Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm

CHNG 2

TIU CHUN CA SN PHM PHN MM V QUN L D N PHN MM

25

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm

Mc tiu ca cng ngh phn mm l sn xut ra nhng phn mm tt, c cht lng cao. Cc nhn t nh hng n cht lng phn mm c th c phn thnh hai nhm chnh: cc nhn t c th o trc tip v cc nhn t ch c th o gin tip. Tu theo cng dng ca sn phm v nhu cu thc t ca ngi s dng, cc chun ca quc gia, quc t, nn vn minh ca cng ng, thi im,... m cc tiu chun lng ho phn mm c th thay i. Chng ny nhm tm hiu cc tiu chun hin nay c dng nh gi mt sn phm phn mm v cch thc qun l d n phn mm. 2.1. TIU CHUN CA SN PHM PHN MM

nh gi c sn phm ca mt nn cng ngh l tt hay xu, chng ta phi nghin cu a ra c nhng tiu chun nh gi chng. Cht lng ca sn phm phn mm bao gm nhiu yu t da trn cc tiu chun c tng kt.
2.1.1. Tnh ng

Mt sn phm thc hin c gi l ng nu n thc hin chnh xc nhng chc nng c t v tha mn cc mc ch cng vic ca khch hng. Nh vy, mt sn phm phi c so snh chun t ra kim tra tnh ng v iu ny dn n c nhiu bc thang v tnh ng. Lit k theo thang gim dn, tnh ng ca phn mm c th: + Tuyt i ng, + ng , + C li, + C nhiu li,... V d: Mt h thng x l d liu khng chy c khi file c s d liu rng hoc c qu 104 bng ghi,...l nhng h thng vi phm tnh ng. 2.1.2. Tnh khoa hc Tnh khoa hc ca phn mm c th hin qua cc mt - Khoa hc v cu trc. - Khoa hc v ni dung. - Khoa hc v hnh thc thao tc. 2.1.3. Tnh tin cy Tnh tin cy ca sn phm phn mm th hin sn phm c trng ch thc hin cc chc nng d kin ca n vi chnh xc c yu cu. 2.1.4. Tnh kim th c

26

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm Phn mm c th kim th c l phn mm m n c cch d dng c th kim tra c. m bo rng n thc hin ng cc chc nng d nh. 2.1.5. Tnh hu hiu Tnh hu hiu ca phn mm c xc nh qua cc tiu chun sau: - Hiu qu kinh t hoc ngha; gi tr thu c do p dng sn phm . - Tc x l sn phm. - Gii hn ti a ca sn phm hoc min xc nh ca chng trnh c xc nh qua khi lng ti a ca cc i tng m sn phm qun l. 2.1.6. Tnh sng to Mt sn phm phn mm c tnh sng to khi n tho mn mt trong cc tnh cht sau: - Sn phm c thit k v ci t u tin. - Sn phm c phc v cho nhng c th ring. - Sn phm c nhng c im khc v mt nguyn l so vi cc sn phm hin hnh. - Sn phm c nhng u th ni bc so vi sn phm hin hnh. 2.1.7. Tnh an ton Tnh an ton ca sn phm phn mm c nh gi thng qua: - C c ch bo mt v bo v cc i tng do h thng pht sinh hoc qun l. - Bn thn sn phm c t trong mt c ch bo mt nhm chng sao chp trm hoc lm bin dng sn phm . 2.1.8. Tnh ton vn Sn phm phn mm c tnh ton vn khi n: - C c ch ngn nga vic thm nhp bt hp php vo phn mm hay d liu v ngn nga vic pht sinh ra nhng i tng (d liu, n th...) sai quy cch hoc mu thun vi cc i tng sn c. - Khng gy ra nhp nhng trong thao tc. m bo nht qun v c php. - C c ch phc hi li ton b hoc mt phn nhng i tng thuc ton b hoc mt phn nhng i tng thuc din qun l ca sn phm trong trng hp c s c nh hng my, mt in t ngt.
2.1.9. Tnh i xng v y chc nng

Sn phm cung cp cc chc nng cho ngi s dng v cc chc nng ca sn phm c cc cp loi tr ln nhau, v d cc chc nng i xng thng gp: + To lp - Hy b, 27

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm + Thm - Bt (xem - xa), + Tng - Gim, + Dch chuyn ln - xung; phi - tri, + Quay xui - ngc chiu kim ng h,... 2.1.10. Tnh tiu chun v tnh chun Sn phm phn mm cn t c mt s tiu chun ti thiu c tha nhn trong th trng hoc trong khoa hc, v c th chuyn i dng cu trc d liu ring ca h thng sang chun v ngc li. Tnh chun ca phn mm th hin sn phm ph hp vi cc chun quc gia hoc quc t. Trong khi xy dng phn mm, cn tun theo nguyn tc chun ho sau: + Ch thit k v xy dng phn mm sau khi xc nh c chun. + Mi thnh phn ca phn mm phi c thit k v ci t theo cng mt chun (ti tiu th cc chun phi tng thch nhau).
2.1.11.

