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IMMUNOLOGY
Self-Discrimination,

a Life and Death Issue

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IMMUNOLOGY : PREFACE

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IMMUNOLOGY : INTRODUCTION

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Innate immunity and decoding the patterns of self and nonself

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I.

Introduction

II. Innate Immunity

1)

What is the innate immunity?

2)

Why is innate immunity so important?

3)

Who are the members of innate immunity?

1 = ;
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III. Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by the innate immunity
1)

Immune logic: How do they recognize the pathogens?

2)

Recognition of microbial nonself

3)

Recognition of self

4)

Recognition of altered self

IV. Self discrimination of adaptive immunity

V. References

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IMMUNOLOGY : INNATE IMMUNITY

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II. Innate Immune System

1. What is the innate immunity?

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Innate
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I. Cooperation

Adaptive
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II. Activation

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IMMUNOLOGY : INNATE IMMUNITY

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IMMUNOLOGY : BARRIER

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IMMUNOLOGY : PHAGOCYTES

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IMMUNOLOGY : NK CELL

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IMMUNOLOGY : LEUKOCYTE RECRUITMENT

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IMMUNOLOGY : DENDRITIC CELL

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IMMUNOLOGY : DENDRITIC CELL

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12

IMMUNOLOGY : DEFENCE PROTEINS

.HFIDFDGMLLMDF
. L VV R>
- \ M
V + VR > R>
M + ! 9 \ W
`% *

"7DBHGMHGHEFBKHADL \M M+
M .
.@LLB@I@M@
.> !V 9
\M \ B
\V B@LLB@I@M@
W >
,MDKG@MODI@M@
( .>B B@LLB@I@M@ R I 9
M \M L 5 5,25L
V
#/DODHIFDGMHEGE@FF@MHG 9 R \
M M R> \
\M V HILHGG" W
R> *V IKHMD@LDBHFID
B BHFID
2,.FDFAK@GD @MM@BBHFID V?
- V +L*B > .$C
-BD 9BD ] <
. .># `
-BD ? M

"4ILHGG
5@HBMHLL
2@BKHI@D
HILHGG ` 8
` * >
#-BD 9 M
DIDK9BD \V
99BDGCDIDGCDGM-BD
@BMO@MHG

IHL@BB@KCDL
BHIC
GNBDB@BC
9 ` $ 5
DIMHID
IHO@DGB V
V V

\ \ .$C

$W M
V
5,25I@MHDG @LLHB@MDCFHDBN@K
I@MMDKG
.H@N@MHGE@BMHK
W ] R
> \M >
9 $ ? \M M
%M ?
12,.

2@GGHLDAGCGDBMG2-
HILHGG W 2- 2@BKHI@D
F@GGHLDKDBDIMHK ` F@GGHLD ENBHLD
` \M .
VI . 2- \MB
M$ M `

.KD@BMODIKHMDG
IGDNFHBHBB@ A@BMDK@ B@ILND R>
V !V IHLIHKBHGD .
IHLIHICL R>
HILHGG +

12-

%.MHGDL
W . \
` -\ DNHBMDLKDBKNMFDGM\
DNHBMDL@BMO@MHG\ LLMDFB@MDK@MHG .
` F@BKHI@DGDNMKHIL3BDDGCHMD@
BDL W ` W .
.+

13

IMMUNOLOGY : CYTOKINES

W
W L W
>W W
` IL W W
.
W <
V L

R \8 W
W 7 VI
L W W L
H . V
9"BD DIDK9BD \
9#BD
8 ./%DIDK9
BD 3@OD./%9BD
R W L ` .
. 9"BD
> 9#BD

. .+ R .
IFN-a, IFN-b

Control of viral infection

TNF, IL-1, chemokine

Mediate local inflammation

IL-12, IL-15

Proliferation and activity of NK

cells

IFN-r

Macrophage activation

IL-10, TGF-b

Limit inflammation

IL-6

Bone marrow production of

neutrophils, etc
XY]/7/`\Z_/`/F__X/Z^^_Z

9"BD "# B
V I@HBMDL ] .9
L
9#BD % M V
-BD L ? M
0HLGHI L IL
2@BKHI@D I@HBMD

W . 931 "
V` \8931 " V 2@BKHI@D
2@BKHI@D W W

14

IMMUNOLOGY : S ELF DISCRIMINATION

III. Decoding the patterns of

Innate immunity
W R . Y . 4
W
+ \`
. . . V .
* >" ]R
# V > . ` *
? W V >
\ + B +
\ BB
. 4 ` B > 5
` L LL \ * V
. *\
. 4 W M
< B W >
/$ B W
. > W 7
+ LDE GHGLDE
9 7
M V
; ` V W *` +
B

">7DNF@MHC@KMKML
` >
W
` + W >
> M
R` *
WV >
* 2.
/7% .
` R
+

# " ]R9ID"C@ADMDL

1.Immune logic: How do they recognize the pathogens?

