NI DUNG

GII THIU CHUNG V RADAR

Thut ng RADAR l vit tt ca Radio Detection And Ranging, tc l dng sng v tuyn xc nh phng v v khong cch ti mc tiu. Monostatic radar hay cn gi two-way radar s dng cng mt anten cho vic truyn v nhn. Trong sut khong thi gian truyn radar khng th nhn. Radar chuyn mch truyn - nhn bng chuyn mch in gi l duplexer.

 o khong cch, radar xung s dng nguyn l : o khong thi gian t lc pht sng in t siu cao tn cho n khi nhn c tn hiu phn hi t mc tiu.

Cng thc tnh : d = c.t/2 c : vn tc truyn sng (3.108 m/s) t : thi gian truyn sng (i v phn x tr v) d : khong cch t radar ti mc tiu

Transmitter

Duplexer

antenna

Electromagnetic wave

aim

Display

Receiver

Duplexer

antenna

Echo signal

Xung : l i lng bin thin nhanh theo theo mt quy lut nht nh, c trng bi tn s f v bc sng . = Hin nay, trong radar s dng cc loi xung sau: Xung nhn Xung rng ca Xung vung Xung siu cao tn (xung radio) Cc c trng ca xung radio : chiu di xung (x), chu k lp xung (Tx). Thng thng hin nay x = 0.01 3 s, Tx = 1000 4000 s

Radar pht 1 xung trong thi gian x, sau ch xung phn x tr v mi pht xung tip theo vi chu k lp xung l Tx . Tn hiu phn x t mc tiu tr v, qua anten vo chuyn mch ri vo my thu, khuch i, sa i thnh tn hiu in, a sang b ch bo hin th. cho my pht, my thu v khi ch th hot ng ng b nhau, ngi ta to ra cc xung ch th t khi ng b iu khin ton b trm radar.
anten c th dng chung cho c b pht v b thu, ngi ta to ra b chuyn mch anten tch my pht v my thu ph hp lc pht v lc thu: Ngt my thu khi my pht hot ng (pht sng). Ngt my pht khi my thu hot ng (thu sng)

Cng sut pht xung Px l cng sut my pht i trong thi gian x
x

Px

Px

Pdt
0

Ptb

x
Tx

Cng sut trung bnh Ptb ca my pht trong c chu k l Tx Ptb . Tx = Px . x Do :

Ptb

Px * x Tx

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Radar cross-section ( tit din radar) Tn s lp li ca xung (pulse repetition frequency) phn gii tm xa ( range resolution) Tm xa cc i (max range) Noise power threshold Pulse Integrator (tch hp xung)

RCS: o kh nng phn x tn hiu radar ca mc tiu theo hng radar thu. RCS c o bng t s ca cng sut tn x ngc trn steradian theo hng ca radar (t mc tiu) vi mt cng sut b chn bi mc tiu. Ch s RCS cng ln th kh nng vt th b pht hin cng ln. K hiu RCS c th c hiu nh sau: = Projected crosss ection x Reflectivity x Directivity Projected cross section: =

Reflextivity : Phn trm cng sut chn c t mc tiu ti bc x. Reflectivity =

Directivity : T s cng sut tn x ngc li theo hng radar vi cng sut tn x ngc ng hng. Directivity = = 1
4

RCS c th c tnh: =

Vi Si l mt cng sut ti c o mc tiu. Ss l mt cng sut tn x cch mc tiu khong cch r

2 2 lim 4 2

2 2 lim 4 2

Pulse_bw

Tn s lp li ca xung ( Pulse Repetition Frequency PRF) l s xung radar pht ra trong mt giy. PRT (Pulse Repetition Time ) l thi gian pht gia hai xung.
prt