Tnh c lp

Phn mm cn v nn m bo c tnh c lp vi cc i tng sau: - c lp vi thit b, - c lp vi cu trc ca i tng m sn phm qun l, - c lp vi ni dung ca i tng m sn phm qun l. 2.1.12. Tnh d pht trin, hon thin Th hin phn mm c th m rng cho cc phng n khc hoc m rng, tng cng v mt chc nng mt cch r rng. 2.1.13. Mt s tnh cht khc Ngoi cc tnh cht trn, tu theo cng dng m sn phm phn mm cn phi c b sung cc tnh cht sau: 1. Tnh ph dng: c th p dng cho nhiu lnh vc theo nhiu ch lm vic khc nhau. 2. Tnh n gin: mang nhng yu t tm l: d thao tc, d hc, d hon thin k nng khai thc sn phm, trong sng, d hiu, d nh... 3. Tnh lin tc: l tnh cht cn c c th gn h thng ny vi h thng khc. 4. Tnh sc tch: l gn ca chng trnh tnh theo s m dng lnh. 5. Tnh dung th sai lm: tc l nhng hng hc xut hin khi chng trnh gp phi li c chp nhn. 6. Tnh module: l s c lp chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong chng trnh. 7. Tnh y h s: h thng phi c y h s php l khi xy dng. 8. Tnh theo di c, tnh d vn hnh,...

28

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm

2.2.

QUN L D N PHN MM

2.2.1. Cc hot ng chun b d n La chn phng n pht trin h thng l mt quyt nh h trng. S la chn phng n cho mt d n phn mm c trnh by nh sau: Tham bin h thng c cp pht Cch tip cn khc Phng n 3

Phng n 1

Phng n 2

Phng n n

nh gi cc phng n + Chn tiu chun nh gi: hiu nng, hiu qu, chi ph vng i + p dng cc cng ngh phn tch + Sinh d liu + Kt qu nh gi + Phn tch nhy cm + Xc nh ri ro v khng chc chn Chn phng n khc Khng Cch tip cn c chn Cch tip cn c kh thi khng

nh ngha v tng hp h thng Trc khi lp k hoch d n, cn phi thit lp cc mc tiu v phm vi ca d n. Ngi qun tr d n v k s phn mm ln k hoch iu khin d n, ng k i ng nhn vin lm nhim v sau tin hnh la chn gii php, phng n. Nu khng c nhng thng tin ny th khng th xc nh c nhng c lc hp l v chnh xc v chi ph, khng th tin hnh chia nh cc nhim v thc t v khng th xc nh c thi gian biu cho d n. Khi cc mc tiu v phm vi c hiu r th xem xt ti cc gii php khc, nhng rng buc khc nh: hn giao hng, kh nng nhn s, rng buc ngn sch, giao din k thut,.... la chn phng n pht trin h thng. 29

