KIM LOI

I.

V TR CA KIM LOI TRONG BNG TUN HON C 90 nguyn t kim loi xp cc v tr sau:

II. 1.

Nhm IA (tr hidro), IIA, IIIA (tr bo) v mt phn nhm IVA, VA, VIA. Cc nhm B (IB VIIIB) H lantan v actini (2 hng cui bng). TNH CHT VT L Tnh cht chung Tnh do Tnh dn in dn in: Ag > Cu > Au > Al > Fe

Tnh dn nhit: Kim loi dn in tt th cng dn nhit tt. nh kim

Nhng tnh cht vt l chung ca kim loi u do cc electron t do trong kim loi gy ra.

2.

Tnh cht ring: Khi lng ring: Kim loi c khi lng ring nh nht l Li, ln nht l Os.

III.

Nhit nng chy: thp nht l Hg, cao nht l W. Tnh cng: kim loi mm nht l K, Rb, Cs; cng nht l Cr. TNH CHT HA HC

Tnh cht ha hc chung ca kim loi l TNH KH (kim loi c tnh d b oxi ha ): M M n + + ne

K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, H, Cu, Ag, Hg, Au. 1. Phn ng vi phi kim

a) Phn ng vi oxi : to thng, phn ln kim loi phn ng vi O2 ca khng kh to thnh lp bo v cho kim loi khng b oxi ho tip tc. Khi nung nng, phn ln kim loi chy trong oxi. V d:

4Al + 3O2 t 2Al2O3

o

b) Phn ng vi halogen v cc phi kim khc Vi halogen: cc kim loi kim, kim th, Al phn ng ngay to thng. Cc kim loi khc phn ng yu hn, phi un nng. Hp cht to thnh kim loi c ho tr cao:

Ch : Fe + Cl2, Br2 mui Fe(III) 2Fe + 3Cl2 t 2FeCl3

o

Vi phi kim khc (yu hn) phi un nng :

Hg + S HgS Fe + S t FeS
o

Ch : trong cc kim loi ch c Hg tc dng S ngay nhit thng nn khi b v nhit k cha Hg ngi ta dng bt S rc ln Hg kh c Hg v Hg d bay hi v rt c.
c) Phn ng vi hiro: Kim loi kim v kim th phn ng to hp cht hirua kim loi dng mui, s oxi ho ca H l -1

2K + H2 2KH 2.Phn ng vi nc: - Cc kim loi nhm IA, IIA (tr Mg, Be) tc dng vi nc nhit thng to baz v hiroxit. Mt s kim loi yu hn to thnh lp bo v hiroxit hoc to
thnh axit.

2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 Kim loi IA, IIA tc dng vi nc gm: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Ba, Sr

 nhit nng , nhng kim loi ng trc hiro trong dy th in ho phn ng vi hi nc. V d:

+ nhit cao Fe kh hi nc to ra FeO hoc Fe3O4.

t p570 C 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2. t >570 C Fe + H2O FeO + H2.
0 0 0 0

3. Tc dng vi axit a, Vi HCl, H2SO4 long

KL + HCl, H2SO4 long mui c ha tr thp + H2

iu kin: kim loi ng trc H trong dy hot ng ha hc Li K Ba Ca Na Mg Ag Pt Au Al Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg

V du 1: Cho l nhm vo dung dch HCl ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... V d 2: Cho l st vao dung dch H2SO4 long ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... b, Vi HNO3, H2SO4 c (tr Au, Pt)

KL + HNO3/H2SO4 c mui c ha tr cao nht + sn phm kh + H2O

Sn phm kh ca HNO3 l: N O2 , N O , N 2 , N 2O , N H4NO3, Thng thng nu HNO3 c ch to NO2 kh mu nu . Mg + 4 HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + 2H2O

+4

+2

+1

Cu + 4 HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + 2H2O Vi axit HNO3 long th tu theo mnh ca kim loi v long ca axit m +2 0 +1 3 to N O , N 2 , N 2O , N H4NO3, , i vi kim loi mnh v axit rt long, sn phm l NH4NO3. VD : 8 Na + 10 HNO3 lg 8 NaNO3 + NH4NO3 + 3 H2O 8 Al + 30 HNO3 lg 8Al(NO3)3 + 3N2O + 15 H2O 3Cu + 8 HNO3 lg 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O Sn phm kh ca H2SO4 l: S O2 , S , H 2 S . Kim loi cng mnh th S+6 b kh v s oxi ho cng thp VD: 8Na + 5 H2SO4 t 4Na2SO4 + H2S + 4 H2O 2 Al + 4 H2SO4 t Al2(SO4)3 + S + 4 H2O Cu + 2 H2SO4 t CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
o o o

+4

V du 1: Cho l Fe vo dung dch HNO3 long thu kh NO ......................................................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................................................... V du 2: Cho l Mg vo dung dch HNO3 long thu kh N2O .........................................................................................................................................

