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Biology 211 Introductory Vertebrate Zoology
Biology 211 Introductory Vertebrate Zoology
The functional anatomy of vertebrates, viewed with respect to evolution and development.
Bill Taylor wdtaylor@uwaterloo.ca B2-242A ex 32556
Course Outline
1) the vertebrate body plan & vertebrate characteristics 2) the origin of vertebrates 3) brief history of vertebrate evolution and introduction to the vertebrate classes 4) early embryonic development 5) organ systems - integument, skeleton, teeth - muscles - digestive system - respiratory system - circulatory system - excretory system - reproductive system - endocrine system - nervous system - sense organs
Communication
Course materials (course notes, course schedule, quizzes) are, or will be, posted on the D2Lwebsite. There is also a Discussion Forum there for you to ask me or your fellow students questions, share information, etc. This is also where you can view your grades.
You can consult me in person in my office or by e-mail, but if you ask me questions by e-mail that everyone would like to hear the answer to, Ill refer you to the Discussion Forum. The lecture itself is a good place to ask questions!
The Lab
Full lab schedule, with 9 labs designed to reinforce lectures and let you examine different vertebrates. The first labs are during the second week of term. Major topics include: the trout (general, as in Biol 110) embryology the integument 2 labs on skeletons ---------------------------------------------------------------- 2 labs on the fetal pig (mostly on digestive, circulatory, excretory and reproductive system) 2 labs on the shark (circulatory and nervous systems and sense organs).
Things to Buy
1) Textbook: Kardong, Vertebrates, 6th edition. (Earlier editions are also OK.) As of this year, an e-version of the textbook will be available for less than half the price of a hard copy.
4) lab coat.
4. We know more about the evolution of vertebrates than any other group of animals.
Review on Evolution
KK Chapter 1, pp. 14-29, 197+ (or 194+ in the 5th edition)
Process how natural selection works on genetic variation arising from mutation to produce evolutionary change. History the sequence of species over time as seen in the fossil record and as inferred from the comparison of living (extant) species; often represented by evolutionary trees or cladograms. Classification we classify organisms according to evolutionary history to produce a classification with maximum information content and utility.
KK Fig. 1.20
KK Fig. 1.25
B D
extant species
D
A taxon that includes most but not all descendants of an ancestral form is called paraphyletic.
common ancestor
Classification
Species Genus Family Order Class Canis latrans Canis Canidae Carnivora Mammalia
subclass Theria
subphylum Vertebrata
Phylum
Chordata
(ancestry)
(function)
Constructing correct classifications of animals often means deciding whether structures are homologous.
(appearance) KK 1.12
Adaptation to similar environments may result in similarities that are not because of evolutionary relatedness, but rather adaptation to similar situations or capabilities.
KK Fig. 1.13
Evolution and Development Recapitulation ancestral features are evident in the embryo of a descendent - ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny. Paedomorphosis ancestral juvenile features evident in the adult of a descendent. progenesis development of the reproductive system is accelerated in a morphologically juvenile stage. neotany when a somatic feature retains its juvenile form in the adult.
Necturus