\ . W .
+ R \

" ]R GLNG
CDIDGCDGMC@ADMDL . \
M
I@GBKD@MB BD W V
\ ]R M

-\W 4
"/DMDBMHG@I@MMDKGBLL@KDCMI@MHDGL
\W

$W LDE
CLBKFG@MHG

\W \ M

72DCMHO.,@GD@ K
/DBHCGMDI@MMDKGLHELDE@GC
GHGLDE AMDGG@MDFFNGDLLMDF
8BDGBD#'#!!##$!!

$7DBHGDGHGLDE MKHNLDEF@D

#/DMDBMHG@2@KDKBE@LLDE

\W B +
DIDK9BD
%1KLMIKD@BMO@MHG-NMGDDCLIDKFLLHGEHK
IKHEDLLHG@@MM@B
\+ V . 7
. W

7DBHGMHGHEFBKHA@GHGLDE
7DBHGMHGHELDEF@KDK
7DBHGMHGHEGCNBDCHK@MDKDCLDE

15

IMMUNOLOGY : SELF DISCRIMINATION

"5,25
CL73,582@GGHLD:GFDM@MDC
.I GNBDHMCD
#577
CL73,@BMO@MDCG@LD97
2@GGHLDKDBDIMHK
$8NIIKDLLHK9BD
DIDK9BD` .MHMB 9BD
` ? .
V 9BD`
B W \
LNIIKDLLHK9BD W

97
MMI LBDGBDGDLHK #
!!"!! AHA@LI

2. Recognition of microbial nonself

(nonself marker + activating receptor)
W M - \ \M M
LL R
V . 4 .
V \M B 5,25L5@MHDG
@LLHB@MDCFHDBN@KI@MMDKGL V 5,25L
> . 4 \M
\` W W
. \M +
LNIIKDLLHK9BD$ V*
. 5,25L \
58IHIHL@BB@KCD \ IDIMCHB@G
V 5,25L . 5
577L5@MMDKG KDBHGMHGKDBDIMHK 5,25L
\M B M* ` M
\V V 5,25L M V

577L
577L 5,25L M W
* 577L
` \M` MV M
W
577L .
97L9H D
KDBDIMHK 97L 577L V
97L W FFNGMLDD .4 B
5,25L M 2@BKHI@D W V
97L 577L \M `
. . 97L 97#97%97&97
5,25L M \
V 9 97L *V BHFAG@MHG
R > 5,25L M > 577
97 5,25L
M ]
97L B
97L W

\M V9 L*
,BMO@MHGHELG@GI@M@LM@MGCNBD@GMFBKHA@
DEEDBMHK KDLIHGLD
W L
7HDGMDGM@MHGHE@C@IMODFFNGDKDLIHGLDL
97L 5,25L M Q V V
V ,5" 31-
MK@GLBKIMHGE@BMHK L W
L* 2@BKHI@D /DGCKMB BD
\V V \ >

16

IMMUNOLOGY : SELF DISCRIMINATION

97L /DGCKMB BD 9 V
.HLMFN@MHK /DGCKMB BD 2. !V
L \M \
2. ! > M
DIDK9BD CDGCKMB BD BHLMFN@MHK \
\M . L `
%M L,5. L
+L DIDK9BD M
+ <
BHLMFN@MHK \M
5,25L .577L B
3D@MODLDDBMHG-4& ` FBKHA@
GCNBMHGHEBHLMFN@MHK FHDBNDL W
B B *` +

3. Recognition of self (self marker + inhibitory receptor)

M 4 * M \
B * V
3BD 7
3BD B
>\V 3BD . 4

. 4 * V .@LL2.
B \M B > V `
V > V \ .` 2. V
< \V 2.
2. < V
L 2. B +
M

B \M
IL 5 9BD +L
M 7
> W
<
V .9 +
2. L*\V V
3BD

V V
V V \
V V
LL V
B \V V
V
V > B
\ V
V . 4 V
MKHLGDKDLCND
+ 5
MKHLGDKDLCND ! \
\
\V GAMHKKDBDIMHK
IHLI@M@LD *
V
L 3BD
+ ?
MB >
!
.