V d 3: Cho l Al vo dung dch HNO3 long thu kh N2 .........................................................................................................................................

V d 4: Cho l Zn vo dung dch HNO3 long thu mui NH4NO3 .........................................................................................................................................

V d5: Cho l Fe vo dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu kh SO2 .....................................................................................................................................

Ch : Al v Fe b th ng ho trong H2SO4 c, ngui v HNO3 c, ngui. Nguyn nhn l do khi 2 kim loi ny tip xc vi cc axit c, ngui th trn b mt chng c to lp mng mng, c xt bo v kim loi khng b axit tc dng. Do , trong thc t ngi ta dng cc xitec bng st chuyn ch cc axit trn. h) Phn ng vi kim: Mt s kim loi ng trc H2 v hiroxit ca n c tnh lng tnh c th phn ng vi kim mnh. V d nh Be, Zn, Al: 2Al + 2KOH + 2H2O 2KAlO2 +3H2

Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2 k) Phn ng kim loi mnh y kim loi yu khi hp cht:

L mnh y kim loi yu khi dung dch mui.

Kim loi khng tan trong nc + mui mui mi + kim loi mi iu kin: KLp. phi mnh hn KL trong mui Cc mui u phi tan V d: cho inh st vo dung dch mui CuSO4 Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu Hin tng: Ch : Nhng kim loi tc dng mnh vi H2O nh kim loi kim, kim th, khi gp dung dch nc th trc ht phn ng vi H2O.

Kim loi tan trong nc + mui phn ng xy ra nh sau: KL + H2O baz kim + H2 Baz kim + mui baz mi + mui mi

V d: cho kim loi Na vo dung dch CuSO4 ........................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................

Hin tng: KL mnh y kim loi yu khi oxit (phn ng nhit kim loi). Xy ra to cao, to nhiu nhit lm nng chy kim loi: 2Al + Fe2O3 t Al2O3 + 2Fe
o

Phng php ny thng c dng iu ch cc kim loi kh nng chy nh Cr, Mn, Fe IV. IU CH KIM LOI

Kh ion kim loi trong hp cht thnh nguyn t kim loi. Mn+ + ne M 1. Phng php nhit luyn

V d:

Nguyn tc: dng cc cht kh nh C, CO, H2 hoc cc kim loi mnh (Al, Zn) kh oxit kim loi nhit cao. Phm vi p dng: Sn xut cc kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh, yu ( Fe, Sn, Pb,) trong cng nghip.

2. Phng php thy luyn

Nguyn tc: dng kim loi mnh y kim loi yu ra khi dung dch mui ca chng. Phm vi p dng: Sn xut cc kim loi c tnh kh trung bnh, yu ( sau Mg trong dy hhh). V d:
3.

Phng php in phn in phn nng chy: iu ch kim loi mnh (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al)

a)

in phn nng chy oxit (iu ch Al trong cng nghip) 2Al2O3 dpnc 4Al + 3O2

in phn nng chy mui halogenua (iu ch cc kim loi K, Na, Ca, Mg) MgCl2 dpnc Mg + Cl2

b)

in phn dung dch: iu ch kim loi sau Al bng cch in phn dung dch mui ca chng. in phn dung dch mui halogenua Nguyn tc:
-

ha )

cc m (catot): ion kim loi b kh (qu trnh kh - s kh) cc dng (anot): ion X- (ion halogenua) b oxi ha (qu trnh oxi

V d: FeCl2 dpdd Fe + Cl2 in phn dung dch mui c oxi: Nguyn tc:
-

cc m (catot): ion kim loi b kh (qu trnh kh- s kh) cc dng (anot): ion gc axit c oxi (NO3-, SO42-) khng b oxi ha, m nc s b oxi ha theo phng trnh: 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e V d: 4AgNO3 + 2H2O dpdd 4Ag + O2 + 4HNO3 2CuSO4 + 2H2O dpdd 2Cu + O2 + 2H2SO4

V. DY HOT NG HO HC CA KIM LOI. K, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, (H), Cu, Ag, Au (Khi No May A Zp St Phi Hi Cc Bc Vng) ngha: + Mc hot ng ha hc ca kim loi gim dn t tri sang phi . + Cc kim loi ng trc Mg nh (K ,Na ) phn ng vi nc iu kin thng , to thnh kim ( dung dch NaOH ) v gii phng kh H2 .

