Chuyn :

AMIN AMINOAXIT

TM TC KIN THC A. AMIN I. Khi nim: Khi thay th nguyn t H trong phn t NH3 bng gc hirocacbon ta thu c amin. Th d: CH3-NH2 (metyl amin), C6H5-NH2 (phenyl amin), CH3-NH-CH3 (imetyl amin) + Amin no, n chc, mch h c CTPT l: CnH2n+3N II. Phn loi: C hai cch phn loi thng dng nht: a) Theo gc Hirocacbon: + Amin bo, nh: CH3-NH2, C2H5-NH2, CH3-NH-CH3 + Amin thm, nh: C6H5-NH2, CH3-C6H4-NH2 R1 b) Theo bc ca amin: + Amin bc I : C dng R-NH2 ; + Amin bc II: C dng R-NH-R1; + Amin bc III: C dng: R-N-R2 III. Tn gi ca mt s amin Cng thc cu to Tn gc chc Tn thay th CH3-NH2 Metyl amin Metan amin CH3CH2-NH2 Etyl amin Etan amin CH3-NH-CH3 imetyl amin N-metyl metan amin CH3-NH-CH2CH3 Etyl metyl amin N-metyl etan amin CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2 Propyl amin Propan -1-amin (CH3)3-N Tri metyl amin N,N-imetyl metan amin C6H5-NH2 Phenyl amin (Anilin) Benzen amin IV. Tnh cht ha hc 1. Tnh baz yu: a) Lm qu tm ha xanh + Cc amin bo phn ng c vi nc sinh ra ion OH- nn lm qu tm ha xanh. Th d: CH3-NH2 + H2O [CH3-NH3]+ + OH + Cc amin thm phn ng km vi nc, nn khng lm qu tm ha xanh. b) Tc dng vi axt: R-NH2 + HCl R-NH3Cl (mui amoni) Th d: CH3-NH2 + HCl [CH3-NH3]+Cl- (metyl amoni clorua) C6H5-NH2 + HCl [C6H5-NH3]+Cl- (phenyl amoni clorua) CH3-NH2 + CH3COOH [CH3-NH3]+CH3COO- (metyl amoni axetat) Mui amoni thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch kim un nh s ti to li amin: R-NH3Cl + NaOH NaCl + R-NH2 + H2O Th d: [CH3-NH3]+Cl- + NaOH CH3-NH2 + H2O + NaCl [C6H5-NH3]+Cl- + NaOH C6H5-NH2 + H2O + NaCl c) Tc dng vi dung dch mui to hiroxit kt ta Th d: FeCl3 + 3CH3-NH2 + 3H2O Fe(OH)3 + 3[CH3-NH3]+Cl So snh lc baz ca cc amin: RNH2 : + Nu R l gc y e (nh: CH3, C2H5): Lc baz tng ln. y cng mnh th lc baz cng tng. +Nu R l gc ht e (nh: C6H5-, NO2): Lc baz gim xung. Ht cng mnh th lc baz cng gim Th d: Lc baz: CH3-NH-CH3> CH3-NH2 > NH3 > C6H5-NH2 2. Phn ng th vo nhn thm ca anilin: to kt ta trng (dng nhn bit anilin) C6H5-NH2 + 3Br2 C6H2Br3NH2 trng (2,4,6-tribrom anilin) + 3HBr 3. Phn ng vi axit nitr HNO2 (dnh cho ban nng cao): (Dng phn bit cc amin bc khc nhau). + Amin bo bc I to ra ancol v si bt kh N2 : R-NH2 + HNO2 R-OH + N2 + H2O + Amin bo bc II to ra mui nitrosoamin (cht lng mu nu): (CH3)2-NH + HNO2 (CH3)2-N-N=O + H2O + Amin bo bc III khng tc dng vi HNO2 4. Phn ng ankyl ha amin (dnh cho ban nng cao): tng bc amin.