7 3BD 2.
" GAMHKKDBDIMHK M
GAMHKKDBDIMHK 3BD +
R1B KDBDIMHK + IL
GAMHKKDBDIMHK +

F_/^5/KH/]]/XZXZ`_/Z/c]X/Y/X/YX]X_/Y_/
F_/^5/KH/]]/XZXZ`_/Z/c]X/Y/X/YX]X_/Y_/
Z_X]/X/Xc/_cX/c`^/XZXZ_/ca`c/X_/
Z_X]/X/Xc/_cX/c`^/XZXZ_/ca`c/X_/
Z_ZYZ`c/ca`c7
Z_ZYZ`c/ca`c7
GAMHKKDBDIMHK 92FFNGHKDBDIMHK MKHLGD
GAMHKFHME 2." M
. IHLIHK@MHGL*
92 85"` 85# MKHLGD
IHLI@M@LD * 3BD
L L \

L +
3BDB >V . W
R .+ \

17

IMMUNOLOGY : SELF DISCRIMINATION

"W \ 5 \]

NFHK@ FFNGM
BDFDC@MDCFFNGM
NFHK@ FFNGM V V .
.
]
\V V
+ <
\V V
BD
FDC@MDCFFNGM

2HDBN@K5@LLHKCL
MHC-1: 1#FZ 2& KH/]]/
1 7/ Y; 7
CD46, CD55 : C3 J J N
Z 6 Z. " Z
C3 " C3 convertase Z QN Z.
Sialic acids : F Z 2&
[ " sialic acid Z . F Macrophage,
dendritic cell, neutrophil Z.
CD47 : erythrocytes N Z Z 2&2
. 2"Z 2& F _ - 2
Macrophage 22.

+ GHGLDEB M
+ M W NFHK@ FFNGM
W * W L VV
R> R> R>` +
5

"L L V R>
V R> R>
*
,BMOMHEBHFIDFDGMGOHODLMDLDJNDGM@IKHMDHLLHE
IKHMDGLMHDGDK@MDDGFDLMIKHMDHMB @BMOM

Absence of CD46,CD55

# \M V \M
\. \V \
V
9DIKHCNBMLHEBHFIDFDGM@BMO@MHGADBHFDBHO@DGM
@MM@BDCMHFBKHA@BDLNKE@BDLHKMH@GMAHCDLAHNGCMH
FBKHADL@GCMHHMDK@GMDGL-NM@DBHFIHGDGMHEMD
BHFIDFDGM@LDKNFIKHMDGB@DC.$B@GBHO@DGM@GC
GCLBKFG@MD@MM@BMLDEMHMDLNKE@BDLHE@NMHHHNL
@GCFBKHA@BDL
$ + >+
VB . \M .
R>
.HFIDFDGM@BMO@MHGLGAMDCAKDN@MHKIKHMDGL
M@M@KDIKDLDGMHGGHKF@HLMBDL@GC@ALDGMEKHF
FBKHADL9LLADB@NLD@LDEBDLNAJNMHNLDIKDLL
LDODK@DGDIKHCNBMLGBNCG./%'@GC./&&B
GAMEHKF@MHGHEMD@BMOD.$BHGODKM@LD
5 Y + LDEF@KDK
+ .$ .$A V
./%'` ./&& < VB .$BHGODKM@LD
2,.FDFAK@GD @MM@BBHFID
\ V +L

18

IMMUNOLOGY : MHC MOLECULES

BOX . 4 what is a MHC ?

