjXdu ykw.f xzj,Oj,ehbof./ ayj:
cde
k :f rj:xwf:Omif;wln:f cde
k :f wlopf of:auj; pof:bgr:f pyf.oj; yAeq
f mof:ykw.f
eheef. pof:xku,f vDyj:nmef,aO bkr,f umrf,sv;zge:f vDumrf, (urfrOfO
uw)sv; cwf:q[P;rD: Owf.qj,ekavj:rdunmef, (arjwSy:f wwf:ruf:
cef;vgi;f Owf.qj,OD,ydil )f uge,f qif,yAev
f ;h ykw.f xzj,Oj,qef.Okif
bof./ Oifoj;rD:vgi;f bkr,f brfyild v
f oA uf n
l :f aO trf,yj:nmef,uduk :f Mrf:qdik f
qmi;f bkr,f zdw:f bkr,f ydil ;f eif,uof,/ bge.f ydol ;f trf,yj:nme,f sv; awqmi;f
bkr,f imh;aO zdw:f ydil ;f vh; rde
l e
f if,vuf:xmef tefawvmwf;uGj,eh.bl,
bof./ rdol ;f ymefyw
k .f xqof;eef. rD:tln:f vDuefOig af uj. auj.edik ;f Orf.
uBmif.rde
l of ol :f aO tln:f auj.ref:Orf. uBmif.rde
l rf jehbof./ vgu:f vmh:cjOgif
auj.uBmif.eef. bge.f trf,yj:nmef,ole.f qdrsf v; trf,pefw;D cj c[;yAef
eef./ cjOig af uj.uBmi.f rj: cmo:f wmi:f (33)yDvrk :f " trf,pefyild ;f vmu,f OifaO
trf,uj: cmof:bmrf:auj;Okr:f bge.f ydol ;f bkr,f tofumG rf:TOj,cjvmwf;seuln:f
108
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
sv; cj;qif,cde
k :f ukruf efv;h q[wyS :f wwf:oj; awvdul ;f pjvgu:f vmh:wmif,
ydil e
f ah O Mwf;xdik uf jG ,wD;ykw.f xqof;aO vof;xdik v
f ig ;f wmi:f cjwif:OAi;f
sv; ykw.f xqof; qif,apj:seyefcjOgiaf uj.oj; ayj:uBmif.rde
l e
f if,olo:f
auj; ayj:wmhujG ,awyAeof ol :f ? vku.f wD;zoolo:f eef. ayj:wmhujG ,Orf. aw
wlu:f toD,qdiImh:eh apj:yefeif,eefb,l bof./ wge;f Ogeyf ild yf e
A t
f e
g ,f
eh. bge.f ydol ;f rD:vgi;f bkr,f brftofacj;uGmr:f TOj,cjOig af uj.vmw;f uln:f trf,
yj:nme,f xwf:Omi;f ole.f qgr:f sv; qif,vh;yAee
f if,eefbof./ zm,h vif
vgi;f bkr,f brf(OWfXj)eef. ayj:yj:ynf,nj,qdrq
f rg :f qdik f Owf.xj,
eef. qmif;Oli,f Mwf;wD;uwf:bAef wD;vgw;f az:cAef rdil :f crf:edy.f ymef,
vh;bl,ehbof./ vgi;f bkr,f brfeef.auj; Oifoj;trf,bkr,f brfTzj:? Twj:?
Oif,cj,Iwej,Omrfyild f uln:f bkr,f zDsw,uGj, tefzj,Oj,wmif,ydil cf ofbrk ,f
eef.auj; trf,Mif.Owf.xj,eif,uof,/ vgi;f bkr,f brfpof:eh.auj; eif,pdok f
vku;f vmefqmof:cdol :f ykw.f xzj,Oj,pof: ayj:awarjbkr,f eef.auj; vlo,f
vh;seyef P;yj:nmef,aO bkr,f uGj,bl,eh c[:wduk :f Ole:f xSi;f bl, P;zl;
vlvud ;f pof:cofsv; yD;egi.f qmof:Omhyw
k .f xzj,Oj, zl;ule:f vDpof:cof arj
rD:vgi;f bkr,f brf ynf,nj,qdrq
f rfw;D edol If wej,Omrfqof;aOurf:/
ynjXdu ykw.f xzj,Oj,
ynfnjXud ykw.f xzj,Oj,tefoj;eh. awvh;bdy:f wdok :f tofnme,f
(ynf,nj,) Mrf:zjqgr:f aO udol :f vDeyf.brfue
g ,f qif,yAev
f ;h ynfnjXdu
ykw.f xzj,Oj,ehbof./ bge.f ydol ;f ykw.f xqof; tofynf,nj,erf:ej;aO
xmyf;xSryf j,IrD,rj: cmof:wmif:OD,Oif,acB,ymhOe
S uf rf,zj,aO qif,pky,f vh;
Oyf.ynf,nkwnmef, N.pefxrf:Twj: Owf.qj,OD,yj:aO qif,yAeTf zj:
rBmwf;vle.f yle.f vdol f Owf.woj,zDOmifue
l :f Owf: e[:avj:uwif:OAi;f
109
yIdbwfwO
bl,bof./ ynf,nj,(nmef,)tefoj;eh.auj; tefqof;uof,pAw:f Omif;bl,

eh.vDpokd ?f trf,vD P;arjqSu,f szaO vdul ;f pAw:f tefve
D ef.uge,f qif,
Mif.oj;nmef,ehbof./ xSi;f ydil e
f ikd ;f auj; pof:awvh;qSu,f szaO N.oj;
vgi;f v[awyAef tefvrf,vgi;f vdol f tefvt
[ rf,ayj:ydil b
f ,[ eh P;arjquf:
sztofue
g ,f qif,N.vh;oj; rde
l e
f if,Nof acj;oj;rj:yj:edol e
f .h qof;uof,
ayj:vlo,f arjwSy:f wwf:vh;bof. vgi;f oj;pof:uln:f yAeq
f ild .f pdok /f vgi;f nmef,
eh.auj; awcde
k :f qSu,f rj:xSi;f Ogirf oA :f 1. nme,f e[:Oj,Oej, 2. egu;f Oj,
Oej,ehbof./ ]nmef,}egu;f Oj,Oej, urfrOfOuwnmef, (bkrb
f rf
umrf,sv; zge:f vDumrf,)? nmef,e[:Oj,Oej, Oqfqjekavjrdunmef,
(qmi;f arjwyS :f wwf:N.pefxikd O
f qfqj,OD,yj:)eh rD:bl,Ogirf oA :f bof./ Oj,
Oej, tefoj;eh.auj; qgr:f eif,ykw.f xqof; apj:rj:wif:OAi;f eef.
xku,f vDvyA ;f pAe:f P;N.qSi;f wSw;f eSw;f aO wdok :f urfqrg :f zAe;f "uge,f qif,
vh;oj; nmef,e[:Oj,Oej,/ ayj:oj;acj;Oif,Ogeyf w
k .f xqof; rD:oh.bl,
e[:rmuf,Nofq[pof:ayj:ehqdkif uj;yAefavj:uxrf,Twj:ayj,rj:ydlifv[auj;
awarjsu;vdw;f qgr:f aO ylu.f ulo,f auj.eef. qif,Mif.xdul ;f oj; yAeaf uj.N.
pefTwj: e[:umyf;ymefOj,Oej,ehbof./ Owf.qj,Twj:eh.auj; Oifoj;
ykw.f xqof; trf,ayj,yGmif.rj: z[z;l v[auj; awtrf,qmif;N.xdik v
f ;h ? umef
wj,e? OD,v? Orxqdol :f eef.sw. Tzj:yAeq
f of;trf,ayj,rj:auj; bif:
pAw:f vh;bl,/ rdol ;f aej,vgi:f qof; yAecf e
k af o,Oef,wIj,eef. ref:qof;
vh;vl,qmif.rj:bof.? bmrf:eif,eef yAee
f ug ;f Oj,Oej,sv; z[trf,vh;
wduk :f Ole:f aOwj. N.arjpAw:f pif:uln:f bl,? umefwj,e? OD,v? Orxcof
qdol :f eh. zj,Oj,v[aOrof,oj; awpAw:f vh;bl,/ rde
l e
f if, Nif:bjsw,uGj,
umefyIpdwqdol :f eef.auj; qdol :f tefuodl :f brfzj,Oj,cIAw.f cof sw,wif;
pAw:f rj:auj;erfb,l uln:f uj;bdil :f rme
h if,cofpw
A :f qdol :f eef. cofN.vgi;f wmi:f
110
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
sv; zge:f ref:aO pAw:f sw.auj; awtrf,xmif,q[;/ awtofvig ;f Twj:

O[,q[aO qif,sw,wif;auj; vSy;f trf,yAev
f ;h / cofun
l :f cof;q[oj; ayj:
pAw:f yefcofqild .f eh cofawbkrb
f rf,pof: omh:rj:pof:awNnf:cofv;h imh;"eh
ydil v
f oA uf n
l :f / teftofnmef,Twj:ygi,f q[aOsv;pAw:f eef. vh;pef e[:
qmof:ykw.f pof:eh.uln:f / bge.f eef Oifoj;pof:pAw:f umefqj,ubde
k ;f yef
vl,wmef:sw,uGj, umefwmif:vDaOydil "f qdik f bj,ayole.f q[b,[ vgi;f wkr.f
wgy,f cde
k :f eef.aO bde
k ;f yefvj:"/ Oifoe
l .f xdik yf j:vgi;f wkr.f wgy,f cde
k :f
eef.aO qif,yefqikd f rde
l uf efwif:zj,Oj,wmi,f ydil cf of pAw:f Omi;f eef.
uln:f awtrf,yefze
g :f vD yke;f qof;uof,vh;wArw
f ;D tefoj;eef. P;
zmif.N.vduk .f vrf,aOurf:/ auj.teftrf,rD:nmef,eh. zl;wSr;f vdu;f rmif
qlod :f wSu;f oh.oj; ref:rde
l uf muf,cle:f zuf:ehb,l ? umuf,eh. yde
l ;f tofcofpw
A :f
cdil ;f rdok :f aO cle:f zuf:bl,aOwj. coftrf,vh;N. tIOj,zuf:aOtdw:f eh
bof./ eh.auj;eif,eefbof. auj.tefpw
A :f umefTwj:aO trf,yj:nmef,
qdrq
f rg :f eef. trf,N.tIOj,Twj:vh;/ bge.f eefsv; e[:qmof:ykw.f
pof:eh. wde
k :f vlo,f vh;tofnmef,qdrq
f rg :f wj,aO, awj,ayj:Mwf;xdik f
vh;wD;bdil :f tmef:qmof:ykw.f xzj,Oj,pof:/ tefoj;rdil :f crf:edy.f ymef,
eef.auj; wde
k :f awvh;q[.nmef,aO qif,qmif;xdik v
f ;h ehbof./
acj;vlyf:vif
qgr:f eif,vh;vdul ;f Nofacj;oj; ]]ole.f xwf:Omif;wln:f pof:uln:f yAef
qdil .f pdok }f }ehaO wSr;f sevgi;f ykw.f xzj,Oj, (5)rAo:f rj:eh. zl;wSr;f vdu;f
bkr,f brf,oj; awyAev
f ig ;f wmif:urf.xSryf efymh:N.bl,urf;zgi;f sv; wD;vD
zdrl .f xSrv
f ug :f yof,eef.auj; awseyefv;h OAe;f wmif: yD;egi.f qmof:Omh
ykw.f xzj,Oj,zl;ule:f vDpof:cofwif:erfb,l eh qif,vh;uAy:f Mrfwrg w
f rS ;f
aO uj;eif,bde
k :f rdok :f xdik v
f ;h eef.uln:f / zl;wSr;f vdu;f wde
k :f bde
k of j;
111
yIdbwfwO
awrD:wD;zdw:f wif:erfb,l eh bgr:f pyf.bl,/ bge.f Oifayj:ehqikd f ugy;f ydol ;f

ygi,f q[oj; vgi;f vyf.ymhurfe.h ref:trf,rde
l v
f yf.zj.ehbof.? ulnuf j;ymhurf
eh.sw. ayj:vh;zmhbof.auj; ref:trf,arjcde
k :f xdik .f rde
l e
f if,zj.rdw;f
oj;eefaOwj. umefvig ;f v[auj;vD Oifoj;trf,rD:vgi;f zduk :f zge.f oh.eh
wde
k :f trf,qmif;xdik w
f ;D q[.udev
f ;h aOrAo:f / yAepf okd af uj;vlo,f ygi,f q[oj;
vgi;f wArx
f e
l ;f bly;f bgr:f ? tdu,f vln;f vgi;f zdw:f sv;vgi;f xku,f eh. cof
wde
k :f Omefcwf:uef wof.cAi,f uefrj:bl,ul;cmof:bmrf:bof./ zl;wSr;f vdu;f
auj; bkr,f q[oj;]ayj:trf,rD;vgi;f zdw:f auj; vgi;f xku,f rSe;f eef. awtrf,
qmif;pefv;h rdol ;f v[}ehaO qif,yAev
f yf.wln:f ymhurfbof./ eif,pdok af yj:
awcSr.f vSy;f uGj,xSi;f yAew
f rS ;f uGj,xSi;f eef.auj; awcwf:q[qe
kd ,f pSi:f uGj,
bl,eh yefumG r:f ref;bl,/ P;zl;vlvud ;f pof:cofwif:OAi;f sv; qmo:f cdol :f ykw.f
xzj,Oj,pof:cofwif:OAi;f P;yAeyf w
k .f xzj,Oj,qef.Okiaf O eif,pof:
pj: bdil :f tmef:oh. wD;uwf:wD;bAef wD;vgw;f cAef rdil :f edy.f ymef,eef.
P;rD:nme,f (ynf,nj,) vgi;f xwf:Omi;f aObof. arjpjOe
A ;f wmi:f bmi;f ql:
wD;bdil :f rmhv;h imh;vlrz
f r[ ef:aOurf:eh bge:f bif.ymhurfw;D eh;aO P;wArf
xle;f eif,umifqc[ ;[ yAeO
f okd ;f z[wef:ref:aOurf:vln;f J/
zl;wSr;f vdu;f c[;bge:f tofvud ;f rl,eh.aO wkr.f wgy,f cgy;f cde
k :f uke:f
rkeIf wej,Omrq
f of; Nrf;cof;ayj;sr;qof;Ogiyf j: TOj,Orj:cl:oj:qof;wif:
OAi;f eyf.brfuef,awj:xdik b
f ,l ul;wleuf ;l rkeuf ;l yj:cj;atj;/
zde
k t
f id ~f
- tZdxrfrwfx Oif,upyjvdqof;/ - XrfryWyjvdqof;/
- YkWX
f o>O/
-vdu;f Mrfwrg f e[:xrf,r/
- yke
d :f emif:OlIOwD, tde:f wD:bdol :f /
112
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
Zge:f vD erf.eAi;f clrf (24)rAo:f

qof;nmef,qgrv
f iS :f
vgi;f udee
f rf.eAi;f clre
f .h ref:yefze
g :f vD vgi;f bl,vDue
l :f pof:
sw."sv; ugy;f ehumyf;bmrf:eh. yle
d ;f tgeuf efue
d e
f rf.eAi;f clrrf j: ayj:c[;
qgw,f wlo;f wif:vlu;f bof./ erf.eAi;f clre
f .h ref:yefze
g :f wge;f wj,ymh:
bl,vDqof;uof,sw."/ e[:uj;ekid ;f oef: Oifqodl .f qof;uof, trf,udeyf ef
erf.eAi;f clrf Omrfuug :f OD,ugu:f eh rle
d uf efwif:qof;uof, trf,oh.uj;cef
ymh:bl,vDqof;uof,eef.uln:f / vgi;f udee
f rf.eAi;f clre
f .h zge:f vDref:rD:
(24)rAo:f ? rle
d q
f idl .f eif,vmwf;se oh.yj;w[;eh.bof./
d ,f Olod ,f (cancer)
1. erf.eAi;f clrf sv; wmif:yAeuf e
r[eiA ;f cAoe
f ef. ugy;f oj;ref:yj:oh.xmwf;tef pSi:f vlod af O vitamin
rgu;f 100 yke;f sv; pSi:f vlod af O vitamin E wj, 25-yke;f eef.bof./
tdiyf idk ;f vln;f Ogirf oA :f eh. rj:avj:uefaO qif,oj;erf.eAi;f clre
f .h ref:
pAw:f P;e[:cef,xj,wlocf id :f ule:f pof: uSe,f cSirf :D pSi:f aO sp.uif;yefv;h
bj,P;ule:f pof: yAew
f mif:yAe(f vitamin) eef.bof./
2. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; wmif:yAerf muf,Nofq[ (Heart disease)
erf.eAi;f clre
f .h ref:uSw,f scyef wmif:yAerf muf,Nofqs[ v; wmif:
yAew
f mhzmuf,aO sp.uif;yefyj:xmwf;ref: e[:wlouf e
l :f pof: tefye
A f
(cholesterol)ehaO P;at,bgr:f vli:f uGj,bl,bof./ r[ei
A ;f cAoe
f .h ref:xSrf
Omif;yef P;pSi:f rmuf,Nofqu[ e
l :f pof: uSe,f cSirf :D pSi:f bof./
113
yIdbwfwO
3. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; vgi;f au,xof; (Aging)

e[:r[eiA ;f cAoe
f ef. rD:xmwf;tefeidk ;f qkod ;f Mif.oj;(Polyphenols)
ehaO xmw;f tefe.h ref:uSw,f scukr:f xdi:f yef vgi;f zdoe
f odl .f eif ule:f
pof: teferk ,f wkw:f ekw:f eef.bl,bof./
l :f pof: (Weight Loss)
4. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; erf.euf:wlouf e
r[eiA ;f cAoe
f .h ref:qg;h xSryf efP;erf.euf:wloq
f of;uof, bly;f bgr:f
vli:f bl,bof./ r[eiA ;f cAoe
f .h ref:qmif;pAw:f P;chref: e[:wlocf id :f ule:f pof:
vAu.f au,at,rmifbrg :f vli:f aO qmif;zlrd .f xSryf ef P;xmwf;Ozj,o e[:
wlocf id :f ule:f pof: sz;wlod :f rj:vlod uf of,bl,bof./ erf.eAi;f clre
f .h Oifue
d f
yefu;l oef:qkid f ekid ;f oef:v[ ref:qmi;f pAw:f P;erf.euf: wlocf id :f ule:f pof:
bgr:f vli:f rgu;f 70-uD:vlo:f uIrf:aObof./ e[:uj;ekid ;f yDqrf. qmif;pAw:f P;
erf.euf:wlocf id :f ule:f pof: bgr:f vli:f rgu;f (7)ygi,f qlod :f eh.v[bof./
f odl .f ule:f pof: ( Skin)
5. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; zdoe
xmw;f ul;qlod .f ul;ylid f tefcof;yj:e[:r[eiA ;f cAoe
f ef. vgi;f teftj,bk
ule:f pof:b[,Okicf e
dk ;f rj:aO xmwf;tefpw
A :f P;elod .f eifpoA ,f qlod :f eef.
auj; ref:uSw,f scyef? vlod e
f ef.uln:f yh,uj: wj,elod .f eifpof:awyAeuf e
S ,f
Olod ,f eef.auj; ref:qg;h xSrf uSw,f scyefb,l bof./
f e
A cf e
dk ;f (Arthritis)
6. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; wmif:yAet
erf.eAi;f clre
f .h ref:qmif;pAw:f P;wmif:yAet
f e
A cf e
dk ;f ule:f pof:
vAu.f au,at,rmifrj:aO bif:uSw,f scyefv;h wj, P;wmif:yAef awtrf,
az;eef.vl:uge,f / tdiyf idk ;f vln;f erf.uwf. xmwf;tefr:D e[:r[eiA ;f cAof
eef.aO zge:f vDvig ;f udee
f rf.eAi;f clre
f .h ref:uSw,f scyef eif,pkod f
vky,f pof: awtrf,tle;f v[? wj,tAepf of: awuSe,f cSiv
f q
[ odl :f eh.bof./
114
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
7. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; vky,f (Bones)

e[:r[eiA ;f cAoe
f .h bge.f oj;yj:oh.xmwf;erf.(Fluorde)oh.sv; ref:
qg;h xSryf efwj,vky,f ule:f pof: uSe,f cSib
f ,l bof./ Oifqof;uof, udeyf eferf.
eAi;f clruf ;l oef:ayj:ehqidk f ref:qmif;pAw:f P;vky,f pof: uSe,f cSiv
f q
[ odl :f eh.
bof./
8. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; xmwf;chref: (Cholesterol)
e[:r[eAif;cAofeh. ref:qgh;xSrfyefxmwf;chref:(Cholesterol)
tefr:D e[:wlouf e
l :f pof: wlu:f bgr:f vli:f bl,bof./ e[:wlocf id :f ule:f pof:eh.
ref:awrD:oh.xmwf;chref: tefvsD v; teftrf,vD (tefqmif;yef
az:ule:f )ehaO rD:oh.Ogirf oA :f bof./ r[eiA ;f cAoe
f .h ref:qmif;uSw,f scyef
xmwf;ref:teftrf,vD e[:wlocf id :f ule:f pof: bgr:f vli:f eef.bof./
9. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; vgi;f wmif:yD: (Obesity)
r[eiA ;f cAoe
f .h ref:uSw,f scyefxmwf;ref: tefqmif;pAw:f P; wlof
cdi:f ule:f pof: yD:cke
d ;f rj:eef.bl,bof./ Oifqodl .f qof;uof,vAe;f pSi:f yef
wj,aO,aO udee
f rf.eAi;f clryf efu;l oef:ayj:ehqidk f vgi;f yD:eef.auj;
awtrf,yD:cke
d ;f rj:vh;ihm;"/
f oA ;f omef (Diabetes)
10. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; wmif:yAeb
r[eiA ;f cAoe
f .h ref:qg;h xSrpf iS :f yefwj,xmwf;ulod of mefpof:v[ xmwf;
qD,ov[ tefr:D e[:wlouf e
l :f pof:eef. vDcudk .f cSr.f rj:bl,bof./ ref:uSw,f sc
yefv;h yj:wmif:yAev
f w
dl ;f cke
d ;f tefye
A x
f mwf;ulod of mef tefqmif;ukid .f
umif.aO ayj,yAerf j:eef.bl,bof./
115
yIdbwfwO
11. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; vgi;f rkod :f Oef, (Parksons)