PRF xc nh phm vi mc tiu r rng (unambiguous). phm vi mc tiu l r rng unambigous, PRT radar phi ln hn thi gian cn thit mt xung truyn ti mc tiu trong phm vi v quay tr li. Nu PRT nh hn thi gian mt xung truyn ti mc tiu trong phm vi v quay tr li th tn hiu tr v khng c thu do lc radar pht xung k tip. = = 2 2

Trong v l vn tc truyn sng

Kh nng ca mt h thng radar phn bit gia hai hay nhiu mc tiu cng phng hng nhng v tr khc nhau. Vd:Gi s mc tiu A v B gn nhau, khi phn t u tin t B phn x v n A m phn t cui cng phn x t A cha ri khi A th sng phn x ca 2 mc tiu s ni tip nhau v anten gy nn 1 vt sng ca c 2 mc tiu trn mn ch bo, v vy khng phn bit c nh ca 2 mc tiu ny. Ph thuc: Chiu rng ca xung pht, Loi hay kch thc mc tiu, Hiu sut b nhn. rng xung l yu t chnh trong phn gii tm xa. Mt h thng radar c thit k tt, vi tt c cc yu t u t hiu sut ti a, c th phn bit cc mc tiu ring bit vi mt na rng xung . Do vy, phn gii tm xa c th c tnh theo cng . thc:
2

Khong cch d gia mc tiu v radar sao cho thi gian pht t xung th nht n khi nhn li xung phn x nh hn thi gian pht lin tip gia 2 xung. Max range = *vn tc truyn sng*(thi gian lp li xung)

Trong iu kin b pht hin l noncoherent, v nhiu Gauss, trng th gi tr ngng c th c tnh theo cng thc (1) = 1 (, 1 ) Trong l phng sai ca nhiu Gauss, trng l hm gamma , = 0 1

Tch hp xung l mt k thut ci tin tng kh nng pht hin bng cch s dng nhiu xung truyn.
Matched Filter (IF-Amp) Coherent Integrator Amplitude Detector Threshold Devide detect no detect

Matched Filter
(IF-Amp)

Amplitude Detector

Noncoherent Intergrator

Threshold Devide

detect no detect

x = repmat(sin(2*pi*(0:99)'/100),1,10)+0.1*randn(100,10); y = pulsint(x);

Gi s sng in t truyn trong iu kin l tng, khng tn sc. Nu nng lng tn s cao c pht bi b bc x ng hng, nng lng truyn nh nhau theo mi hng. Vng c cng mt cng sut mt cu c tm ti b pht. Mt cng sut trn b mt mt cu t l nghch vi bnh phng bn knh R ca mt cu. V th ta c phng trnh tnh Mt cng sut ng hng Su. Mt cng sut ng hng gim dn theo khong cch

2 41

( W/m2)

Trong PS : cng sut pht [W] Su : mt cng sut ng hng. R1 : khong cch anten-mc tiu [m]

Nu cng sut pht i theo mt hng nht nh no , th mt theo hng ln hn mt cng sut ng hng. c trng cho tnh cht ny chnh l li ca anten. Theo nh ngha, mt cng sut nh hng l: Sg = Su. G Trong , G : li anten Sg : mt cng sut nh hng Mt khc cng sut phn x c th xc nh theo cng thc : = 2 [W] 41 Trong Pr : cng sut phn x [W] : radar cross section [m2]

V tn hiu phn hi trong cng iu kin vi b pht nn mt cng sut b thu cng c cho bi: = 2 42

Cng sut thu c PE: PE = Se. AW

Mt khc, li ca anten c th tnh theo cng thc =

T suy ra =
Suy ra =
4

2 4 3 4

4 2

2 4 3

Cng sut nh nht m b thu nhn c l PEmin tng ng khong cch Rmax =
4

2 4 3

Trong cc xem xt trn, sng in t lan trong mi trng l tng. Nhng thc t mt h s suy hao c th c xem xt do nh hng ca iu kin truyn =
4

2 4 3

H s tn hao ny bao gm: LD : h s tn tht bn trong radar do vic thit lp ng truyn pht v thu. Lf: mt mt trong qu trnh phn x Latm : Mt mt trong qu trnh truyn sng. Mt mt trong qu trnh truyn sng v phn x b mt Tri t (2) l cc hin tng c nh hng lu di.