9DKHDHE2.IKHMDGLGAGCGEHKDG@GMDGL@GC
IKDLDGMGMDFMH9BDLIKHOCDL@GDI@G@MHGEHK
LHF@G9BDLKDLIHGCMHEHKDG2.FHDBNDL@GC
MDKDAKDDBMEHKDGHK@GK@EML5KDLNF@AEHKDG
2.IKHMDGLM@GDGCHDGHNLIDIMCDGMDKIDIMCD
AGCGKHHODBKD@MDBHFIDDLM@MB@GKDLDFADLDE
2.FHDBNDLBHFIDDC MEHKDGIDIMCDL8HFD
BMHMHB 9BDBHGDLM@MKD@BMMH@OK@@GMDGG
@LLHB@MHGM@LDEB@LL2.FHDBNDEHKD@FID
@ODADDGLHGMHKD@BMMH@EHKDGB@LL2.FHDBND
GMD@ALDGBDHEMDOK@@GMDG
9D@GMDGIKDLDGMGENGBMHGHE2.IKHMDGLB@G@LH
DI@GMDDMDGLODIHFHKILFHEMDLDFHDBNDLG
MDDOHNMHG@K@KADMDDGI@MHDGBFBKHHK@GLFL
@GCMDODKMDAK@MDFFNGDLLMDFFBKHHK@GLFL
MDGCMHB@GDMDK@GMDGLMH@OHC@LLHB@MGM2.
FHDBNDLDGHGDLNBBDDCLMAD@ADMHLDDI
MKHN@IHIN@MHG@L@GDICDFBGLNBBKBNFLM@GBDL
MDEDGCOCN@LM@MIKHCNBD@GD2.FHDBNDM@M
B@G@LLHB@MDM@G@GMDGHEMD@MDKDCFBKHHK@GLF
@OD@@KDLDDBMOD@CO@GM@DG@CCMHGGCOCN@L
MMHCEEDKDGM@DDLEHKD@B2.FHDBND
DMDKHHMDL@OD@ADMMDKB@GBDHEKDLLMG
GEDBMHGM@GMHLDMCDGMB@@DDL@M@GODG2.
HBNL@LMD@OD@KD@MDKB@I@BMMHIKDLDGM
@GMDGLEKHF@CDK@GDHEI@MHDGL9NLLDDBMHG
MDGCMHIKHFHMD@GCF@GM@G@@KDCODKLMHE2.
FHDBNDLGMDIHIN@MHG9LIHMDLLM@MGEDBMHNL
CLD@LDL@ODIKHOCDCMDCKOGEHKBDEHK2.
IHFHKILFKDBDGM@LKDBDODCLMKHGLNIIHKMEKHF
MDEGCGM@MGCOCN@LGDLM,EKB@M@LIDBEB
2.@DD@OD@KDCNBDCLNLBDIMAMMH@LDODKDEHKFHE
F@@K@DMD@DDLK@KDDLDDKDMLEHNGCG
#&HEMDDLM,EKB@GIHIN@MHGDKDMLEHKFHE
F@@K@LBHFFHG
EKD@MDK2.CODKLMFD@GLKD@MDKKDLLM@GBDMH
GEDBMHGCHDD@B@ODLHED2.HBDGBHCG
MDLDFHDBNDL@GC@ODDGHMDOHODCLMK@MDDL
EHKGBKD@LGMDKCODKLM A@MDKG@MOD73,LIBG
EHKD@FIDHKAMDDGDMBKDBHFAG@MHGFDB@GLFL
NLDCMHCODKLE@GMAHCDL*5KDLNF@AMLLADB@NLD
D@BMFD@GD2.FHDBNDL@CCDCMHMDKDIDKMHKD
MD9BDLM@MKDBHGDLDEIDIMCDLG@LLHB@MHGM
MDGD2.FHDBNDFNLMADDFG@MDCMHF@GM@GLDE
MHDK@GBD9DDFG@MHGHEMDLD9BDLHNCBHNGMDK@BM
MD@CO@GM@DHE@CCGMDGD2.FHDBND9NLMD
GNFADKHE2.FHDBNDLDDIKDLLF@KDIKDLDGM@
A@@GBDADMDDGMD@CO@GM@DLHEIKDLDGMG@CD
CODKLMHEEHKDGIDIMCDLMH9BDL@@GLMMD
CL@CO@GM@DLHEKDLMKBMGMD9BDKDIDKMHKD
$

\8 2. $
4 IDIMCD
ACGBDEM 2." 9
Q"" \ +L
2.# 9 "!Q$!
\ +L
L ? L

2." 9 B@G `
FBKHHANG
FBKHHANG *
B@G 9 `? $
. I`? '
. \
2."FHDBND
'
2.# 9 B@G ` B@G
* `?
$I`? V '
\V 2."`
B@G* V
2.#
''($'
\V 2.# 9 "!Q#!
2.
\ B@G 4I@KM@
@EEGM

2HDBN@K-HHHEMD.D$KCDC<

19

IMMUNOLOGY : SELF DISCRIMINATION

"? R> L@B @BC !