Th d: C2H5-NH2 + CH3I C2H5-NH-CH3 + HI; (CH3)2NH + CH3I (CH3)3N + HI Ch : Hp cht CxHyO3N2 (c 3 oxi v 2 nit) l mui amoni c dng: R-NH3NO3 R-NH3NO3 + NaOH NaNO3 + R-NH2 + H2O V. iu ch amin 1. Thay th nguyn t H ca phn t NH3: + CH 3 I + CH 3 I + CH 3 I NH3 CH3NH2 (bc I) (CH3)2NH (bc II) (CH3)3N (bc III) HI HI HI + HNO3 ( H 2 SO4 ) + H ( Fe + HCl ) 2. Kh hp cht nitro: C6H6 C6H5NO2 C6H5-NH2 (Anilin) B. AMINOAXIT II. Khi nim: Amino axit l loi hp cht hu c tp chc, phn t c cha ng thi nhm amino (-NH2) v nhm cacboxyl (-COOH). II. Cu to phn t V nhm COOH c tnh axit v nhm NH2 c tnh baz nn tng tc vi nhau to ra ion lng cc: Th d: H2N CH2 COOH H3N+ -CH2 COO (Dng phn t) (Dng ion lng cc) III. Danh php: + Tn bn h thng: Axit + v tr nhm NH2 ( , ... ) + amino + tn axit tng ng + Tn thay th: Axit + v tr nhm NH2 (1. 2) + amino + ankan (mch chnh) + oic Tn gi ca mt s amino axit Cng thc Tn thay th Tn bn h thng H2N-CH2-COOH CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(NH2)-COOH HOOC-[CH2]2-CH(NH2)-COOH H2N-[CH2]4-CH(NH2)-COOH Axit-2-amino etanoic Axit 2-amino propanoic Axit 2-amino-3-metyl butanoic Axit 2-amino pentan ioic Axit 2,6-iamino hexanoic Axit amino axetic Axit amino propionic Axit amino iso valeric Axit amino glutaric Axit , iamino caproic

Tn thng Glyxin Alanin Valin Axit Glutamic Lysin

K hiu Gly Ala Val Glu Lys

IV. Tnh cht ha hc 1. Amino axit c tnh lng tnh: + Nhm NH2 c tnh baz tc dng c vi axt: Th d: NH2 CH2 COOH + HCl NH3Cl CH2 COOH + Nhm COOH c tnh axit tc dng c vi baz: Th d: NH2 CH2 COOH + NaOH NH2 CH2 COONa + H2O Ch : NH3Cl CH2 COOH + 2NaOH NH2 CH2 COONa + 2H2O + NaCl NH2 CH2 COONa + 2HCl NH3Cl CH2 COOH + NaCl 2. Tnh axit baz ca dung dch amino axit: Amino axt nu c: + S nhm NH2 bng vi s nhm COOH th dung dch amino axit c mi trng trung tnh (pH = 7) + S nhm NH2 nhiu hn s nhm COOH th dd amino axit c mi trng baz (pH > 7) + S nhm COOH nhiu hn s nhm NH2 th dd amino axit c mi trng axit (pH < 7) 3. Phn ng ring ca nhm COOH (phn ng este ha) HCl Th d: NH2 CH2 COOH + C2H5OH NH2 CH2 COO C2H5 + H2O 4. Phn ng trng ngng: Khi un nng cc hoc amino axit tham gia phn ng trng ngng to ra polime thuc loi poliamit. Lin kt (NH CO) gi l lin kt peptit to Th d: nH2N [CH2]5 COOH (NH [CH2]5 CO )n + nH2O aminocaproic Axit poli caproamit 5. Phn ng ca nhm NH2 vi HNO2 (chng trnh ban nng cao)

Th d: Cho glyxin tc dng vi dd c NaNO2 v CH3COOH th thy hin tng c bt kh si ln NH2 CH2 COOH + HNO2 HO CH2 COOH + N2 + H2O V. iu ch: 1. Thy phn protein trong dung dch axit hoc trong dung dch kim. 2. T dn xut halogen ca axt: Cl2 NH 3 R CH2 COOH R CHCl COOH R CH(NH2) COOH C. PEPTIT V PROTEIN I. Peptit 1. Khi nim: Peptit l loi hp cht cha t 2 n 50 gc aminoaxit lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt peptit ( CONH). + Nhng phn t peptit c