Trong x l tn hiu, b Match Filter (hay cn gi l North filter) l b lc tuyn tnh lm cho ch s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR t gi tr ln nht. Ph ca tn hiu y(t) thu c sau khi qua b lc Match Filter Y() = H(). X(). Xem xt cho vic tnh gi tr max SNR thi im TM. Cng sut ng ra thi im ny l: 2 1 ( ) 2 = X()H() 2

 xc nh cng sut nhiu ng ra, xem xt trong trng hp ny interference l nhiu trng vi mt ph cng sut l N0/2 Watts/Hertz. Mt ph cng sut ng ra l (N0/2)|H()|2 . Khi cng sut ng ra: 1 0 = H() 2 2 2

V t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR thi im TM l: 1 2 X()H() ( ) = = 2 0 H() 2 4

T phng trnh trn ta thy t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR ph thuc vo p ng tn s ca b thu. La chn H() SNR t gi tr ln nht c th t c thng qua bt ng thc Schwarz.
2

() 2

() 2

Du = xy ra khi B() = .A*( ), trong l mt hng s bt k. T ta suy ra 2 2 1 2 H() X() 2 0 H() 2 4 SNR t gi tr ln nht khi H() = .X*( ). hay h(t) = .x*(TM t ) Nu dng sng ca radar thay i, iu ng ngha vi vic thay i p ng b lc lun tha mn iu kin match. Hng s thng chn l 1, n khng nh hng n SNR c th t c. Gi tr TM cng c th l bt k. Tuy nhin b lc c tnh cht nhn qu th TM

Gi s tn hiu x(t) bao gm c mc tiu v nhiu. ng ra ca b match filter :

(s)h t s ds =

Ta thy tn hiu output th hin tng quan cho gia tn hiu mc tiu cng nhiu x(t) v tn hiu truyn i x(t). Vi H() = .X*( ). j th
=
2

(s) s + ds

1 2 2 = X() = 0 0 Vi E l nng lng ca tn hiu x(t) V = () =

2 1 . j X 2 2 0 . j 4

Thit k radar xung monostatic bng cng c Phased Array System Toolbox PAST ca Matlab

Phased Array System Toolbox

PAST cung cp cc thut ton v cc cng c cho vic thit k, m phng v phn tch h thng x l tn hiu dy nh pha. Toolbox bao gm cc thut ton to dng sng, beamforming, c lng hng n, pht hin mc tiu, v kh nng x l thch nghi theo khng-thi gian
Vi toolbox ny, chng ta c th thit k h thng monostatic, bistatic, v multistatic vi nhiu dng khc nhau. C th m hnh dng tnh hay ng

Phased Array System Toolbox

Phased Array Design and Analysis

Waveform Design and Analysis Transmitter and Receiver Modeling Target and Environment Modeling Spatial Signal Processing

Temporal Signal Processing

Space-Time Adaptive Processing

Thit k mt monostatic pulse radar c tnh v tr mc tiu trong khong xc nh Tiu chun thit k Thit k h thng pulse radar l pht hin mc tiu khng dao ng c: Radar cross section 1m2 Khong cch t radar n mc tiu 5000m.

phn gii tm xa l 50m.

Xc sut pht hin 0.9. Xc sut bo ng sai nh hn 10-6

Qu trnh thit k

Thit k xung.
B thu. B pht. V tr, khong tn s lm vic ca b raditor v b collector. Thit lp mc tiu,mi trng truyn. Ngng pht hin. B thay i li theo tm xa. Matched Filter.