+ Kim loi ng trc ( H ) phn ng vi 1 s dung dch axit ( H2SO4 , HCl ) gii phng kh H2 . + Kim loi ng trc ( tr K , Na ) y kim loi ng sau ra khi dung dch mui .

K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn F e

N Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt i

+ O2: nhit thng

nhit cao

Kh phn ng

K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn F e

N Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt i

Tc dng vi nc

Khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng

K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn F e

N Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt i

Tc dng vi cc axit thng thng gii phng Hidro

Khng tc dng.

K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn F e

N Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt i

Kim loi ng trc y kim loi ng sau ra khi mui

K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Zn F e

N Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Au Pt i

H2, CO khng kh c oxit

kh c oxit cc kim loi ny nhit cao

Ch : - Cc kim loi ng trc Mg phn ng vi nc nhit thng to thnh dd Kim v gii phng kh Hidro. - Tr Au v Pt, cc kim loi khc u c th tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c nhng khng gii phng Hidro.

III - DY HOT NG HO HC Dy hot ng ho hc l dy cc kim loi c xp theo chiu gim dn mc hot ng ho hc. Dy hot ng ho hc ca mt s kim loi thng gp: K, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, (H), Cu, Ag, Au Da vo tnh cht ho hc chung ca kim loi ta c bng tng kt sau: Tnh cht 1. Tc dng vi oxi Kim loi Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu Au, Pt cn nhit cao khi Phn ng ngay c mo phn ng Khng phn nhit thng ng vi O2 to 2Cu + O2 2CuO ngay c nhit cao K, Ba Na, Ca

4K + O2 2K2O 2. Tc dng Kim loi ng trc vi nc Mg phn ng vi nc nhit thng gii phng H2 2K+2H2O 2KOH+H2

Mt s kim loi hot Khng ng tng i mnh ng phn ng vi nc nhit cao to thnh oxit v gii phng H2
o

phn

t Mg+H2O 2MgO+H2 3. Tc dng Kim loi ng trc H phn ng vi mt s axit Kim loi ng vi dung (HCl, HBr, H2SO4 long ) to thnh mui v sau H khng dch axit gii phng H2 phn ng vi cc HCl, Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2 H2SO4 long

4. Tc dng Kim loi ng trc (tr cc kim loi tc dng vi nc nhit vi cc thng) y kim loi ng sau ra khi dung dch mui. dung dch Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag mui

VI. MT S KIM LOI QUAN TRNG A1. Kim loi kim 1. V tr trong bng tun hon, cu hnh electron nguyn t - Kim loi kim thuc nhm IA trong bng tun hon, c ha tr I - Gm cc nguyn t: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr 2. Tnh cht vt l - Cc kim loi kim c mu trng bc v c nh kim, dn in tt, nhit nng chy v nhit si thp, khi lng ring nh v cng thp 3. Tnh cht ha hc - Cc kim loi kim c tnh kh mnh, th hin qua cc phn ng: 3.1. Tc dng vi phi kim a. Tc dng vi oxi - KLK Chy trong khng kh kh thu c oxit 4Na + O2 2Na2O 4K + O2 2K2O - KLK Chy trong kh ooxxi kh thu c peoxit 2K + O2 K2O2 b. Tc dng vi clo to mui clorua Na + Cl2 2NaCl K + Cl2 2KCl 3.2. Tc dng vi axit

- Kim loi kim tc dng vi HCl, H2SO4 long to mui v hidro 2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2 - Tt c cc kim loi kim u n khi tip xc vi dung dch axit 3.3. Tc dng vi nc - Kim loi kim phn ng d dng vi nc nhit thng to baz v hidro 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 KL: KLK d td nc , viO2 trong kk nn bo qun KLK ngi ta ngm chm chng trong du ha. 4. ng dng, trng thi t nhin v iu ch 4.1. ng dng - Dng ch to hp kim c nhit nng chy thp - Dng ch to hp kim siu nh - Dng ch to t bo quang in 4.2. Trng thi t nhin - Cc kim loi kim trong t nhin tn ti dng hp cht, ch yu di dng mui 4.3. iu ch - Thng thng: in phn nng chy mui Halogen - Vd: 2NaCl 2Na + Cl2 A2. Mt s hp cht quan trng ca kim loi kim A2.1. Natri hiroxit: NaOH ( xt n da) 1. Tnh cht a. Tnh cht vt l - L cht rn ko mu, d nng chy, ht m mnh, tan tt trong nc v khi tan trong nc ta ra mt lng nhit ln nn cn cn thn khi ha tan NaOH vo nc. b. Tnh cht ha hc