cha 2, 3, 4 gc aminoaxit c gi l i-, tri-, tetrapeptit Nhng phn t peptit c cha trn 10 gc aminoaxit tr ln gi l polipeptit. + Phn t peptit hp thnh t cc gc aminoaxit theo mt trt t nht nh Th d: Hai ipeptit to bi alnin v glyxin c tn l: Ala-Gly: H2N-CH(CH3)-CO-NH-CH2-COOH v Gly-Ala: H2N-CH2-CO-NH-CH(CH3)-COOH Aminoaxit u N aminoaxit u C Aminoaxit u N aminoaxit u C Ch : S peptit c cha n gc amino axit khc nhau c tnh bng cng thc: n! 2. Tnh cht ha hc a) Phn ng thy phn: Peptit c th b thy phn hon ton thnh cc aminoaxit nh xc tc axit hoc baz b) Phn ng mu biure: Cc peptit c t 3 lin kt peptit tr ln (tripeptit) c th tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim to phc mu tm. Cc amino axit v ipeptit khng c kh nng . II. Protein 1. Khi nim: Protein l nhng polipeptit cao phn t c phn t khi t vi chc nghn n vi triu. + Protein chia lm 2 dng: -Protein n gin: ch to t cc gc aminoaxit (khi b thy phn th to ra hn hp cc aminoaxit) -Protein phc tp: gm cc protein n gin cng vi cc thnh phn phi protein. 2. Tnh cht quan trng ca protein: + Tnh tan: protein hnh si (nh tc, mng, c bp) khng tan trong nc v cc dung mi khc. Protein hnh cu (nh lng trng trng) tan c trong nc to thnh dung dch keo. + S ng t: do tc dng ca nhit hoc ha cht cc lin kt duy tr cu trc protein b ph hy (nh luc trng) + S thy phn: nh xc tc axit, baz hoc enzim, protein b thy phn n cng to ra cc phn t aminoaxit. + Phn ng mu biure: tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 to mu tm, tc dng vi HNO3 to mu vng. 3. S chuyn ha protein trong c th: nh tc dng ca men tiu ha trong d dy, protein b thy phn ti cng to ra cc aminoaxit. Cc aminoaxit b hp th vo mu sau chuyn n cc m ca t bo c th. Mt phn cc amino axit c dng ti to protein cho c th, phn cn li b oxi ha ti cng to ra CO 2, H2O v NH3. Amoniac b chuyn thnh ure (NH2)2CO c thi ra ngoi theo nc tiu.

 CU HI V BI TP TRC NGHIM: AMIN AMINO AXIT Cu 1: Cho cc cht: CH3NH2 (A), CH3-NH-CH3 (B), C6H5-NH2 (C), CH3-C6H4-NH2 (D), NH3 (E). Dy xp cc cht theo chiu tnh baz tng dn t tri sang phi l A. D < C < E < A < B B. C < D < E < A < B C. E < D < C < A < B D. C < E < D < A < B Cu 2: Mt amin no n chc c cha 23,728% N v khi lng. S ng phn ca amin trn l A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5 Cu 3: t chy hon ton hn hp hai amin no n chc l ng ng k tip nhau, dn ht sn phm vo dd nc vi trong d c to ra 10 gam kt ta, khi lng dd nc vi b gim mt 2 gam so vi dd ban u. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca hai amin l A. CH3NH2 v C2H5NH2 B. C2H5NH2 v C3H7NH2 C. C3H7NH2 v C4H9NH2 D. C5H11NH2 v C6H13NH2 Cu 4: t chy hon ton mt amin n chc X vi mt lng oxi va thu c 33 gam CO2; 20,25 gam H2O v 2,8 lt N2 (ktc). Cng thc phn t ca amin X l A. C4H9N B. C3H7N C. C2H7N D. C3H9N Cu 5: t chy hon ton m gam mt amin bng mt lng khng kh va (c 1/5 th tch oxi, cn li l nit) thu c 26,4 gam CO2; 18,9 gam H2O v 104,16 lt N2 (ktc). Gi tr ca m l A. 12 B. 13,5 C. 16 D. 14,72 Cu 6: Cho 20 gam hn hp gm ba amin no n chc l ng ng lin tip nhau (t l s mol tng ng theo phn t khi tng dn l 1: 10: 5) tc dng va vi dd HCl thu c 31,68 gam hn hp mui. Cng thc phn t ca ba amin l A. C2H7N, C3H9N, C4H11N B. C3H9N, C4H11N, C5H13N C. C3H7N, C4H9N, C5H11N D. CH5N, C2H7N, C3H9N Cu 7: t chy hon ton mt amin n chc X bng mt lng khng kh va (cha 20% O2 v 80% N2 v th tch), thu c 17,6 gam CO2 v 69,44 lt N2 (ktc). S ng phn ca X l A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Cu 8: C bao nhiu amin bc ba c cng cng thc phn t C6H15N ? A. 3 B. 4 C. 7 D. 8 Cu 9: S ng phn amino axt ng vi cng thc phn t C4H9O2N l A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 Cu 10: Cho hn hp X gm hai cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t l C2H7O2N tc dng va vi dd NaOH un nng, thu c dd Y v 4,48 lt (ktc) hn hp Z gm 2 kh u lm giy qu m ha xanh. T khi ca Z i vi hiro l 13,75. C cn dd Y th c cht rn c khi lng l A. 8,9 gam B. 14,3 gam C. 16,5 gam D. 15,7 gam Cu 11: Mt cht hu c c cng thc phn t C 2H8O3N2 tc dng vi NaOH thu c mt cht hu c n chc X v cc cht v c. Khi lng phn t ca X l A. 85 B. 68 C. 45 D. 46 Cu 12: Hp cht hu c X c CTG trng vi CTPT. Trong phn t X th phn trm khi lng ca C, H, N ln lt l 40,449%; 7,865%; 15,73%; cn li l oxi. Khi cho 4,45 gam X tc dng va vi NaOH thu c 4,85 gam mui. Cng thc ca cht X l A. CH2=CH-COONH4 B. H2N-CH2COO-CH3 C. H2N-CH2CH2COOH D. H2N-COO-CH2CH3 Cu 13: Cho 0,01 mol amino axit tc dng va vi 40 ml dd HCl 0,25M to thnh 1,115 gam mui khan. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca amino axt l A. H2NCH2COOH B. H2NCH2CH2COOH C. H2NCH2CH(NH2)COOH D. HOOC-CH(NH2)-COOH Cu 14: Cho 10 gam amin n chc X phn ng hon ton vi HCl (d), thu c 15 gam mui. S ng phn cu to ca X l A. 4 B. 5 C. 7 D. 8 Cu 15: Cho 1 mol amono axit X phn ng vi dd HCl (d) thu c m1 gam mui Y. Cng 1 mol X tc dng vi dd NaOH (d) thu c m2 gam mui Z. Bit m2 m1 = 7,5. Cng thc phn t ca amino axit X l A. C5H9O4N B. C4H10O2N2 C. C5H11O2N D. C4H8O4N2 Cu 16: Hp cht X mch h c cng thc phn t l C4H9O2N. Cho 10,3 gam X phn ng va vi dd NaOH c mt cht kh Y v dd Z. Kh Y nng hn khng kh v lm qu tm m ha xanh. Dung dch Z c kh nng lm mt mu nc brom. C cn dd Z c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l