V
R>

>
07` H R>
` M
R>
\ 07
\ R>
` V L
BHL@MHG
` ]B@KAHCK@MD +
R> > `
V >? $
@@BMHLD $ L@B @BC !V

07 ODLBD H
? R> M
@@BMHLD L@B @BC `
! V? *
\V V ? R>
L@B @BC
. W
V

3GDCHHL@BB@KCDL@KD
IKHBDLLDCMGMDH
@II@K@MNLG@GHKCDKDCLDJNDGBD
HEKD@BMHGL9DEKLMFHCEB@MHG
HEIKHMDGLCDLMGDCEHKLDBKDMHGHK
EHKMDI@LF@FDFAK@GDLMD
KDFHO@HEMKDD@CCMHG@F@GGHLD
KDLCNDL9LLEHHDCAMD
LDJNDGM@@CCMHGHE@G3
@BDMNBHL@FGDMDKDFHO@HE
MHFHKDF@GGHLDL@GCMD
@CCMHGHE@ENBHLD @GCMHFHKD
3@BDMNBHL@FGDL1G@
MKDD@@BMHLD @GCMKDDL@B @BC
KDLCNDL@KD@CCDC

8@B @BC
V L \ V
. 8@B @BC !I V
. \ V . ]
8@B @BC "
8@@MDC BHIKHMDGL @GCBHIC .
8DBL GAMHKKDBDIMHK ` 8DBL
92 V 8DBL
B 2@BKHI@DCDGCKMB BD3DNMKHI
V \M V

F_/^5/JXc`aX/X_/Kc`aZ] aX`/^Zc`YZX]/_`_]
F_/^5/JXc`aX/X_/Kc`aZ] aX`/^Zc`YZX]/_`_]
Z/]X\/YZ`_Z/aXX/`c/ZX]Z XZ2/X_/XY_`c^X]/
Z/]X\/YZ`_Z/aXX/`c/ZX]Z XZ2/X_/XY_`c^X]/
]/Z/]`/ZX]Z XZ/acZ`_/YX/`/Z_Z`_5/
]/Z/]`/ZX]Z XZ/acZ`_/YX/`/Z_Z`_5/
cX_`c^XZ`_5/`c/__2
cX_`c^XZ`_5/`c/__2

./## . 8DB -BD V

B 7 -BD .
R
B > 8@B @BC @MDKG@MODI@M@
8DKNFIKHMDG E@BMHK ` L@B @BC
V .$BHGODKM@LD

8DGDLBDGBD,CO@GBG@DMD
BHFIDHE@DGM@MDODGMN@
D@CMHCD@M
8MHDGCDGMM LDE
F@KDK \ V
. 4 W
M 9

\8V 8@B @BC ?

./%7@LLHB@MDCIKHMDG
./% VDDKMKHBMDL L
. 2@BKHI@D 875@ V
5@HBMHLL ?8DGDLBDGMDKMKHBMDL ./%
2@BKHI@D M
\V LDEF@KDK M *`
.

20

IMMUNOLOGY : SELF DISCRIMINATION

,BMHGHEI&$

4. Recognition of induced or altered self

V ` V V ` > V
M > V
V %M R`> >
V M

CMIDI&$LKDJNKDCEHKAHMBD
BBD@KKDLM@GC@IHIMHLLGCNBDCA
/3,C@F@D

> L
-@BD@NMHGHFHNLFDB@GLF
\ V V I
-DMK@BDN@K LG@CDKODCEKHFHMDKBDL
- \ 9 V ` V 57 73@LD I@M@
/3,C@F@D V 9 I&$CDIDGCDGMI@M@
>
V > V +
\ 9V ` V > V\. V
4 V 7
3BD 5
9 V

5/JFD5/IEM
T 5/OD6:569

R> 2."` . 3BD` ./9BD\

. FDHCBD 3#/@BMO@MGKDBDIMHK
]
3#/ 92 ,5! 8MKHLGDG@LDL @BMO@MHG
I@M@ L @C@IMHK + 9
85" 85#MKHLGDIHLI@M@LDL R
3BD > V @BMO@MG
KDBDIMHK GAMHKKDBDIMHK VV
M ENCDBLHGF@G
> +
M