L mt baz mnh nn c y tnh cht ha hc ca baz - Lm qu tm chuyn sang mu xanh, lm phenolphtalein t khng mu chuyn sang mu hng - Tc dng vi oxit axit to mui CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O CO2 + NaOH NaHCO3 - Tc dng vi axit to mui v nc NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O - Tc dng vi dung dch mui to mui mi v baz mi (cc cht phn ng phi tan, sn phm phi c cht kt ta hoc bay hi) 2NaOH + MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 2NaCl + 2. iu ch
2NaCl + 2 H2O dpddcomangngan 2NaOH + H2 +Cl2

3. ng dng - l ha cht quan trng dng nu x phng, ch phm nhum, t nhn to, ch qung nhm trong cng ngh luyn kim A2.2. Natri hirocacbonat: NaHCO3 1. Tnh cht a, Tnh cht vt l - l cht rn mu trng, t tan trong nc, d b nhit phn hy b. Tnh cht ha hc - C tnh cht lng tnh: tc dng c vi c axit v baz + Tc dng vi baz to mui trung ha v nc NaHCO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O + Tc dng vi axit to mui mi, CO2, H2O NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O

- B nhit phn NaHCO3 t Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

o

2, ng dng - dng trong cng nghip thc phm (lm bt n), cng ngh dc phm (thuc cha au d dy) A2.3. Natri cacbonat: Na2CO3 x a 1. Tnh cht a. Tnh cht vt l - L cht rn, mu trng, tan nhiu trong nc. iu kin thng tn ti dng mui ngm nc b. Tnh cht ha hc - Tc dng vi dung dch baz to mui mi v baz mi (cc cht phn ng phi tan, sn phm phi c cht kt ta) Na2CO3 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + 2NaOH - Tc dng vi axit to mui mi, CO2, H2O Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO2+ H2O - Tc dng vi mui to hai mui mi (cc cht phn ng phi tan, sn phm phi c cht kt ta) Na2CO3 + MgCl2 MgCO3 + 2NaCl -Mui cacbonat ca KLK trong dd nc cho mi trng kim (lm qtims ha xanh) 2. ng dng - L ha cht quan trng trong cng nghip thy tinh, bt git, phm nhum, giy, si A2.4. Kalinitrat KNO3 1. Tnh cht - L tinh th khng mu, bn trong khng kh, tan nhiu trong nc

- un nng b phn hy nhit cao (3330C) KNO3 t KNO2 + O2

o

2. ng dng - Dng lm phn bn, ch to thuc n en p. chy ca thuc sng : 2KNO3 + 3C + S t N2 + 3 CO2 + K2S
o

A3. Nhn bit KLK v ion klk t Na v Na+ cho ngn la mu vng t K v K+ cho ngn la mu tm t Li v Li+ cho ngn la ta B1. Kim loi kim th I. V tr trong bng tun hon, cu hnh electron nguyn t - Kim loi kim th thuc nhm IIA trong bng tun hon nn c ha tr II - Gm cc nguyn t: Be, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr - Nguyn t c 2 electron lp ngoi cng: ns2 II. Tnh cht vt l - C mu trng bc, c th dt mng. Nhit nng chy v nhit si tuy cao hn cc kim loi kim nhng vn thp. III. Tnh cht ha hc 1. Tc dng vi phi kim a. Tc dng vi oxi to oxit Mg + O2 MgO b, Tc dng vi halogen to mui Mg + Cl2 MgCl2 2. Tc dng vi dung dch axit a. Tc dng vi HCl, H2SO4 long to mui v hiro

Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 b, Tc dng vi HNO3, H2SO4 c Kim loi kim th c th kh N+5/HNO3 xung N-3, S+6/H2SO4 xung S-2. Mg + HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + H2O Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + SO2 + H2O 3. Tc dng vi nc - iu kin thng Be khng tc dng vi nc, Mg phn ng rt chm, cc kim loi khc phn ng to baz v hiro Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 B2. Mt s hp cht quan trng ca canxi 1, Canxi hiroxit: Ca(OH)2 a, Tnh cht vt l - L cht rn mu trng, tan t trong nc. Nc vi trong l dung dch Ca(OH)2 long b, Tnh cht ha hc C y tnh cht ha hc ca mt baz tan - Lm qu tm chuyn sang mu xanh, Phenolphtalein t khng mu sang mu hng - Tc dng vi oxit axit to mui trung ha, mui axit hoc c hai mui CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O 2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2 - Tc dng vi mui to mui mi v baz mi (Cc cht tham gia phn ng phi tan, sn phm phi c kt ta) Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + NaOH - Tc dng vi axit to mui v nc Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O c, ng dng