e[:r[eiA ;f cAot
f efyj:oh.xmwf;(Antioxidant)eheef. ref:uSw,f sc
yef tgu:f atjule:f pof: wj,awtrf,yAerf j:vh; wmif:yAerf okd :f Oef,eef.
bl,bof./
12. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; wyf:_ygw,f (Liver Disease)
vgi;f tefwmifbj;bjwmif:yAew
f yf:_ygw,f pof:eef.vlod af O bj;
bjwmif,rAo:f ? erf.eAi;f clre
f .h auj; yAet
f efurf.xSryf efsw."oj;"eh/ zl;
vAy;f pAe:f zmh,ymh:Ohm;cof pefxikd of j; erf.eAi;f clre
f .h qmif;bj.vSoyf w
S ;f
vh;xmwf;chref: tefrj:Nrf,wlr:f oh. wD;wyf:_ygw,f pof:ehbof./
d ;f cke
d ;f (High Blood Prssure)
13. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; vlw
vgi;f wmif:tefpof:udeyf eferf.eAi;f clrrf mef,"eef. ref:uGj,xdi:f
yef xmw;f tefvuk .f wD;Omv
h w
dl ;f pof:v[? wD;wyf:pof:v[qodl :f eh.aO ayj,
yAerf j:xmw;f tefoj;(Angiotensin)eheef.sv; ref:pAw:f P;vlw
d ;f pof:
wlu:f bgr:f vli:f yefaO uSw,f scsp.uif;vh; wmif:yAev
f w
dl ;f cke
d ;f v[qodl :f
eh.bof./
f w
d :f (Food Poisoning)
14. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; wmif:udez
e[:r[eAif;cAofeef.ref:awyj:oh.xmwf;tefoj;(Catechin) eh
eef.aO qif,oj;erf.eAi;f clre
f .h ref:pSrw
f mv
h ;h rSi:f wmi:f yAef (ySu.f xD:ID:
bj:) tefqmif;pAw:f P;ugi.f wmif:udez
f w
d :f wlod :f cke
d ;f rj:eef.ehbof./
dl ;f (Blood Suger)
15. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; xmwf;ulod of mefe:[ Omhvw
xmwf;qAr:f _omef tefr:D e[:Omhvw
dl ;f ule:f pof:eh. ekid ;f tj,bkb,[
uj;pkod af uj; ekid ;f wlod :f cke
d ;f rj:wdu:f "bl,bof./ uln:f uj;e[:r[eiA ;f cAoe
f .h yj:oh.
116
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
xmwf;(Polyphenols)sv;xmwf;(Polysaccharides)ehbof./ erf.
uwf.xmwf;Ogit
f efe.h qrf. qmif;qg;h xSryf efP; xmwf;qAr:f omef e[:
vlw
d ;f ule:f pof: bly:f bgr:f vli:f uGj,ehb,l bof./
l :f pof: (Immunity)
16. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; tAepf iS :f wlouf e
xmwf;(Polypheno) wif:xmwf;(Falvenoids) tefoj;eef.auj;
rD:bl,e[:r[eiA ;f cAoof .h ? xmwf;Ogirf oA :f eh.Orf. qmif;uSw,f scsp.uif;yef
rSi:f wmif:yAef tefr:D e[:wlouf e
l :f pof:eef.aO wj,P;tAepf iS :f e[:wlof
ule:f pof: wlod :f rj:eef.auj; ref:qg;h xSryf efsv; pAw:f P;ule:f pof: bl,vD
yD:Ome:f v[qodl :f eh.bof.? vlod e
f ef. wj,P;rSi:f wmi:f yAeaf wtrf,qyf:O[,
uefeef.auj; erf.eAi;f clre
f .h uSw,f scyefb,l bof./
17. erf.eAicf rl sf v; vgi;f qyf:uwf: (Cold and Flu)
e[:r[eiA ;f cAoe
f .h awvh;pefyj:oh.xmwf; (Vitamin-C)ehbof./
xmw;f (Vitamin-C)eh.ref:qmi;f uSw,f scyef wmi:f yAeq
f yf:uwf:v[ emof
Oef,v[qodl :f eh.bof./
18. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; tlu:f qAy:f _tlu:f uyf. (Asthma)
xmwf;bj;bjtefqodk ;f oj;(Theophylline)eh.auj; vh;rj:wD; r[
eAi;f cAoe
f .h bl,bof./ xmwf;tefe.h qrf. ref:pAw:f yefv;h P;elod .f eif
ule:f pof: zwf.zAi,f uefaO uAo,f vln;f wmif:yAeyf w
g ,f _tlu:f qAy:f pof: aw
trf,wlod :f cke
d ;f rj:eef.auj;ref:uSw,f scyefv;h bl,bof./
f ;D N (Ear Infection)
19. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; wmif:yAew
r[eiA ;f cAoe
f .h ref:uSw,f scyefv;h wmif:yAeNf qAy:f NbAe:f v[qodl :f
eh.bof./ Oiftofee
l :f uknaf q; wif:erf.r[eiA ;f cAoaf O wj:yefNrf,
117
yIdbwfwO
yef wmif:yAet
f efayj,rj: wD;Npof:eef.qkid f ref:qmif;pmhce
S :f uGj,vh;bl,
wmef,"ehbof./
20. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; wmif:yAerf muf,vSi:f (Herpes)
rSi:f wmif:yAerf muf,vSi:f tefoj;eh. ref:qmif;az;wle
d :f vh;z[:
sw."? uln:f uj;bj;bjref:eh.sw. trf,bmyf,Oif awj;eif,erf.eAi;f clrf
eh.uln:f auj; bif:bjvh;ehbof./ vmh:bjref:sw. pof:rj:toferf.eAi;f
clre
f .h Oku;f yefvmi.f yef wD;wkr,f tefsw,yAef tgef wmi:f Okw:f "eef.
aO vlod e
f ef.cke
d :f Okyd ,f wj:yefxiS ;f wD;qlod :f tefsz;wle
d :f eef.wj./
21. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; wmif:yAecf oA ;f rSi:f (Tooth Decay)
r[eiA ;f cAoe
f .h ref:qmif;pSrw
f mhv;h rSi:f wmif:yAef tefawpAw:f P;
wlod :f erfrj:eef.aOtrf,uj: bif:qmif;uSw,f scyefyj: rSi:f wmif:yAef
tefpw
A :f P;Oly:f ule:f pof:rAee
f ef.ehbof./
22. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; wmif:Ndo.f tle;f ele:f (Stress)
e[:r[eiA ;f cAoe
f .h ref:awcof;yj:oh.(trmh,elo,f tSu.f Odw.f )eh rAo:f
ekid ;f aO ugy;f ehvig ;f tefpof:vh;udef erf.eAi;f clre
f .h ref:pAw:f P;q[
tle;f ele:f bl,eef.sv;Oif q[vw
dl ,f q[r;h qlod :f eh. pmhv;h bl,bof./
23. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; wmif:yAecf rl :f (Allergy)
xmwf;tefyj:oh.e[:r[eiA ;f cAof tefoj; EGECeheef. ref:qmif;
pAw:f P;wmif:yAecf rl :f pmhv;h ehbof./
24. erf.eAi;f clrsf v; wmif:yAepf iS :f wmif.vli:f (HLV)
Zl;vAy;f pAe:f zmh,ymh:Omh; rlid :f uBj,ymef,cofvmwf;oj; xmwf; EGEC
118
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
tefyj:oh. e[:r[eiA ;f cAoe

f .h ref:qmif;uSw,f sc,yefv;h rSi:f wmif:yAepf iS :f
wmif.vli:f (HLV)ehb,l bof./
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7.7.2012
119
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qof;TOj,OkoI (rmof:crf:)
15_ 09_ 2012

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120
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ywdzol ,f wif:OAi;f pif:z[pif:ref:bl,bof./
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vle
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Oif,cj,Iwej,xmif,qSi;f vDimrf:bl,bof./ ohm:aOeef. qkr:f Oax: qhm:
bOsv; Nrf;yj:tln:f auj.ref: cof(55)auj. uSe,f qof; apj:OgeMf if.tof
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eef.rj: uSe,f qof; tgeNf ofNrf;yj:wif:wloq
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qof;aO sw,yke
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f of;rj:bof./
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121
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wsy:zhm,cGjzhm,Ohm. qof;Oj,Idyw
k w
f Ij,sv; qof;rpj,rgu.f uvmef, tef
yAet
f uf.uOj,ouOgiq
f of;ehauj; yAet
f efvrf,vgi;f ej, tgeuf efzrg .f
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tefeikd ;f rlod ;f uSe,f qof;abj:cdi:f uGj,wD;Nrf;rh. tefqodk ;f oj; rh.ngi,f ypk
ykw.f wu bmefuoh wf.ao,vkoef, rlid :f Ij,quBLof, rgu;f Omrfuj,okw.f aO
trf,rD:zl;v[ pyf.wge;f Tzj:yAeq
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eef. y[.pyf.wge;f uSe,f qof; vD"imrf:"bl,bof./
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uwf.Oyehbof./ uSe,f qof; tofOmif,umef:uly.f qof; vSu;f yef bku.f bgi;f
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apj:oh.]uOfOyO>bw
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122
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rBmwf;xgw;f wge:f yle
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uSe,f qof;qif,bku.f bgi;f oh.yAeO
f j,ou qof;wlex
f O
d mraf O/ tej,umw;f
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vmw;f qlid .f eif,uofTzj:eh.wehbof./ rlod ;f bmr:f ykw.f xqof; bif:wkud .f rD:
wloq
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2. rlod ;f tuf.uOj,ou qof;wlex
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123
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tofumG rf:tefe.h aO vof;oj; ]]Tzj:yAeq
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124
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l .f vlod f
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f il rf mef,
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dl f
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ayj:oj;Tzj:yAeq
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vkvoS if mh ;tlod ;f P;tgeuf efppk ef rD:OwdTwj:aO bl,Oof:w? wif;sw,
125
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tofoef: rlod ;f eh.uGj,rlod :f ej; xSi;f Omrfve

dl uf n
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4. uki,f uke:f rkeif of: Tzj:yAeq
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d sf z;awj,
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vlw
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tlrt
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w}}ehbof./
tefyw
k .f xuSe,f qof; sw,wif;oh.sv; Oif,cj,qkr:f ugiv
f il q
f old :f
eef. ohm:aO Tzj:yAeq
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aO Oj,Oej,rlod :f ej;auj; P;ayj:ref;ukrd :f bke
d :f bmof:uGj,rlod :f ej;eef.
uSe,f qof;Oif,Ogeof .h yef tefvol ,f aw."ref: qlid .f eif,eefbof./
ohm:aO Tzj:yAeq
f of; cof;qmrf,yIdeyd .f ymef, rgu;f ekid ;f vle
d e
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126
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
v[tefva[ uj;oj; trf,vDpw

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trf,rD: z[oj;pif:pof:bof. bl,auBj,"w}}oj;ehbof./
uGmrf:eef. qof;rpj,uOfOy Orf.vh;rj:ide:f rSe;f sv; Tzj:yAef
qof; qif,pjtofyIdeyd .f ymef,uln:f vh;ide:f qlid .f eef yAet
f efr;h q[uyg ;f
yke;f wj, Oj,Oej,rlod :f ej;aw." qof;cke
d :f bde:f acj;uGmrf:Tzj:rj:e[:N
rlod ;f Tzj:yAeq
f of; ylit
f myf;oh.yefOj,Oej, awj,ayj:xle;f xkid O
f mrfurf:
wrf;wD;Nrf;rh.ngi,f ypkyw
k w
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d :f
bmof:uGj,rlod :f ej;cmof:pkid e
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wmif,Oif,uj,bej,tefoj;eh. xrf:ydwumwf; tefTzj:yAeq
f of;
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xdOig ?f xdOmrfeef. Oif,cj,Okyd ,f Oif,cj, tefye
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bl,bof./
127
yIdbwfwO
wif;sw,tofr:D oh. e[:zke

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qif,Okyd ,f ayj.yAeyf yf.yAe
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vj:wln:f xkid f Oj,Oej,ykw.f xqof;eh. ref:vlo,f yAeq
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wj,? uIkej,? rkww
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qof;bof.? eif,pkod x
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vAy;f pAe:f wln:f umyf;ymefbmrf:vAoe
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eh.ehauj; vh;pefr:D vgi;f cke
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128
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
yIdbwf.wdOwf.xrf,ryj,v uSe,f qof; iof;ike:f rku.f qkr:f vliO

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qkid ;f wh: oAi:f ymifvil e
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Oj,Oej, erf.q[yIpdwwArx
f e
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bmrf:vAof rD:rj:pj;Ody:f yDymh bof./ bmrf:vAoe
f .h Oif,cj,qof; qlod :f tefrj:
cof;cle.f ch;_wSr;f wgy,f vdu;f ekid ;f yD rD:bl,pAiyf mh qlod :f eh.bl,bof./
vlod af Oeh. tefye
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d wf.xrf,ryj,
v uSe,f qof;ehauj; rD:bl,rgu;f Omof:wD;yhmqlod :f eh.bl,bof./ e[:tefOmof:
wD;yhmeef. rle
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pefxidk of j; ukid ,f eif,ykw.f xqof; bkr,f brfwrf:q[w;D elod f vku;f egi.f wsy:
ymefOydk ,f ymefaO tmyf;oh.yefOj,Oej,ref:qof;bl,sw.bof./
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Ogeyf w
k .f xqof; ayj:awwif;aq;ref;ukrd :f bke
d :f bmof:uGj,rlod :f ej; b[,
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xrf,ryj,v uSe,f qof; wli,f oAi:f OD,ayj. oh.erf.q[Oj,Oej, wArx
f e
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oj; ]]ug
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129
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tofuik ,f rkeq
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tmrf:bof./
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130
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
bj,vliv
f rkd :f sv; pli:f pAe:f sr;
qof;cl:uefXrj (clod :f wh:)
ayj:oj;yAeuf e
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f mif:Okw:f awvh;pAe:f wmif:
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l :f vlo,f vh;pAw:f trf,pAw:f
wke
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A :f
eh. ydil w
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ref:yAeNf if:pAe:f sr; ]yAesf r;pof:eh.} urf:vAob
f of./
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k :f erfaO auj,
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f id :f pmef zl;
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f of;vge.f cl:arj
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131
yIdbwfwO
Ogeyf ef qdol :f pof:ul;ymh:" tofqrA v

f mh:udef vmh:ege:f vmh:uGj, vmh:yhsw,uGj,
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f e
g yf ef ymh:
arjtgee
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P;ayj:uBj.vD wge:f yde
l ;f tgew
f mif:Okw:f bof./
sw,tofrold ;f pof:udw
l ,f yAeuf e
l :f rj: tgew
f mif:Okw:f qArrf old ;f vAu.f
vSie
f ef. pof:vh;yAev
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bof./ e[:avj:ueh. tdit
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f [
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l e
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wmif:erf.elr:f omef teftid t
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pmef wD;pof:vku;f pAe:f ekr,f "tge,f eef.rj: tgew
f mif:Okw:f yle
d ;f bof./
vlod af OOgre
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tge,f bgw,f Of,G yefe:Gf Oly:f pof:rj:edik ;f oef:Omrfyug ;f OD,ygu;f uge,f bof./
pAw:f ehaO pof:vh;bl,wf;G plr;f iof: Nif:pAe:f tlu:f tke,f sr;pdik f xdik rf old ;f
vh;yDvold rf j:eef. sr;zduk :f yliO
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sr;trf,pjvAi.f vh;wmif:udet
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eef. vh;oj;yAet
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f oA af O
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rli;f rSi:f auj; awqmi;f qyf:uGj,wD;vku;f tge,f vSicf ofxiS ;f awoj;ehv:l uge,f /
132
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
oh.aOuge,f ? c[;xwf:Omifpefxikd q
f ild .f pdok af uj;bof. tefqe
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tgew
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f if
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vln;f vgi;f uGj,vgi;f yheah uj; ayj:vku.f P;oj;qAi;f "? ayj:udee
f ah uj; P;oj;
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oj;]]OD.aOj.}}eh yj:wdeyf j:rkod :f aO Ogeyf efvuk ;f tge,f cof P;ayj:pkimh;
wgi:f ihm;bl,bof./
vdol af Oeef. sr;uh.tofyyf.tge,f rj:qdseaO P;zduk :f oj; u c
i awj, t P;ayj:wgi:f oh.OAisf r;vdu;f rj:? bdy:f tofwif:rdok :f tge,f pof:aO
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uefpe
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cky.f wSw;f Omrfurf:aO oh;aetrf,uj: Ogeyf efyj:uGmrf:oh;Tzj: atj:uj,O
sw,uGj, sr;yAecf :l Ogef zdi;f si;ykw.f xrj:tgew
f mif:yde
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vku;f bdi:f qmh:cof tj,bkv;h OD,pj;cly,f eef. sr;ayj:Ogeyf ef uGmrf:oh;
Iwej,Omrfqof;qdol :f eh.bof./ bge.f ydol ;f eef.sv; e[:avj:ueh. sr;
133
yIdbwfwO
yAeaf rjOe
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vgi;f oj;qof;uof, awvh;pAw:f pkod f trf,pAw:f / Oifxuk ,f vDpw
A :f wke
d :f vlo,f
pAw:f ? Oifxuk ,f vDujG , tkiaf uj;bof. bmyf,auj;vD wke
d :f vlo,f vh;uGj,yhwil .f
142
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
ekid f pAw:f Omif;bl,eef.bof./ ]]yAeuf e

l :f P;ukud :f yke
d :f }} uGmrf:rD:eif,eh/
yke
d :f tefoj;eef. Oifrj:Oge,f vgi;f ekid ;f wmif:ekid ;f qkid f yAee
f j;umef
tefpw
A :f Omif; wli.f ekid b
f ,l ul;rkod .f ul;oef:/ ej;umeftefv;h pAw:f Omif;
wli.f ekid b
f l,oef:rlod ;f eh.eh. awOkyd ,f yAeyf e
dk :f uGj,rlod :f ej;eef.bof./
ugy;f eef Oifc;[ yAeuf e
l :f ukud :f yke
d :f wke
d :f vh;wli.f wlof pAw:f Omif;umefaO
tef"bl,eheef. vgw;f OAi;f ike
d :f wgi:f trf,wmyf;vlo,f cmrf,bmyf,zkw
d ,f
aO uGj,pjxmrfay,wmif,uj,vj:wD;v[? trf,wmyf;vlo,f yefwmif:Oku.f Nofc;h
zDqof;omef;qof;rlid :f aOwD;auj;N.vh;bl,bof./
eif,]]whmP;sy.q[}} uGmrf:tge,f acj;eh.qkid f wj,zl;wSr;f vdu;f yAef
tefue
d :f q[o.h sw."/ oj;eefaOw wj,zl;vlvud ;f pof:cof urf;yj;erf
yh,wef:vh;vmwf;Oifauj; rle
d e
f if,oj;]]seedik ;f Ogu,f tgu,f ekid ;f oj:}}
eef.bof./ rmifzof,awoj; vltofNofacj;ref:uln:f auj; uofOrf.ayj:N.
vh;bof.ehpodk `f qlid .f pkod af uj;bof.]]ekid ;f auj. N.ekid ;f tef? ekid ;f auj. pef
ekid ;f vgi;f }}? ]]awj;eif,ule:f ege:f Mif;vku:f vAof OAicf e
l b
f if:ylid ;f uef}}
Oge,f eif,eefaO wge;f wj,yyf.rhmwgi:f cgy;f cly;f xle;f Ody:f yD ymifce
l .f
ch;_wSrf;wgyf,vduf;]]yIdbwfwdOWfXrfryjv uSef,qof; wlif,oAif:
OD,ayj.}}eef. P;vh;tofvud ;f rl,eh. wgy,f uki,f bgi;f abj: eif,uj;ygiyf e
A f
vh; ySi;f eif,yhm:ole.f yhmurfacj.bgrt
f e
g ,f vSr;f ekid ;f aO zmuf,wge;f oh.bl,/
uln:f uj; umefwrS ;f vdu;f tefoj;eef. yAeuf meftefeuf:oh.wkud .f
ukud .f vlif rle
d b
f idl ;f xlicf of;Omefpj;cGmh : rj:wAiof .h elod rf j,? c[;oj;sw. ref:
trf,ihm;iSr;f ehbof./ ugy;f Oif` yhmurftefoj;eef. ugy;f ylod ;f oj;ref:zhm
vlod af Ordw;f ? Muf,? zj.? vSo:f / clr:f ref:? yhmvSrrf ef: ohm,rSe;f aO,rSe;f
uGj,wmif:v[auj; wke
d :f wlod .f OAy,f wSi:f vhm. yAeMf :h yAeNf : ygi,f yAob
f ug :f bguh jG ,
wmif:eef. trf,pmif.eef.bof./ uln:f trf,wSr;f auj;trf,yAef trf,pAw:f
143
yIdbwfwO
auj; trf,xku,f ugy;f yAeuf mefpof:pj:/ ]]trf,rD:auj;pj trf,rj:auj;vSe;f }}

wD;at,Okw:f wef:vh;zku,f zifo.h qlod .f zef: yhmurfte
g ,f uln:f auj; sy.
q[wmh vh;bof./
ule:f ul;auj. trf,vgw;f vh; vgi;f ulw
d ,f xof;yAew
f mh / uln:f uj; qlo;f yh,
wef:vh;whmeef. N.uj;awvh;pAw:f aO tef" tefuidk ,f xlud ;f xku,f vD
pAw:f eef.bl,? ayj:trf,eefqidk f awvh;bmyf,q[trf,pmif.bof./ zl;v[
auj;bof. xkid of ef:vke
d :f Okw:f rj: P;sy.q[ uGj,vh;eef. vrf,vgi;f aw."/
eif,pkod f away.q[o.h uGj,vh;eef. Orf.aw vh;pAw:f pkod `f wD;eh;ukw
d :f bif.
oh.urf:ekid ;f aO pof:ole.f qmrf:wln:f uge,f /
Oifoe
l .f bof. qif,cke
d :f Okyd ,f vlujG ,xSi;f qkid f rmiz
f of, wmi:f ole.f pof:
awqmif;rle
d uf ef/ trf,eef awySu,f ylid ;f uef eif,zj.sv;vdeaf uj;
qmif;yAev
f ;h bl,/ rmifqodl :f Orf. awole.f vh;ckud .f cSr.f vlod af Oeh. wif:erf
bl,/ Oifoe
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xSi;f wmif:ekid ;f P;vh;whmbAe"f ? rlod ;f bl,auj; P;vh;vgw;f az:cAee
f ah O
tgeuf efbe
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eef. rD:ugif:rl:tgef,Ol,ekdif;/ ayj:tofomef;eguf;tgef,pof:oj;sw.
awvh;oj; ugi:f rl:Ol,eh. yAeO
f ,l tefb,[ aOyle
d ;f e[:omef;pof:ehbof./
144
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
ugi:f rl:eef. ydu.f oj;ref:vAu.f aOw tif,uj,vuf.cej, ylid z

f mifref:sw.
vh;oj;wArx
f e
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rl:eef. rD:yl,xof;auj.ekid ;f tj,bkrug ;f Nuf:Ody:f qrf"? wkod :f wif:uky:f umyf,
bgu:f tge,f aO cke
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omif:vli:f pdr:f cmif;ref:vg:h " vSe;f bj;ygw:f tefnmyf,qyf:oh.wD;rmefN
ref:eef.auj; ylw:f tofomif:vli:f oh. e[:uky:f eef.aO bku.f rkod :f oh;ugi:f rl:
bl,/ rle
d e
f if, bmrf;wlox
f yl :f wjpef tefye
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d ,f tge,f pof:urf;zgi;f ? OAiof ;h Tzj:yl,xof;auj; arj:bl,tkr:f " ]]zef:
aw zef:awJ tqdi,f awbB tqdi,f awbrf tOSi,f zbj:J
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ohm:aO OAiyf ig .f cmif:bAeuf jG , ref:igu;f Nofomh ,rj: bkr.f awj, zl;wSr;f
vdu;f bl,/ bl,urf:ekid ;f yhrj:ql: zl;wSr;f vdu;f aO vmwf;oj;]]tlod ;f ... tj
uBj.sw. omif:ugi:f rl:eh. ref:vlo,f vh; uAi;f pke
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f ef Oifref:ukid .f umi.f whmrodl :f uGj,
qkid f awiofridk b
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avj;udi;f vli:f Mwf;xkid t
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qof;uof,ukr,f xle;f bl, wke
d :f pmef.q[zr[ ef:bl,bof./ ugy;f ehsv; ule:f
145
yIdbwfwO
Owf.woj,tefoj;eef. arjOlod :f qgr:f pmef.q[qrg :f vln;f ej;umef

cSr.f vSy;f ? tofuik ,f tofre
k w
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qof;uof,eef.aO ayj:oj;qlod :f eef. trf,wArx
f e
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qlr:f wmif:Olod :f wmif:pmef.q[eef. trf,qmif;rD:rj:vh;/ rmifqold :f uh.av,
vmw;f oj; ]]pj:sw.zmet
f rf,cD? rD:trf,Olod :f }}ehbof./ uGmr:f acj;eh. ukid ,f vD
yAeaf cj;uGmrf:Tzj:? Ipmef:wj,? tIdbj,cofvmwf;uln:f / ayj:vlod af OTzj:?
Ipmef:wj,cofqof;sw. z[vmwf;auj; ref:yAeuf e
l :f vlu;f vmuf;vliw
f ol f
vkrd :f cdi:f yAeuf e
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f e
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nmrf.sr;cD;ckn;f xkid .f xkod b
f ,l sv; bif:wkud .f oj;Olod :f q[ee
h ef. e[:ule:f
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f ig :f Okod .f wkod :f eki;f oh
P;rle
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l :f eif,yle
d ;f eef. trf,pAw:f trf,pj awrD:z[/ ayj:eef acj;uGmr:f
tefoj; ]]yAeuf e
l :f P;rle
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l :f trf,
rle
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l :f tefoj;eef. ref:c[;oj;Oifaw."eh ule:f auj.tefOydk ,f ole.f
qgr:f vgi;f eh. awtrf,ayj:vSy;f rD:erf/ yAeuf e
l :f trf,rle
d uf e
l :f tefoj;
eef. bge.f ylod ;f clo:f eki;f ref:pj.` bge.f ylod ;f ej;wjsv;wlorf ef:pkod `f
trf,eef bge.f ylod ;f aOylid "f sv; ref:ylid ;f yle
d ;f pkod `f acj;xmrfvmh "tef
awqmif;rD:rj:eif,eefbof./ ayj:awoj; bge.f ylod ;f clo:f eki;f ehqidk f
e[:uj;Owf.woj,wif:OAi;f eef. clo:f eki;f wmi:f oh(rh)ule:f pof:eh. erfvodl f
aOyle
d ;f ? ODsv;zmifpmif;(Colors and Style)clo:f auj; rAo:f ref:aq:vlod f
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bof./ ugy;f ylod ;f eef bge.f ylod ;f clo:f eki;f trf,rle
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146
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
auj;bof. ej;ule:f eef. ref:trf,qmif;vSu;f vhm; yAee

f j;Owf:rj:? acj;
bldif:tmef:auj.wSrf;pmif;uldof.eef.sw. awrhmxkdifulef:qldof:tef
wlofyAefulef: q[rldefOwf:eef.aOwSrf;oh.auj;awyAefvh;bl,/
bge.f yldo;f oj; auj.tefye
A uf le:f trf,N.vgi;f ule:f eef. wkdu.f rD:bl,
wif:erfwif:vhmeef.bof./ ugyf;yldof;eef bgef.yldof;ej;wjeef.
awvh;ySu,f ylid ;f trf,rle
d uf e
l :f ehauj; oj;trf,vh;eif,uof,/ ayj:qlid .f eef
awukw
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d uf e
l :f ` ayj:eefye
A uf e
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uSy;f Okw:f rD:bl,Ogiyf idl b
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vgi;f udef wmif:pAw:f wmif:Omif;eh auj;oj;vh;bl,bof./ wD;ygi,f q[v;h ihm;"
sw.qkid f ule:f auj.eef. Oifoj; ref:arjbl, arjpAw:f arjOmif; arjole.f
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d :f cof;yj:e[:OAe;f rhmule:f xmef;Okib
f ,l uge,f bof./
wdIw
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bof./ c[;oj;sw. ayj:pAw:f rle
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xSi;f bof./
147
yIdbwfwO
tefoj; ]]phmuGj,ch;qgr:f ? vl.bgr:f rle.f sr:}} eheef.auj; rD:oh.bl,

bof./ phmujG ,P;qgr:f ch;qgr:f pj? tefv.l vAoe
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l :f vlo,f vh;rD: wmif:ole.f vD?
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f ;h rD:rlid :f v[ auj; bif:xku,f vDv;h
Okod .f tofrj:cke
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clo:f uof,cgirf e
g ,f OifOe
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wif:qof;uof, rmiz
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awj;eefeif,uof, tefpw
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f ug ,f xgi:f
148
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
vef:uef:ej,? wj,cof;rj:e[:xgi:f cke