A. 10,8 B. 9,4 C. 8,2 D. 9,6 Cu 17: Cho 0,02 mol amino axit X tc dng va vi 200 ml dd HCl 0,1M thu c 3,67 gam mui khan. Mt khc 0,02 mol X tc dng va vi 40 gam dd NaOH 4%. Cng thc ca cht X l A. H2N-C2H3-(COOH)2 B. H2N-C3H5-(COOH)2 C. (H2N)2-C3H5-COOH D. H2N-C3H6-COOH Cu 18: Cho cht c cng thc C3H10O3N2 tc dng KOH c a gam cht hu c X v 29,75 gam cc cht v c. Gi tr ca a l A. 14,75 B. 17,45 C. 11,80 D. 18.10 Cu 19: C cc dung dch: C2H5NH2, C6H5NH2, H2N-CH2COOH, H2N-CH2-CH(NH2)COOH, CH3COONa, C6H5ONa, HOOC-CH2CH2CH(NH2)COOH, NH3. C bao nhiu dung dch lm giy qu m ha mu xanh? A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6 Cu 20: Cht X c cng thc phn t C4H9O2N. Bit rng: X + NaOH Y + CH4O v Y + HCl (d) Z + NaCl. Cng thc phn t ca X v Z ln lt l A. H2NCH2CH2COOCH3 v CH3CH(NH3Cl)COOH B. CH3CH(NH2)COOCH3 v CH3CH(NH3Cl)COOH C. CH3CH(NH2)COOCH3 v CH3CH(NH2)COOH D. H2NCH2COOC2H5 v ClH3NCH2COOH + HNO3 Fe + HCl Cu 21: Ngi ta iu ch anilin bng s sau: Benzen Nitrobenzen Anilin. H 2 SO4 to Bit hiu sut phn ng giai on u l 60% v giai on sau l 50%. Khi lng ca anilin thu c khi iu ch t 156 gam benzen l A. 186,0 gam B. 55,8 gam C. 93,0 gam D. 111,6 gam Cu 22: T glyxin (gly) v alanin (ala) c th to c my cht ipeptit ? A. 1 cht B. 2 cht C. 3 cht D. 4 cht Cu 23: C bao nhiu tripeptit m phn t c cha 3 gc -amino axit khc nhau ? A. 3 cht B. 5 cht C. 6 cht D. 8 cht Cu 24: Thuc th phn bit Gly-Ala-Gly vi Gly-Ala l A. dung dch NaOH B. dung dch NaCl C. Cu(OH)2 trong mi trng kim D. dung dch HCl Cu 25: Mt amino axit X c 1 nhm amino v 1 nhm cacboxyl. Cho 15 gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH va , c cn dung dch c 19,4 gam mui. Cng thc ca amino axit l A. H2NC3H6COOH B. H2NCH2COOH C. H2NC2H4COOH D. H2NC4H8COOH Cu 26: Mt trong nhng im khc nhau gia protein vi cacbonhirat v lipit l A. protein lun c phn t khi ln hn B. phn t protein lun c cha N C. phn t protein lun c nhm OH D. protein lun l cht hu c no Cu 27: t chy hon ton hn hp hai amin no, n chc ng ng k tip nhau thu c 2,24 lt kh CO 2 (ktc) v 3,6 gam H2O. Cng thc ca hai amin l A. A. CH3NH2 v C2H5NH2 B. C2H5NH2 v C3H7NH2 C. C3H7NH2 v C4H9NH2 D. C5H11NH2 v C6H13NH2 Cu 28: t chy hon ton a mol mt amino axit X thu c 5a mol CO2; 4,5a mol H2O v 0,5a mol N2. Bit rng a mol X tc dng va ht vi 2a mol NaOH. Cng thc phn t ca X l A. C5H9O2N B. C5H9O4N C. C5H9O4N2 D. C4H9O4N -aminoaxit no X(cha 1 nhm NH2 v 1 nhm COOH) cn phi Cu 29: t chy hon ton 0,2 mol mt dng 84 lt khng kh (ktc). Bit khng kh c cha 20% th tch O2. Cng thc ca cht X l A. H2N-CH2-COOH B. H2N-CH2CH2-COOH C. CH3-CH(NH2)COOH D. CH3CH2CH(NH2)COOH Cu 30: Cho a gam cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C3H9O2N tc dng va vi dd NaOH thu c 17 gam mui v thot ra kh Y lm giy qu m ha xanh. T khi ca kh Y i vi khng kh vo khong 1,55. Gi tr ca a l A. 22,75 B. 18,20 C. 13,65 D. 20,02 Cu 31: Mt cht hu c thm X (cha C, H, N) c cng thc n gin nht trng vi cng thc phn t. T l khi lng mC : mH : mN = 9,333 : 1 : 1,555. S ng phn cu to ca hp cht thm X trn l A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