- S dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip: sn xut ammoniac, clorua vi, vt liu xy dng 2, Canxi cacbonat: CaCO3 a, Tnh cht vt l - L cht rn mu trng, khng tan trong nc b, Tnh cht ha hc - Tc dng vi axit to mui + CO2 + H2O CaCO3 + HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O - Nhit phn: CaCO3 t CaO + CO2
o

- Tan dn trong nc cha CO2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 c, ng dng - Dng lm vt liu xy dng, sn xut vi, sn xut xi mng, thy tinh 3. Canxi sunfat: CaSO4 - Trong t nhin CaSO4 tn ti di dng mui ngm nc gi l thch cao sng (CaSO4. 2H2O) Thach cao sng CaSO4. 2H2O B3. Nc cng 1. Khi nim - Nc cha nhiu ion Ca2+, Mg2+ c gi l nc cng - Tnh cng tm thi l tnh cng gy ra bi mui Ca(HCO3)2 v Mg(HCO3)2 - Tnh cng vnh cu gy ra bi mui clorua, mui sunfat ca Ca v Mg - Tnh cng ton phn: gm c tnh cng tm thi v tnh cng vnh cu 2. Tc hi (sgk) Thch cao nung CaSO4.H2O Thch cao khan CaSO4

- Gy tn nhin liu, lm tc ng ng dn nc, lm gim tc dng ca x phng 3. Cch lm mm nc cng - Nguyn tc: lm gim nng Ca2+, Mg2+ a, Phng php kt ta - un si nc lm mt tnh cng tm thi - Dng Ca(OH)2 va lm mt tnh cng tm thi - dng Na2CO3 hoc Na3PO4 lm mt tnh cng tm thi v tnh cng vnh cu b, Phng php trao i ion - Dng vt liu polime c kh nng trao i ion, ly Ca2+, Mg2+ ca nc v a ion Na+, H+ vo nc 4. Nhn bit ion Ca2+, Mg2+ - Dng dung dch mui CO32- v CO2 - Hin tng: ban u khi cho mui CO32- vo th c kt ta trng xut hin sau cho kh CO2 d vo th kt ta tan C2 : t Ca v Ca2+ cho ngn la t Ba v Ba2+ cho ngn la xanh

C - NHM
1. Tnh cht vt l Nhm l kim loi ph bin nht mu trng bc, c nh kim, dn nhit v dn in tt, nh (khi lng ring 2,7 gam/cm3), do nn c nhiu ng dng trong i sng nh dng gia nh, ch to hp kim 2. Tnh cht ho hc a. Phn ng ca nhm vi phi kim * Tc dng vi oxi Nhm chy sng trong oxi to thnh nhm oxit: 4Al + 3O2

2Al2O3

 iu kin thng nhm phn ng vi oxi to thnh lp Al2O3 mng bn vng bo v khng cho nhm phn ng vi oxi trong khng kh v nc. * Nhm tc dng vi nhiu phi kim khc to thnh mui Th d: Nhm tc dng vi S, Cl2, Br2 2Al + 3S
t Al2S3
o

b. Phn ng ca nhm loi vi dung dch axit Nhm phn ng vi dung dch axit (HCl, H 2SO4 long ) to thnh mui v gii phng kh hidro. Th d: 2Al 2Al + + 3H2SO4 6HCl

Al2(SO4)3 2AlCl3

3H2 + 3H2

Ch : Nhm khng phn ng vi axit H2SO4 c ngui v axit HNO3 c ngui. C th phn ng vi dung dch axit H2SO4 c nng, v dung dch axit HNO3 khng gii phng ra H2. Th d: 2Al 2Al 8Al Al Al 8Al + + + + + +
t 6H2SO4 c Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
o

t 4H2SO4 c Al2(SO4)3 + S + 4H2O t 15H2SO4 c 4Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2S + 12H2O

o

6HNO3

t Al(NO3)3

+ 3 NO2 + 3H2O + NO + 2H2O + 3NH4 NO3 + 9H2O

4HNO3 long 30HNO3 rt long

Al(NO3)3

8Al(NO3)3

c. Phn ng ca nhm vi dung dch mui ca kim loi km hot ng hn Th d 1: Nhm y st ra khi dung dch mui st (II) sunfat: 2Al + 3FeSO4

3Fe

Al2(SO4)3

Th d 2: Nhm y bc ra khi dung dch mui bc nitrat: Al + 3AgNO3

3Ag

Al(NO3)3

d. Phn ng ca nhm vi dung dch kim 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2