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ugy;f ylod ;f eef phmuGj,trf,ch;qgr:f vl.bgr:f trf,rle.f sr:qkid f vgi;f wku.f
wuf:xkid f awvh;ugw:f cD;vdi:f trf,pmif./
ule:f pof:rmifauj.auj. uln:f N.wj,vh;qmrf, ukid ,f imrf,tefv[ tefeef.
bif:trf,eyf.trf,Oge,f ihm:wge,f clw.f N: bj.uof:wof tofOe
l yf e
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uGj,rD:bl,wif:erfbof./ rmifqodl :f N.uln:f arj tofq.[ wkod :f yke;f Oke,f wlo?f
rlod ;f tefv.l vSorf j: trf,yj:pj:ehauj; oj;oD;vliuf jG ,uj;ygi,f uj;yAef wj,wlof
vgw;f ? vlod e
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uof,eh.auj; bif:awugz
h D ugw:f pAe;f wlu:f zmeftrf,pmif.bof./
tefvmwf;rj:wif:OAi;f qlod :f eef. ayj;awpjile
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f odl w
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f id ;f si;ykw.f xuGj, qgr:f ygu.f z[yug .f ref:? omef;z[omef;
ref:bof./ e[:ymiO
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f id ;f si;ykw.f x xki.f erf.vef;eh. rD:qef.pAe:f
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qAw:f ehbof./ Nofpyk ;f vku;f pAe:f wif:OAi;f rD:(1800)ymhaO rlod ;f vde
l af r,
20 oef: yD 2012 eef. rD:ymifwrS ;f wgy,f vdu;f zdi;f si;ykw.f xuGj,bof./
e[:cmof:wmif:ymifOe
g v
f ud ;f eef. qof;TOj,Okcrf:(zl;rhmvlif iof;ike:f rku.f
qkr:f vlif Oif,cj, qkid ;f wh:) abj:cdi:f Mwf;xkid e
f rf.vef;aO uGj,tSo,f Mwf;
Nyf.xly:f arjOge?f vku;f pAe:f cofsv; wge;f yefyyf.sv; rmuf,Nofsw,uGj,
qlod :f eh.bof./ ohm:aO bif.vkod ;f ymifOe
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O uRif:umif? oAi:f erf.vef; tgeNf ofarjOgesf v; qkr:f aujvdu;f vhm:sv;
159
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zdi;f si;wh: wli,f oAi:f erf.vef;cof tgu,f cmof:wmif:vAy;f pAe:f xkid v

f ug .f
qgu,f ? ymif:wv? egipf mh :bj;? oAi:f wle;f wD:? ugi:f rl:umwf,ul,(xki.f yli:f )qlod :f
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sv;zdi;f si;wh: (qkid ;f wh:) pyf.xly:f tky,f tlo:f wif:qkr:f aujerf.vef;eh
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ymifzudk :f zge.f rkeq
f of;eif;uRif: ygu;f urf: (3) xki.f erf.vef;
sw,tofrodl ;f vle
d uf BL,vhm, 12 oef: awj,xkid f 18 oef: yD 2012
eef. TOj,qof;vlif uRi:f vli?f uRi:f umif? uRi:f qmef:? oAi:f erf.vef;cofqof;
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sv; vhm:wSr;f vdu;f xgiv
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h idk :f ? erf.vef;? qof;
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aWjWb? uRif:Tzj:vliuf mif.arj,? oAi:f OD,ayj.? qof;cl:ynfnjaZjU? (M.A
Sri Lanka)? uRif:ugi:f puf.? erf.vef;? qof;cl:njEdeW
f (OjOewufuOD
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yh:g oef:uSo;f ykw.f xqof; vle

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161
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uRuf:sr: Okyd ,f apj:xrf:yefwuj,cofujG ,bl,bof./
xkid rf j:yDOj,Oej-2556? yDw:h -2106? vle
d Nf uf:r[,(15)crf;? vle
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Nuf:rle:f ? cmof:bmrf:umife([ 5:00)rli:f ymh wmif,tae,uqj,sv; vl,wmef:
162
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
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bmwf,erf.ymify:hg ]]oef:uSo;f YkWX
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163
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vm:h Odr:f clo:f cgif tefv;h wrf:qfG

qof;cl:ukrjI (uRif:vli)f
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f uk .f qj,eef. vlo,f vh;arj
cwf:qfG pAw:f pjtofu;l zfrG ef:? ayj:vh;rj:rD:rj: clo:f cgit
f uk .f qj, bof.auj;
eif,pdok af yj:awtrf,pli;f trf,pmhtrf,Okr:f ySw;f vmhvmh P;ayj:vh;wrf:qfG
eef. awvh;arjcde
k :f Odr:f ySi:f oh.xSi;f uge,f bof./
tgew
f mi:f Okw:f rdol ;f trf,yh,Oyf:vSi:f vm:h Odr:f clo:f cgie
f .h awqSu,f
se clo:f cgit
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avj:uD,eh.yAeuf oS ;f OSiif e
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f uk .f qj,avj:ukwTf wj,qrf. yAew
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f uk .f qj,avj:uD,eh. yAecf ol :f cgit
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qmif;vSo?f qmif;pli;f qmif;pmh? yle
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164
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
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vh;pefTzj:yAeq
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wD; 1. wD;aq,wD,? 2. wD;Oif,cj,? 3, wD;ylu.f ulo,f ? 4. wD;cSu,f ? 5. wD;
sr;? 6. wD;ayj;? 7. wD;yD;tmh;yD;emif: ehbof./
1. wD;aq,wD, (aq,wD,tefoj;eh. ygi,f oj;wD;eyf.brfuodl :f vD
ehbof.)/ aq,wD,eh.rD:OD,ydil f ekid ;f - XjwkaqwD? Ogi-f XrfraqwD?
Omrf- yIdaZjuaqwD? OD,- tkWW
f O
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h of./ ef:G wD;aq,
wD,OD,ydil e
f .h ayj:oj;vh;tofcol :f cgit
f uk .f qj, avj:uD,pof:qdol :f eef. tof
pAw:f wj,evl,wmef:oh.ayj:ehqikd f rde
l w
f if:vh;Odr:f oh.clo:f cgif avj:ukw.f
Twj, tefv;h wrf:qfw
G ;D edik ;f ehbof./
2. wD;tIdbj,Oif,cj, teftofyIdeyd .f ymef,uGj,bof.qdol :f eef.
sv;Oif? wD;Orfrw
k O
d if,cj, tefwukd .f pmyf,umefOj,Oej, pefb,l Okod ;f
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bde
l :f ql:vl,wmef: urf.xSraf yj:ehqidk f rde
l w
f if:vh;Odr:f oh. clo:f cgit
f uk .f
qj, avj:ukw.f Twj,tefv;h wrf:qfw
3. wD;yku.f ulo,f aOwleaf Oauj.qdlo:f eef. ayj:vh;tofclo:f cgif
avj:uD,qdol :f eef.aO vl,wmef:qg;h xSrb
f e
kd ;f rSi,f ayj:eh rde
l e
f if,vh;
Odr:f oh. clo:f cgit
f uk .f qj,avj:ukw.f Twj,tefv;h wrf:qfw
4. wD;cSu,f wD;qrfw;D uh tefpw
g ;f xdik f wD;pof:qdol :f eef. ayj:oj;
vh;tofcol :f cgit
f uk .f qj,avj:uD,qdol :f eef.aO vAi.f vlvrk :f vj: wln:f xdik f
ayj:eh rde
l w
f if:vh;Odr:f oh. clo:f cgit
f uk .f qj,avj:ukw.f Twj, tefv;h wrf:qfG
wD;edik ;f ehbof./
5-6. wD;ayj;sr; wD;ayj;sr;pof:qlod :f eef.auj; ayj:oj;vh;tofcol :f
cgit
f uk .f qj, avj:uD,qdol :f eef.aO vAi.f vlvrk :f vj:wln:f xdik af yj:ehqikd f
165
yIdbwfwO
rde
l uf efwif:vh;Odr:f oh.clo:f cgit
f uk .f qj,avj:ukw.f Twj, tefv;h wrf:qfw
G ;D
edik ;f ehbof./ ydil e
f ikd ;f auj; tefv;h vAi.f vlvrk :f vj:wln:f xdik f ayj;sr;eh.
rde
l v
f ;h pAw:f yef owf;Twj:ayj;sr;auj;qf;G ? rde
l w
f mi:f vh;qg;h xSryf ef wmi:f
rki;f rgi:f ayj;sr;auj;yAeb
f of./ tefayj;sr;rki;f rgi:f oh. edol v
f uk ;f vmif:rD:
pj;ydil t
f efoj;eef.qrf.1. vku;f vmif:eh. ayj:cofb,Gf rj:eh cofawcke
d :f pAw:f vAi.f ayj;sr;ydil e
f ikd ;f /
2. vku;f vmif:eh.ayj:cofb,Gf rj:ay.pAw:f umefbof. ayj:ehcofawcde
k :f qg;h
xSre
f j;umef ayj;sr;ydil e
f ikd ;f /
3. vku;f vmi:f eh. eif,tefqold .f cdol :f yD;egi.f ayj;sr;rD:oh.qdol :f eef. eif,
pdok f cofayj:awtrf,wSu,f bmh;zmwf,ymh;uefujG ,auj.wD;auj.wmif:eef.
cofawcde
k :f arjyf.G yj:wln:f xdik uf jG ,ydil e
f ikd ;f /
4. vku;f vmi:f eh. tefye
A cf ol :f rge,f avj:uD,avj:ukw.f Twj, ayj;sr; tef
rD:oh.qdol :f eef. eif,pdok af yj:awtrf,vktrf,vSof trf,pli;f trf,pmh
eef. cofawcke
d :f arjyf.G yj: vkr:f vj:wln:f xdik uf jG ,ydil e
f ikd ;f /
5. vku;f vmif:eh. ayj:oj;ayj;sr;OAi;f umrf,Okw:f rkeb
f of.eh cofawarj
vl,arjwmef: arjqSu,f omuf;ukOol ,f zge:f vDyefayj;sr;ydil e
f ikd ;f /
eif,tefvmwf; serj:pj;ydil e
f .h yAew
f mif:rki;f rgi:f ayj;sr;pj;ydil f
tefrik ;f rgi:f edol v
f uk ;f vmif:qdol :f eef.bof./ Tzj:yAeq
f of;apj:oh. wD;ef:G
Odi,f uj,avj:oj,wOkw;f eef. vku;f vmif:ul;auj.eh. owf;Twj:tefvol ,f
pAw:f yef wD;edol af yj;sr;rD:bl,pj;ydil b
f of./
(1) vAi.f vjaz:uki,f uGmif; tefoj;eef. yAev
f uk ;f vmif:eh. aw
vh;arjcke
d :f vAi.f vl vkr:f vj:wln:f xdik af yj;sr;ehbof./
(2) cwf:Omif;ej;umefyig f tefoj;eef.yAev
f uk ;f vmif:eh. ayj:bf,G
rj;uj;Okirf j:? ayj:ay.pAw:f umefrj: eif,tefyig yf e
A v
f ;h awvh;cde
k :f qg;h
166
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
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172
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173
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G rf,arjpefve
D odl yf e
dl ;f q[tefc;[ P;yle
d ;f vk
Okr:f q[tefc;[ udeq
f ud :f wgu,f qgu:f edol yf e
ld ;f eef. Oifqodl .f oj;rD:rj: e[:
rmuf,Nofqp[ of:qkid f vlo,f cwf:q[ sy,ymuf;P;ref:uGj,uh"pof:bof./ bj,aytof
ref:pAw:f tln:f auj.vDpof:vj:"/ Oifqodl .f oj; pof:arjoh.erf.q[vq
D r[ Bmwf;
qkid f pof:awrD:vgi;f uwf:bAeO
f old :f Oj,cke
d ;f b[,r[,Okif wef:e[:cli:f avj:
ubof./ wge;f wj,awvh;vgi;f uwf:bAeO
f odl :f Oj,cke
d ;f bf,G r[,Okie
f ef.
Tzj:yAeq
f of;apj:yef tekyyk .f y vku;f qmh:Oax: auj.tefc;[ vh;vgi;f
uwf:bAef wef:e[:avj:ueef.oj; ]OkWw
k W
f O> Okeyd E
k > bwfxujr
edyjwde?> qdww
f > vufacx arXjoD? qdww
f > ukww
f > Okcjop>} ehbof./
wD;ygi,f ref:oj; ]qf}G eh. N.pefv;h bmyf,ej,? xdi:f bmyf,ej,? tle;f tge,f
ej,? qmif;qgr:f viftj,Iki,f ? bge.f eef zl;rD:ynf,nj,cof yf.G yj:sw."oj;"
bof.? zl;tefy.Gf yj:qfv
G ;h eef. uwf:bAeO
f old :f Oj,bof./ tekyyk .f yauj;
uBmi.f urfy.[ yj: q[P;yAev
f ig ;f vDtefvoA f qgr:f eif,Tzj:yAeq
f of; Oif,Ogef
apj:yefeef.aO urf:vke
d :f vh;qmrf,yln;f vgi;f uwf:bAef tefqw
S ;f
tefrmef, wD;e[:avj:ukw.f Twj,uGj,bl,bof./
pof:pj:wmif:OAi;f ehauj; P;arjoh.q[vyD .[ yj:q[ P;yAev
f ig ;f vDu;l z[
ref : aO tef y A e f v g i f ; uwf : bA e f ck d e f ; b[ , r[ , Ok i f wef : e[ :
avj:uD,avj:ukwf;eef.auj; P;wArfxlef;Oldof;z[,wef:ref: ul;auj.
aOurf:/
193
yIdbwfwO
awpAw:f pko
d p
f iS ;f vh; erf.wjrh;
qof;OkoEfE(crf:O[)
sq;tSe,f ej:vmif:
vku;f puf.Ipmef:cofwif:vmh Owf.woj,e[:avj:ueh. tj,bkyw

g :f
eh tefuofTzj:apj:oh.eef. rSe;f sw.bof.? bge.f ylod ;f owf.xkuj,rudav,
Oj,qlod :f eh. trf,arjtdr,f wlud ;f vh;sv; qif,vh;Mif."ph;"rh;"Mef."aO rlod :f
ql:wD;rlid :f ckew
f mh bl,bof./ ]]ykYYf jed apo yqdeefw> YBjOwfwrje
OefeI>}} aw,uGj,Tzj:yAeq
f of; apj:oh.e[:xrf,rywowf.xkeef. wAr"f
xle;f "bl,? clid ;f clo:f cgiuf j,ruki,f tj,Ikipf j;yj:eef. ayj:bif:wduk .f yAef wD;
qyf:ySe:f pSi:f pjpgrpf w
A :f ygiq
f .[ wkod :f bl, trf,arjtdr,f wlud ;f vh;ayj:ehqidk f
Owf.woj,eh. rle
d w
f if:oj; ckid yf ig v
f ig ;f wmif:wku.f cpif:qof;uof,bof./ uyf:
um,h vln;f vgi;f eh.aO zgi:f rlod ;f Tzj:yAeq
f of; wkud .f Oof:bl, wD;rlid :f Oj,owf.
xdeef. tofemif:tefr:D qkod ;f oj;]ywdyQ
l ud j} pAw:f vgi;f wmif:aOapj:oh.
bl,bof./
wD;e[:rlid :f zDwj,owdi,f Oj,eef. rD:ckez
f t
D efr:D qkod ;f oj; ]rjvjYj
ID}eh qof;ekid ;f emi:f zDzm,h pj;ymu,f auj.vgr.f Myf;aO rlod :f sv,vAe;f wD;e[:
OleO
f odl :f eef.bl,? bmrf:zgi:f eif,eef pefrug ,f elod w
f e
l ;f vrf:pmif;vD
ej,sv; emif:zDpj;ymuf,cof qif,cke
d ;f rlod :f ydw:f aO tefuw
kd :f vlod pf j;ymuf,
eef.Orf. y[.uAy:f tofrug ,f tefNif;vli:f rj:eef.bl,? bmrf:eef. e[:cof
emi:f zDpj;ymu,f qlod :f tefwudk .f cke
d ;f ydw:f rgu,f bl,eef. rD:emi:f zDemi:f ekid ;f
tj,bkzrD ef:emi:f OAi;f sv; qif,vm;h qmw;f aO vli:f rj:aw,Oef,ax,
yAez
f oule:f wD;e[:rlid :f Oj,owf.xdeef. Nde:f ekid ;f bl,/ zlod ,f ref:emif:
194
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
ulw
d ,f rj:Orf. rD:]QjwdOO
f Inmef,}aO cke
d :f wgi:f vh;zooef:vifb,l
bof./ urf:eef. ref:emif:pkoj; ref:emif:bmrf;yAef emif:zDauj.cSy,f cmif;
pdr:f qrfce
k z
f ]D rjvjYjID}ehsv; ole.f xkid cf ;[ cke
d :f rlod :f bl,ul;cmof:bmrf:bof./
zgi:f bmrf:ref:emif:ole.f xkid f c[;cde
k :f rlod :f bl,qlid .f eef qif,ole.f
rSe;f umefwj,e? OD,vsv; ref:emif:auj; pAw:f umefwj,e vl,rgu,f vl,
erf.rlod ;f v[aOtrf,oj; bge:f Ol:p[;vh;Mwf:xkid cf e
dk :f wD;pdr:f ckez
f ]D rjvj
YjID}eef. ul;bmrf:bl,bof./ ayj:oj;tj,bkref:emif: vh;rj:Ody:f Nuf:bof.
auj; qif,uly.f ul;yAepf e
dl :f aO uGj,bl,qgr:f wD;Nde:f zlorf ef:emif:eef.bl,
bof./ ySu.f Orf.xkid w
f ;D Nde:f zlorf ef:emif:aOwauj; umefv,l umefwmef:
tofqrA v
f ig ;f vl,cof;Ogr:f Omif,umef:sw,uGj, trf,yefvw
k ;f pmrf:aOygu;f ?
ayj:oj;ref:emif:vl,wmef:bof. tefref:emif:bge:f Ol:aOoj;bl,wj,
aO,eef.aw. yAe]f umefvuD O
k ol ,f tefcj;emif:vh;pAw:f bl,qlod :f eh.
zge:f vDref:qrf. P;cj;vh;cke
d :f rlod :f Mwf;xkid w
f ;D pdr:f qof;ckez
f ]D rjvjYjI}D
eef.aOurf:wD;cj;}eh.bof./ emif:ywdyq
l ud jeh. tofqrA rf odl ;f vku.f rlod ;f
eif; rlod ;f uGj,rlod ;f yh pAw:f P;yAeuf mefuO
k ol ,f bl,ul;cmof:bmrf:bof./
qlo;f cmof:bmrf: ref:emif:rj:yAeuf e
l :f aO pAw:f umefwmif:vDb,l eh.
rD:vku;f qhm:OD,auj.aO xkid e
f if,oef:ekid ;f zgi:f bmr:f wkud .f pAw:f umeuf O
k ol ,f
oef:qrfOiA ;f plocf rf;eef. ao,wej,ukid .f umif.ayj,yAerf j:aO tofref:
emi:f vh;wmuh jG ,? eif,ref:emi:f bge:f Ol:oh.eef. vh;cke
d :f rlod :f yAef emi:f zD
cSy,f cmif;pdr:f qrf ckez
f rD jvjYjIDeef.bl,bof./ e[:cmof:bmrf:qlo;f tef
ref:emif:vh;rlod :f yAeuf e
l :f bl,eef. emif:zDtefuw
dk :f qlod :f eef. bif:
wkud .f pmif;pSe:f wmif:pmif;vDyefce
k z
f b
D ,l / urf:eef. ckez
f rD jvjYjIDauj;
qif,xmrf ywdyq
l ud j,oj; ]emif:pmhujG ,wmif:v[qrA rf odl ;f qof. trf,vh;pef}
ehbof./ emif:auj; qif,vmwf;se vgi;f oj;tj,bkzrD ef:emif:OAi;f aO
195
yIdbwfwO
vh;wmhujG ,bof./ urf:eef.ckez

f aD uj; qif,cke
d :f xmrfoj; Orf.vh;uGj,ulw
d ,f
yAew
f ;D v[ex
h iS ;f bl,bof./ urf:eef. ref:emi:f auj; qif,cke
d :f vmw;f se
vgi;f oj;uGj,ulw
d ,f yAee
f :[ rlid :f ule:f wD;oAi:f Oj,owf.xd xkid w
f ;D tj,bkref:
emif: vh;Ody:f Nuf:rj: uly.f ul;yAeNf e
d :f rD:vku;f qmh:OD,auj.aO zgi:f bmrf:
ref:emif:vh;pAw:f umefwmif:vDeef. bge:f Ol:P;cke
d :f vh;rj:yAef auj.cSy,f
cmi;f pdr:f qrf qof;ckez
f rD jvjYjIsD v; qif,cde
k :f vh;rj:yAew
f ;D eh;cke
d :f sw,
uGj, cke
d :f vmwf;aeOAi;f "bl,bof./ urf:eef. ckez
f aD uj; qif,cke
d :f xmrf
xSi;f oj;]tj,bkue
l :f cof vh;bl,cmo:f wmi:f pkid uf j;pkod }f ehbof./ ref:emi:f qif,
cke
d :f wgy,f oj; ]tj,bkue
l :f cofe.h bl,vh;ymuf,yDatj;}ehb,l /
ckez
f aD uj; bge.f c[;pksv; qif,cke
d :f xmrfxiS ;f oj; ]e[:uj;qlo;f t
Omuf;cof ymuf,yDeef. cofurk ,f pAw:f pjudee
f e
g :f bl,vliw
f ol v
f rdk :f cdi:f aO
cmo:f bmr:f OAi;f uGj,pj.` trf,eef cofpw
A :f umew
f mi:f vDuO
k ol ,f aO cmo:f bmr:f
OAi;f uGj,pj.`}xmruf jG eif,ehb,l ? ref:emi:f auj;qif,cke
d :f wgy,f seoj; ]ule:f
cofe.h bl,rle
d e
f if,oj; tj,bkcofbmof: awtrf,rD:oef:Okw:f OAi;f vh;
oh.q[qidl .f eefaO vliw
f ol v
f rdk :f cdi:f pif:z[pif:ref:oh.bl,atj;}ehaO
vmw;f rgu,f se qgr:f eif,ref:emi:f vh;xly:f rj:eef.bl,bof./ ckez
f rD jvj
YjIDe.h ayj:oj;vh;ide:f acj;uGmrf: emif:zDywdyq
l ud j vmwf;seref:bof.
qif,cke
d :f ole.f e[:q[oj; ]atj: ... ule:f cofe.h tj,bkte
g ,f cof vh;bl,ymuf,
yDte
g ,f uln:f ayj:awrj:wSu;f elid :f uef wif:rlid :f zDpof:qkid f awj.sw.rD:
tofce
dk :f sv;oef:tge,f uln:f bif:wkud .f ukr,f pAw:f pjue
d e
f e
g :f aO vliw
f ol f
vkrd :f cdi:f oh.bl, rlod :f v[ue
g ,f vgi;f rh;vgi;f ph;cof awOkw:f OAi;f vh;aej...
...}
ole.f xkid e
f if,ehaO wlu:f q[we
dk ,f zmef;ulosf paO vh;Orf,ao,uuGj,bl,
bof./ ayj:pof:awrj:ole.f wln:f pAw:f pkod sf v; vgi;f rh;vgi;f ph; trf,bAepf mh
196
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
vh;aO arj:yef:bl,wdu:f "ayj:ehqidk f awvh;pefvig ;f wmi:f ref: rD:oh.bl,