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm 2.2.2. Lp k hoch d n Ngi qun tr d n v k s phn mm xc nh nhn t con ngi, my tnh v cc ti nguyn t chc yu cu pht trin ng dng. K hoch d n chnh l s cc nhim v, thi gian v cc mi quan h gia chng. Vic ln k hoch, ni chung, thng gm cc bc sau: + Lit k cc nhim v: gm cc nhim v pht trin ng dng, cc nhim v c trng ca d n, cc nhim v v t chc giao din, s xem xt li v cc vic ph chun. + nh danh ph thuc gia cc cng vic. + Xc nh nhn vin da vo k nng v kinh nghim. + n nh thi gian hon thnh cho mi cng vic bng cc tnh ton thi gian hp l nht cho mi cng vic. + nh danh hng i ti hn. + Xem xt li cc ti liu theo kha cnh y , ni dung, tin cy v chc chn. + Thng lng, tha thun v cam kt ngy bt u v kt thc cng vic. + Xc nh cc giao din gia cc ng dng cn thit, t k hoch cho vic thit k giao din chi tit. Cc nhim v trong lp k hoch d n thng bao gm: 1. Do tt c cc ti liu, k hach v cng vic ca nhm l ph thuc vo ngi s dng, do vy t chc ny bao gm ngi qun l, ngi s dng, kim ton,...phi a cc kin thc chuyn ngnh ca mnh vo nhng ti liu ng dng mt cch thch hp. 2. Cn t c s ng , cam kt t cc ngnh, phng ban bn ngoi trong qu trnh cung cp ti liu. Bn cnh , b phn m bo cht lng phi xem xt tm ra cc sai st v khng ng nht ca ti liu v tt c cc hot ng ny u phi t k hoch. 3. Xc nh cc i hi v giao din ng dng. 4. nh gi khi lng cng vic. Thi gian cho mi cng vic ph thuc vo tnh phc tp v mc tiu ca n - c ba loi thi gian cn tnh n: thi gian bi quan (P), thi gian thc t (R), thi gian lc quan (O). Thi gian lch trnh c tnh = (O+2R+P)/4 5. Vn tip theo l xc nh k nng v kinh nghim cn c ca ngi thi hnh nhim v xc nh dng bao nhiu ngi v c k nng g cho d n. Sau xc nh lch trnh lm vic v ngi qun tr d n xc nh ngn sch. y cn c s trao i hn ch cc trc trc c th xy ra. 6. Sau khi hon tt, k hoch, lch trnh v d ton ngn sch c a cho ngi s dng v ngi qun l h thng b sung hoc thng qua. Ch rng bn k hoch khng nn ng cng, n c th thay i khi cng on no c s c xy ra hoc thi hn t ra khng ph hp hay c nhng thay i quan trng trong mc tiu ca d n. 30

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm 2.2.3. Nghin cu tnh kh thi d n
a. cng nghin cu:

1. Gii thiu Pht biu bi ton Mi trng thc hin Cc rng buc 2. Tm tt v qun l v khuyn co Yu cu ca qun l Bnh lun, nhn xt Khuyn co Tc ng 3. Cc phng n Cu hnh ca h thng Cc tiu chun la chn phng n 4. M t h thng M t phm vi hot ng ca h thng M t tnh kh thi 5. Phn tch cc ph tn v cc li ch 6. nh gi v ri ro - mc ri ro v k thut 7. Nhng vn khc b. Thut ton nghin cu tnh kh thi ca mt s d n tin hc 1. 2. 3. 4. T chc nhm nghin cu tnh kh thi: giai on 1 Tm kim li gii: giai on 2 Phn tch tnh kh thi: giai on 3 La chn li gii: giai on 4 Bt u xy dng d n (1) Giai on 1 Thnh lp nhm nghin cu tnh kh thi (2)

Xc nh mc tiu, chnh sch, rng buc i vi h thng (3)

31

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm

Giai on 2 (tm li gii)

Phn tch h thng hin thi (4) Phn tch cc d liu lin quan n h thng mi (5) Thng tin kinh t (6) Thng tin v t chc (7) Kh nng ti chnh (8) Thng tin v k thut v cng ngh (9) Kh thi (11) Y Tm cc phng n pht trin h thng (12)

NN Lp bo co (11)

B phn qun l (14) Cc chuyn gia (15) N

Phn tch tnh kh thi (13) Cc rng buc kinh t (16) Cc Lp bo co cho b phn qun l (25) rng buc v ti chnh (17) C li gii (21) Cc rng buc v t chc (18) Xt duyt (26) Y N Xc nh li gii c th (22) C gii php hp l (27) Lp k hoch thc hin d n: ch yu l ngn sch (23) N Cc rng buc v k thut (19) Y Cc rng buc khc: i tc, khch hng, i th ... (20)

Lp bo co (11) Giai on 4 (la chn li gii) Giai on 3 (phn tch tnh kh thi)

C nn tip tc d n (29)

Xy h Nn bt udng h s cho(11)thng (24) Y li (28) Lp k hoch thc hin d n (30) (11) (1)