NaAlO2 l mui natri aluminat e. Phn ng ca nhm vi oxit kim loi 2Al + Fe2O3 t Al2O3 + 2Fe
o

f/ Tc dng vi nc: Bnh thng nhm khng tc dng vi nc d nhit cao v trn b mt ca Al ph kin mt lp Al2O3 rt mng, bn v mn khng cho nc v kh thm qua. Nu ph b lp Al2O3 bo v trn b mt nhm th nhm p. vi nc nhit thng 2Al + 6 H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 Sau phn ng dng li v lp mng Al(OH)3 ngn Al tip xc vi nc. Nu cho Al tc dng vi nc nng, p. xy ra tng t trn nhng lp mng sinh ra l Al2O3. 3. Sn xut nhm Trong t nhin nhm tn ti ch yu di dng oxit, mui. Ngi ta sn xut nhm bng phng php in phn nng chy hn hp nhm oxit vi criolit (Na3AlF6): - Nguyn liu : qung b xit Al2O3.2H2O 2Al2O3
dpnc

4Al + 3O2

3. Mt s hp cht quan trng ca nhm a. Nhm oxit: Al2O3 a1. Tnh cht *Tnh cht vt l: l cht rn, mu trng khng tan trong nc. * Tnh cht ho hc - L cht lng tnh + Tc dng vi axit to mui v nc

Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O + Tc dng vi dung dch baz to mui v nc Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + H2O a2. ng dng - dng sn xut nhm - oxit khan c nhu ng dng khc trong cng nghip b. Nhm hiroxit: Al(OH)3 - L cht rn, mu trng, kt ta dng keo, d b nhit phn hy. - L cht lng tnh + Tc dng vi axit to mui v nc Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O + Tc dng vi dung dch baz to mui v nc Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H2O + Tnh baz ca Al(OH)3 tri hn tnh axit nn cn c tn gi khc l axit aluminic - B nhit phn hy 2Al(OH)3 t Al2O3 + 3H2O
o

- Ch : Al(OH)3 khng tan trong dd NH3 ch: mui nhm td dd NH3 AlCl3 + 3NH3 + 3H2O 3NH4Cl + Al(OH)3 c. Nhm sunfat: Al2(SO4)3 - Tan trong nc to nhit do b hirat ho - C nhiu trong phn chua: K2SO4. Al2(SO4)3.24H2O 4. Cch nhn bit ion Al3+ trong dung dch - Thuc th: dung dch NaOH

- Hin tng: ban u c kt ta trng keo xut hin, khi d NaOH th kt ta tan dn

D - ST
1. Tnh cht vt l St l kim loi mu trng xm, c nh kim, dn nhit v dn in tt, st l kim loi nng (khi lng ring 7,86 gam/cm3), do nn c nhiu ng dng trong i sng nh dng gia nh, ch to hp kim 2. Tnh cht ho hc a. Phn ng ca vi phi kim * Tc dng vi oxi St chy trong oxi khng kh to thnh st t oxit: 3Fe + 2O2
t Fe3O4
o

* St tc dng vi nhiu phi kim khc to thnh mui Th d: St tc dng vi S, Cl2, Br2 Fe 2Fe + + S 3Cl2
t t
o o

FeS 2FeCl3

b. Phn ng ca st vi dung dch axit St phn ng vi dung dch axit (HCl, H2SO4 long ) to thnh mui v gii phng kh hidro. Th d: Fe Fe + + H2SO4 2HCl

FeSO4 + FeCl2 +

H2 H2

Ch : St khng phn ng vi axit H2SO4 c ngui v axit HNO3 c ngui. C th phn ng vi dung dch axit H2SO4 c nng, v dung dch axit HNO3 khng gii phng ra H2. Th d: 2Fe +
t 6H2SO4 c Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O
o

Fe Fe

+ +

6HNO3

t Fe(NO3)3

+ +

3NO2 + 3H2O NO + 2H2O

4HNO3 long

Fe(NO3)3

Vi HNO3 rt long, lnh Fe + 2HNO3 long Fe(NO3)2 + H2

c. Phn ng ca st vi dung dch mui ca kim loi km hot ng hn Th d 1: St y ng ra khi dung dch mui ng (II) sunfat: Fe + CuSO4

Cu

FeSO4

Th d 2: St y ch ra khi dung dch mui ch nitrat: Fe + Pb(NO3)2

Pb

Fe(NO3)2

d. Phn ng vi nc: nung st nng , Fe p. vi hi nc

t p570 C 3Fe + 4H2O Fe3O4 + 4H2
0 0

t >570 C Fe + H2O FeO + H2

0 0

3. HP CHT ST (II).

Tnh cht ho hc dc trng ca hp cht st (II) l tnh kh Fe2+ - 1e Fe3+ 3.1. St (II) oxit FeO a. Cht rn, mu en, khng c trong t nhin b. Tc dng vi axit, to mui v nc, tc dng vi cht c tnh oxi ho to hp cht st III. FeO + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2O 4FeO + O2 2Fe2O3 3FeO + 10HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 5H2O c. iu ch FeO: Nung Fe(OH)2 khng c khng kh hoc kh Fe2O3 bng CO, H2 nhit cao
t Fe(OH)2 FeO + H2O t Fe2O3 + CO 2FeO + CO2.
0 0