Cu 32: trung ha 200 ml dd amino axit X 0,5M cn phi dng 100 gam dd NaOH 8%, c cn dd c 16,3 gam mui khan. Cht X c cu to l A. H2N-C2H4-COOH B. H2N-CH(COOH)2 C. (H2N)2CH-COOH D. H2N-CH2-CH(COOH)2 Cu 33: Cho 0,15 mol aminoaxit A tc dng va vi 150 ml dd NaOH 2M thu c 28,65 gam mui. Mt khc cng 0,15 mol A tc dng va vi 37,5 gam dd HCl 14,6%. Cng thc thu gn ca aminoaxit A l A. H2N-C3H6-COOH B. H2N-C2H4-(COOH)2 C. (H2N)2-C3H4-(COOH)2 D. H2N-C3H5-(COOH)2 Cu 34: phn bit cc cht: Glucoz, glixerol, lng trng trng, h tinh bt, ngi ta c th dng A. dd it B. Cu(OH)2/NaOH C. dd AgNO3/NH3 D. dd Br2 -amino axit X tc dng va ht vi 1 mol HCl to ra mui Y c hm lng clo l Cu 35: Cho 1 mol 28,287%. Cng thc cu to ca X l A. CH3CH(NH2)COOH B. H2NCH2CH2COOH C. H2NCH2COOH D. H2NCH2CH(NH2)COOH Cu 36: Mt amin bc 2 n chc c cha 19,178%N v khi lng. C bao nhiu cng thc cu to ng vi amin trn ? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Cu 37: Mt cht hu c X tc dng c vi dd HCl, tc dng c vi nc Brom, nhng khng lm i mu giy qu tm m. Tn ca cht X l A. phenol B. etyl amin C. anilin D. axit acrylic Cu 38: Cho hai hp cht hu c X v Y c cng cng thc phn t l C3H7O2N. Khi phn ng vi dd NaOH th X to ra H2N-CH2-COONa v cht hu c Z; cn Y to ra CH2=CH-COONa kh T. Cc cht Z v T ln lt l A. CH3OH v NH3 B. CH3OH v CH3NH2 C. CH3NH2 v NH3 D. C2H5OH v N2 Cu 39: Este X (c khi lng phn t l 103 vC) c iu ch t mt ancol n chc (c t khi hi so vi oxi ln hn 1) v mt amino axit. Cho 25,75 gam X phn ng ht vi 300 ml dd NaOH 1M, thu c dung dch Y. C cn dd Y thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l A. 27,75 B. 24,25 C. 26,25 D. 29,75 Cu 40: Cho 1,82 gam cht hu c X n chc, mch h c cng thc phn t C3H9O2N tc dng va vi dd NaOH, un nng c kh Y v dung dch Z. C cn dung dch Z c 1,64 gam mui khan. Cng thc cu to ca cht X l A. HCOONH3CH2CH3 B. CH3COONH3CH3 C. CH3CH2COONH4 D. HCOONH2(CH3)2 Cu 41: Hp cht no sau y c tnh baz mnh nht ? A. C6H5-NH2 B. (C6H5)2NH C. p-CH3-C6H4-NH2 D. C6H5-CH2NH2 Cu 42: Mt cht hu c X c CTG nht trng vi CTPT v c cha %C = 46,60; %H = 8,73; %O = 31,06; %N = 13,61. Bit khi un nng X vi NaOH va c mui Y v cht hu c Z c t khi hi i vi khng kh l 1,586. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca cht X l A. H2N-CH2COO-C2H5 B. H2N-CH2CH2COO-C2H5 C. CH3CH(NH2)COOCH3 D. CH3CH2CH(NH2)COOH Cu 43: Cho 17,8 gam alanin tc dng va vi HCl c cht X. em ht X tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH, sau c cn dung dch c a gam cht rn. Gi tr ca a l A. 33,9 gam B. 22,2 gam C. 17,8 gam D. 30,6 gam Cu 44: Cho 21 gam cht C4H11O2N tc dng va vi dd NaOH, c cn dung dch c m gam cht rn v bay ra kh c t khi i vi khng kh l 1,0689. Gi tr ca a l A. 19,2 gam B. 22,0 gam C. 16,4 gam D. 20,5 gam Cu 45: em cht C2H8O3N2 tc dng va vi NaOH, c cn dung dch c a gam cht rn v 12,6 gam hn hp hi. Gi tr ca a l A. 15,0 gam B. 15,5 gam C. 16,8 gam D. 17,0 gam ------------------------ -----------------------