La chn nhn s thc hin d n (31) D n l kh thi (32) 32

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm

2.2.4. La chn gii php Mi ng dng u phi c chin lc ci t, mi trng ci t v phng php lun. Ngi qun tr d n v k s phn mm phi la chn gii php tt nht cho h thng. 2.2.4.1. Chin lc ci t y l vic la chn gia lp trnh theo l, trc tuyn, thi gian thc hay trn ln gia chng. Vic quyt nh la chn phng php no da trn s phi hp cc yu cu ca ngi s dng v s chnh xc ca d liu, dung lng giao dch mi ngy, s ngi lm vic trong ng dng vo mi thi im. Tt c cc s liu ny c nh gi trong giai on lp k hoch ca ng dng, v c th thay i. rng vic quyt nh chin lc cng c th thay i v sau y l bng tham kho la chn chin lc da vo thi gian d liu lu hnh (tnh trn n v gi) v dung lng giao dch (tnh trn n v pht) Thi gian lu hnh <1 gi <4 gi <24 gi Dung lng giao dch cao nht <10 ln/pht N N Y N Y Y N Y N Y N Y N N 33

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm <60 ln/pht >60 ln/pht La chn ng dng ng dng theo l ng dng trc tuyn ng dng thi gian thc 2.2.4.2. Mi trng ci t X N N X X Y N Y N N Y N Y

X X

X X

X X

Mi trng ci t bao gm phn cng, ngn ng, phn mm v cc cng c tr gip my tnh c s dng khi pht trin v trin khai ng dng. Quyt nh khng kt thc giai on thc hin v lp k hoch, m c cc la chn v mt quyt nh c kh nng nht c xc nh. Cc ng li c gii quyt xc nh mt quyt nh cui cng. Thng quyt nh da trn kinh nghim ca cc qun tr vin d n, k s h thng, v kh nng ca cc thnh vin trong d n. Nguyn tc ch o khi la chn mi trng ci t l phi xut pht t ngi s dng. H c cc trang thit b m h mun s dng hay cha? Chng c cu hnh nh th no? Trang thit b c cc phn mm hay ng dng g? Ngi s dng c kh nng thay i cu hnh thch hp vi ng dng mi khng? 2.2.4.3. Phng php lun Gii php cui cng c th nghim quyt nh l dng phng php lun g v quy trnh sn xut nh th no? Ngi qun l phi bit rng khng phi tt c cc d n u ging nhau, do cch trin khai cc d n cng khng th ging nhau. Vi gi thit khng c yu cu ci t c bit no c, ng dng t n phi l nhn t c bn quyt nh phng php lun. + Trong mi trng kinh doanh, cc quy lut c bn la chn phng php lun nhm nh gi s phc tp ca ng dng mt cch tt nht, + Nu s phc tp l trong th tc, mt phng php hng x l l tt nht, + Nu s phc tp l trong lin kt d liu, mt phng php lun hng d liu l tt nht, + Nu bi ton d dng chia nh ra thnh mt chui cc bi ton nh, mt phng php i tng s l tt nht, + Nu d n l nhm x l tr tu nhn to hoc bao gm suy din, mt phng php lun ng ngha l tt nht,... Vn la chn chu k tn ti cng i hi mt s quyt nh v kiu g v c bao nhiu ngi s dng. Cc ng dng phc tp vi cc yu cu c bit thng i km theo mt quy trnh thc nc. Nu mt s t l ca ng dng - yu cu, phn mm, ngn ng - l mi v cha c kim nghim, kiu to mu s c s dng. K thut hng i tng m bo kiu mu v lp. Nu vn l duy nht, mt phn trong vn trc y cha bao gi c t ng ha, ngay c mt kiu mu hc s dng hoc mt chu k vng sng sn phm kiu lp c th c s dng. 2.2.5. Gim st v kim sot 34

