Anten Truyen Song Duong Hien Thuan

1
Tel ecommuni cat i ons Progr am Tel ecommuni cat i ons Progr am
ANTEN
&
TRUYN SNG
Dng Hin Thun
Mobile: 0918486000
E-mail: dhthuan@ptithcm.edu.vn
2
Mc ch:
Tm hiu cc c im, tnh cht cng nh nh hng ca mi
trng v tuyn i vi cc mng khng dy (wireless), bn cht v
cc thng s c bn ca anten.
Ni dung:
- Truyn sng: cc khi nim, cng thc c bn trong truyn
sng, c im ca sng truyn lan trong mi trng tng i lu v
tng in ly.
- Anten : nguyn l bc x, cc thng s v c tnh c bn
ca anten, mt s anten thng gp v anten thng minh
Yu cu:
- Hiu r v bn cht ca sng in t.
- Hiu bn cht ca k thut siu cao tn
- Hiu k tan hc (gii tch v hnh hc)
- Hiu v xc sut, thng k
3
Ti liu tham kho:
[1] Antenna and Radiowave Propagation Robert E. Collin McGraw Hill 1986.
[2] L thuyt v k thut Anten GS TS Phan Anh Nh xut bn khoa hc v k
thut H Ni 1997.
[3] Antenna John D. Kraus McGraw Hill
[4] Antenna theory analysis and design Constantine A. Balanis Jhon Wiley &
Sons 1997
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Vn thi c:
+ Thi Vit (90 pht)
+ Thi gia k (khng bo trc) c tnh vo cui k (t l theo qui
nh)
+ Nhiu (c xem tt c cc loi ti liu)
+ Tuyt i khng c trao i khi thi (-2/ln)
+ Trong khi thi ti liu ai ny dng, khng c mn bt, my tnh,
bt xa,
+ Khi ht gi lm bi phi xp gn bi thi v khng c vit bt c
ni dung g (nu bi thi khng c xp gn hoc cn chp ni
dung g th s c cng -2 im)
+ Khng thi ln 3, thi ln 2 mc bng hoc kh hn thi ln 1
+ Trong gi hc: in thai di ng tc hc ch rung
+ Mi thc mc trao i trc tip qua email
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Gii thiu: H thng vin thng (Telecommunication system)
Nguon
Ma Hoa
Nguon
Ma Hoa
Kenh
May Phat
Tx
ch
Giai Ma
Nguon
Giai Ma
Kenh
Nhieu.
Kenh Truyen May Thu
Rx
+ Convert from human readable
form (Speech, music, image,
video, text, data) To
electronic form
+ Transmit over a distance
(between points A and B) via
some channel (electronic
pathway)
+ Convert back to human
readable form
Fiber optics
Free space (wireless)
Wire (twisted pair)
Coaxial cable
6
Truyn sng
+ Mi trng truyn sng
- t
- Kh quyn
Tng i lu
Tng bnh lu
Tng in ly
- Khng gian gia cc hnh tinh
+ Phn loi sng in t
- Theo c tnh in-t
- Theo bng sng
- Theo phng thc truyn sng
t
i lu
Bnh lu
in ly
10 12
12 60
60 20.000
7
Truyn sng
E
H
khng c E hay H theo
hng truyn sng
E
H
c E (nhng khng c H)
theo hng truyn sng
H
c H (nhng khng c E)
theo hng truyn sng
E
TEM
(Transverse Electromagnetic)
TM
(Transverse magnetic)
TE
(Transverse electric)
- Theo c tnh in-t
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Truyn sng
- Phn cc sng in t: th hin phng ca vc t cng in
trng dc theo phng truyn sng hay xt s thay i phng
hng ca vc t cng in trng theo thi gian
E
2
=E
2m
cos(wt +
2
)
E
1
=E
1m
cos(wt +
1
)
E
9
Truyn sng
( )
1 2
1 2
2 1
2
m m
k
E E
1 2
k t
10
Truyn sng
11
Truyn sng
12
Truyn sng
- Theo bng sng
13
Truyn sng