OD,vgi;f bof./
1. rmifqodl :f eh. vku.f tofw;D vyf:Odi,f cke
d :f uGj,pjwD;vyf:Odi,f = yef,bl,
e[:cli:f iImh:? cli:f Owf:? cli:f ydu.f wj,? cli:f tOl,Isu,vlib
f ,l pAw:f eh/
2. rmiq
f odl :f Orf. vku.f wD;vyf:Odi,f cde
k :f uGj,xkid w
f ;D vSi:f = vku.f toftsy,
OD,zki,f rj:xkid w
f ;D rdil :f ule:f /
3. rmiq
f odl :f Orf. vku.f tofw;D vSi:f uGj,pjw;D vyf:Odi,f = vku.f zoule:f aO
wmhuyg ;f awj:O xkid rf idl :f iImh:? wmhuyg ;f avj:z xkid rf idl :f ydu.f wj,? wmhuyg ;f arj:p
xkid rf idl :f Owf:/
4. rmifqodl :f auj; vku.f tofw;D vSi:f cke
d :f rj:pjwD;vSi:f = zgi:f rlod :f rj:yAef
ule:f tef,xykxq
k ef,bl,eh. cwf:q[P;xkid yf e
A af Oj:wj,ymef,sw,uGj,/
zoule:f pof:eh. sw,tofqrA rf odl ;f ege:f bl,e[:tl, awj,ayj:Mwf;
xkid yf j,pAo;f cmof:bmrf:Okw:f OAi;f eef. vh;oj;pof:rle
d uf efOiA ;f "bof./
tefyidl ;f uefe.h rmifqodl :f vh;bl,rlid :f ule:f ekid ;f oef:aO whmuGj,? rmifqodl :f
auj; vh;bl,xkid Nf ofOyd :f yDaO vh;wmhujG ,auj;rD: tefv;h bl,awj,ayj:
xle;f xkid t
f j,bkeidk ;f ymuf,eh. at,aw."/ rmifqodl :f tj,bkte
g ,f cof vh;
bl,xkid Nf ofOyd :f yDref:uln:f auj; bl,rle;f Olod :f vln;f udav,Oj,bl,aO xmi,f
oj;tj,bkqof;uof,bmof:eh bl,uGj,qlid ,f eefb,l bof./
ayj:pof:ukr,f yAi:f ayj:q[ Olod :f rle;f vln;f udav,Oj,bl,qkid f q[avj:z
awj:O arj:peef.auj; pkref:awayj,rj:bl,ul;cmo:f bmr:f bof./ Oifqodl .f
oj; q[qodl :f eh. ayj,bl,ul;cmof:bmrf:auj; zuf:wlridl :f tsy,eef. pkaw
zkn,f aO y[.pyf.Mif:pof:bl,ul;cmof:bmrf:bof./ ayj:oj;pof:ukr,f cke
d ;f "vli:f "
pAw:f qlid .f ehb,l qkid f ]rlod ;f v[ue
g ,f erf.wjpof:Orf.awpSi;f }vh;aOygu;f
bof.vj,? P;arjxmrfxidk w
f ol uf of,eif,ehaO zgi:f rlod ;f pof:rj: xkid z
f oymef
197
yIdbwfwO
ule:f ]]wD;vSi:f }}eh. P;zl;vlvud ;f pof:cof tgeuf efarjpjOAe;f wmif:

wj,Mwf;xkid cf e
dk :f wD;vSi:f Okyd ,f uGj,wmi:f ej;aO erf.wjr;h eef. P;pSi;f vh;
aOurf:/

Oifc;[ tgi,f vdu;f qkid f

(uSr:f ) Oge-f tmef,-ole.f -? wj,yle.f yg:h xmrfvud ;f ?
Oifc;[ tgi,f qkid ?f bj,ayrkid ?f ygicf idk cf e
dk ;f ul;Odu;f /
wj,awtgi,f vdu;f eef. ayj:trf,arjauj; awtgi,f bmyf,bl,? wj,
awarj auj; ayj:trf,pAe:f pkod af warj/ rhmedik ;f sw. awvh;pAe:f bof./
wj,awpAef:eef.auj; yldifvlifref:vlof,vh;rD:cl:Ogefref:bof./
ayj:Ogeb
f of. vdu;f rmifroA :f eh. ayj:trf,tmef,auj;Orf.trf,vh;sv;
ugyf;eefawvh;tmef,yeferferfbof./ ayj:uh.tmef,uh. clef.ugef,
qif,awvh;bof./
ayj:vh;bof. eif,pkod af wtrf,vkrd :f eef. vlo,f vh;cle.f yefwj,
aO,uge,f qif,awtrf,qmif;vdrk :f vh;/ vdu;f tefOe
g t
f mef, cle.f sv;
vh;rj:eef. eif,pkod af wygi,f q[Orf.vlo,f ole.f qgr:f Oazj:Twj:ref:aO
vdu;f tefe.h yle
d ;f awqmif;xmrfqidl .f pkod ?f ayj:yle
d ;f xmrf Orf.awvh;
wgy,f qlid .f pkod e
f e
h ef.auj; vlo,f vh;ole.f uBmrf,bl,wj,aO,bof./
ayj:pAwf:qgrf:vguf:vhm:eh.qkdif wj,awtgif,eef.trf,ayj:
bmyf,bof./ bge:f Ol:yefP;yAez
f ;l arjvdu;f tgi,f vdu;f uefu;l auj.aOurf:/
qof;cl:ejIWjZdyjv (OSeof )D
yky.f zj,Ili,f vgah uj,/
198
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
umefuyf:Okyd ,f e[:su; wuj,sv; Oif,cj,

wSe:f (erf.rle.f pde)f
uGmrf:erf:
umyf;omef;ymefridl :f vSu;f vhm;rj:wdu:f "sv; erf.q[ue
l :f sv; wmif:
bmrf;ule:f auj; vSu;f vhm;rj:qgr:f umyf;ymefref:bl,clod :f "b[:"/ ule:f ekid ;f auj.
eh. N.wke
d :f awvh;bl,qgr:f pdr:f Mrf:z[ref:? ayj:trf,xku,f rSe;f wif:pdr:f
Mrf:auj; awvh;cmrf,wmif:pdr:f Mrf: xdy,f tgu,f wmif:cmif;uGj,bl,trf,pmif./ ugy;f
eefsv; ule:f ul;auj. vlo,f arjbl,qgr:f pdr:f Mrf:aO cof;tgu,f uGj,rj:pjuef
bof./ e[:uj; auj.ekid ;f wif:auj.ekid ;f cof;tgu,f uGj,rj:pjueftefoj;eef.
auj; tdie
f odl e
f j;umefwil ,f olid :f ule:f ? ej;umefOe
k ,f wloz
f r[ ef:? umefymh :
rmuf;rD:? umefvud ;f vhm:? zj,Oj,? qlod .f clod :f ? zdi;f xki:f sw,uGj,ul;qlod .f ul;vgi;f
eef. pof:wke
d :f aw vh;tdiv
f ifzifeig ;f uefaO bl,Oof:uGj,awj,qlo;f
qmwf;ymefeef.bof./
e[:uj;umefcof;tgu,f uGj,rj:pjuefeef. ayj:tofOmh wjqmof:cdol :f ulod :f
brfyw
k .f xoj;qkid f tefpof:trf,umif:bmefv;h tefeidk ;f eh. yAeO
f if,cj,
qof;sv;wuj,Owf.xj:bof./ uAo,f vln;f vgi;f eh.aO zl;wSr;f awwSr;f
wmi,f zke
d sf e zl;vlvud ;f pof:cof vgi;f tefOif,cj,sv;wuj, cof;tgu,f uGj,
rj:pjuef ymefOydk ,f ymef eif,bke
d :f xkid v
f ;h ygw:f tge,f wge;f ekid ;f / vdu;f
Nofe.h trf,vh;bdil :f ql:zl;vfaG OwSr;f Oifqodl .f oj;acj;uGmrf:yuf:OAy,f wrf
wSi:f rSe;f nj:auj; awrde
l uf efwif:uGmrf:wh:pof:oj; z[ue
d x
f e
k af uj; wgi.f
ref:cle.f eheef.bof.? ugy;f ylod ;f blid :f tmef: wj,rle.f sr:cke
d :f e[:su;
wli,f olid :f ule:f tefawOkyd ,f uGj,wmif:ej;sv; ayj:awoj;ukr,f so;wjrh.wj
199
yIdbwfwO
wgu,f bl,auj; ref:awtrf,yAerf .h vDr.h vof:rj:vh;ehsv; acj;uGmrf:rmifacj;

sc:awpmrf.clr"f oh.bl,/ yAesf w.pkod `f trf,` rD:sw.bl,pkod `f trf,` q[;
sw.bl,pkod `f trf,` sw,uGj, acj;xmrq
f odl :f eh.sw. acj;wgy,f ref: sc:aw
rD:pdr:f Mrf: zl;vlvud ;f eef.uln:f pdok e
f h c[;bge:f wduk :f Ole:f aO ydw
k ,f Nof
zke
d e
f if,eh/
ymefTzj:yAefqof;
ayj:vAy;f pAe:f wln:f e[:ydwumwf;xrf:Twj: Tzj:yAeq
f of;qkid f aw
vh;pefre
S ;f wuj,Owf.xj: qkod ;f OAiv
f odk :f vifre
ld e
f if, ckeaf pjcrf: ydr,f yd
Oj,I? ckeaf pjcrf:auj:Ov? Oax:vlif tej,xyde,f ? emif:odOj,cj,
sw,uGj,qlod :f eh.qlod :f eh. wif:erfwif:vhmbl,/ e[:qlod :f eef. tefcof;
tgu,f umef,uRi:f erfvodl yf e
ld ;f bl,tlrd ;f qrfOif,cj,Ipmef:vlod yf e
dl ;f sw."oj;"
eef. yAeO
f ax:tej,xyde,f sv; emif:odOj,cj,bof./ vgi;f wmif:vlo,f
Oif,cj,qof; rD:qlid .f pkod `f yAeq
f idl .f pkod `f ayj:yAepf odk f vlo,f qlid .f pdok `f tefoj;
eef. cofN.vlod af Oyle
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1. awvh;rD:vgi;f ble
d .f uef;/
2. awvh;rD:vgi;f wli.f wke
d ,f vSw:f OSo:f /
3. awvh;vku.f tgepf w
A :f tgeO
f mif;wlorf ofqr[ of/
4. awvh;arjqSu,f szN.vh; tefzw
d :f tefxuk ,f /
5. awvh;arjole.f ? arjoh.q[umG if;/
6. awvh;arjtAw:f vl auj.trf,wArx
f e
l ;f cofeb
h of./
e[:Nuf:acj;eh. acj;rhmeidk ;f eef. ygi,f oj;vlo,f rD:vgi;f ble
d .f uef; elod f
wli,f oli:f pdr:f Mrf:qof;uof,v[? zgi:f rlod ;f vh;xly:f nj:avj:uxrfr vDtud ,f qj.
v[qodl :f eh.bof./ yAez
f ;l tgeNf ofeidk ;f auj.aObof. ayj:trf,rD:vgi;f ble
d .f
uef;ayj:ehqidk f rhmekid ;f -wlorf ef:auj;awtrf, rD:vgi;f uwf:bAev
f ;h ?
rhmOgi-f qlod :f yAev
f uk ;f egi.f ygi;f yhm? vku;f rl,vku;f qkr:f cofwif:OAi;f auj; aw
trf,rD:vgi;f uwf:bAeq
f rg :f aOtrf,uj: awrD:yj:vgi;f Oku.f bki;f Nofc;h qgr:f
ref:uln:f bof./ ugy;f Oifsv;oj;eef auj.tefpyf.pAw:f zl;tgeNf ofye
dl ;f
tefoj;eef. wD;at,Okw:f ref: vgi;f oj;c[;P;ule:f wif:erf vh;vgi;f
uwf:bAecf e
dk ;f b[,eh qif,cmrf,bmyf,cmrf,zkw
d ,f aO pyf.pAw:f eheef.sw.
wke
d :f awyj: e[:acj;blid :f tmef:cofb,l acj;ekid ;f trf,pmif.bof./ uln:f uj;
oj;eefaOwj. ayj:nj:avj:uxrfr vgi;f teftrf,wArx
f e
l ;f trf,yAi:f
q[ trf,rle
d q
f r[ j: vgi;f wlu:f bgr:f vgi;f vl.Okr:f vgi;f vkw;f pmrf:rj:ayjeh
qkid f vgi;f ble
d .f uef;tefoj;eef. qmi;f tofvw
k ;f uGj,yAeuf rf:yAeuf rf:aO
qmif;arjyAev
f ig ;f q[vrftug ,f awj:O ygi.f xj.pdw
k :f vj,OAib
f ,[ trf,eef
ayj.emu;f pSrO
f ,[ wD;vku;f egi.f way:vfb
G of./ rmiyf ug ;f Orf. qmi;f arjqw
[ ul :f
q[v.l xkid w
f ;D Orf.ayj:trf,c[;Okyd ,f pAw:f Okyd ,f Omif;xSi;f aO q[tefc;[
1
avjueDwd IjQuef,w/
215
yIdbwfwO
tofwol v
f w
g ;f ? q[c;[ su;wlosf o;Nofyw
S ;f eef.auj; ayj:zkw:f tgu,f rj:?
Orf.ayj:trf,c[;pwf:awj,Ol; avj:uxrfrxSi;f v[qodl :f eh. wge.f bmr;f rD:?
bmrf;yAe?f bmrf;vh;pefrj: wif:erfwif:vhmbof./ vlod af Oeef. ayj:
Orf.xly:f nj:avjuxrfr vgi;f vh;vmyf;vj,zb[,rmuf;erfrj:auj; qmif;
tofqy[ idl ;f elod rf ,l qkr:f aO tofumefqrk :f rj:pAw:f yAeuf mefOe
k ,f wloyf w
S ;f
auj; qmif;rD:qmif;yAev
f ;h bl,bof./
ayj:ole.f wln:f qgr:f ylid yf e
A f zl;tgeNf oftefye
A rf j:zmifpmif;qlid .f
eheef. iof;ij,qj,wdw;D sw,yAerf j:ref: yAeb
f e
g .f vgi;f ble
d .f uef;cof
at,rmie
f j,sv; tofvrdk :f ySw;f acj;blid :f tme:f rlod ;f sw,pyf.pAw:f zl;tgef
Nofbof. tofre
dl q
f idl .f eif,auj.yhwmif: tofOe
A ;f wmif:phm trf,wef:xkid f
wD;blid :f rhmaO c[;ohm,NofujG ,ySw;f wmif,wmif:eef.bof./ ayj:oj; trf,rD:vgi;f
ble
d .f uef; trf,eef vgi;f ble
d .f uef;bif:wkud .f vAu.f au,at,rmifayj:eh
qkid f ej;umeft;D Oifauj; wuf:awtrf,xkid w
f ;D vh;? rlod ;f sw,pmif;vDb,l
aOwj. rlod uf ahg wyAew
f mif:pmif;qj.uGj,bof./ ugy;f ylod ;f eefsv; tdie
f odl f
zge:f vDvig ;f ble
d .f uef;eh.aO acj;uGmrf:wh:auj;rD:oh.oj; ]]ble
d .f vh;yAef
wSi;f crf: trf,ble
d .f vh; yAev
f rf:rh.}}eheef.bof./
acj;rhmOgiO
f rf. ]]awvh;rD:vgi;f wli.f wke
d ,f }}ehbof./ ayj:yAez
f ;l
tgeNf ofye
dl ;f rj:bof. ygi,f oj;awtrf,vh;bl,elu,f bl,ej? bj,aybl,rofue
d f
rmi?f awtrf,vh;bl,vkrd :f wlov
f rdk :f pmi;f aOrkid .f qgr:f ]]arjpjUwd}}/ Orf.aw
vh;rD:vgi;f vSw:f OSo:f ? wli.f wke
d ,f ? qke
d ,f ? ole.f wj,awpAw:f Omi;f vgi;f ej;
umef tefvpD w
A :f ? tefvol ,f pAw:f ? tefxuk ,f pAw:f qlod :f eef.bl,wj,aO,
ehbof./ rmifauj.rmifve
[ .h rlod ;f sw,pyf.pAw:f umefz;l tgeNf ofsw. rD:acj;
blid :f tmef:vD"cSr.f " wj,awpAw:f yef umefye
k ;f ule:f wif:erfb,l aOwj.
ohm:aOpmyf,umefz;l tgeNf ofrj: ayj:Orf.rD:vmyf;vj,zj.tge,f tdw:f tD;rj:
216
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
vh;udev
f idl ,f qhm,vlid ,f rj:? ayj:Orf.rD:tAepf iS :f tmrf:emwf;tge,f ab;
tdw:f ab;tD;rj:qkid f qmif;tofvrdk :f ySw;f ej;umef tefvol ,f pAw:f yef
yke;f ule:f wif:erfaO sv,tofvrdk :f wloq
f rl Nf ofb,l wAw,f ySw;f e[:Mif;
vmy;f vj,zj.? Mif;yuj,Oe? Mif;tmr:f emw;f qlod :f eef.aO tofvig ;f wli.f
wke
d ,f ref: ege:f Nef:uGj,ySw;f e[:su;vmyf;vj,z? yuj,Oe? tmrf:emwf;
eef.bof./ ugy;f eef rl,qkr:f ekid ;f tef eif,pkod af wtrf,vh;yAeq
f idl .f
eefeef. auj.yAez
f ;l tgeNf of vlo,f N.ej;umeftefvpD w
A :f ? tefxuk ,f
pAw:f eef.aO awvh;rD:vgi;f wli.f wke
d ,f ? qke
d ,f qku:f ? wj,awylu:f Omif;
wj,tgeb
f mif;tgeyf h vlo,f wlo;f wef:wj,qdseOAe;f wmif: vhm:pAw:f vhm:
Omif; ej;umefwj,rlod ;f eh.sv;rlod :f ej;bl,wj,aO,ehbof./
acj;wD;OmrO
f rf. ]]awvh;vku.f tgepf w
A :f tgeO
f mi;f }}ehbof./ ayj:
yAez
f ;l tgeNf ofye
dl ;f rj:bof. qgr:f eif,qkod ;f tefoj; ]]zl;tgeNf of}}eh
eef. wmrfwol q
f of;uof,auj; awvh;vku.f tgepf w
A :f tgeO
f mif;? vku.f qd
se OAe;f wmif:vhm:pAw:f vhm:Omif; qlod :f vku;f egi.f ygi;f yhm tefy,h arjpAw:f
arjOmi;f ? qlod :f yh,ay.wloaf y.pmi;f qlod :f eef. pme.f awj,cofayj:ay.wloaf y.
pmif;rj:aO arjpAw:f arjOmif; vgi;f ej;umefrj:ehbof./ ygi,f oj;]]awtrf,
vh;bl,wD;uof,wD;vAoaf O qD.Oif,P;vku;f egi.f qlod :f ule:f yj;w[;cofpw
A :f
vgi;f vAouf n
l :f }}? vlo,f wln:f yj: Ohmihmvku;f egi.f cofaO umefimef: tef
qof;uof,tmyf;yefeef. qgi,f q[;tefuidk if mrf,uefwif: wmif:N.wmif:arj
cof? qgi,f cofOrf.awyAev
f ;h trf,yAev
f ;h / ayj:trf,wln:f qgr:f ? trf,vku.f
pAw:f qgr:f aO yh,g cofpw
A :f Omif;uGj, qgi,f awvh;wrf:q[podk e
f t
h e
g w
f mif:
uge,f / ayj:wrf:q[v;h qif,ug;h qD.Oif,aO yg,h yefcofpw
A :f Omif;uGj, qif,
awrD:vgi;f cSr.f vSy;f vh;bof./ wD;tefwol q
f of;uof, awvh;vku.f pAw:f
Omif;qgr:f tefoj;eef. yAew
f ;D tefqof;uof,trf,wrf:q[v;h sv; ayj:
217
yIdbwfwO
qof;uof,trf,vku.f pAw:f trf,yAee

f ef.sv;Oif? ej;umeftefvol ,f pAw:f
Omif;eef. yAeuf meftefvodl af Oqof;uof, z[y,h N.yh,arjqlod :f eef.sv;
Oif? umeftefuyf:uhm,vln;f ej;wD;z[ref:vlo,f pAw:f sv; wmifwol uf ef
aO pAw:f trf,vh;qlod :f eh.bof./ ayj:Orf.yAew
f ;D tef trf, yj:qof;uof,
auj;yAeb
f ,l aO Orf.uGj,qgr:f pAw:f ySw;f ul;wD;ul;tgi;f ul;Mif;umefauj; Orf.
awygi,f oj; trf,bkr,f vgi;f pAw:f wmif:Omif; vku;f egi.f cofaO awyAev
f ig ;f
Oku.f bki;f q[vuk ;f egi.f cofb,l / ugy;f eef wD;qof;uof, vlo,f vku.f pAw:f vku.f
Omif;tefoj;eef.auj; ref:rD:wD;rD:vSerf ef:bl, bj,ayvkrd :f wln:f wD;
wln:f vSeaf O vku.f pAw:f vliuf jG ,ul;wD;? ul;tgi;f ? ul;Mif;umef/ tefuol yf e
A f
aOyle
d ;f eef.qrf. wD;tefwol q
f of;uof, vlo,f vku.f pAw:f eef. Orf.uGj,
q[.yle
d ;f ? wD;tefvol ,f q[.yle
d ;f eef.Orf. uGj,vku.f pAw:f pif:uln:f aO tof
trf,rSe;f wD;rSe;f wmif:ref:ySw;f eef.bof./
acj;wD;OD,Orf. ]]awvh;arjqSu,f szN.pefv;h tefzw
d :f tef
xku,f }}ehbof./ ygi,f oj; vlo,f vh;rD:vgi;f Okod ;f blo:f aO arjqSu,f szpAw:f
qgr:f eif,tefxuk ,f yAef xku,f pAw:f qgr:f eef.wj,aO,ehbof./ rD:wmi:f N.
rD:erf.uwf.wj,awpAw:f yAev
f ;h zl;tgeNf ofb,l aOwj. ayj:trf,rD:vgi;f
Okod ;f blo:f qkid f qmif;arjqgr:f zhm,aO wln:f ej;vAu.f ej;b[,eef.bof./
yAez
f ;l tgeNf ofaObof. ayj:trf,qSu,f szvh; vgi;f oj;auj.v[awukid ,f
pAw:f umefv;h wD;v[? z[ay.umeftefv?[ z[vol ,f pAw:f Oif? xku,f vDbuk .f
bgi;f auj.v[? Orf.vlo,f vh;wuf.wde
l :f zl;vf?G auj.v[pw
A :f umeferf? auj.v[
pAw:f umeaf t,? vlo,f yefze
[ rf? vlo,f yefza[ t,? auj.v[qrg :f Twj:? auj.v[
trf,qgr:f Twj: sw,uGj,qlod :f eh.bof.? qSu,f szN.pefb,l aOwj. Orf.trf,
pAw:f qgr:f vgi;f xku,f rSe;f tefxuk ,f pAw:f xku,f yAee
f ef.ayj:ehqidk f yh,ukid ,f
yAef zl;tgeNf ofue
g ,f ehbof./
218
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
ydil e
f ikd ;f auj; vlo,f arjqSu,f szumefOe
k ,f wlosf v;umefwif:erfeh
bof./ ef:G umefOig v
f ig ;f eh. ayj:tofce
l :f cof:avj:sv:uefaOpAw:f
ayj:ehqidk f wke
d :f trf,Omif,xku,f aOtdw:f bof./ umefOe
k ,f wloe
f ef.
trf,udik ,f vDtofujG ,cof;avj:umefue
l :f wmif:erf/ vgi;f Oke,f wloq
f of;uof,
teftrf,uyf:uhm,uef wif:umeuf e
l :f wif:erfeef. bj,ayuGj,yg,h vkw;f se
ule:f wif:erfv;h yAev
f ig ;f Oku.f bki;f qgr:f ? cSeq
f of;uof,puf:auj; yh,g P;puf:
e[:Olod ;f uln:f ehbof./ awj;eif,eef tefuyf:uhm,vln;f ule:f wif:erf
eef.auj; trf,vDtofrj:pAw:f yAez
f e
g :f vD yke;f Oke,f wloaf uj.vAo/f ylid f
wSu;f ref: rle
d e
f if,vmyf;vj,z tefv;h rj:e[:umefr,l umefqrk :f ? bge.f rl,
qkr:f aO vh;rj:tefye
A if e
dk :f wgi:f v[? cdil ;f q[.wmif:wkod :f qlod :f eef.auj;
ayj:trf,vh;acj;teknmwf; wD;ule:f wif:erfeq
h idk f trf,xku,f vDtofrj:
q[.wkod :f pAw:f zge:f vDwj,yke;f Oke,f wloe
f b
h of./ ugy;f eefsv; vgi;f arj
qSu,f szN.pefv;h tefqrg :f Twj:trf,qgr:f Twj:sv; vgi;f Okod ;f blo:f elod f
rl,elod q
f rk :f eef. yAet
f efvrf,vgi;f wj,zl;tgeNf ofcofaw."bof./
acj;wD;pj;Orf. ]]awvh;arjole.f ? arjoh.q[umG if;}}ehbof./ ole.f eh.
ygi,f oj;vlo,f vh;rD:yhm:ole.f tefv"D ? yhm:ole.f tefrik ;f pefo.h zge:f vDze
g :f
phm.zhm,ej; tefawqmif;zkw:f tgu,f rj:vh;ul;qlod .f ul;bmif,? ul;vhmzhm,vhm
wmif:qlod :f eef. vlo,f arjole.f bmof:"? wln:f cmof:uh"? wln:f P;yle.f wlouf of,
aO Okyd ,f ole.f wj,awtget
f ofvuk ;f rl,vku;f qkr:f qof;uof,v[? ule:f wif:
erfv[ P;arjyhqrg :f OAe;f wmif: tefrmef,rSe;f qkod ;f q[;wj,aO, qArf
OAe;f wmif:yqf.qky.f yef,sv; OAe;f wmif:Orf,Oj,Ij,ehbof./
q[;aw.bof.? umefoe
l .f eh. yAeuf meftefve
A ;f yeftug :f atjsv;
yAet
f efvw
D j,ule:f pof:rAo:f ekid ;f bl,/ urf;erf" ule:f pof:eh. Orf.ulov
f ;h
ole.f ? ayj:oj;awvh;ole.f ehqidk f trf,Ol;yefcmof:bmrf:vh;aO uh.ql:ihm;?
219
yIdbwfwO
cly,f rlod ;f ole.f auj; uh.uGj,ole.f rSe;f teftrf,cof;ckod ,f cof;ay/ Orf.uh.ql:tof

