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QteA* - CLASSIFICATION ?ANGI

date:

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ADDENDUM
TO THE INSTRUCTION ON THE USE OF

Aerial Observation in Liaison With the Artillery

JANUARY 19, 1917
(Modifying "Field Artillery Notes No. 1")

TRANSLATED BY THE AMERICANEXPEDITIONARY FORCE

EDITED AT THE

ARMYWAR COLLEGE, WASHINGTON

1918

ZL^H X.hdX.XJ

WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918

THE GENERAL SERVICE SCHOOLS .

LIBRARY

Class

NuMBER_-_M_9is3.-?IJL_
ll?l_15
.II
%eral.

Accession Number

WAR DEPARTMENT,
Washington, January 7,1918. The followingpamphlet, entitled "Addendum to the Instruction on the Use of Aerial Observation in Liaison with the Artillery, of January 19, 1917," is published for the information and guidance of

allconcerned:
[A.G. O. No. 580.7.]

order op the Secretary

of War.

TASKER H. BLISS,
General,
Official:

Chief ofStaff.

h. p. McCain, The Adjutant General.

36708 1S

(3)

TABLE OP CONTENTS.
Page.

Addendum to the instruction on the use of aerial observation in

liaison with the artillery 7
Article1. 190-mm. caliber and over... 7
-- 7
Ranging fire... Corrective fire. 8
9
Corrective fire of greater density 10
Article 2. Very long range fire(interval fire) 10
Article 3 100, 140, and 160-mm. naval guns - Ranging fire 10 10
Corrective fire - - 10
Corrective fire of greater density \u25a0-\u25a0---\u25a0-: 11
Code of signals withpanels 13
Numerals . 13
Code for projectors and window-shutter panels : 15
Example of use of the signal code 15
1. Designation of target to aerial observer. 16
2. Commands to aerial observer (5)

(y

ADDENDUM

A I/INSTRUCTION SUE L'EMPLOI DE L'OBSERVATION

AERIENNE EN LIAISON AVEC L'ARTILLERIE
DU JANVIER 19, 1917.

Article Il9o-m .1 190-mm. caliber and over.

(c) HIGH-POWER HEAVY

ARTILLERY.

A. Materiel firingmore than one round per minute: 200-mm. howitzer. B. Materiel firingat least one round in two minutes, 190-mm. heavy railroad artillery or mounted on gunboats. All240-mm. guns excepting the 240 mm. with axletree brackets
(Echantignolles) 270-mm. coast artillery, 293-mm. guna. C-D. Materiel firing less than one round in two minutes: C. 240-mm. guns with axletree brackets.
370-mm. mortars.
370-mm. and 400-mm. howitzers.
285-mm. guns with cradles (Berceau).
320-mm. guns.

D. 285-mm. guns withsliding recoil (Glissement.) 305-mm. guns with cradles or sliding recoil. 340-mm. guns (materiel of very great range). This materiel is in batteries of two, three, or four pieces. Ranging fire. For allunits that comprise several pieces, firingon the same objective, fire is begun by ranging with a salvo of allthe pieces (procedure of the instruction of January 19, 1917, Supplement I,Part 11, article 3). Each salvo is fired at the command of the observer. Iffor any reason whatever the battery can not begin firing within 30 seconds
(7)

after the signal "Fire" has been given, itwillwait for a new signal trom the avion before firing.1 For materiel of 240 mm. and less the pieces generally fireat 10-sec ond intervals;2 for the other materiel at 15-secdnd intervals. 2 The observer may order during the firing that the interval be changed (or be left the same) by means of the signals 15 and 16. 15. Decrease the interval between the rounds of thel-^ , Decrease or salvo. C 16. , Increase the interval between the rounds of the 5 seconds. J salvo. The intervals between rounds should be kept as nearly constant as possible. The observer signals the variations of the points of burst from the target in the order of occurrence, as described in Supplement I, Part 11, article 3, of the instruction of January 19, 1917. This firingprocedure is usually adopted fromthe very beginning at the first signal "Battery ready." It may be resumed at any moment at the signal "15, fire by salvo," made by the battery. Iffire by each piece is deemed necessary 3 by the observer, (sig nal 05) or by the firingcommander (signal 14), it wouldbe executed according to Supplement I, Part 11, article 3. Each piece fires according to the commands of the observer (without exchanging signals from the ground to the avion between the rounds of the successive pieces). The observer sends, in the same message, the results of the obser vation relative to each piece (procedure of Supplement I, Part 11, article 3). Salvo fire or fire by individual pieces is continued until the desired precision inranging has been obtained for each piece. Corrective fire. It is begun at the demand of the battery (signal "16, corrective fire") and comprises a series of salvos corresponding to about two minutes of observation: A. Materiel firing at least one round per minute, Beries of three salvos. ..