-Theo phng thc truyn sng:
T
r
a
n
s
m
i
t
t
e
r
R
e
c
e
i
v
e
r
Earth
Sky wave
Space wave
Ground wave
Troposphere
(0 - 12 km)
Stratosphere
(12 - 50 km)
Mesosphere
(50 - 80 km)
Ionosphere
(80 - 720 km)
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Truyn sng
-Theo phng thc truyn sng
+ Sng t (ground wave): sng v tuyn truyn l l mt t,
thng c phn cc ng, thay i nhiu vi t c nh hng
ln, t c tnh dn in cng cao th suy hao cng nhiu, truyn
tt trn mt nc, tn s cng tng th suy hao tng khng tt vi
nhng sng c tn s ln hn 2MHz, tin cy cao khng b nh
hng bi s thay i thi tit trong ngy, ma. Thng c
dng trong v tuyn hng hi
15
Truyn sng
+ Sng khng gian (space wave): sng gm nhng tia n trc tip
v nhng tia gin tip. Tia trc tip gii hn bi chiu cao anten,
cong mt t, khong cch tuyn thng phi nh hn 80% tm
nhn thng
16
Truyn sng
+ Sng tri (sky wave): sng phn x t tng in ly, c th truyn
t anten pht n anten thu bng phn x tng in ly v mt t
nhiu ln, thng s dng bng tn HF
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Truyn sng
- Cc hin tng trong tuyn
sng
+ Phn x (Reflection): hin
tng phn x xut hin khi
tia sng gp mt chn dn c
kch thc so snh c vi
bc sng nh cc b mt
kim loi hay mt t, h s
phn x l t s gia tia
phn x v tia ti lun nh
hn 1. Nu mt phn x dn
han tan th h s phn x
bng 1
18
Truyn sng
- Cc hin tng trong
tuyn sng
+ Khc x
(Refraction): hin
tng khc x xut
hin khi tia sng
truyn t mt mi
trng ny sang
mt mi trng
khc. Lc ny tia
sng tun theo nh
lut Snell
19
Truyn sng
2 2 1 1
sin sin n n
r r
n
vi:
2
1
2
1
sin
sin
r
r
20
Truyn sng
- Cc hin tng trong tuyn sng
+ Nhiu x (Diffration): hin tng nhiu x xut hin ti cnh chn
ca vt th c kch thc c th so snh c vi bc sng, tia sng
b ung cong theo cong ca b mt vt chn
21
Truyn sng
+ Nhiu x b sc (Knife Edge - Diffration):
22
Truyn sng
+ Tn x (scattering): hin tng tn x xut hin khi tia sng gp
vng bt ng nht hay cc vt th c kch thc b hn nhiu so vi
bc sng
23
Truyn sng
+ a ng (Multipath): hin tng a ng do tn hiu t ngun
pht n my thu i theo nhiu ng khc nhau do cc hin tng
phn x, tn x, nhiu x, khc x, truyn thng. Tn hiu thu c l
tp hp ca nhiu tn hiu nn c th lm cho tn hiu c bin thay
i lin tc theo thi gian v khng gian
Transmitter
d
Receiver
h
b
h
m
Diffracted
Signal
Reflected Signal
Direct Signal
Building
24
Truyn sng
+ Truyn sng trong khng gian t do cng thc c bn
- Ngun bc x v hng (isotropic radiator) l mt anten bc
x sng in t ra khng gian t do bng nhau theo mi hng
- Ngun bc x ng hng (omnidirectional radiator) l mt
anten bc x sng in t u trong mt mt phng no
- Ngun bc x c hng (directional radiator) l mt anten
bc x sng in t tp trung vo mt hng nht nh no
Isotropic
Dipole
High gain
directional
25
Truyn sng
- Xt ngun bc x v hng
Cng sut v ngun bc x P
t
im kho st M cch ngun bc x mt khong R
Mt cng sut ti M
Theo nh l Pointing
P
t
M
W = W
0
=
120
0
0
0
2
4
t
R
P
i
R
v
v
( )
* 2
1
0 2
1
Re
2
m R
E H E i
W