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm

Khi xy dng d n, cc thnh vin ca nhm phi bo co vic s dng thi gian cho mi hot ng cc giai on. Hn na, mi c nhn phi vit mt bo co ngn v tin b ca bn thn. Bo co ny s tm lc cht lng cng vic, nhng vn cn tn ti v cc sai st hoc cc mu thun khc c th lm tr hon cng vic. Nu mt cng vic b chm so vi k hoch, th anh ta phi gii trnh v s chm tr. Qun tr vin d n v k s h thng phi xem xt bo co v thi gian biu xem liu c cn b sung thm g khng. C k s phn mm v qun tr vin d n phi vch ra cc tin b tht s ca cc c nhn so vi thi gian biu d kin. Khi s tin trin c v chm li, qun tr vin d n cn phi hi anh ta v cc tn ti c th. Liu tim lc, hoc liu anh ta c ngh anh ta c th p ng c cc hoch nh khng. Nu cng vic b nh gi thp, k hoch phi c kim tra li xem vic phn chia thi gian c lm chm tr cng vic hay khng, nh hng tch ly ca s thay i phi c kim tra xem cng vic c c hon tt khng. Nu khng, qun tr vin d n cn tho lun vn vi ngi qun l ca anh ta v h s quyt nh cc hnh ng cn thit phi lm. Cn ch rng phi sm ch ra cc vn tim tng trc khi chng tr thnh nhng vn ln. Nu mt ngi khng th hon thnh cng vic ch v anh ta c phn qu nhiu cng vic, phi phn cng li cho mt ngi khc. Nu h khng c thi gian kim nh, phi thu xp c thm thi gian. S qun l tch cc s ngn chn c nhiu vn . Vn tip theo l tnh k lut v lao ng nh hng ln k hoch cc cng vic thay th, iu chnh k hoch khi cn thit v tip tc kim sot cc vn cho n khi chng c gii quyt. Khi cn thit, phi ni cho khch hng bit v cc vn c th khng gii quyt c do vy h s c chun b cho s chm tr nu iu l khng trnh khi. Khi s thay i l cn thit, cho khch hng bit v s thay i v ngy gi k hoch thm ch khi ngy hon tt cng vic khng thay i. C nhiu dng vn tn ng c th xy ra v qun tr vin d n phi gim st, thay i trong sut qu trnh pht trin ca d n. i. Trong vic xc nh phm vi d n, qun tr vin d n phi xem xt cc iu sau: Khch hng c hp tc khng? Tt c cc i tc c nhn nhn v quan tm? Nhng ngi s dng c phng vn c a ra nhng thng tin y v chnh xc? Nhng ngi s dng c tham gia nh mong i? Liu c vn chnh sch bn ngoi no c nu ra? Quy m, cc cng vic c xc nh hp l cha? Bng vic phn tch, qun tr vin d n bit hu ht ngi s dng v h lm vic th no, cn ch ra nhng vn chnh sch tim tng v gii quyt chng v nn hi lng vi quy m d n. ii. Cc hot ng c giao cho cc ban lin quan: 35

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm

Liu tt c cc nh phn tch c bit quy m hot ng v lm vic trong khun kh ? Cng vic phn tch nhn mnh vo ci g v nh th no? Liu mi ngi c quan tm v thch th vi cng vic? Liu c va chm gia cc nhn vin ca ban hoc gia nhng ngi s dng? Liu mi ngi c bit h ang lm g khng? C s phn hi lin tc c ngi s dng sa ng li, trong kt qu phng vn? Cc thnh vin ca ban c bt u hiu cng vic v tnh hnh ca ngi s dng? Cc thnh vin ca ban d n c khch quan v khng p ngi s dng theo nhng tng ca h. Cc ti liu vit ra hon thin? Ngi s dng c ng ? Vic phn tch c ch ng ra cc vn tn ti ca ngi s dng? Cc nhn vin c phn tch v m t chnh xc cc vic cn lm m khng thm tht? Vic nh my, in n, sao chp v cc h tr bin chp khc l c th chp nhn? S giao tip gia cc ban v gia cc ban v ngi s dng c ng hi lng khng? D n c ng thi hn? Tnh trng ng li ph bnh? C thay i nu cng vic kt thc sm? Tn ti ln nht hin ti u? Lm th no lm nh bt cc vn tn ti? iu g chng ta khng bit c th lm thit hi n cng vic?

iii. Cc yu cu chc nng l kt qu t vic phn tch cn m t ng dng no s c p dng, v phi lun cn thn trc cc yu cu ca ngi s dng. Mt vn m nhiu d n gp phi l ngi s dng mun mt ng dng chc nng n thun nhng cc nh phn tch li to ra mt ng dng gi cao vi cc chc nng ca ngi s dng nhng c nhiu c tnh khng cn thit. Vn ny, nu xy ra, phi c gii quyt trc khi vic phn tch kt thc hoc cc chc nng ph thm s c a vo ng dng kt qu. Khi vn thit k qu mc ny sinh, iu quan trng l phi c gng truy cp n cc phn tch c th ti hun luyn. Do vy, qun tr vin d n quan tm n: Cc nh phn tch c bit n cc ng dng? Vic chuyn dch sang mi trng hot ng c ng v hon tt? Nhng ngi s dng c tham gia nh mong i? Nhng ngi s dng c quan tm ng mc n vic thit k mn hnh chy th v chp nhn cc ph bnh? Mi ngi c quan tm v thch th cng vic? C s va chm gia cc nhn vin hoc gia nhn vin v ngi s dng? Mi ngi c bit h ang lm g? Cc nhn vin c ch ti s thay i trch nhim ca h v h c cm thy thoi mi c th tip tc cng vic? 36