tefye
dl ;f ole.f oh.bof.eef.uln:f aO vyf:Nvyf:wj pAw:f qgr:f blid ;f qgr:f
uGj, Oge,f wj,P;ref:bof.wlo;f uGj, rlod ;f v[rodl ;f eef. qlid .f eif,oj; udew
f j,v[
vmif.wj,eef.eef.uln:f / ugy;f ylod ;f zge:f phm.vgi;f cmef.ole.f ? ql:ihm;aO
ukr,f ql:tofymh :ole.f yle
d ;f uln:f sv; yle
d ;f vSeaf uj;vh;cmrf,? yle
d ;f auBj:auj;
vh;nj:rj:clod :f "b[:"wif:erfwif:vhm/ zge:f phm.vlib
f e
g .f ylod ;f cmef.ole.f ?
cme.f cliO
f mi;f yhm:ole.f r[,pif:uln:f eef. ayj:yAeaf uj.teftrf,q[;zl;tgef
NofaOcmef.ole.f wj,cliO
f mif;ej;umefwj,Oke,f wloz
f r[ ef:auj.v[auj.
eef.uln:f sw. uln:f awOmif;wj,auj.v[auj.eef.uln:f ref:yh,pmif;phm.
wmef,auj.yAez
f ;l tgeNf ofaOcmef.ole.f eef.uge,f / ayj:oj;auj.yAez
f ;l
tgeNf of cmef.ole.f ayj:ehqidk f qmif;yj:uefwul :f bgr:f aO tkyd :f vgi;f cke
d ;f
b[,qArf yhm:xmwf;q[ yhm:wmif:N.wmif:pef tdu,f wif:zhm,xSrO
f mif; erf.
uwf.ul;yhm:"vl:uge,f /
zl;tgeNf ofeidk ;f auj.tefoj;eh. ayj:oj;trf,rD:umefoe
l .f ? wke
d :f
trf,ole.f OifaOOrf,aOyldiq
f kdif pAw:f umeft;D Oifauj; awyAeuf jG ,
xmef;tefv;h udeaf uj;pAw:f trf,vh;udeaf uj;pAw:f bl,wdu:f "eef.aO
awtrf,rD:vgi;f ckyd ;f ej;vh;aOygu;f eef.bof./ zge:f phm.qj.vlif tefz;l
tgeNf ofcmef.ole.f sv; ql:tofye
dl ;f wmif,auj.ole.f aO vyf:Nvyf:wj
pAw:f qgr:f uGj,rof"rmif"eef. ayj:auj.ole.f yefeef. ole.f tefre
S ;f aO
pAw:f qgr:f uGj, tefre
S ;f auj; awtgeuf efv;h vD? ayj:auj.ole.f eef.
ole.f zdw:f cdw:f cGmifauj; N.uj;awtgeuf ef vh;cDujG ,ySw;f wif:rl,qif:qkr:f
eef.bof./ ugy;f eefz;l tgeNf ofe.h vlo,f yAeaf uj.tefr:D yhm:ole.f vDeh
bof./
220
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
Orf.xSi;f vgi;f ekid ;f tefuyf:uhm,vln;f vgi;f ]]ole.f }}eh. teftrf,

cmr,f wif:yle
d ;f xwf:Omiv
f ;h eef.auj; yAev
f ig ;f bly;f bgr:f vlif zl;tgeNf of
tefeidk ;f bof./ tefe.h wke
d :f uyf:uhm,uefwif:umefoe
l .f urf:Okod ;f eef.
bof./ rle
d q
f idl .f eif,oj; qof;uof,trf,cke
d :f pefv;h cD;wjqof;uof,acj,
eef.sv;Oif? auj.tefuj;seyle
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zdw:f eef.sv;Oifee
h ef. auj.yAez
f ;l tgeNf oftrf,xku,f vDvil v
f rdk :f /
ayj:vh;ide:f acj;uGmr:f tefye
dl ;f vmw;f vgi;f pof:rj:ehqidk f xku,f vDce
dk :f ole.f
wln:f cke
d :f z[:" vgi;f oj;yAeaf cj;sO.se:pkod f acj;xwf:Omie
f h tgew
f mi:f
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auj; awqmi;f yAef vgi;f aw.rD:aw.qgr:f eif,ylid yf e
A f wmi:f bmr;f vgi;f pAw:f
wmif:Omif;pof:eef.aw.auj;yAev
f ;h bof./ ayj:yAeaf w.rD:aw.bl,qkid f
yAeaf cj;xwf:Omifun
l :f trf,q[;acj;sO.se:/ bge.f ylod ;f oj; acj;blid :f
tmef:vgi;f sO.se:sv; acj;blid :f tmef:vgi;f xwf:Omife.h trf,rle
d f
uefaO wD;ygi,f ref:auj;ySu,f ylid ;f uefo.h wif:erfb,l /
wD;ygi,f acj;]]se:}}eh. OifziA ,f wmi:f pefxidk f zl;wSr;f vdu;f ygi,f q[
oj;sw. ayj:yAet
f eftrf,q[;aw. trf,yAeaf w.aO rmyf,oj;tofeef.
yAe]f ]se:}}? bge.f ylod ;f ref:qif:aOoj;/ tefOrf.wSu;f toftefref:
pAw:f ? tefref:arj? tefref:rD:eef.aO vmw;f oj;tefye
dl ;f wmi,f auj.
pAw:f ? tefye
dl ;f arj? tefye
dl ;f rD:eef. trf,vD? trf,cSr.f eheef. yAef
]]sO.}}? bge.f ylod ;f c[;P;yle
d ;f N.? yle
d ;f tmrf:vgi;f oj; tefref:pAw:f ? tef
ref:arj? ref:rD:eef. vDee
S ,f cSr.f eSe,f uBj.eSe,f ehaO c[;P;yle
d ;f pef
vDruf:ref;bgr:f pyf.ref:uln:f eef.bof./ xSi;f tefeidk ;f Orf. ayj:auj.
ekid ;f pAw:f uGj,trf,qkod ;f trf,q[; trf,rSe;f vgi;f rSe;f vhm:ref:aO auj.ekid ;f
Orf. rj:wuf.rj:oj;eef. auj;ayj:rD:q[c;[ sO.vhm"aO trf,rD:q[c;[ sr:qkid f
221
yIdbwfwO
yAe]f ]se:}}? bge.f ylod ;f auj.ekid ;f pAw:f trf,rSe;f ehbof./

acj;xwf:Omife.h Orf. trf,q[;qlid .f eef ref:awvmwf;qgr:f
eif,ylid yf e
A f tefye
A af w.rD:aw.eef.aO xwf:Omifqrg :f tefre
S ;f
tefq;[ ref:eef.uln:f / auj.tefpw
A :f zdw:f eef. ref:awoj;qgr:f
vgi;f zdw:f ? auj.tefpw
A :f rSe;f eef.auj; ref:awvmwf;qgr:f vgi;f rSe;f
vgi;f q[;eef.bof./ auj.xwf:Omifeef. ayj:yAet
f efzw
d :f ylid ;f ref:
c[;P;sr:cke
d :f ? ayj:yAev
f ig ;f tefxuk ,f rSe;f qdok ;f q[;ref: awqlr:f Olod :f aO
yefpiS :f eef.bof./
ehsv; ayj:wSu;f uefwn
l :f qkid f acj;sO.se:eh. acj;blid :f tmef:
trf,vD? yAecf idl ;f q[.zl;tgu:f atjwke
d ;f cofbyd :f wkod :f bof./ acj;xwf:Omif
eh.Orf. acj;blid :f tmef:yAet
f efvaD O yAecf idl ;f bdy:f zl; rD:tgu:f atjyhm:
ole.f vDcof zl;rD:ynf,njcofbyd :f wkod :f bof./ ugy;f eef Oifoj;vh;ide:f acj;
uGmrf: tefqof;uof,xmif,oj;yAeaf cj;se:eef. cof;Nrj:qkid f qof;uof,vlo,f
cke
d :f ole.f aO xwf:Omifwn
l :f wloq
f of;uof, vgi;f oj;qgi,f ref:rSe;f qgr:f
ylid yf e
A v
f ig ;f pAw:f wmi:f Omi;f qof;uof,bl,aw.pkod f trf,/ tefe.h yAet
f ef
vlo,f vh;]]ole.f }}aO xwf:Omif;qgr:f / ayj:q[;aw. vlo,f bgr:f pyf.aO
wD;qof;uof, pAw:f yh,xku,f rSe;f qgr:f Twj:eef. vlo,f ar:cke
d :f urf:vAob
f of./
ayj:trf,q[;aw.trf,yAeaf w.uge,f qif,ug;h O[,e[:OAe;f rhmacj;]]sO.
se:}}eef. qif,awxku,f rSe;f bof./
acj;rhmwD;Nuf:Orf.oj;]]tAw:f vl}}ehbof./ acj;eh.auj; vlod af O
vlo,f vh;rD:wD;e[:rmuf,Nofqu[ e
l :f ul;auj.wj,aO,eef. tefvrf,vgi;f
vlod af Oeef.eh. wD;auj.yAez
f ;l tgeNf ofr,l qkr:f ygu.f omef; tlid ,f rlid :f cofu;l
auj. wke
d :f trf,rD:trf,yAee
f ef.bof./ vgi;f tAw:f vle.h rD:oh.vgi;f tAw:f
vl tefyrg sf v; vgi;f tAw:f vl tefaw.ehbof./ vgi;f tAw:f vl tef
222
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
vlud ;f ej;eef. yAev

f ig ;f tAw:f vltefyrg af O vgi;f tAw:f vl teftrf,
vlud ;f ej;eef. yAev
f ig ;f tAw:f vltefaw.bof./ vgi;f tAw:f vltefyrg f
eef. acj;yjvdoj; ]]!efWjuwd}}aO ayj:uAy:f wloTf wj:ref:yAe]f ]wEf
pj? IjU}}uln:f bof./
ayj:yAev
f ig ;f tAw:f vl teftrf,vlud ;f ej;aO oh.zAi,f yAi:f rle
d uf ef
qlid .f eif,Tzj:? tIpefw(Ipmef:wj,)cofqof; tAw:f vlaoaebBOwf.
woj,wif:vhm? trf,eef trf,q[;Tzj:? tIpefw? trf,q[; tIdbj,aO
wj. wD;ule:f uvBj,eykxq
k efcof qlod :f rD:q[tw
A :f vlb,[ erf elod z
f ;l auj.
trf,wArx
f e
l ;f qlod :f eef.aO c[;qg;h c[;xSre
f ef.uln:f qif,Mif.]]uIkEj}}
aO yAev
f ig ;f tAw:f vltefaw./ tefye
A v
f ig ;f cD,eAu:f wAu:f ay.udeuf ef
auj.b[,ay.udeaf uj.vAu.f ? zl;rD:tmrf:emwf; ay.udez
f ;l pmrf:tmrf:emwf;?
ule:f rD:ay.udeuf e
l :f zmef? ule:f pSi:f b[,ay.udeuf e
l :f pSi:f vAu.f sw,uGj, qlod :f
tefbmrf;pefbmrf;yAerf j:bl,qlod :f eh. yAeb
f e
g .f coftrf,rD:q[tw
A :f vl
tefaw.ref:aOtdw:f aOtD;eef.bof./ e[:wli,f oli:f v[auj;bof.
ayj:auj.pmrf:q[tw
A :f vl tefaw.ref:erfuj;pkod af uj; vgi;f ay.udeuf ef?
udeq
f ud :f wgu,f qgu:f uef? vlvmh uefawerfuj;emef.eef.bof./ OifOrf.
oj; auj.tefye
A z
f ;l tgeNf ofeef. yAeaf uj.tefzmefvig ;f tAw:f vleh
qkid f wli,f oli:f tefeef.sw. wke
d :f oj;umrf,phm.wif:rlw:f eef.bof./
ugy;f eef auj.tefpyf.oh.umefz;l tgeNf ofye
dl ;f aOwD;"eef. Oif
oj;rki;f rgi:f c[;yAerf ,l qkr:f tefuwf:bAe?f Olod :f rle;f ? pmi;f vDb,l aw."ayj:eh
qkid ]f ]wD;e[:rmuf,Nofqc[ ofeef. P;vAi.f oh.q[tw
A :f vl tefaw.tef
rmef,ref:erf"}}ehbof./ vlod af Oeef. ykw.f xqof; Oif,Ogeof .h oj;
ayj:vh;yAez
f ;l tgeNf ofye
dl ;f aOwD;"aOqkr:f "rj:qkid f wuf:awvh;so;
vgi;f bly;f bgr:f zl;tgeNf ofO,D ylid Pf ;vh;ehbof./
223
yIdbwfwO
wmif:bly;f bgr:f zl;tgeNf ofO,D yldif3

1. zl;tgeNf oftefqrg :f ej;vgi;f puf./
2. zl;tgeNf oftefqrg :f ej;vgi;f ySi:f qif:/
3. zl;tgeNf oftefeudk :f rkid x
f idk .f xkod /f
4. zl;tgeNf oftefc;D uloe
f b
h of./
acj;rhmekid ;f eef. yAev
f ig ;f ]]qgr:f ej;vgi;f puf.}}(!efWjUwd) eh
bof./ ygi,f oj;puf.sv;qgr:f ej;? yefe
f j;vD? yefw;D vDauj.tefpuf. auj.
tefxuk ,f q[ vh;q[ rSe;f q[eb
h of./ wD;eh; awOyf:vSi:f seacj;uGmrf:
wh: tefoj;]]puf.}}eheef. tgew
f mif:uge,f bge.f ulouf iG b
f e
g .f ref:/
acj;]]puf.}}eh. acj;uGmr:f wh:pof:q[.wkod :f yAeaf cj;vAouf n
l :f aOwj. acj;yjvd
sw. urf.wD;urf.vSerf ef:aO q[.wkod :f ySu,f ylid ;f uefo.h wke
d :f trf,vh;irf:
iof:/ acj;]puf.}eh. acj;yj,vdq.[ wkod :f oh.Omrfacj; rle
d e
f if,wD;w[;eh.bof./
1. tefpuf.ql.puf.qlo:f trf,eef puf.zlopf uf.ar:eh. yjvdMif.
]]wEfpjayr}}ehaO ygi,f oj;bge.f ylod ;f wef,pj,aOpuf./ trf,eef puf.
wef,pj,(wef,ej,)ehbof./
2. tefpuf.ej;Nde:f wjab: rle
d e
f if,puf.ule:f e[:Nde:f ? yD;egi.f ?
vmef? vdef qlod .f clod :f sw,uGj, ule:f e[:apjNde:f qof;uof,qlod :f eef.Orf.
yj,vdMif.oj;]]aUpOfOw
d ayr}}ehaO ygi,f oj;puf.ej;Nde:f wjab: eh
bof./ ayj:uAy:f wloTf wj:ref:auj; vh;avjZuln:f eif,uof,/
3. tefpuf.avj:u (puf.Ojuj;yAew
f ol rf :D q[tefr:D bl,e[:avj:u)
wif:OAi;f qlod :f eef.Orf. acj;yj,vdMif.oj;]]rAww
f j}}ehaO ygi,f oj;yAef
puf.tefr:D vgi;f zAi,f yAi:f ? puf.trf,qgr:f ej;sv;qif,vh;Mif.oj; puf.qSw;f
qmif, puf.pj;ymuf,Omof:ySw,f puf.trf,rD:cgy,f rD:vSee
f b
h of./
3
yjxduoufuyjVd ej;-147
224
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
e[:]]puf.}}Omrfacj;eef. acj;rhmekid ;f sv;acj;rhmOgiq

f idk f yAepf uf.
tefr:D cgy,f rD:vSef puf.tefarjvudl ;f ej;qgr:f zhm, ayj:tofymh :ole.f yku.f ulo,f
tIdbj,cofoj; yAe]f ]puf.ygr}f }ehauj;oj;? ]]puf.pAipf j;ymuf,}}ehauj;q[;bof./
bge.f yAepf uf.tefr:D cgy,f rD:vSesf v; ayj:vlod af Otefr:D e[:cgy,f e[:vSef
ref:qlod :f eef. ref:awtrf,O[,OAe;f rhmpuf. wj,ref:bof.sv; qif,vh;
Mif.oj;puf.ygr?f puf.trf,zAi,f puf.yAeq
f iA ,f ? puf.udavOj,? puf.wef,pj,vhm"
ehbof./
ugy;f eefsv; tUwdacj;rhmekid ;f eh.rhmxkid ]f ]puf.wEfpjayr}}sv;
]]puf.aupOfOw
d ayr}}Ogit
f efe.h aO trf,rhmxkid ]f ]puf.rAww
f j}}/ ayj:
trf,yAe]f ]puf.rAww
f j}}auj; ygi,f oj;yAepf uf.ygr?f ayj:yAet
f efyrg e
f .h trf,
wge.f rD:uj;cefb,[ erf yke;f wj,ule:f ul;auj./ ayj:eefz;l tgeNf of tef
bdy:f urfo.h puf.ygre
f ef.bof; vh;Mif.oj; ]]zl;tgeNf oftefqrg :f ej; vgi;f
puf.(!efWjUwd)ehbof./ ygi,f oj; ayj:yAeaf uj.ref:puf. sv;auj.puf.ref:
ayj:ehqidk f ref:awyefej;vD? ej;uD;? yefej;wD;tefvt
D efcrS .f vlod f
aO wmi,f auj.wmi,f ule:f ehbof./ ayj:oj;arjqrg :f ej;vgi;f puf.? ayj:rD:vgi;f
puf.ygrof .h auj; zhm,vifvig ;f puf.ygre
f ef. vgi;f ySi:f qif:wke
d :f rD:oh.urf:vAof
tefoj;eef. wke
d :f vlo,f ygi,f q[uefo.h z[ref:bl,/ zl;tgeNf of tef
arjqgr:f ej;vgi;f puf.eh. zge:f phm.ref:qmif;pAw:f P;auj.qif:? auj.wln:f
bmyf, wln:f cwf:elod rf ef:erfaOtrf,uj: qmif;yj:tofr,l qkr:f ref: rgif
Oof; ogw;f phmohm:uGj,vh;ihm;ihm;vl:uge,f /
tUwdacj;rhmOig q
f rf.-qgr:f ej;vgi;f ySi:f qif:(aWjOjUwd)ehbof./
vgi;f aWjOb[, q[pmof; q[uBmrf:qlod :f eh.auj; ayj:yAez
f ;l tgeNf ofrj:eh
bgr:f vh;uj;pkod v
f uD j;emef.eef.bof./ bge.f ylod ;f oj;]]aWjaOj twfx>
e Qjejwd}}ehsv; zgi:f q[pmof; vlr:f OSo:f aWjOzkw:f tgu,f rj:eef.
225
yIdbwfwO
wke
d :f trf,wef:ole.f vh;vgi;f zdw:f vgi;f xku,f aOOrf,aOvgi;f / nj:rlod ;f
auj.qif:(auj.trf,c[;pef? auj.trf,xku,f wj? trf,rSe;f q[)cof pAw:f umef
zdw:f ylid ;f aOwD;" aOvgi;f "rj:qkid f q[aWjO q[pmo;f q[OoS :f awtgu,f rj:?
cSe:f xSi;f pSi:f wmif:ySi:f qif:rj: trf,vlud ;f cmof:bmrf:(ujv)? trf,vlud ;f wD;
vlud ;f vSe(f aWO)aO qmif;tgu,f yAerf j:vgi;f ygi.f vj,? xj.pkw
d :f ? tAu:f O[,
OAib
f ,[ OAipf iS :f v[? ayj.pSr?f xky.f wh,g rSe;f nj:v[? wD;at,Okw:f ref: se
pmif;q[vrf vlr:f zlw.f rj:v[? trf,eef tofuyA :f Odr:f oh.e[:q[wj,aO,
wj,ymefaO oh.q[eodl af uj.ySi:f qif: trf,ay,trf,ohm:vh;aOygu;f v[qodl :f
eh. ygi,f oj;yAeq
f t
[ efqyf:zhm, q[tefumh ,ySesf y;vgi;f ySi:f qif:]]aWjOj
Uwd}}ehbof./
ayj:oj; wkud .f arjoh.vgi;f ySi:f qif:qlid .f eefb,l ehqidk f ygi,f oj;yh,arj
wln:f zAi,f aO wkud .f vlud ;f puf.vlud ;f qif:yAew
f ;D yAeq
f iA ,f oh.sv; rle
d q
f idl .f
eif,oj;]]ayj:yAeaf uj.puf.pAw:f zdw:f Orf.pAw:f uSi;f trf,N.trf,pef? ayj:
yAeaf uj.qif:pAw:f zdw:f Orf.yefww
l ;f yefwmrf,/ ayj:rD:wmif:udeof mef
Orf.Mif.pjauj.puf. ayj:rD:umef Orf.Mif.pjauj.qif:/ wD;tefvol ,f auBj,
vlo,f rle;f Orf.Mif.auj.puf. wD;tefv;h Ndo.f vh;tle;f Orf.Mif.auj.qif:}}
sw,uGj,qlod :f eh.bof./ zl;tgeNf ofauj.teftug ,f zmifpmif;qlid .f ehrj:eef.
ygif,oj;ref:qyf:aIj:uj,vlif]]vgif;ySif:qif:}}aWjOjUwdoh.bof.aO
awtrf,qmif;yAez
f ;l tgeNf ofvv
D ;h ehbof./
tUwdacj;rhmOmrfOrf. qgr:f vgi;f ekud :f rkid x
f idk .f xkod e
f ah O acj;yj,vd
Mif.oj;]]arjpjUwd}}ehbof./ vgi;f ekud :f rkid x
f idk .f xkod e
f .h trf,vh;rhmxkid of j;
vgi;f wli.f ekid f rlod ;f vku.f rlod ;f eif; rlod ;f uGj,rj:yheudk :f rkid x
f idk .f xkod q
f idl .f eef/
rhmxkid of j; vgi;f vAe;f tgu:f atj? vgi;f YpkOw
k vgi;f N.wmif:pefu;l Orf,ylid ?f
vgi;f vAy;f pAe:f wln:f vgi;f oj;e[:wli,f oli:f ule:f pof: wD;qrfw;D uh? zhm,yke.f
226
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
zhm,eh.? zhm,yle
d ;f zhm,pof:? wli,f oli:f yle
d ;f wli,f oli:f pof:? trf,eef rlid :f yle
d ;f
rlid :f pof:yle
d ;f yAeO
f ifb,l pof:Orf.wkud .f pAw:f Oifb,l ? yle
d ;f bly;f bgr:f wD;v[
pof:Orf.bly;f bgr:f vgu:f v[? vlo,f ar:wD;v[ vlo,f zdrl .f tefv?[ wD;v[vodl f
wD;v[brg :f sw,uGj,qlod :f eh. wke
d :f trf,N.? trf,cof;q[OifaOOrf,aOylid f
eef.bof./
zl;tgeNf ofteftrf,cof;q[Oif teftrf,N.ej;N.vif trf,ole.f
Oifwe
g ;f wj,rl,wj,qkr:f trf,vltrf,wln:f uln:f ukr,f rof:rdi:f qgr:f wD;
eif;tefv;h bl,cSr.f bl,Okif ukr,f crftik v
f il t
f mrf:emwf;(tj,ej,)? ukr,f
ole.f wj,yke;f Oke,f wlof vrfNofryS :f qlraf O bl,ihm;bl,vlrb
f ,l pif:uln:f
eef.bof. Mif.oj;zl;tgeNf oftefqrg :f vgi;f ekud :f rkid f xkid .f xkod (f arjpjUwd)
ehbof./ ayj:eef wli,f oli:f tefv;h bl,w[;Nrf;iof:zl;tgeNf oftefqrg :f
arjpjUwdqidl .f ehv:l Orf.awuGj,vh;vgi;f cke
d ;f b[, r[,Okiw
f ;D v[rj:aej:/
tUwdacj;rhmOD,qrf. rkid .f qgr:f vgi;f uloe
f ah O acj;yj,vdMif.oj;]]Z
bjUwd}}ehbof./ rD:wD;ygi,f oj; bge.f ylod ;f uloaf O pAw:f qgr:f teftrf,qgr:f
Twj:eef.ehbof./ wD;aw.ref: umefpw
A :f zl;tgeNf ofye
dl ;f tefoj;eh.
ayj:oj;qof;uof,rD:erf.q[puf.Ojelod rf ,l qkr:f ? puf.Ojelod v
f rk :f vmif:qlod .f
qmwf;qof;uof,? rD:erf.q[c;[ uSw,f sc? ylu:f Omif; qg;h vlod yf efzoqmof:clod :f
qlod .f qmwf;qof;uof,aw."oj;"ayj:ehqidk f awvh;yAeuf e
l :f pwf:pmef? pwf:
bmy,f wmiuf e
l :f wmi:f erf? bof.auj; ayj:xly:f vgi;f tefqrg :f Twj:sv; trf,
qgr:f Twj:rj:eh awvh;pwf:qku:f ref;zhm,tefqrg :f Twj:aO awj,Ol;
teftrf,qgr:f Twj:eef.pwf:"pmef"ehbof./ ayj:yAez
f ;l tgeNf ofye
dl ;f
aO ukr,f tgeuf ol t
f e
g sf pbl,ayj:ehqidk f qlod :f yAev
f uk ;f egi.f ygi;f yhmcofOrf.
awqmi;f rD:rlod ;f pwf: bku.f wlopf e
S Nf ofaO pjOe
A ;f wmi:f wj,tgu,f vgw;f vh;
qmwf;ymefnmrf.ckn;f cD;cj; wlu:f wSr,f rlod ;f v[/
227
yIdbwfwO
ugy;f ylod ;f eefsv; auj.yAez