3.2. St (II) hiroxit Fe(OH)2. a. Cht rn mu trng , hi xanh, khng tan trong nc. iu ch: FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl L baz, d tc dng vi axit b. Trong khng kh d b oxi ho: 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 4Fe(OH)3 nu . B nhit phn hy:
t + Trong mi trng chn khng: Fe(OH)2 FeO + H2O t + Trong khng kh: Fe(OH)2 FeO + H2O
0 0

4FeO + O2 2Fe2O3
t Hay 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 2Fe2O3 + 4H2O
0

3.3. Mui st (II) - a s tan trong nc, kt tinh dng ngm nc FeSO4.7H2O; FeCl2.4H2O - Mui st II c tnh kh mnh - Oxi ho mui st (II) mui st (III)
t FeCl2 + Cl2 2FeCl3.
0

10FeSO4 + 2 KMnO4 + 8H2SO4 5Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 2 MnSO4 + 8H2O - iu ch: Cho Fe, FeO, Fe(OH)2 tc dng vi HCl, H2SO4 long Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2. Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4 FeSO4 + 2H2O
4. HP CHT ST (III)

Tnh cht ho hc chung: Tnh oxi ho Fe3+ + 1e Fe2+ 4. 1.St (III) oxit Fe2O3 Fe3+ + 3e Fe0.

a. Cht rn, nu, khng tan trong nc, c th iu ch

t 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O
0

b. Fe2O3 l oxit baz, c th tc dng vi axit to mui st (III) : Fe2O3 + 6HCl 2FeCl3 + 3H2O. B kh nhit cao
t Fe2O3 + 2Al 2Fe + Al2O3.
0

4.2. St (III) hiroxit Fe(OH)3 : a. Cht rn, nu , khng tan trong nc, c th iu ch FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe(OH)3 + 3NaOH b. B phn hy nhit cao, tc dng vi dd axit
t 2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3 + 3H2O
0

Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl FeCl3 + 3H2O. 4.3. Mui st (III) a. a s tan trong nc, kt tinh dng ngm nc FeCl3.6H2O; Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O b. Dung dch mui st (III) d b kh thnh Fe2+ Fe + 2FeCl3 3FeCl2 Hoc : Cu + 2FeCl3 CuCl2 Vng nu + 2FeCl2. khng mu

xanh nht

2FeCl3 + 2KI 2FeCl2 + 2KCl + I2 Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Na2S 2FeS + 3Na2SO4 + S Mt s hp cht st trong t nhin: FeS2 (qung pirit), Fe2O3 (qung hematit ), Fe2O3.nH2O (qung hematit nu), FeCO3 qung xi ddeerrit, Fe3O4(qung manhetit) 5. Mt s phn ng thng gp a. FexOy+ axit FexOy + 2yHCl xFeCl2y/x + yH2O 2FexOy + 2yH2SO4 xFe2 (SO4)2y/x + 2yH2O

t 2FexOy + (6x-2y)H2SO4 xFe2 (SO4)3 + (3x-2y) SO2 + (6x- 2y)H2O

0

t FexOy + (6x-2y) HNO3 xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y) NO2 + (3x-y)H2O

0

t 3FexOy + (12x-2y) HNO3 long 3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x-2y) NO + (6x-y)H2O

b. Fe3O4 + axit Fe3O4 + 4H2SO4 long FeSO4 + Fe2 (SO4)3 + 4 H2O 2Fe3O4 + 10H2SO4 Fe2 (SO4)3 + SO2 + 10 H2O Fe3O4 + 10 HNO3 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2+ 5 H2O c. FeCO3 + axit 2FeCO3 + 4H2SO4 Fe2 (SO4)3 + SO2 + CO2+ 4 H2O FeCO3 + 4 HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + CO2 + 2 H2O 3FeCO3 + 10 HNO3 long 3Fe(NO3)3 + NO2 + 3CO2+ 5 H2O d. Nung FeCO3 - Trong mt chn khng
t FeCO3 FeO + CO2
0

- Trong khng kh
t FeCO3 FeO + CO2
0

t 4FeO + O2 2Fe2O3 t Hay 4FeCO3 + O2 2Fe2O3 + 4CO2

0

e. Hp cht st pirit
t 4 FeS2 + 11 O2 2 Fe2O3 + 8 SO2
0

FeS2 + 8 HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 2 H2SO4 + 5 NO2 + 2H2O

SO SNH TNH CHT HO HC CA NHM V ST * Ging: - u c cc tnh cht chung ca kim loi.