,,

i This

rule is general (Supplement I,Part 11, article 4) and applies to all firing

procedures.
2 Various factors (permanence of the smoke on bursting, according to the projectile used, degree of training of the unit or the observer, atmospheric conditions) may change these figures; when necessary, the interval willbe decided upon by previous

agreement.
8 Great variation between the various pieces, a very large proportion of unseen bursts.

B. Materiel firingat least one round in two minutes, series of two salvos. C-D. Matdriel firingless than one round in twominutes, one salvo. 1 The observer orders only the first salvo of each series. The others are fired as soon as possible. In each salvo, the interval between the various rounds is deter mined as inranging fire. The observer signals the variation in direction of the mean point of burst, then the number of shorts, overs, hits, or those withcorrect
range. 2

The observer must operate inliaison withthe battery by considering the. practical rate of fire so as to reduce the interval between the series of salvos to a minimum. Corrective fire of greater density. This is ordered .by the firing commander, who' decides when the density of fireshould be increased so as to profit from a dense bracket, properly verified. The signal 17 (from the ground to the avion) signifies for high power heavy artillery: "Fire by series of n rounds," n being deter mined as below: The firing comprises a volley of n rounds per piece, begun 3 when the avion signals "Fire." A. Materiel firing at least one round per minute. B. Materiel firing at least one round in two minutes. C-D. Materiel firingless than one round intwo minutes does not tise this method of firing with avion observation. The observer signals either the variation in direction of the mean point of burst, then the number of shorts, overs, hits, or those with correct range, or the variation- of the mean point of burst in both < direction and range. I. For high-power heavy artillery, fire for effect consists Note of a succession of corrective firings. Note II. If, during corrective fire, the observer signals recurring groups that are very irregular inrange or direction, the firing com mander begins ranging fire again.

1The firingcommander, when necessary, willwait for the results ofseveral salvos fcefore ordering \u25a0variations in the aiming factors. 2 If necessary, he adds the peculiarities of those pieces which would tend to get out of adjustment (Supplement I,Part 11, article 6). sit may be advantageous from the point of view of observation to have a certain interval between the first round of the successive pieces. The other rounds are fired : without adjustment except that of the pieces with one another.

10

Article 2- -Very long range fire

(interval fire).

In very long range fire (matMel of class D, more especially 340 min. gun), ifthere is no positive liaison from the ground to^the avion, *he observer orders interval fire by signaling "Fire' ? at regular intervals. This interval varies with the kind of materiel and the number of pieces participating 1 (to be fixed by previous agreement). Fire isexecuted according to the procedure in Article1.
Article
3lo ,3

100, 140, and 160-mm. naval guns.

(Usually fire by isolated pieces Rate of fire:four or three rounds per minute.) Ranging fire. Begun at the first signal, "Battery ready" or after the signal 15 sent by the unit. The piece fires by volleys of three rounds, as rapidly as possible, at the signal "Fire" by the observer. The observer signals the mean point of burst ofthe rounds fired at the end of each volley. Corrective fire. (Signal 16 by the unit.) The piece fires by vol leys of six rounds. The observer signals the variation in direction of the mean point of burst, then the number of "overs, shorts, hits, or those with cor

rect range."

Corrective fire of greater density. {Signal 17 by the unit.) The piece fires by volleys of 12 rounds. Notk. When a battery of two pieces fires on the same objective, ranging fire is executed successively for each piece, as indicated above, by alternating the volleys of the two pieces. Corrective fireis executed by the two pieces firing simultaneously by volleys of 6 or 12 rounds.

iFor anisolated 340-mm. gun, an interval of eight minutes may be adopted. Gen erally wait from t.vo to four minutes after sending the results of the preceding obser "

vation before

again signaling

Fire."

11

CODE OF SIGNALS WITH PANELS.

D, A*

H. A,

iObserve fire of such and such group. Show appropriate identification Panel. (The axis of rectangular panels marks

approximate direction of group.)

a
D-

Request for adjustment

.P~

Adjust ontargst you just indicated

....
-I I UsSc !

\u25a0^d \u25a0^dpC =po

spn
pi

Observe fire on target N* target (followed by N

target)
I
\u25a0

or Shift or naw
'

[\u25a0Ist Battery ready

2d Battery ready.... 3d Battery ready

01 01

=QD

spa
<=3

"Wait a few minutes

i

Q<=> c
of at least 10

P^^ po
>

Battery not ready. Delay

minutes.