f ;l tgeNf ofeef. ayj:ukr,f tofqu[ ol v
f il f
eef.rj:rlu:f zif oh.bl,e[:rmuf,Nofqu[ ;l rkod .f ul;oef:ayj:ehqidk f awxku,f cD;
zl;wAu:f wAirf udl ;f r[; ule:f c[;udeq
f ud :f wgu,f qgu:f cofay.udef ySw.f udef acBj:
udef rmyf,uderf u[ e
d b
f ,l clod :f "b[:" trf,bof.trf,ohm:vh;aOygu;f uge,f bof./
tefye
A f tUwdO,D blid ;f eh. ayj:rj:Nyf;aOxwf:tofw;D uSy;f ref:
urf:tef"qkid f wD;tefawvh;tofqq
[ of;uof,wSy:f wwf:aO pAw:f Omif;
umefujG , e[:Mif;umefr,l umefqrk :f umefue
l :f wmif:erfeef.sv;Oif? wD;
tefvol ,f vh;wSy:f wwf:Twj: xrf,rsv;txrf,rrj:eef.sv;Oif? yAef
tefvrf,vgi;f aw." yke;f wj,zl;tgeNf ofcofaw.bof./ ugy;f Oif` ayj:
qgr:f vgi;f puf.qkid f wlud ;f wD;oj;auj.puf.eef.zdw:f bl,aOwj. bge.f ylod ;f
puf.aO awwSy:f wwf:oj; yAev
f ig ;f rmef,rSe;f uGj,bl,bof./ ayj:qgr:f vgi;f
qif:qkid f ydu.f Orf.oj; auj.qif:eef. rmef,rSe;f qkod ;f q[;bl,aOwj.auj;
bge.f ylod ;f qif:aO awwSy:f wwf:oj; yAev
f ig ;f zdw:f ylid ;f trf,rmef,rSe;f
ehb,l bof./ ayj:qgr:f vgi;f ekud :f rkid x
f idk .f xkod q
f idk f z[zw
d :f z[xuk ,f auj; ref:
awtrf,cof;q[OifaO z[viA .f vh; z[re
g v
f ;h auj; awtofref:pAw:f yAef
auj.rmef,rSe;f qkod ;f q[;uGj,aO wSy:f wwf:zdw:f "zle"f bge.f ylod ;f arj:p
tUwdOrk ,f irf:oh.sv; trf,N. trf,cof;q[ elod v
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whm OhmOrf,OIj, trf,pkw
d ,f trf,ohm: tefv;h wku.f bof.wku.f xSi;f eef.
bof./ vgi;f tefqmof:ykw.f su;chvig ;f wku.f bmuf;eh. ref:tdib
f efe:[
Owf.qj,OD,yj: Twj:qkod ;f q[;eef.bof./ wj,awsu;cheef. awvh;oh.
euf:vgi;f N.ygi,f q[ Ozj,ozdi;f wke
d :f yAef vgi;f wku.f bmuf;? cgiv
f ig ;f rD:O
zj,o trf,ref;ukrd :f ? teftrf,q[; cgiz
f w
[ ol z
f ?[ vlod e
f ef.OAe;f wmi:f wj,
tgu,f yle.f vgw;f wD;wku.f bmuf;Okw:f bAeq
f odl :f eef.bof./ ule:f qmof:ykw.f
pof:pefxidk of j; y#dqq
f Orkyyf jW tefye
A b
f e
g .f umrf,cgiz
f r[ ef:? wmif:
wkr.f wlod .f sv; bde:f pyf. emotions ref:z[eef.bof./
d w
f ud Okww
f eef. seoj; yefpj
e[:rpjedWje sv; rXkye
bki;f bmif;eh. tgu,f yAerf j:uj;wD;wle;f q[zr[ ef: tefoj;uj,rtj,Iki,f pj;
blid ;f ? tefye
A w
f ;D q[wj q[N q[c;l eif q[ve
d .f sv; q[wol q
f odl :f eef.
ehbof;/ qlod :f eh.qrf. vh;yAeb
f e
g .f emr,f Iky;f teftofywdw.f qOrf,rkyf
yj,w yAeif of;pmuf;ref:OAi;f "/ qAre
f mrf,sv;Iky;f yAev
f ig ;f wmif:q[oe
d ,f
nmef,? q[oe
d ,f nmef,auj; yAev
f ig ;f wmif: emrf,wif:Iky;f eef.bof./ xku,f
tofOwdy.[ yj: wD;tj,Iki,f tefrj:ql:wj? N? cl;eif? vde.f ? wle;f wlosf v;
244
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
wD;tgi;f Nofqe
[ ef.aO zmif.N.qgr:f ul;zhm,eh. wke
d :f Omif,xku,f wj,su;
vdw;f sw."ehbof./
acj;vlyf:
vhm:qmof:ykw.f x su;chyefpjbki;f bmif; eif,tefv;h wSr;f serj:
qlod :f eef. Oifoj;arjtofq.[ wkod :f eh awqmif;qg;h su;ch yefpjtefv;h
xly:f ul;oef:sv; wj,Orf,OIj, rlod :f ej;ul;qmof:clod :f e[:vlu;f eh.bl,/ vlod f
eef. wloq
f q
[ of;uof,auj; awuwf:bAeO
f odl :f Oj,/ pdr:f Mrf:qof;uof,?
yD;egi.f ayj;sr;qof;uof,? omef;rlid :f qof;uof,? tdu,f vlu;f avj:u wke
d :f oj;
rD:vgi;f tgr,f vgr;f yAi:f q[qe
dk ;f ymif, Omif,xku,f wj,ul;auj.ul;ule:f ul;wleuf ;l
qof;trf,pmif./ ugy;f eh P;tgeuf efarjtofvmh :qmof:ykw.f x su;chyefpj
bki;f bmif;ul;z[ref:aOurf:vln;f J /
245
yIdbwfwO
ylu:f ygiyf ef wj,P;vku;f tge,f pke;f rke:f cke

d ;f bG,f
(Child development)
qhm:ugef:cldof: (erf.crf:)
(yDOmrf)qef.qgrIf wej,zki,f ? oAi:f vdlo,f /
15_09_2011
umyf;ymefomef;rlid :f vlr;f 'j.bmrf:vAoe

f .h yAeuf myf;ymefomef;rlid :f vlr;f
'j. cke
d ;f b[,r[,Okirf j:sv; zl;ylu:f ygiof me;f rlid :f cofu;l rlid :f "auj; tgecf wf:q[
yefomef;rlid :f z[ref: P;ayj:pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f b[,rj:z[ref:bl,/ vlod e
f ef.
auj; omef;rlid :f yle
d ;f eh. ayj:wSu;f uefwn
l :f zhm,wif:omef;rlid :f pof: ayj:eh
qkid f rle
d e
f if,pof:pj:ege:f 'eftofeef.uln:f bl,/ Oluofpof:pj:cke
d :f ohm,
wln:f zhm,clid ;f bdy:f wmif:wkod :f ul;qlod :f "eef.auj; pof:awvh;N.qgr:f bl,/
tefpof:yh,arjqG.f wkod :f yh,vh;bdy:f qlod :f eef. rD:bl,wif:erfwif:vhm/
wj,omef;rlid :f pof:awcke
d ;f bG,f pke;f rke:f (develop)rj:rle
d of mef;rlid :f yle
d ;f
eef.auj; Oluofpof:pj:tefb,l Oof:eG:f rlid :f pof:vlo,f uwf.cSe,f ul;zhm,"aO
bof.? tefvig ;f bG,f vlod af Oyle
d ;f eef. yAev
f uk ;f tge,f pof:oef:rlod ;f eh.
P;yAew
f j,ykw;f wdew
f mifrodk :f Oluofpof:pj:rlod :f ej;eef.bof;/ yke;f wj,
omef;rlid :f pof: awcke
d ;f b[,r[,Okirf e
dl yf e
dl ;f uGj,rlod :f ej;eef. ref:tdie
f odl f
vku;f tge,f pof:rlod ;f eh.aO Oifoj;vku;f tgepf of:rlod ;f eh. nj:cl:Ogev
f aD uj;
Ohmihmrlod :f ej;eef. pof:trf,wmyf;vlo,f wgi;f xmrfzz
[ ;l v[aO pof:cj;aw
vh;N.oj; ome;f rlid :f pof:rlod :f ej;eef. ref:wke
d :f awcke
d ;f b[,r[,Okib
f ,l trf,
pmif.eheef.bof./ uln:f uj; urf;zgi;f Orf.trf,ole.f wj,omef;rlid :f rlod :f ej;
sv; uh.oh.vku;f tge,f pof:rlod ;f eh.rofrmifb,l bof./
yAepf odk af uj;vD vku;f tgee
f .h ref:vgi;f bf,G yke;f wj,rlod :f ej;uj;pkod f
tefoj;eef. pof:xku,f vDoe
l .f wln:f ckud .f "vkud .f "vrf,"bl,/ vku;f tge,f eh.
246
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
yAeO
f mhqoGf mef;rlid :f qlod .f clod :f pof: rlod :f ej;sv; ayj:coftrf,uwf.cSe,f eh
omef;rlid :f pof:auj; awpAw:f pkod cf e
dk ;f b[,rj:bof.vj,/ ayj:cofuwf.cSe,f eh
omef;rlid :f pof:auj; awcke
d ;f bG,f pke;f rke:f rj:vlod uf of,aO qlod :f tefpof:
cG;f vh;cG;f yAeq
f odl :f eef.auj; awyAerf j:bl,trf,pmif.bof;/ ugy;f eh Oluof
pof:pj:wif:OAi;f vlo,f tgeuf efyul :f ygiyf efvuk ;f tge,f pof:rdol ;f eh. P;ayj:
yAerf j: ule:f uwf.cSe,f rlod :f ej; (child development)rj:eef.bl,/ uofcj;
c[;oj; ayj:vku;f tge,f pof:rlod ;f eh. rD:cl:Ogev
f D rD:erf.uwf.pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f
b[,rj:auj; ome;f rlid :f pof:rlod :f ej;eef. trf,wmy;f vh;ul;pdrrf j: ule:f yle
d ;f aO
bof. omef;rlid :f qof;uof,auj; wke
d :f awcke
d ;f b[, ckw
d :f vlr;f 'j.rj:rle
d yf e
dl ;f
trf,pmif.eh Oluofpof:pj:vlo,f bkr,f brfeif,ehaO ylu:f ygiyf efvuk ;f tge,f
pof:cj;P;ckw
d :f cmof:bmrf:bl,/
wj,P;vku;f tge,f pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f bG,f (child development)(5)ylid f
1. wlopf mif; pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f bG,f (physical development)
2. nmef,yh,nj, pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f bG,f (intelligent development)
3. wle;f qG?f qGw
f e
dk ,f wAe;f pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f bG,f (emotional development)
4. vgi;f uyf:Okyd ,f pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f bG,f (communication development)
5. vgi;f wkod :f urfvD pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f bG,f (moral development)qlod :f eh.bof./
Oifoj;vgi;f wif:(5)ylid w
f ;D elod e
f .h trf,wArx
f e
l ;f qkid f trf,vh;oj;
vku;f tge,f pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f b[,rj:? ayj:oj;vgi;f wmif:(5)ylid f wD;elod ;f eh. wArf
xle;f qkid f vku;f tge,f pof:eef. rD:erf.uwf.vgi;f pke;f rke:f cde
k ;f b[, (child
development)rj:ehbof./
d ;f bG,f (physical development)
1. wlopf mif; pke;f rke:f cke
vku;f tge,f ekid ;f auj.eh. ayj:ulw
d ,f pefej;rj:bof.ehqidk f rD:erf.
247
yIdbwfwO
uwf.Oke,f wlof wj,awb[,Okirf j:qgr:f oef:qgr:f vle

d q
f rg :f yDzr[ ef:aO
wj. uln:f uj; rmifqodl :f "Orf. trf,rle
d e
f if,eef wlouf .h wSi.f aO:oh. trf,
pke;f rke:f b[,OkiO
f ifrj:aO qlo;f cly,f rD:(5,6)cly,f aOwauj; rle
d pf mi;f wkud .f
rD:bl,(2,3)cly,f qlo;f eh. qlod :f eef.auj; rD:wif:erfwif:vhmbl,/
ayj:qlid .f eh trf,vh;oj; wlopf mif;pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f bG,f (physical development) wlop
f mif;pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f bG,f tefoj;eh. ref:awvh;rD:erf.
euf:wlopf mi;f wArx
f e
l ;f wmi:f Okiw
f rA x
f e
l ;f ySi;f eif,tefarjbjcof wSy:f
wwf:oh.eef.bl,/ vku;f tge,f tefr:D qlo;f cly,f (1)yD awvh;rD:wmif:Okif
erf.euf:wlow
f rA x
f e
l ;f zAi,f yAi:f qgr:f eif,arjbjcofwyS :f wwf:oh.wj, (1)
yD? vku;f tge,f tefr:D qlo;f cly,f (2)yDqodl :f eef.auj; awvh;zAi,f yAi:f qgr:f
eif,arjbjcofwyS :f wwf:oh.wj,(2)yD? (3, 4)qlo;f cly,f qlod :f eef.auj; awj;
eif,eefeif,uof,bof./ ayj:oj;erf.euf:wlosf v;wmif:Okiv
f uk ;f tge,f
pof:trf,zAi,f yAi:f eif,tefarjbjcofwyS :f wwf:oh.eef. xku,f vDte
g cf of
uGj,searjbj,vlicf ofaO vlo,f blw:f bjyefcofqidl .f pkod ?f vlo,f vAi.f cof wif:
udeq
f idl .f pkod f wge;f wj,P;pmif;wlov
f uk ;f tge,f pof: ayj:awpke;f rke:f cke
d ;f
bG,f (physical development)rj:eef.ehauj; pof:xku,f vDpjvmh :ref:qlid .f
ehujG ,bl,/
d ;f bG,f (intelligent development)
2. nmef,ynf,nj, pke;f rke:f cke
nmef,yh,nj, pkef;rkef:ckdef;bGf,tefoj;eh. qAof:vh;qAof:wgif:
ayj:xly:f wif:bmyf,zkw
d ,f rj:eh arjsu;ch;yef,pjul;vgi;f "pif:uln:f eef.
bof./ vku;f tge,f rmifauj."eh. qAo:f vh;qAo:f wgi:f arjvmwf;arjqj vSw:f "
OSo:f "? ayj:tofwif:pAw:f Omif;ref:sv; wmif:bmrf;vDref:rj:wSu;f uef
wln:f wif:qlo;f cly,f ref:ayj:ehqidk f Orf.ayj:trf,c[;bkr,f vh;bof;/ qlod :f
248
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
eh.Orf. qif,vh;oj;nme,f yh,nj,pke;f rke:f cke

d ;f bG,f (intelligent development)ehbof./ ayj;sr;rmifqo
dl :f eh. cG;f P;vku;f vmif:cofuwf.cSe,f ayj:oj;vku;f
vmi:f cofzoS q
f ef.Ody:f rj:bof.eh tofujG ,yg,h ome;f b[,oAi:f vli/f uln:f uj; vkuk ;f
coftrf,rD: (basic) iof;cmr,f yke
d .f rj:vD"qArrf odl ;f vAu.f sv; trf,qgr:f vh;vdu;f
aO cke
d :f Nefvifce
dk :f rD:wif:erfb,l / wge;f wj,vku;f tge,f pof: awrD:
nmef,yh,nj,pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f bG,f rj:eef. pof:vlo,f ylu:f ygiv
f rk :f vj:yef qArf
rlod ;f vAu.f bof./ rlod ;f vku;f tge,f wkud .f rD:bl, e[:wgi.f sr;ref:eef. auj.yAef
sr;vku;f tge,f vlo,f vh;'mif. rle
d e
f if,vgi;f udev
f ig ;f bSr.f tefawtrf,
xku,f rSe;f cof? vlod af Oeef. vgi;f wloq
f u[ of,Oof;oof:vrf tgu,f q[trf,
Olod :f qlod :f eh. vlo,f ilid .f so;yefsw."oj;"bl,/ vlod af Oeef. ule:f vkr:f vj:
vku;f tge,f pof:cofwif:OAi;f sv;Oif ule:f pdr:f Mrf:sv;Oif bj,uGj,yef
wmif:rh;q[sr;vku;f tge,f rlod ;f vku;f tge,f wkud .f rD: e[:wgi.f cofb,l eef.vj:"
ehqodl :f eh. pof:xku,f vDiidl .f so;yefu"h bl,bof./
vku;f tge,f tefr:D qlo;f cly,f (6)yDvil :f wG;f qlod :f eh. yAez
f ig :f cofpe
k ;f
rke:f cke
d ;f bG,f (develop)rj:z[:ej,ehbof./ tgu:f atjcofrodl ;f zgi:f eef.
bif:wkud .f yAet
f efyof,oh.sv; yAet
f efcofvol ,f arjvlo,f pkwif:OAi;f eG:f
avj:ueh.bof./ ugy;f ylod ;f eh vku;f tge,f (6)yDvil :f wG;f eh. cG;f pkcp[ ef cG;f pAw:f
aq:"qgw,f "bl,ul;vgi;f "sv; ul;cmof:bmrf: eG:f avj:uvlie
f .h yAet
f ef
vmuf,vmh:yke;f wj,cofb,l ul;tef"bof./ ayj;sr;vku;f tge,f sv; ule:f vkr:f
vj:cofwif:OAi;f uh.vmwf;oj;vku;f tge,f eh. phm.ej, Oku.f Omuf.ej, rmifyug ;f
ayj:cofujG ,vAe;f aOtef"bl,eef. uh.av,ygi.f xpkw
d :f vj,yefcofauj;rD:
bof./ bj,oj;awyefpiS :f cof Ogeyf efcoftefve
D ef. Orf.yhmbj.ySw;f
umefpe
A :f cofue
g ,f / ayj:pof:pAw:f qlid .f eh rle
d w
f if:pof:buf:ySw;f bgw;f
ekr,f "tge,f tefawtgu,f rj: awyAerf ug ,f yAerf muf,rj:eef.bof./ ayj:
249
yIdbwfwO
qlid .f eh vku;f tge,f pof:Orf. awpAw:f pkod yf e