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm

S giao tip gia cc ban d n v ngi s dng c hi lng? D n din bin ng k hoch? Tnh trng ph bnh th no? C thay i do cng vic hon thnh sm khng? Vn ln nht by gi l g? C th lm g gim nh cc vn ? iu c th gy nguy hi cho chng ta m khng bit? Mi trng thc hin c thch hp cho ng dng? Phn mm qun l d liu c th ph hp vi ng dng ny khng? iv. Do s pht trin ca chng trnh nn s cc thnh vin d n c th thng xuyn tng thm ngy cng nhiu. S trao i cc thng tin l cn thit nm bt c v tr ca mi thnh vin d n v cc thnh vin cng nm bt c s pht trin ca d n. Nn qu trnh vit v kim th chng trnh s c iu chnh trong qu trnh trao i thng tin v chy chng trnh. p ng c, phi quan tm: Cc thnh vin d n c bit c vai tr phn vic ca h trong d n hay khng? H c nh gi c phn vic ca mnh hay khng? Cc thnh vin hin tham gia d n c m ng c cng vic m h v cc thnh vin ang lm khng? Thi gian kim th chng trnh cha? Thng tin truy cp y cha? Cc thnh vin d n c hiu bit v cc cng ngh h ang s dng lm vic c lp c khng? Cc thnh vin mi c trnh lm vic vi cc c vn c kinh nghim hay khng? Ngi s dng c yu cu thm nhng thay i hay khng? Ngi s dng c tham gia vo qu trnh kim th thit k, c dng cc ti liu v pht trin, nng cp, hng dn hay khng? Cc thnh phn sa cha phn hi c gy cho khch hng cc nghi ng chng trnh c li hay khng? Cc giao thc s c s dng ngy cng nhiu c th hin c ng dng hot ng nh th no hay khng? Qua tng bc thc hin chng trnh, c pht sinh ra li khng? Nhng li ny c th iu chnh c khng? v. Trong sut qu trnh thc hin chng trnh cng nh trong qu trnh thc hin cc bc kim th, cc kim tra v s thch ng ca chng trnh v v cc mc h thng lin quan s tng dn. Cc c s d liu c thit lp v hon chnh dn. Mi trng iu hnh c chun b. Cc c cu lin quan c a ra t ng dng c thc hin di dng m lm cho n c thc thi mt cch chnh xc. Cc dng cu hi t ra cho ngi qun l c th c cc dng sau: Cc thnh vin hin ti ca d n c m nhim c phn cng vic ca mnh hay khng? Mi thnh vin c hiu c cng vic h ang lm hay khng? Thi gian kim th chng trnh cha? Thng tin truy cp y cha? 37

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm

Ngi s dng c yu cu thm nhng thay i hay khng? Ngi s dng c tham gia vo qu trnh kim th hay khng? Cc thnh phn sa cha phn hi c gy cho khch hng cc nghi ng chng trnh c li hay khng? Qua tng bc thc hin chng trnh, c pht sinh ra li khng? Nhng li ny c th iu chnh c khng? Qu trnh kim tra mc h thng c th hin c cc chc nng nh t ra hay khng? Qu trnh kim tra s thch ng c xc thc c tt c cc lin kt trung gian hay khng? N c tc dng nh th no ti vic chng t tin cy ca cc lin kt ny trong sut qu trnh kim th h thng. Chng ta khng bit nhng g v mi trng iu hnh m n c th nh hng ti d n? Phn mm c s d liu lm vic c hon ho khng? Quy trnh phc hi v lu tr d liu c y cho qu trnh kim th hay khng? Chng ta c th s dng cc kim tra v s thch ng ca chng trnh v v h thng nh th no pht trin cc giai on kim tra hi quy. Cc thng tin hon tt cha? Cc thnh vin d n lm vic ng kh nng cha? Chng ta c th a cc thnh vin trong d n n thc hin cc d n khc c khng? Nu chng ta cho php h i, th ai s thay th v tr h khi c cc vn xy ra?