r r r
r
r
26
Truyn sng
Cng in trng ti M
2
2
60
2
4
t
t
m m
P
WP V
E E
R R m
1

1
]
- Xt ngun bc x c hng - H s hng tnh
Cng sut v ngun bc x P
t
im kho st M cch ngun bc x mt khong R
H s hng tnh l t s gia mt cng sut bc x ti
im kho st ca ngun bc x c hng vi mt cng sut ti
cng im kho st ca ngun bc x v hng vi cng cng
sut a vo ngun bc x c hng vi cng sut a vo P
t
v h s hng tnh D c xem tng ng vi ngun bc x
v hng c cng sut a vo P
t
D
27
Truyn sng
H s hng tnh
2
2
1
2
0
4
( , ) ( , )
( , )
t
m W
P
R
E
D

60 ( , )
( , )
t
m
PD
V
E
R m

1
1
]
- li anten l h s hng tnh ca anten tht, nu anten c hiu sut l
G D
28
Truyn sng
- Tn hao trn ng truyn sng
Din tch hiu dng: l t s gia cng sut ng ra aten thu vi
mt cng sut ng vo my thu. Din hiu dng ph thuc vo
tn s s dng v h s hng tnh ca anten
- Xt h thng gm anten pht c h s hng tnh D
t
, cng sut
a vo P
t
, Anten thu t cch anten pht mt khong R vi h s
hng tnh D
r
tn hao trn ng truyn sng l
2
4
r r
hd
r
P D
S

2
4 R 1 1
10log 10log 10log
cb t r
t r
L P P
D D
1
_

1

,
1
]
29
Truyn sng
- Tn hao trn ng truyn sng c hp thu
60
t t
m
PD
V
E F
R m
1
1
]
2
2
4 R 1 1 1
10log 10log 10log
t r
t r
L P P
D D F
1
_

1

,
1
]
30
Truyn sng
+ Khng gian nh hng n qu trnh truyn sng vng Fresnel
- Nguyn l Huygen: ta c th xc nh trng ti mt im
bt k trong khng gian nu ta bit c qui lut phn b trng trn
mt mt kn S bt k bao quanh ngun bc x. Ngun bc x ny
c xem l ngun bc x th cp
O
M
I
R
1
n
r
0
r
1
r
n
R
n
( )
( )
( )
( )
1 1 0 0
2 2 1 1
2 2 0 0
0 0
2
2
2
2
2
n n
r r
r r
r r
r r n

+ +
+ +
+ +
+ +
3 3 1 1 2 2 4 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
E E E E E E E E
E

_ _ _
+ + + + +

, , ,
L
31
Truyn sng
- Bn knh vng Fresnel
2
2 2
0 0
0
1
n
n n
R
r r R r
r
_
+ +

,
2 2
0 0 0 0
0 0
1 1
( )
2 2 2
n n
R R
r r n
r
+ + + +
0 0
0 0
n
n r
R
r
+
32
Truyn sng
- Khong gian Frenel th nht
O M
+ S truyn lan ca sng phng n sc trong mi trng in mi l
tng
in dn sut [1/m]
=
0
r
H s in mi [F/m]
=
0
r
H s t thm [H/m]

'
1
]
1
1
]
1
m
H
.
m
F
.
7
0
9
0
10 4
10
36
1

33
Truyn sng
+ H phng trnh Maxwell tng qut
'

E div
H div
t
H
E rot
E
t
E
H rot
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
0
+ Mi trng in mi l tng
'
0
0
E div
H div
t
H
E rot
t
E
H rot
r
r
r
r
r
r
34
Truyn sng
+ Mi trng in mi l tng ti ngun bc x ch c thnh phn
thng ng theo trc z, gi thit sng truyn theo trc x
l vn tc truyn sng
'
1
]
1
m
V
e E E
E
E
)
v
x
t ( j
m z
y
x
0
0
( ) ( )
0
'
120
0
x
x x
j t j t
v v
y m m
z
H
H E e H e
H

'
0
1
v
m m
E
'
H
120
35
Truyn sng
+ Truyn sng trong mi trng bn dn 0.
'

E div
H div
t
H
E rot
E
t
E
H rot
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
0
j E
E
t
r
r
t
E
j H rot
,
_

r
r
1
]
1

m
F
j
p

36
Truyn sng
+ Truyn sng trong mi trng bn dn 0.

60
0 0
j ' j ' '
p
p

jp n '
p

,
_
n
c
x
t j
px
c
m z
e e E E

p p
c

2

x
j t
c
x
n
z m
E E e e
2 2
'
120
120
x
j t
c
p
x
n
y m
x p
j t artg
c
n
x n
m
H E e e
n p
E e e
,
1 _
1

1
, ]

+

( )
1
]
1
+ +
2 2
60
2
1
' ' n
( )
1
]
1
+ +
2 2
60
2
1
' ' p
37
Truyn sng
+ Mi trng c tnh cht gn vi
mi trng in mi l tng
' n
'
p
2
60
'
c
n
c
v

'
p
c

60

60 ' >>
+ Mi trng c tnh cht gn vi
mi trng in mi l tng
60 ' <<
30 p
30
c
v

30
2
30 n

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