- u khng tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c ngui * Khc: Tnh cht Tnh cht vt l Al (NTK = 27) Fe (NTK = 56) - Kim loi mu trng, c nh - Kim loi mu trng xm, c kim, nh, dn in nhit tt. nh kim, dn in nhit km hn Nhm. - t nc = 660 C
0 0

- t0nc = 15390C

Tc dng vi phi kim Tc dng vi axit Tc dng vi dd mui Tc dng vi dd Kim Hp cht

- L kim loi nng, do nn d - L kim loi nh, d dt mng, rn. do. t t 2Al + 3Cl2 2AlCl3 2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeCl3
0 0

t 2Al + 3S Al2S3
0

t Fe + S FeS
0

2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2

2Al + 3FeSO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3Fe Fe + 2AgNO3 Fe(NO3)2 + 2Ag

2Al + 2NaOH + H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2 - Al2O3 c tnh lng tnh Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O Al2O3+ H2O 2NaOH2NaAlO2 +

Khng phn ng

- FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 u l cc oxit baz

- Fe(OH)2 mu trng xanh - Fe(OH)3 mu nu - St th hin 2 ho tr: II, III + Tc dng vi axit thng thng, vi phi kim yu, vi dd mui: II + Tc dng vi H2SO4 c nng, dd HNO3, vi phi kim mnh: III

Kt lun

- Al(OH)3 kt ta dng keo, l hp cht lng tnh - Nhm l kim loi lng tnh, c th tc dng vi c dd Axit v dd Kim. Trong cc phn ng ho hc, Nhm th hin ho tr III

6 - HP KIM ST 6.1. Hp kim Hp kim l cht rn thu c sau khi lm ngui hn hp nng chy ca nhiu kim loi khc nhau hoc hn hp kim loi v phi kim. 6.2. Hp kim ca st Gang Thp hp - Gang l hp kim ca st vi cacbon, - Thp l hp kim ca st vi cacbon v ca trong hm lng cacbon chim t 2 mt s nguyn t khc, trong hm - 5%. Ngoi ra trong gang cn c mt lng cacbon chim di 2%. s nguyn t khc nh Mn, Si, S - Thp thng c dng trong ch to - C hai loi gang: my mc, cng c lao ng, trong xy dng + Gang trng thng dng luyn thp. + Gang xm thng dng ch to my mc, thit b - Nguyn liu chnh: Cc loi qung st: - Nguyn liu chnh: Gang, st ph liu manhetit Fe3O4, hematit Fe2O3 than v kh oxi. cc, khng kh - Nguyn tc sn xut: oxi ho cc kim - Nguyn tc sn xut: Dng CO kh loi, phi kim loi khi gang phn ln cc oxit st nhit cao trong l cc nguyn t C, S, P, Mn, Si luyn kim. - Qu trnh sn xut: - Qu trnh sn xut: + O2 phn ng vi Fe to FeO + Phn ng to CO to 2Fe + O2 2FeO to C + O2 CO2 + FeO oxi ho cc nguyn t khc c to C + CO2 trong gang nh: C, S, P, Mn, Si thnh 2CO oxit loi ra khi thp. + Kh st oxit t0 FeO + C Fe + CO to Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2 t0 FeO + Mn Fe + MnO to Fe3O4 + 4CO 3Fe + 4CO2 t0 2FeO + Si 2Fe + SiO2 + To x
t CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
o

Cc kim st

Sn xut

Tnhcht Cng, gin

Cng, n hi

E - S N MN KIM LOI V BO V KIM LOI KHNG B N MN 1. S n mn kim loi S ph hu kim loi, hp kim trong mi trng t nhin do tc dng ho hc gi l n mn kim loi. Th d: St thp trong khng kh b g xp, gin d gy v 2. Nhng yu t nh hng n s n mn kim loi - nh hng ca cc cht trong mi trng: Tu theo mi trng m kim loi tip xc b n mn nhanh hay chm. Th d trong mi trng m, c nhiu cht oxi ho kim loi b ph hu nhanh chng hn trong mi trng kh, khng c mt cc cht oxi ho - Khi nhit cao kim loi b n mn nhanh hn nhit thp ... 3. Cc phng php chng n mn kim loi - Ngn khng cho kim loi tip xc vi mi trng xung quanh nh: sn, m, trng men - Ch to cc hp kim c kh nng chng chu n mn nh: thp crom, thp niken