Cc thng s cn thit k pd = 0.9; % Probability of detection pfa = 1e-6; % Probability of false alarm max_range = 5000; % Maximum unambiguous range range_res = 50; % Required range resolution tgt_rcs = 1; % Required target radar cross section

Dng sng : Xung ch nht

prop_speed = physconst('LightSpeed'); % Propagation speed pulse_bw = prop_speed/(2*range_res); % Pulse bandwidth pulse_width = 1/pulse_bw; % Pulse width prf = prop_speed/(2*max_range); % Pulse repetition frequency fs = 2*pulse_bw; % Sampling rate hwav = phased.RectangularWaveform(...'PulseWidth',1/pulse_bw,... 'PRF',prf,...'SampleRate',fs);

Thit lp h thng radar

c tnh nhiu b thu Gi s b thu ch c nhiu nhit, bng thng nhiu c thit lp ging bng thng tn hiu, b thu c li l 20dB v h s nhiu 0dB.
noise_bw = pulse_bw; hrx = phased.ReceiverPreamp(... 'Gain',20,... 'NoiseBandwidth',noise_bw,... 'NoiseFigure',0,... 'SampleRate',fs,... 'EnableInputPort',true);

B pht

Cng sut nh cn thit c lin quan n nhiu yu t bao gm maximum unambiguous range, t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR cn b thu, v rng xung ca dng sng
1 = * 1 2 + 2 V ng cong vi Pd l hm ca Pfa khi SNR thay i

snr_db = [-inf, 0, 3, 10, 13];

rocsnr(snr_db,'SignalType','NonfluctuatingNoncoherent');

B pht Nu chng ta chn tch hp 10 xung, ng cong c th c v ra nh sau:

num_pulse_int = 10; rocsnr([0 3 5],'SignalType','NonfluctuatingNoncoherent',... 'NumPulses',num_pulse_int);

B pht Phng trnh Albersheim:

= 5 log10 + ,6.2 +
Vi =
0.62 ,

v =

4.54 - log10 ( +0.44

+ 0.12 + 1.7)

snr_min = albersheim(pd, pfa, num_pulse_int)

Kt qu:

snr_min = 4.9904

B pht Gi s b pht c li l 20 dB, lp tn s hot ng n 10 GHz. Vi SNR thu c c th tnh cng sut pht nh tx_gain = 20; fc = 10e9; lambda = prop_speed/fc; peak_power = radareqpow(lambda,max_range,snr_min,pulse_width,... 'RCS',tgt_rcs,'Gain',tx_gain)
2 = = 4 3 4

B pht Cng sut nhiu b thu c tnh: = , trong l khong duration ca xung, trong k l hng s Boltzmann, T l nhit nhiu. Kt qu : peak_power = 5.2265e+03

htx = phased.Transmitter(... 'Gain',tx_gain,... 'PeakPower',peak_power,... 'InUseOutputPort',true);

Pht v thu tn hiu Thit lp anten hant = phased.IsotropicAntennaElement(... 'FrequencyRange',[5e9 15e9]); hantplatform = phased.Platform(... 'InitialPosition',[0; 0; 0],... 'Velocity',[0; 0; 0]); hradiator = phased.Radiator(... 'Sensor',hant,... 'OperatingFrequency',fc); hcollector = phased.Collector(... 'Sensor',hant,... 'OperatingFrequency',fc);

M phng h thng

Mc tiu
htarget{1} = phased.RadarTarget(... 'MeanRCS',1.6,... 'OperatingFrequency',fc); htargetplatform{1} = phased.Platform(...'InitialPosition',[2000.66; 0; 0]); htarget{2} = phased.RadarTarget(...'MeanRCS',2.2,...'OperatingFrequency',fc); htargetplatform{2} = phased.Platform(...'InitialPosition',[3532.63; 0; 0]); htarget{3} = phased.RadarTarget(...'MeanRCS',1.05,...'OperatingFrequency',fc); htargetplatform{3} = phased.Platform(...'InitialPosition',[3845.04; 0; 0]);