\u25a1a

C=3

c=?

Battery has fired

9 Your wireless works but signals confused,
repeat.....

at
FlO
[/
re

0C 0C

0110

Jy

10

Can't hear you, Gr not adjusted

11 Yes, Or understood. Or Message ceived,. >..;....

\u0084

......

FT L^

r"*t

\^

12

ioni

mci

0. A.
12 N0....

U.K.

DH

PHI
0
C=3

13

Continue to adjust

o
.

14 Fire by piece..

an
....... inn
0
I

C=3

01

15 Fire by salvo

ope

16

Amelioration

ii
on
O'sfc*

17

Series of 24 rounds

\u25a1n
D*
t=3

18i Continuous fire foreffect

19 Fire for control

ODD
Be
guided by previous

OPB

20 Enemy attacks.
agreement

DO

o.

21 No further need of you.

D-( o(

22

Hostile aeroplane near you

dV oY
\u25a1
=3

C=3

U -p.

13

NUMERALS,

|ji^

\u25a0

*V

VQ
5
Hote. -r The

DJ)
7 8
j reserved to indicate s

M. X
9

o (&4

signidTT

loading gr<JVttd

jgistonce between a parallel panels

:"a metejs*

CODE FOR PROJECTORS AND WINDOW-SHUTTER PANELS. seconds 0 I to talk.... Dash held for ten seconds
want
o

on target jAdjustdesignate.. I you

Series of
of

"D". "D".

.1 J

Observe on such
or such, target

5 5 Battery ready

..I J .
I
j 1 1
j

'

{
\u25a0

Series of
of Series of "A".
Service signal.

r jWait U

-i 'i J
'

1 minutes

several

"Wait at least ten

minutes..

I
._-__-_-._-.

Series of
"Z".

8 Fired. 8 Fired.
Your wireless
wireless 91 91 "works but is"

confused

...

Service signal.

lo|can'thearyou...|

|Se^f

tS

14

CODE FOE PROJECTORS AND WINDOW-SHUTTER PANELS Continued, 11 Yes... 12 No.

\u0084 13 Continue to adjust.....

Service signal.

14

\u0084

J Cbntinue to ad- 1 just piece.

Salvo... Amelioration

.{
'
_,_-_

I I

Series of Chn. Series of Chi. Series of OS.

Series of

15 16 17

.
____;._

O.

Series of B. Series of rah.

Signal
111.

Series of24rounds

18 Eire foreffect
19

Fire forcontrol.

..
\u25a0

comAttack com mences. Bo pre20 < guided by pre

vious arrangement..

I
j

Signal

444.

Series of PP

( further need O1 21 No y0u.. of

...... -J\
I
j

j Signal going
to land.
land.
Signal

I Enemy aeroplane
\u25a0

Inearyou

23

I. I

22.
Signal

333.

15

EXAMPLE OF USE OF

THE SIGNAL CODE.

1. DESIGNATION OP TARGET TO AERIAL OBSERVER.

'tiereceiving station sie^als: ?he observer answers: "Understood"

\u25a1C
-

2he receiving station signals: ["he observer repeats: "One"

\u25a1

:.

'he receiving post signals: 'he observer repeats: "Three" The receiving station answers "No": The observer answers: "Understood"

once, then
repeats it:

\u25a1 O,V \u25a1 H

L~J N^v/^ UW
L_J

The receiving station repeats signal: The observer repeats: "Four"

The receiving station takes off the signal at The observer repeats: "Four". The receiving station signals: The observer repeats: "Seven".

I I

j.

fl^/^ UW

Then the observer sends:

"Adjust 1447"..

The receiving stations answer:

"Ye 5"......

q>
.'...'

or: Or:

"Battery ready

"

r~i n

J U

16

2. COMMANDS TO AERIALOBSERVER.

(Case of war of movement. )

Receiving station ofDivision Artillery.

Station call: "XA:Here division Art. C. O. Post"

Post" aeroplane arrives above the adjustment post and announces:
announces: An "XA:Here observer ready to work"

answers: The receiving station answers:

Observe fire of group of such or such identification panel To that panel corresponds Jor instance station ell: " "XC, prearranged by the Chief of the A. C.radio service

. .

f/
'

The T observer announces: "he A,understood X C "... X The receiving station answers: "Yes"
The aeroplane flies away in the indicated "XC,XTC, I see panels".. don't

:
direction and signals:

The group whose station call is X C then show the "Here group X C ready to work".

signal:

-.

D=