vi. Khi qu trnh kim th kt thc, cc phn ca ng dng thc s sn sng cho s dng. Nn c mt s cho ng dng iu hnh thc t, iu s d dng cho ngi s dng trong vic dng chng trnh trnh c qu nhiu hng hc. S d dng trong qu trnh s dng ny s to cho ngi lp d n c thi gian c nh nhng li sai pht hin trong qu trnh vit chng trnh m khng c p lc gim st no. Vn hin ti l tp trung vo vic a ra ng dng lm vic trong mi trng c nh hng cho ngi s dng n. Cc cu hi lin quan s bao gm: V tr c chun b y cha? iu kin v khng gian y ? Thit k v nh sng v mi trng lm vic y ? Ngi s dng c o to hon ho v sn sng lm vic? Chu trnh lm vic v nh gi kt qu c ch ra y cho php vic tin hnh v kim tra cc kt qu t c. Khi tm ra li chng c th iu chnh c khng? Ngi s dng c nm bt c cng vic nh d kin? Cc thnh vin hin ti ca d n c th m nhim c phn vic ca h? Tt c mi ngi c cng vic lm khng? H c thi gian ri tham gia cc d n khc khng? Thng tin trao i gia cc nhm vi nhau v gia cc nhm vi ngi s dng c xut hin ph hp khng? Ngi s dng c th ni bt k khi no c vn xy ra khng? H c tham gia vo qu trnh lp nn cc quy nh cho vn sa cha li hay khng? Cc cu hi trn l nhng vn k thut v nn c trnh ln cho ch d n. Qun tr vin d n l ngi nm bt v quan tm n tt c cc vn . Vic bin dch cc bo co v tin trnh hot ng c nhn v tin trnh hot ng d n trong mt d 38

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm n cho php ngi qun l v bt k nhn vin no u c th xem xt li nhng quyt nh, cc vn xut hin trong qu trnh tin hnh. 2.2.6. Qun l nhn s y chnh l hot ng bo m nhn s cho d n. Bao gm cc giai on: + Thu mn nhn s, + Thm nh, ng gi kh nng, + o to, hun luyn, + To mi trng lm vic, + Sa thi. 2.3. H S CA SN PHM PHN MM Bao gm cc thnh phn lit k sau: tuy nhin theo yu cu qun l v bn quyn ca tc gi phn mm c th b bt hay b sung thm mt s thnh phn khi cn thit: 1. c t h thng. 2. K hoch d n phn mm. c t yu cu phn mm. Bn mu thc hin c hay "trn giy". 3. Ti liu ngi dng s b 4. c t thit k. a. M t thit k d liu. b. M t thit k kin trc. c. M t thit k module. d. M t thit k giao din. e. M t s vt (nu k thut hng s vt c dng). 5. Bn in chng trnh gc. Chng trnh ngun. Bn in chng trnh ngun (listing). Bn m t thut ton tng ng vi chng trnh ngun. K hoch v th tc kim th. Cc trng hp kim th v kt qu ghi li. 6. Ti liu vn hnh v ci t. Bn lit k cc li v cch x l. Bn lit k cc thng s c trng ca h thng. 7. Chng trnh thc hin c. Cc module m - thc hin c. Cc module mc ni. Chng trnh ch lu tr trn vt mang tin. 8. M t c s d liu. S v cu trc tp. Ni dung ban u. 9. Ti liu ngi s dng xy dng. Bn hng dn s dng chi tit. Bn tm tt hng dn s dng. 39

a. b.

a. b. c. d. e. a. b. a. b. c. a. b. a. b.

Chng 2: Tiu chun ca sn phm phn mm v qun l d n phn mm c. a. b. c. Cc chng trnh tr gip c lin quan. 10. Ti liu bo tr. Bo co vn phn mm. Yu cu bo tr. Trnh t thay i k ngh. 11. Cc chun v th tc cho k thut phn mm . 12. Cc t liu khc: hp ng, phin bn, ti liu php l,...

Cu hi 1. V sao cn c tiu chun ca phn mm? Anh (ch) hy nh gi cc phn mm m anh (ch) s dng c p ng c cc tiu chun phn mm hay cha. 2. Anh (ch) tng tham gia trong mt d n tin hc no cha? Hy nh gi trung thc cng vic bn tri qua. Vi nhim v tham gia, bn gp cc thun li v kh khn no? 3. Nu c giao qun l mt d n phn mm, bn lm g d n thnh cng.

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