Mi trng truyn

htargetchannel{1} = phased.FreeSpace(... 'SampleRate',fs,... 'TwoWayPropagation',true,... 'OperatingFrequency',fc); htargetchannel{2} = phased.FreeSpace(... 'SampleRate',fs,... 'TwoWayPropagation',true,... 'OperatingFrequency',fc); htargetchannel{3} = phased.FreeSpace(... 'SampleRate',fs,... 'TwoWayPropagation',true,... 'OperatingFrequency',fc);

S tng hp tn hiu fast_time_grid = unigrid(0,1/fs,1/prf,'[)'); slow_time_grid = (0:num_pulse_int-1)/prf hrx.SeedSource = 'Property'; hrx.Seed = 2007; rx_pulses = zeros(numel(fast_time_grid),num_pulse_int); % preallocate : to ma trn zero prt/Ts ct, num_pulse_int hng for m = 1:num_pulse_int ant_pos = step(hantplatform,1/prf); % Update antenna position x = step(hwav); % Generate pulse [s, tx_status] = step(htx,x); % Transmit pulse for n = 3:-1:1 % For each target tgt_pos(:,n) = step(... htargetplatform{n},1/prf); % Update target position

[tgt_rng(n), tgt_ang(:,n)] = rangeangle(... tgt_pos(:,n), ant_pos); % Calculate range/angle tsig(:,n) = step(hradiator,... % Radiate toward target s,tgt_ang(:,n)); tsig(:,n) = step(htargetchannel{n},... tsig(:,n),ant_pos,tgt_pos(:,n)); % Propagate pulse rsig(:,n) = step(htarget{n},tsig(:,n)); % Reflect off target end rsig = step(hcollector,rsig,tgt_ang); % Collect all echoes rx_pulses(:,m) = step(hrx,... % Receive signal and form rsig,~(tx_status>0)); % data matrix end

Ngng pht hin

= 1 (, 1 )
Trong l phng sai ca nhiu Gauss, trng. N l s xung kt hp s dng. l hm gamma , =
1 0

npower = noisepow(noise_bw,hrx.NoiseFigure,hrx.ReferenceTemperature); threshold = npower * db2pow(npwgnthresh(pfa,num_pulse_int,'noncoherent'));

Kt qu
num_pulse_plot = 2; rangedemoplotpulse(rx_pulses,threshold,... fast_time_grid,slow_time_grid,num_pulse_plot);

Match Filter
matchingcoeff = getMatchedFilter(hwav); hmf = phased.MatchedFilter(... 'Coefficients',matchingcoeff,... 'GainOutputPort',true); [rx_pulses, mfgain] = step(hmf,rx_pulses); matchingdelay = size(matchingcoeff,1)-1; rx_pulses = buffer(rx_pulses(matchingdelay+1:end),size(rx_pulses,1));

Ngng mi threshold = threshold * db2pow(mfgain);

Cng sut thu c sau khi qua b Match filter

 li thay i theo thi gian range_gates = prop_speed*fast_time_grid/2; htvg = phased.TimeVaryingGain(... 'RangeLoss',2*fspl(range_gates,lambda),... 'ReferenceLoss',2*fspl(max_range,lambda)); rx_pulses = step(htvg,rx_pulses); S mt mt trong khng gian t do c th tnh theo cng thc sau: 2 4 FSPL =

rangedemoplotpulse(rx_pulses,threshold,... fast_time_grid,slow_time_grid,num_pulse_plot);

Noncoherent Integration
rx_pulses = pulsint(rx_pulses,'noncoherent'); rangedemoplotpulse(rx_pulses,threshold,...fast_time_grid,slow_time_grid,1);

c lng v tr mc tiu

[~,range_detect] = findpeaks(rx_pulses,'MinPeakHeight',sqrt(threshold));
true_range = round(tgt_rng) range_estimates = round(range_gates(range_detect))

Kt qu
true_range = 2001 range_estimates = 2025 3533 3550 3845 3850