A uf e
l :f nme,f zmuh e
l :f uwf.cSe,f
bof.vj,/ ayj:pof:cG;f P;vku;f tge,f pof:nmef,zmheh pof:xku,f vDaOj,Ole:f
yefpiS :f cofve
A ;f aO vAy;f pAe:f tofujG ,awvDaOyle
d ;f bof./ uln:f uj; pof:
trf,f xku,f vDyefcofve
A ;f tefawyAeaf z:wD;cof rle
d e
f if,rdw;f zj.qlod :f
tefvrS w
f if:vmsh w,uGj,qlod :f eef.bl,/ ugy;f eh pof:xku,f vDvrk :f vj: Oif,
Ogeyf efrodl ;f vAu.f eef.vD" ayj:qlo;f cly,f (6)yDvold uf jG ,eh tgu:f atjcof aw
trf,pke;f rke:f zG:f zmhyiA :f rle
d e
f if,rlod ;f qlo;f cly,f cofvuA .f aOeef.bof./
f e
d ;f b[,(emotional development)
3. wle;f qGw
wle;f qG?f qGw
f e
d ;f bG,f tefoj;eh. yAeq
f fG tef
pkvig ;f vD vgi;f pmh. vgi;f rle;f vgi;f Olod :f vgi;f wlod .f q[ vgi;f eSiq
f q
[ odl :f eh.
bof./ vku;f tge,f rmifauj."eh. trf,pkr;h pkcO
D ifb,l oh.pif:ref:? yle
d ;f rle;f
Olod :f auj; ref:trf,arjre
l ;f Olod :f qgr:f yle
d ;f Oif? yle
d ;f cDrig af uj; ref:trf,N.
trf,arjwlod .f qGq
f rg :f Oifrj:? qlid .f eif,ehe.h trf,vh;oj; wle;f qGw
f e
dk ,f
wAe;f pke;f rke:f cke
d ;f bG,f / vku;f tge,f cofe.h awvh;rD:qGw
f e
dk ,f wAe;f qgr:f
vln;f vgi;f phm.vgi;f vD? yle
d ;f rle;f Olod :f auj; vlo,f arj rle;f Olod :f qgr:f yle
d ;f ?
yle
d ;f cDiofauj; vlo,f arjcDiofqrg :f yle
d ;f ? Oifqodl .f oj;aOauj." wlod .f qGaf Oph;
bl,eh ref:vlo,f rD:qGt
f w
A :f vl arjacBj:oge:f yefpiS :f q[ye
dl ;f / ayj:oj;vku;f
tge,f pof: trf,rD:qGq
f idl .f eif,ehqidk f qlod :f yAeaf yj; sr;vku;f tge,f cof
vlo,f aOj,Ole:f vmwf;yef P;cofr:D qGw
f e
dk ,f wAe;f qgr:f vln;f vgi;f qlod :f
eef.bl,? ayj:trf,qG;f qlid .f eef vku;f tgepf of: awrle
d e
f if,ule:f trf,
rD:rmuf,Nofqe
fG ef.uln:f bof./
250
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
d ;f bG,f
4. vgi;f uyf:Okyd ,f uef pke;f rke:f cke
(communication development)
vgi;f uyf:Okyd ,f wdw:f awj,uef pke;f rke:f cke

d ;f bG,f tefoj;eh. awvh;
arjuyf:Okyd ,f ule:f ul;xmef;"? arjvmwf;]atj;qof; atj;cj;}vlo,f vh;rD:
wloq
f v
[ uf:vSrO
f rS :f uj; vmwf;ihm;arjxgr,f P;arjqefqu[ e
l :f ul;OSe:f "?
auj.tefv;h ide:f acj;uGmr:f vku;f tge,f auj.eef. vmw;f eef. P;ayj:cof;q[
elod af cj;uGmrf:ref:rj:qlod :f eef.bof./ vgi;f bl,vgi;f Oof: vgi;f pAw:f vgi;f
Omif; vgi;f uGj,vgi;f yhqodl :f eh. awvh;arjbl, P;yle
d ;f ayj:eyf.brf? Orf.
xSi;f P;arjpw
k ;D wSr,f wD;Okif N.iof:vm:h wj,uyf:Okyd ,f awj,yle
d ;f eG:f su;ule:f
clod :f elid ;f sv;clod :f elid ;f ule:f rlid :f elid ;f sv; rlid :f elid ;f qlod :f eh.bof./ ayj:pof:
pAw:f qgr:f tefseoh.zmh,elod q
f odl :f eh.eh qif,awyAev
f ig ;f uyf:Okyd ,f vD
(good communication) qif,awyAev
f ig ;f uyf:Okyd ,f wdw:f awj, pke;f rke:f
cke
d ;f bG,f (communication development)rj:bof./
vku;f tge,f rmifauj. uwf.cSe,f ej, arjuyf:Okyd ,f awj,yle
d ;f zl;vGaf uj;
trf,vlo,f Ogerf ef: ayj:xly:f vku;f tge,f wmif,auj.eh arjuyf:Okyd ,f awj,
yle
d ;f arjvAe;f auj.yle
d ;f wif:erfeef.bof./ ayj:cofarjvAe;f auj. ule:f
erfeh zj,Oj,uGmrf:vmwf; (language)cofauj; awwlod :f wge:f rj:bof./
rmifauj.eh. trf,arjvAe;f auj.yle
d ;f bl,oh.pif:ref: trf,ch;vAe;f auj.ule:f
erf bl,qgr:f sr;ref:qlid .f ehun
l :f / ayj:ref:bG,f rj:eh awvh;uyf:Okyd ,f
awj,ule:f wif:erf? rlod ;f vAu.f ayj:trf,vAe;f auj.ule:f wif:erfeh ayj:
bG,f rj:qgi,f ref:awpwf:awj,Ol; cof;eG:f su;ule:f erfv;h bof.pkod `f qgi,f
awyAeuf e
l :f arjuyf:Okyd ,f wdw:f awj,yle
d ;f vD"vh;pkod `f ayj:pof:trf,zkud :f
yefOe
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251
yIdbwfwO
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d ;f bG,f (moral development)
5. vgi;f wmif:wkod :f urfvD pke;f rke:f cke
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vgu:f vhm:vD wj,ylu:f ygiyf efvuk ;f tge,f pof:rlod ;f eh.? trf,eef vlo,f tof
vgi;f wmi:f (5)ylid f ]]vgu:f vhm:ylu:f ygiyf ef vku;f tge,f pke;f rke:f cke
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252
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253
yIdbwfwO
wD;erf.vef;aO wj,rD:'h:'j.eef. yefqmuf;'h:'j.uGj,bof./ qmuf;

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qde
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254
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tgeNf ofxol :f ej; erf.vef;cofqof; vki:f qmh:Oj,xke:f ? vki:f qmh:auBK,
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bge.f yAet
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tkyf,vmwf; eyf.Ogef,uef wj,uyf:Odkyf,Omh'h:'j. e[:erf.
vef;tgew
f mif:bof./ wj,uyf:Odyk ,f e[:erf.vef;eh. awOAi;f (29oo)
OSee
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h of./ e[:cmof:wmif: (5)oef: P;yefo.h xj; (500)OSee
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pefwmif:pwf:pmef vki:f qmh:Oj,xke:f sv; vgi;f bkr,f q[eold uf e
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tlo:f uefaO uAy:f ide
k :f wD;zl;c[;tof':h 'j. wdul ;f sewmif.pSi:f 'h:(Meter
Box) bof./ Nofyu
g .f ul;ygu.f auj; tgeuf efwukd :f Ole:f yef ule:f e[:ygu.f z[,
ygu.f ref:aOsv; uAy:f ide
k :f bof./ ygu;f urf:(1)eef. vh;ide
k :f (875)OSef
bof./ trf,wef:vh;tof ide
k :f wD;qof;uke,f ule:f uj.aO q[.wdok :f / vh;
yefuGj,idkef:vlif;ej; wD;vkif:xkef:xkef:eSif, (800)OSefbof./
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ymifurk w
f j,uyf:Okyd ,f tof':h 'j. tefvuk .f wD;Nif:yefxmwf;'h:'j.Oln,f
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255
yIdbwfwO
rSu;f uj,omyf.bof./ Nofyof;wyf.Oduk :f erf.vef; qof;Oduk :f qmrf,Oln,f xke:f ?

Nofyof;erf.vef; vki:f qhm:auBj,vSi,f ? rl,qkr:f (I.b.u) (rdol ;f vAof t.c.I)?
Nofyug .f wif:OAi;f sv; xof;omef;xof;ej:cof rj:cde
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k ;f Mwf;ymifurk af uj; c[;P;zl;b[,cof
256
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257
yIdbwfwO
trf,wlof; wef:sv; trf,wef:vh;tkyf,uef vgif;ej;umefOif?

ul e f : vl i f e rf . vef ; cof a uj;
trf , bg e f , trf , bg r f : aO
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k :f Odyk ,f uGj,qgr:f xdik f ae,yB,D awj,bof./ vh;uGj,xly:f zgi:f vliz
f mh,'h:'j.
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wj,uyf:Odyk ,f Omh':h OD,ayj. -erf.vef;eef. P;q[.wdok :f Omh Acsr 120
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zmh,ygifumef'h: rdlif:zgrf.Nrf; awqmh,yef edkif;cdkif; ehbof./
Odyk ,f aOsv; (25.5.2007)eef. cde
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uRif:umif
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258
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
5. zl;uGmef:wyf. erf.vef;?
6. Nofyof; aq;oAif:uRuf.ar:
7. Nofyof; wlif,oAif:OD,ayj.
8. Nofyof;erf.vef; vki:f qhm:auBj,vSi,f cofqof;tgeNf oferf:
ej;aO pAwf:Omif;uGj,bl,bof./
auj,rwD,wj,tgefNofygifumef wj,'h:vSif:
1. vkif:qhm:Oj,xkef:
yguf.Mif,? Nofyof;
2. vkif:qhm:Olnf,wAif:
yguf.umifoAif:? uSrfNofyof;
3. vkif:rAof:rdef.
yguf.Mif,
zl;erf:e[:
4. vkif:qhm:wAif:odef:
ygu.f bli,f qmuf; zl;cof;qkr:f
5. vkif:qhm:wAif:odef:
yguf.rguf,OSifO[
/
6. vkif:qhm:tgif,xl:
yguf.Mif,
/
7. vkif:rdef.vkef,
yguf.ugif:vmif:
/
8. vkif:qhm:wAef,at:
yguf.Mif,
/
9. vkif:qhm:bgef:
yguf.Mif,
/
10. vkif:qhm:blnf:cdef,
yguf.ugif:vmif:
/
11. vkif:qhm:vj.az,
yguf.Mif,
/
12. vkif:tgif,qlof:
yguf.umifoAif:
/
13. vkif:qhm:auBj,rdef:xkef:
yguf.ukif:ngif,
/
14. Nofyguf.
(11)yguf.
/
15. qcmef:rl:wAif:xkef: Nif:wrf,elwf,erf.vef; /
16. vkif:auBj,rdef.
wyf.qkrf:ac'h:
/
17. vkif:ikef,qj,cAif: Nif:umef'h:'j.(rdlif:zgrf.Nrf;) /
259
yIdbwfwO
18. vkif:rgif,vSif,
yguf.Mif,
zl;cof;qkrf:
19. vkif:qhm:rlof.
yguf.Mif,
/
cofqof;eh. tofye
k ;f zge:f aO pAw:f Omif;umefeif,wD;w[;eh.(u) wmif,vdu;f ygi,f cmof,xdik f wD;qkr:f ule:f rD:yke;f zge:f aOsv;
pyf.tofacj;qdOif,?
(c) zgw;f qkr:f tge,f wif:erfaO vlo,f qdil .f pdok af uj; pAw:f Omif;
cdkifygifuGj,?
(i) Oyf:vSi:f ygi,f cmof,wduk :f Ole:f yefue
l :f rdil :f cofsv; pyf.tof
wmif:pefxdkifulef:rdlif:cofsw,uGj, wrf:ydlifaOpAwf:Omif;uGj,bof./
qkrf:pjMrfikdef:ugifumif wj,'h:'j.
1. vkif:qhm:bgef: yguf.Mif,
Nofyof;
2. vkif:tgif,qlof: yguf.umifoAif:
zl;erf:e[:
3. vkif:qhm:auBj,rdef:xkef: ukif:ngif, zl;cof;qkrf:
4. vkif:qhm:ywmef:
yguf.umifoAif:
/
5. vkif:qhm:wAif:odef: blif,qmuf; zl;bdyf:OAef;rhm(1)
6. vkif:qhm:wAif:odef: rguf,OSifO[ zl;bdyf:OAef;rhm(2)
7. vkif:tgif,xl: yguf.Mif,
zl;xwf:OAef;rhm(1)
8. vkif:rdef.vkef, yguf.ugif:vmif: zl;xwf:OAef;rhm(2)
9. vkif:qhm:wAef,at: yguf.Mif, zl;bdyf:idkef:
10. Nofyof;(11)yguf.
zl;cof;qkrf:
qdlof:zl;b[,cofeh. tgefueftofykef;zgef: pAwf:Omif;umef(u) wj,uAyf:tofidkef:ugifumif wD;zl;c[;q[.wdkof:'h:'j.?
(c) wdkuf:Olef:ulef:qdlof:tefch;urf.qhg;idkef:wgif:?
260
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
(i) idkef:wgif:tefvh;rj:qdlof:eh. Odrf:ySif:oh.vDD"?

(q) OAe;f rhmide
k :f q[.qhm,qdol :f eef. yefcmof,uGj,qgr:f cmof:bmrf:
ej;umefqdlof:eh. tofykef;zgef:uGj,wSwf;"awj:"bof./
qkrf:xdif:Odrf:clof:cgif
1. vkif:blnf:cdef,
yguf.ugif:vmif: Nofyof;
2. vkif:qhm:wAef,at:(uj:qmif.) yguf.Mif,
zl;cof;qkrf:
3. vkif:rAof:rdef.qef,
yguf.Mif,
/
4. vkif:cBdwf.(zl;pAwf:umef'h:'j.)yguf.qmef:
/
5. vkif:vj.az,
yguf.Mif,
/
6. vkif:qhm: (Work Shop)
yguf.rguf,OSifO[
/
7. vkif:qhm:rlof.
yguf.Mif,
/
qkrf:auj,rwD,tefeh. tofykef;zgef:
(u) qgr:f tofacj;wSy:f wwf: Nofyof;zhm,ygiuf mefaOsv; pjMrf
clof:cgif'h:'j. qdlof:tefvlof,wj,zSefumef'h:'j.?
(c) wj,Odok .f vh;clo:f cgiv
f cD rS .f eef. vAy;f pAe:f tofP;wSw;f awj:
aOqif,Odkof.?
(i) xSrO
f mif;ukr:f xdi:f yef tAepf iS :f sv;clo:f cgif tefvol ,f zgi:f
rdlof;pAwf:umef?
(q) pmyf,tofye
k ;f zge:f tefNofyof;zhm,ygiuf mefcofyefrj: ej;
umefqdlof:eh. cof;qof;cwf:q[ ygifOmif;uGj,qkrf:z[,qkrf:ref:bof./
wj,'h:'j.vSif:rj:eh. qkrf:Nofyof;sv;zl;ygifumefcof cwf:q[
zgw;f qkr:f P;cSr.f vSy;f aOtrf,uj: oh.wmif:cwf:q[ zdul ,f qde
k ;f cmofOa[ O
Oyf:vSif:yefwmif:N.bof./ idkef:ugifumifwj,q[.wdkof:auj; bj,P;ulef:
261
yIdbwfwO
tof':h rD:wmif:bmyf,zdw
k ,f eef. uAy:f tofujG ,yAew
f e
g ;f yAew
f e
g ;f bof./
25
yj,oj,rD,wj, wj,q[.wdko:f e[:ej;umef idke:f (25
25)OSe?f rD,wj,blo:f " wj,
q[.wdkof:qgrf:Ndef: (77)OSef? vh;qSuf,sz(7)wgef;aO yefuGj,(7)yguf;
bof./ wj,Odkyf,Omh'h: OD,ayj.rj:erf.vef;eh. awbof.idkef:(7200)
OSefbof./ vh;zgrf.q[uefawazyef Omrfyguf;ehbof;/ yguf;urf:(1)
vh;yef(2500)OSe?f ygu;f urf:edik ;f eef.aw. bof.uGj,imh;"vlr"f aOwj.
auj; xdik rf j:ygu;f urf:(2)aw. bge.f Omhimhyefpjymh:rmuf;rD;urf,zj,aOsv;
wj,pjvh;idkef:ugifumifeh. rD:wmif:bmyf,zdkwf,bl,bof./ zgif:eef. yAef
zgif:wdkuf.ar:ukrf:vkrf:vj:Tzj:vlifrpj,rBmwf;rked erf.vef;sv; vh;
tofie
kd :f wmif:vl,Tzj:vliaf O q[.wdok :f uGj,qlo;f cmof:bof./ cdil ;f 'h:'j.wj,
q[.wdok :f uGj,eef. vki:f xke:f xke:f eSi,f sv; rl,qkr:f oAi:f vdol ,f umef,awj,
uBD: ukrf,yeD,cof urf.uSrfqhg;xSrfyefuGj,bl,bof./
vgif;wlif.edkif rl,qkrf:cwf:q[wj,'h:vSif:cof
1.vSif:'h:'j.(33) KVeef. q[.wdok :f Ohm':h Acsr 95 MMaO
tofvuf:uke,f uIAw;f (856)vku;f _vSr;f sw,wD;oAi:f OD,ayj. rj:xdik e
f rf.
vef; cmof:wmif:(38)vuf:/
2. auj,Omif;Nif:qSuf,'h:'j. 33_11KV3 MVA
3. xImef,qazj,rj, tefrD:pSif:'h: 11_0.4KV 400KVA
(2)vkuf;?
4. xImef,qazj,rj, tefrD:pSif:'h: 11_0.4 KV 200 KVA
(5)vkuf;?
5. vSif:'h:'j. 11KV eef. q[.wdkof:Ohm'h: 25MMaO uyf:
Odkyf,(2.6)vuf:?
262
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
6. vSif:'h:'j. 0.4kv (400V)eef. q[.wdkof:Ohm'h:25MM

aOuyf:Odyk ,f (14.7)vuf:? wli.f edik pf w
A :f Omif;uGj, ej;umefqold :f eh.bof./
e[:erf.vef; uyf:Odkyf,Ohm'h: wmif:bmof: (4)vuf:? (2)zj,vlif,bof./
11720
ej;umef'h:'j. wj,awvSif:rj:eh. vh;q[.idkef:(11720
11720)OSefbof./
umeful;qdlof.ul;vgif; bof.wlof;uGj,rdlof;(1.1.2009)eef. ej;umefqdlof:
tefbof.uGj,eh. cdlif;wj,awq[.wdkof: e[:Nif:qSuf,'h:'j.eef. qkrf:
auj,Omif;'h:'j. rhm(2)cof ukr.f uSrx
f rS q
f ;gh auj,Omif;bl,bof./ ej;umefNif:
qmuf; tefbof.uGj,wif:OAi;f eef. qgr:f tofacj;qdOif, xmef;zgi:f vlif
zhmygiuf mef':h 'j. qgrNf ofyof;cde,f rgi,f rde.f aO qdol :f rD:yke;f zge:f sv;
zl;vli.f vSe;f vgi;f zhm,'h:'j.cof rj:xwf:wln:f ruf:ref;yefujG , vgi;f
cSr.f vSy;f bl,bof./ ohm:aOvh;acj;qdOif, acj;ruf:ref;wD;qkr:f 'h:'j.cof
bof.wlo;f vDimrf:aO rdol ;f (6.2.2009)eef. qmrf:yg,h wln:f vgi;f cSr.f vSy;f
bof./ vkuf;wD;'h:'j. ydkif;pSif:qof;uof,aOsv; vh;yefrD,wj,blof:"
(1350)vku;f ? yj,oj,rD,wj, wj,q[.wdok :f e[:ej;umef(65)vku;f uGj,bl,bof./
rldof;(7.2.2009)eef. aw,yef'h:'j.aOsv; ph,ugifwgh,rgif:
pAwf:ymifygh:ydkwf,zknf,uGj, wD;vkrf:yguf.umifoAif:bl,bof./ Odkyf,aOsv;
rdol ;f (28.2.2009)eef. ydw
k ,f zkn,f Nif:qSu,f sz'h:'j. 33_11KV 3MVA eef.cSr.f vSy;f uGj,bl,bof./ sw,tofeef.uGj, wD;erf.vef;pof:cj;eh.
'h:vSif:cdkef:"oef:"? ayj:xdkifbmrf:crf;rj: edlofOAef;wmif:vlif OAef;
wmif:tge,f e[:ygu.f e[:udo,f auj; rD:'h:vSi:f Ndo;f xgi,f bl,oh.bof./ vgi;f cwf:
q[ seerf.sewlof zSeuf mef':h 'j.pof:cj;eh. ygiyf e
A rf j:ihm;"uln:f sw.
trf,q[;? vh;vwf:cmrf;vgi;f bmyf,zdw
k ,f wif:erfbof./ bge.f vh;uyf:Odyk ,f
cmof:wmif:bmof:(38)vuf:sv; vh;cde
k ;f vgv
h il :f Nnf; trf,wef:so;vSw,f
so;zleaf OpAw:f uyf:rj:bof./ yefpjvgi;f bmyf, teftrf,rli;f rgi:f oh.qdol :f
263
yIdbwfwO
eef.auj; rD:rj:? bgef.yh,rD:wlofxlyf:aOyguf;sv; vgif;ej;umefbmyf,

vgi;f bmyf,zkw
d ,f cdil ;f wj,q[.wdok :f ? vgi;f bmyf,zkw
d ,f ide
k :f wgi:f wj,q[.wdok :f
yAeq
f old :f eh.bof./ vgi;f bmyf, tefwe
g :f aOyde
l ;f sw. yAeif e
kd :f bof./
tgew
f mif:rD:wmif:rki;f rgi:f oh. ide
k :f urf.xSrw
f ;D vliyf ig q
f ikd ;f aOwj. bge.f
vlrf:vSif.vlifsv; vlifygifqdkif;cofvh;uGj,qgh;xSrf ulef:xlyf:az: trf,
qmif;rj:urf.zhm,wmif:pof:cj;eh.bof./ ulnf:uj; Nofyof;vlifwj,'h:vSif:
vki:f qhm:Oj,xke:f pof:cj; trf,bge,f bgr:f q[? oh.q[pwf:"pmef" bkr,f brf
vgi;f Odok ;f blo:f erf.q[qw
S ;f qmif, ule:f rdil :f cofaO cwf:q[su;vdw;f yef
uGj,bl,bof./ zhm,ule:f rdil :f erf.vef;cofauj; bge.f ej;umefu;l vgi;f "sv;
tgeuf efarj:cmif:ole.f wj,Nefvifb,l bof./ ugy;f eefqof;TOj,uRif:umif
pof:cj; qof;TOj,nj,aej:zj,O wduk :f Ole:f yefpiS :f oj; ]]pof:wif:OAi;f
cmrf;yle.f vgi;f bmyf,zdw
k ,f rj:wmif:erfbof. qrfxikd w
f ;D qdu:f wD;qgrrf ef:
bof. pof:trf,xku,f vDNefvif trf,xku,f vDuw
kd :f vdok ;f bl, ayj:'h:vSi:f rj:
qdkif ule:f tofr,D wj,ygu.f tof':h ul;auj.eh. yAeq
f of;wj,e'h:vSi:f ul;
auj.bof./ yAefwj,etefqSwf;qmif, yAefwj,eqgrf:cmof:bmrf:sv;
yAefclof:vl,emef:yAefemef:rD:sv; tgefuefcwf:q[sv;}}ehbof./
zl;b[,ule:f vlicf ofauj; yefpiS :f q[oj; 'h:wde
k :f awvh;vSi:f eh
sv; ule:f rdli:f oAi:f erf.vef;cofauj; vwf:cmrf;vgi;f bmyf,aO cwf:q[
O[,ide
k :f ugiuf mifujG ,bl,bof./ ugy;f eeftofwmif:urf.uSryf efpiS :f zl;b[,ule:f
vlif rl,qkr:f zl;ygiuf mef wj,'h:vSi:f wif:OAi;f sv;ule:f rdil :f cof tofwmif:
zgr.f zAi,f uefaOsv; cmrf,yle.f vgi;f bmyf, tefv;h xly:f rj:wif:OAi;f
bof./ vgi;f blid :f tmef:pof:eef. trf,yefzmwf,Ohmwj trf,yefvw
g ;f
rdok :f aO cwf:q[rj:bl,bof./ bge.f eef tofqa[ q,wej,vliyf ig q
f ikd ;f
sv; tAefpSif:erf.q[wArfxlef; tAefpSif:zgrf.Nrf; qgrf:yuf:ydlifrmef,
264
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
rSe;f pAw:f umefww

S ;f awj: qkr:f zl;b[,tgeNf of ule:f rdil :f oAi:f erf.vef;
cofsv; rdol ;f vAosf eerf.sewlof vgi;f 'h:cSr.f vSy;f vDbof./ vh;q[.wdok :f
tAefpSif:'h:'j.wArf"xlef;"bl,bof./ qgrf:uRif: qgrf:ugif:rl: wD;Tzj:
wD;vkr:f ul;wD;" Nif:bjsv;qgr:f Nde:f ab: qgr:f wj;qgr:f wmif:qdol :f eh.
'h:ayj:vSi:f vliuf jG ,ul;wD;bof./ ymuf;ySw;f vgi;f rdw
k :f Okr,f irf:wefvyf:
Odi,f vlie
f ef.aO vh;rj:OhmNdo;f vSi:f ydil :f qgw,f uGj,ul;wD;bof./ atj,wlo,f
'lef:qdlof:eh.auj; vh;q[.wdkof:rj:bl,bof./ qdlof:yAefvgif;tof'h:'j.
yAefiof;ydkef.aO q[.wdkof:rdlefeif,rj,wD,rD,wD,bj,? ugrf,yBL,wdlof,?
tde,f xlod ,f eSw.f Nif:umefqold :f eh.auj; vh;q[.wdok :f ihm;"uGmif;"cGmif"rj:bl,
bof./ yAew
f j,oAi:f erf.vef; cde
k ;f b[,cdw
k :f qef.rj:sw."? vku.f wD;umyf;
ymefrokd :f vSu;f vhmql:umyf;ymefqmuf;rj:bof./ umyf;ymefrold ;f vAoe
f .h yAeuf myf;
ymefy,h nj, tefsw,iof;yke
d .f wD;'h:'j.bof./ ayj:rD:'h:'j.qdik f rD;wdok .f
wmif: wj,cdke;f b[,yAi:f vkr;f 'j.bof;/ uyf:Odky,f wdw:f awj, tofcmof,vh;
imh;"vlrf"bl,bof./ vgif;q[.wdkof:erf.ref: bldof,qdlof:eh.auj; bgrf:uGj,
sw."sv; vSi;f vlr:f pdr:f Mrf: trf,vh;oln,f pif;aO uwf:bAeq
f e
kd ;f O[
oh./ wD;rdok .f uSie
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d :f bof.sv; vh;y[.yj:
xdlef,rh.cAof P;cmof:pdkifvh;bl,bof./ zgef:vDvh;rD:'h:'j.eh.aw. aw
trf,eyf.Ogef,vh; erfej,zSofbof./
ohm:aO'h:vSi:f cSr.f vSy;f rj:(30)vde
l b
f of. (17.8.2011) ohm:oef:
(1)rli:f eef. wD;uRif:Tzj:vlif oAi:f erf.vef;eef. pAw:f ymifurk Nf yf.xly:f
ilyf.nduef vgif;'h:sv; vdluf;wmif,Nofyof;qkrf:auj'h:'j.erf.vef;
bof./ qof;TOj,vli(f 3)uRif: qkr:f ej,bu qkr:f zhm,tky,f ydli,f qkr:f wli.f
edik z
f mh ,'h:sv; zl;q[.wdok :f zhm,'h:'j. (1100)auj. cde
k ;f Mwf;rj:bof.
wD;ymifurk e
f ef. awvdul ;f vki:f qhm:bln:f cde,f pof:cj; pAw:f yAeNf ofyof;eh
265
yIdbwfwO
sv; bgef:wmif:pefxdkifsv;umifq[ wD;qdlof:cdkef;Mwf;ymifukrfrj:wif:

OAi;f auj; tgeuf efv;h q[brg :f pyf.ul;auj.bof./ ohm:aOeef. qdol :f rD:yke;f
zge:f cof Oyf:vSi:f se idke:f cof;_idke:f tgu,f 2009 vdle'
f yS ,f yGj,ID (7)
oef: awj,bmrf:vAof OAe;f rhmide
k :f eD; ydil q
f rk :f 'h:'j.cof pAw:f umefquGj,
Oyf:vSif:yefuGmif;"cGmif"bof./
ej;umefawOdyk ,f pAw:f uGj,rdol :f ej; vgi;f awpAw:f xImef,qazj,
rj,xSif; vuf:'h: tefyAefrh.(386)vuf:eef.auj; awcdkef:vSuf;vhm;
yef vuf:uke,f uIAw;f wj,P;q[.wdok :f vh;pSi:f 'h:wArf eif,pdok b
f ,l edw.f 'h:
awtrf,bgr:f bj,P;az:cAe'
f :h ORwf. awtrf,yAef Ohm'h: Acsr 25M
Meef. awcdkef:vSuf;vhmyefOhm'h: Acsr 95 MM sw,uGj,qdlof:eef.
awcwf:q[Oykd ,f pAw:f uGj,bl,bof./ ule:f rdil :f erf.vef;cof bj,P;rD:az:
cAef vgi;f 'h:'j. P;rD:wmif:N.udo,f vln;f vgi;f 'h:'j.eef. rgu,f vmwf;se
qgr:f vkr:f e[:ygu.f qSu,f yefvud ;f yde
k cf mof, vgi;f 'h:'j. bj,P;rD:vgi;f 'h:
ORwf.eef. cde
k :f vSu;f yefcrA rf ef:? ej;umefqold :f eef.auj; q[.qhm,ide
k :f
wgi:f aO pAw:f Omif;yefujG ,ehbof./ umef':h 'j.tefbof.wlo;f vDimrf:
xdik w
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pAw:f Omif;uGj,rde
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bof./ ohm:aOeef. cdkef:zgwf;qkrf:ej,bu qkrf:tgefNofsv; qkrf:
xwf:wlnf:pSif:'h: qgrf:wmif:e[:erf.vef; qkrf:wlnf:bl,edwf.'h:
qkr:f uAy:f uj;'h: qkr:f xdi:f Odr:f ide
k :f sw,uGj, cde
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266
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f ,l bof./ vgi;f umef':h 'j.
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f ;D bgw;f Mwf;wD;yhmuGj,eh. sevgi;f ule:f rdil :f erf.vef;cof rD:erf.q[
zgrf.zAif,uef? vgif;v[aOtrf,oj; arjqkifqefugif.Omefrdkof:uefaO
pAw:f Omif;uGj,ehbof./ yAeyf e
kd :f pmif;vDvil e
f rf.vef;tefeikd ;f bl,bof./
ulef:ul;auj. qmwf;ymefsv;umifq[ P;rSef;Mh:vAofuefaOurf:/
zde
k t
f id f
- trSw(f 2) vQypf pfprG ;f tif0efBu;D Xme\ vrf;nTerf mS Mum;csuf
t& jyKpx
k m;aom erf.vefr;D vif;a&; aqmif&u
G cf surf w
S w
f rf;/
- rD;vif;a&;aumfrwD\ tpnf;ta0;rSww
f rf;rsm;/
- rD;vif;a&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;\ EIwjf zif. ajymMum;csurf sm;/
267
yIdbwfwO
ylid z
f w
g ;f pSe:f rl,qkr:f Oif,cj,qof;
yIdbwfwO
vlud ;f wif;wSy:f wwf:ruf:ref;oh. rlod ;f yD 1372-ck?
vle
d uf rfr,[ (14)crf;? oef:tif:ume:f
7.
(u) atjojWjqIdb (7) qof;

TOj,qof;vlirf v
d e
d W
f
(rpjOWfXrfraQjwduXQ? Nofyof;
vlif OifCrpjejbu aq;oAi:f )
owf.tgi,f rif,uvj,zlo:f awj,? oAi:f OD,ayj.
TOj,qof;vliaf wQdeW
f
uRif:wgi,f uBD:zjab:? wli,f oAi:f OD,ayj.
TOj,qof;vliaf OjZdw
uRif:omef;qdi:f ? wli,f oAi:f OD,ayj.
TOj,qof;vliaf ujvdeW
f OjI (zl;ygiuf mefiof;ike:f Oif,cj,qkid ;f rlid :f )
uRif:umifoiA :f ? oAi:f OD,ayj.
TOj,qof;vlit
f e
d W
f Ojrd uRif:OSiuf oS .f ? wli,f oAi:f OD,ayj.
TOj,qof;vliO
f qfqjeefW (zl;ygiuf mefOif,cj,rlid :f wh:)
rlvuRif:vli?f oAi:f erf.vef;
TOj,qof;vlin
f jEdu
uRif:ugi:f vSi:f ? oAi:f erf.vef;
1.
2.
3.
4.
(c) rpjejbu (7)qof;

TOj,qof;vliO
f q
k e
d w
f j uRif:omef;ej:? wli,f oAi:f OD,ayj.
TOj,qof;vliyf Ef%q
d q
f
uRif:Noferf.? oAi:f OD,ayj.
TOj,qof;vliaf ujvdb
uRif:oAi:f uof,? oAi:f OD,ayj.
TOj,qof;vlie
f efWjudww
f d uRif:ej:ymif,? wli,f oAi:f OD,ayj.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
268
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
5. TOj,qof;vliaf umef%nfn uRif:ymifeod .f ? wli,f oAi:f OD,ayj.

6. TOj,qof;vliaf WodeW
f (M.A Sri Lanka)
uRif:vliuf mif.arj,? wli,f oAi:f OD,ayj.
7. TOj,qof;vliuf w
d w
f O
d jI rpj,aw,oD,uRif:crf:? oAi:f OD,ayj.
(i) Nofyof; (3)qof;
1. TOj,qof;vlirf v
d E
d W
f
(rpjOWfXrfraQjwduXQ? Nofyof;
vlif OifCrpjejbu aq;oAi:f )
Nofyof;vlif
owf.tgi,f rif,uvj,zlo:f awj,? oAi:f OD,ayj.
2. TOj,qof;vlin
f jaEjZjO (OWfXrfraQjwduXQ)
uSrf -1
rQf@rd jIjruRif:umif? oAi:f erf.vef;
3. TOj,qof;vliyf nfnjeefW (uSr;f zl;erf:e[: OifCaq;oAi:f )
uSrf -2
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
(q) zl;rhm
qof;cl:UkEyDb
uRif:vliuf mif.arj,? oAi:f OD,ayj. zl;rhm-1
qof;cl:yEf%q
d q
f (OjOewufuODvXrfrjqIdb B.A Buddhism)
uRif:tgi,f rif,uvj,zlo:f awj,? oAi:f OD,ayj.
zl;rhm-2
qof;cl:ynfnjOjI (B.A Hons Sri Lanka)
uSrz
f ;l rhm-1
qof;cl:ojbjre
d W
f jZyd jv (OjOeXQXrfrjqIdb?M.ASri Lanka)
uRif:tgi,f rifuvj,zlo:f awj,? oAi:f OD,ayj.
uSrz
f ;l rhm-2
qof;cl;QdaejojW
uRif:Noferf.? oAi:f OD,ayj.
uSrz
f ;l rhm-3
269
P
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
yIdbwfwO
(n) zl;bdy:f ide

k :f
qof;TOj,odqe
d w
f j
uRif:vlib
f rl :f ? OD,ayj.
qof;TOj,ynfnjo>O
uRif:vgw
h ig :f ? OD,ayj.
qof;TOj,njEYv
uRif:wkod .f rge:f ? OD,ayj.
qof;qmif:eIdeW
f (vli)f uRif:tgi,f rif,uvj,zlo:f awj,? OD,ayj.
qof;cl:ynfnjaZjU
B.A, M.A Sri Lanka
uRif:tgi,f rif,uvj,zlo:f awj,? OD,ayj.
(w) qkr:f bdy:f OAe;f rhm
qof;TOj,tIdbnjE
uRif:wle;f wD:? OD,ayj.
qof;TOj,ynfne
d W
f
uRif:ej:rle:f ? OD,ayj.
qof;TOj,ukOv
uRif:vlif Ogisf u:? OD,ayj.
qof;cl:aumEf%nfn
uRif:Noferf.? OD,ayj.
(x) qkr:f xwf:OAe;f rhm

1. qof;TOj,tdeW
f u
uRif:erf.r? OD,ayj.
2. qof;TOj,axIdeW
f
uRif:chm:Odr,f ? OD,ayj.
3. qof;cl:njedeW
f OjOewufuODvXrfrjqIdb B.A Buddhism
uRif:umif? oAi:f erf.vef;
(e) zl;cof;qkr:f
1. qof;TOj,oDIb
d
uRif:oAi:f qmrf? omef;vD;? OD,ayj.
2. qof;cl:qefaWjWb
uRif:vliuf mif.arj,? OD,ayj.
270
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
3. qof;cl:cefwq
D jI
4. qof;cl:oEfEOjrd
OjOeXQXrfrjqIdb
uRif:umif? erf.vef;
5. qof;cl:Okre
OjOeXQXrfrjqIdb
uRif:umif? erf.vef;
6. qof;cl:Xrfryjv OjOewufuODvXrfrjqIdb B.A Buddhism
uRif:umif? erf.vef;
7. qof;cl:OkqE
d E
f
OjOeXQXrfrjqIdb
uRif:cef,wD,Ij,r? OD,ayj.
8. qof;cl:aOjyju
9. qof;cl:ydEaf %jv
10.qof;cl:ynfnjODId
/
/
11.qof;cl:OjOe
uRif:umifoiA :f ? OD,ayj.
12.qof;cl:tdeW
f jqjI
/
/
13.qof;cl:tkww
f I
/
/
14.qof;TOj,eefW
uRif:tgi,f aq,wD,? OD,ayj.
15.qof;cl:auvjO
/
/
16.qof;cl:WDyo>O
uRif:ulo:f wgi,f ? OD,ayj.
17.qof;TOj,eIdeW
f
uRif:ej:rmuf,acj? OD,ayj.
18.qof;cl:ynfnjaZjU
/
/
19.qof;TOj,ejIW
uRif:erf.tke,f ? OD,ayj.
20.qof;TOj,aujodW
uRif:egiO
f ud .f uBj:? OD,ayj.
21.qof;TOj,aWodeW
f
uRif:qmrfzudl ,f ? OD,ayj.
22.qof;TOj,wducf oDI
uRif:zjzlud ,f ? OD,ayj.
271
yIdbwfwO
23.qof;TOj,ejUo>O
uRif:vSew
f ;D ? OD,ayj.
24.qof;cl:ojbjr
uRif:erf.r? OD,ayj.
25.qof;cl:ukrjI
uRif:vli?f erf.vef;
26.qof;cl:ynfnjaZjU
uRif:wle;f wD:? OD,ayj.
27.qof;cl:OlIe
d W
f
uRif;vlif Ogisf u:? OD,ayj.
28.qof;cl:atjZjO
uRif:vlirf idl :f clod :f ? OD,ayj.
29.qof;TOj,ynfnjOjrd
uRif:ej:vlod ,f ? rlid :f clod :f ? OD,ayj.
30.qof;qmif:eIdeW
f (tge,f ) uRif:tgi,f rif,uvj,zlo:f awj,? OD,ayj.

OAe;f rmq
h of;wj,eOgr:f zgi:f ymiyf :hg wSr;f wgy,f _cle.f ch;vdu;f
yIdbwfwO
d WfXrfryjv uSe,f qof; wli,f oAi:f OD,ayj. ul;yD
cyf.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
tldif,
tlid ,f wj;aw;
tlid ,f Olev
f il f
tlid ,f wli;f qmif.
tlid ,f umif.arj,
tlid ,f vofce
k ,f
tlid ,f tlrrf k
tlid ,f omef;yAw;f
tlid ,f omef;r[, (uRif:qk)
272
P
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
tlid ,f erf.Odr,f
tlid ,f erf.tke,f
tlid ,f wkid :f ac; wkid :f qmrf
tlid ,f qmrfzudl ,f
tlid ,f omef;phm:
tlid ,f rlid :f vif:
tlid ,f egit
f mif,
tlid ,f uki:f Oj,
tlid ,f egiaf uj;
tlid ,f ej:rmuf,acj
tlid ,f erf.vef;
tlid ,f omef;vD;
tlid ,f omef;qdi:f
tlid ,f OD,xgu;f
tlid ,f omef;Omif:vlif
tlid ,f ymifqof;rlid :f
tlid ,f OSiuf oS .f
tlid ,f rlid :f clod :f
tlid ,f wle;f uSi:f
tlid ,f erf.r
tlid ,f egiof ef:
273
P
30
31
32
yIdbwfwO
tlid ,f rlid :f wkif (8) tlid ,f

e[:oAi:f OD,ayj.
omef;vlif Ogiaf u:

OAe;f rhm qof;wj,e yyf.rhmwig :f cmo:f wmi:f (10)yD

yIdbwfwO
cyf.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
qkod ;f qof;wj,e
qof;TOj,vlif rdve
d ,f w
qof;TOj,vlif auj:vde,f wOj,I
qof;TOj,vlif yef,wdq.f q
qof;cl: oj,bj,rde,f wj,zdyj,v
qof;TOj,vlif ynf,nj,OD,Id
qof;qmif: ac,rj,qj,I
qof;TOj, uge:f wdi,f n
qof;TOj, tIdbnj,e
qof;cl:vlif ynf,nj,eef,w
qof;TOj, odqe
d ,f wj,
qof;cl: qef,awj:wb
qof;TOj, ax,Ide,f w
qof;TOj, eIde,f w
qof;TOj,vlif qef,wj,oI
qof;TOj, qef,awj:zj,O
qof;cl: OjOe
274
wD;bl,
uRif:zlo:f awj,
uRif:umifoiA :f
uRif:Noferf.
qdi,f uylo,f
uRif:Tzj:vlif
uRif:Tzj:vlif
uRif:ymifeod .f
uRif:erf.N:eh.g
uRif:umifoiA :f
uRif:vlib
f lr:f
ugBif:umif.arj,
ugBif:chm:Odr,f
uRif:egiaf uj;
uRif:Olet
f ;gh
uRif:tlrrf k
uRif:umifoiA :f
ide
k :f vl,
100000
150000
100000
300000
50000
50000
30000
30000
30000
20000
20000
20000
10000
15000
15000
15000
P
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
qof;qmif: oef,eOD,Id
qof;Omif, oef,eOD,Id
qof;TOj, ynf,nj,orf,O
qof;TOj, ej,Iw
qof;cl: uge:f wdi,f n
qof;cl: yef,wdq.f q
qof;cl: ynf,nj,azj:u
qof;cl: ukeyD,b
qof;cl: ynf,nj,Oj,I
qof;cl; cef,wD,qj,I
qof;cl: nj,ede,f w
qof;cl: ukrj,I
qof;TOj, tj,aq,b
qof;TOj, eIde,f w
qof;cl: qef,wj,oI
qof;qmif: ynf,nj,azj:u
qof;qmif:eef,wdb
qof;TOj,udww
f O
d j,I
qof;TOj,auj:odW
qof;TOj,qef,wdrj,
qof;qmif:oef,eOj,rd
qof;TOj,sv; wuj,wif:OAi;f
vki:f qmrf,vj.+yj;Oln,f bli,f
emif:rgu,f crf:qif;? emif:bkr.f O[
yj;qmif:bkOj, cofwif:Nde:f
275
uRif:zlo:f awj,
ej:rmuf,acj
uRif:Oly:f vif:
erf.tke,f
uRif:Noferf.
uRif:zlo:f awj,
uRif:zlo:f awj,
uRif:umif.arj,
uRif:umifoiA :f
uRif:Noferf.
uRif:umif? ev
uRif:umif? ev
uRif:erf.Odr,f
ej:rmuf,acj
10000
10000
20000
10000
10000
20000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
10000
vlifavj.? vj;OAof; 10000
ej:rmuf,acj 5000
ugBif:umifoiA :f
10000
uRif:crf:
30000
wj;Ndo:f crf: 16000
uRif:qmif;vAu:f 10000
uRif:Noferf. 5000
uRif:ej:vhg
20000
egiaf uj;
10000
egiaf uj;
10000
egiaf uj;
10000
P
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
yIdbwfwO
vki:f rkerf mh +yj;rkeq
f id ,f yk
vki:f qmif:uSi:f +yj;qmif:vbAe,f
vki:f rkeaf Oj:zdw
vki:f tgi,f wdi:f +yj;tge,f
vki:f Omif,ygu:f +yj;emif:ek
vki:f Omif,wd+yj;emif:Oj,
ehm:rkeb
f id :f
vki:f eef,wdb+yj;Mrf
yj;emif:nlo,f cofwif:Nde:f
vki:f Okoef,e+yj;Oln,f bli,f
vki:f yef,+sr;Omif,emif:Oln,f
vki:f rdve
d ,f +sr;Omif,qmrfcrf:
vki:f Omif,qhm:+yj;Omif,qmrf
ehm:rge,f vl, cofwif:Nde:f
yj;emif:aej, cofwif:Nde:f
vki:f Omif,rle:f +yj;Omif,tgi,f
vki:f qmif:wdrj,+yj;qmif:ek
ehm:rge,f tln,f cofwif:Nde:f
vki:f wmef:+yj;rBj.qmef:
vki:f azj:u
yj;qmif:uBj,
vki:f tj,avj:u+yj;qmif:bli,f
vki:f tgi,f xke:f +sr;Omif,rde.f
ayj;Omif,auBj,+sr;Omif,emif:yD:
ayj;Omif,ymif,+sr;Omif,qmrfcrf:
276
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
E
10000
50000
10000
20000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
5000
3000
3000
2000
2000
2000
2000
1000
2000
3000
3000
5000
2000
2000
2000
P
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
vki:f Omif,aOj:+sr;Omif,ygw:f
yj;qmif:bli,f rlocf ofsr;vku;f
vki:f auBj,vGe
d ,f +yj;emif:aej,
yj;qmif:iln,f
sr;Omif,emif:rge:f
sr;Omif,emif:rde.f
yj;tln,f
yj;Oln,f qdi,f
vki:f awj:yv+yj;emif:eg.h
yj;qmif:tdi,f
wuj,Nofce
dk ;f uRif:
vki:f aqj:nke.f +yj;crf:iln,f
yl,rkex
f e
k :f rBmwf;+emh:rkeO
f ;hg
yj;qdi,f yke.f Cofwif:Nde:f
yj;vl, cofwif:Nde:f
yj;cde,f av: cofwif:Nde:f
vki:f ydi,f nj,+yj;Omif,ide
k :f Oj,
vki:f Omif,od+yj;Omif,vj.wde,f
emh:rkee
f mif:
vki:f aqj:nke.f +yj;crf:bgw;f
vki:f wde,f xke:f +yj;tki:f uBD,
vki:f rgi,f at:+yj;iln,f el.
vki:f Omif,vl:+yj;Oln,f
vki:f qdi,f ej.+yj;wdi:f
yj;vj.wdi:f
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
egiaf uj;
wle;f wD:
omef;wle;f uj;
omef;ej:cmh:
omef;ej:cmh:
omef;wle;f uj;
omef;wle;f uj;
omef;wle;f uj;
omef;wle;f uj;
omef;ej:cmh:
omef;wle;f uj;
omef;wle;f uj;
omef;wle;f uj;
omef;wle;f uj;
omef;wle;f uj;
omef;wle;f uj;
277
2000
5000
2000
2000
2000
2000
1000
1000
1000
1000
70000
16000
10000
3000
2000
5000
3000
5000
5000
3000
1000
2000
1000
1000
3000
yIdbwfwO
92 vki:f wgi:f Oln,f +yj;crf:qmrf,

omef;wle;f uj; 3000
93 vki:f tgi,f xke:f +yj;iln,f
omef;wle;f uj; 2000
94 vki:f yj.ax:+yj;ekr,f
omef;wle;f uj; 1000
95 vki:f yj.+yj;crf:tgi,f
omef;wle;f uj; 1000
96 vki:f uBD:+yj;vgw;f
omef;wle;f uj; 1000
97 yj;vl,
omef;wle;f uj; 1000
98 vki:f Omif,vgw;f + yj;aej,
omef;wle;f uj; 5000
99 yj;vl,+emif:rge:f qdi,f
omef;wle;f uj; 2000
100 vki:f tgi,f vj.+yj;Oln,f tdi,f
omef;wle;f uj; 3000
101 vki:f qj,uI+yj;xD: cofwif:Nde:f
omef;wle;f uj; 2000
102. vki:f qmif:yj.+yj;qmif:emif: (vku;f )emif:rln:f ?arjbj-emif:vj.Oln,f ?
thm;qhm: cofwif:Nde:f omef;ej:vge?f erf.vef;
50000
103 vki:f qmif:Oj,+yj;qmif:vj. ymif,Odr,f ? erf.vef;
16000
104 ploO
f rg :f omef;egirf ol f ej:rle:f
erf.vef;
10000
105 vki:f xke:f Oln,f +yj;rBK, qdi,f ymif,Odr,f ? erf.vef;
10000
106 yj;qmif:ug,h cofwif:Nde:f
erf.vef;
3000
107 vki:f Omif,tgi,f +yj;rkecf rf:Oj,
erf.tke,f
10000
108 vki:f qmef;vke,f +yj;rcBLof,
erf.tke,f
10000
109 qhm:uge:f crf:+emif:vmofviS :f
]]uge:f crf: cgr,f zdo,f wlod .f }} qmif;crf:qmef:? OD,ayj.
50000
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5000
278
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114
115
116
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120
121
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138
xle;f xkid f 10 yD
yl,qmif:qmh:+ehm:qmif:vl, pmwf,vSe;f
yj;qmif:rln:f tdi,f cofwif:Nde:f

vki:f ydi,f nj,+yj;emif:rmwf;
vki:f qmif:nke.f rgi,f +yj;qmif:oj,
vki:f tgi,f yke.f +yj;emif:Oln,f
emh:qmif:Oln,f tdi,f
emh:rkepf rg af O: cofwif:Nde:f
qkr:f cdi:f Ode+f ehm:Odef
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vki:f qdi,f wj,+yj;vj.bAe,f
qmh:vj.ode:f +emif:crf:xge:f
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qof;cdi:f Odef qof;emh:Odef
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emif:cde,f av:
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279
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10000
qmif;crf:pgi,f 10000
qmif;crf:pgi,f 2000
uRif:umifoiA :f
71700
apjOD,ayj.
10000
ygu.f oAi:f wlu:f 10000
qmif;crf:qmef: 15000
ngi,f uof;wle;f 5000
ygu.f rmef;qmwf; 30000
oAi:f uRuf.sr: 20000
omef;uki:f Oj, 46400
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139
140
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143
144
145
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149
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154
155
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162
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164
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vki:f tgi,f auBj,+yj;qmif:xke:f
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yl,qmif:rmwf;+emh:qmif:Ndi:f
sr;Omif,tge,f cofsr;vku;f
vki:f aqj:rgi,f +yj;crf:rBmwf,
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yl,qmif:vj.+emh:qmif:ref;
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vki:f tgi,f wdi:f +yj;qmif:cde,f tki:f
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emh:qmif: cofwif:Nde:f
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280
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10000
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P
165
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171
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177
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189
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281
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190
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208
209
210
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212
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282
ej:rmuf,acj 68500
ej:rmuf,acj 18600
ej:rmuf,acj 8000
ej:rmuf,acj 5000
ej:rmuf,acj 5000
ej:rmuf,acj 10000
ej:rmuf,acj 10000
ej:rmuf,acj 3000
ej:rmuf,acj 2000
ej:rmuf,acj 1000
ej:rmuf,acj 10000
ej:rmuf,acj 10000
erf.vef;
130600
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30000
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10000
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5000
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Priyattisadhammapala in Hsipaw

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