/aZYZ]Z/`//Xc/]]/`/\Z]]Z_/Y/KH/]]/a_/
/aZYZ]Z/`//Xc/]]/`/\Z]]Z_/Y/KH/]]/a_/
`_//YX]X_/`//]ZX_ `c/XZXZ_/X_/Z_ZYZ`c/
`_//YX]X_/`//]ZX_ `c/XZXZ_/X_/Z_ZYZ`c/
ca`c7/Z//ZZ`_/^X\Z_/^X_Z^/Xc/^`c/
ca`c7/Z//ZZ`_/^X\Z_/^X_Z^/Xc/^`c/
cZX_//`/cc`c/X_/Zc5/X]]/`c/_`_/ac`7
cZX_//`/cc`c/X_/Zc5/X]]/`c/_`_/ac`7

\885 *

21

IMMUNOLOGY : INNATE IMMUNITY

8DECLBKFG@MHG;8/@GDKMDHK

W VV \ * 8DEGHGLDE
CLBKFG@MHG WL `\
B *
\M$ M 1 *
+ 2DAHNKGD H 2@BE@K@GD
-NKGDM9"$"&$"` LM V M
5W "'! 5DMDK-
2DC@@K9` * I \ W L
FFNGHHB@8NKODK@GBD@LMD@C5KDLL8CGD"!
L

13HKF@D@MBDLBHGLMMNMOD
DIKDLLF@KDKLHELDEBDG@D
GAMHKKDBDIMHKLHGMDDEEDBMHK
BDLHEMDFFNGDLLMDF
GEDBMDCMK@GLEHKFDCHKC@F@DCBDL
CHGKDN@MDMDDIKDLLHGHEMDLD
F@KDKL@GCGCNBDMDDIKDLLHGHE
@GCL EHK@BMO@MGKDBDIMHKLHG3
@GCHMDKDEEDBMHK BDL
,IHIMHMBHKLDGDLBDGMBDLCLI@
F@KDKLM@MM@MDF
EHKI@HBMHLL AF@BKHI@DL
DKD@LGDBKHMBBDLDIKDLLLG@L
M@MGCNBDMLLNDKDI@KKDLIHGLDL
,IIKHIK@MDDIKDLLHGHEMDLD
F@KDKLDG@ADLBDLHEMDGG@MD
FFNGDLLMDFMHCLBKFG@MD
ADMDDGGHKF@D@MBDL@GC
GHGLDE @AGHKF@BDL@GCMHGHKD
I@HBMHLDHKMDF@LGDDCDC

22

\V \ 93VW V W 5@N
2@GDK "% 42@GDK 59HDK@GBD
C@GDK@GCMDDMDGCDCE@F,GGN@7DODHEFFNGHH "#
""!%&"%WL * V <
WL C@GDK L ]
I $ @GMAHCBHK<
. 8DECLBKFG@MHG` /@GDKMDHK
B 8DECLBKFG@MHG D B % <
B > /@GDKMDHK +
> 8DECLBKFG@MHG \ V .
` \V LDE B +
\R /@GDKLG@ W +
. *

IMMUNOLOGY : ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

IV. Self discrimination of

Adaptive immunity
W M
W \ 4 >
*
R "!! $ V
\ "! * \ $
"!! $ .4
\ .4 $
\ $ B
$ 7
$ V .4 \
. a $ 4 \.
\ 4\V *
B * B !
\ B \ 4* ` *
< "!B
W . .+ < D
> \ /3,
< W LDE \
> B * ` + M M
R W M
> 5 9BD 9
-BD 9 R 5> > \*

5HLMODLDDBMHG
3D@MODLDDBMHG
\* $ `
$ 4 BW \* 9
\ M V
M 7 V H
M B M
\* IHLMODLDDBMHG
V \* 3D@MODLDDBMHG
M 7 V \ `
. 4 . M 9-BD
V ` > \
M
` + M VB M
M 3 +
*` +

9 -
> W \
V
9FNL - 9 9BD
R-HGDF@KKH
> M V
-BD .
*
V
M
V +

2. LDEIDIMCD
+ > 8NKOO@LG@
M * M
\` 8NKOO@LG@ =*
W
W
B M \B 5
+ V R .
\V W
< D *
\V 5
\
VB M
V %$
\ \ RL
V . 4
+
\
+ -9BD H
.
$ V
R
.
LNKOO@
LG@ \
V 9 LNKOO@LG@
+
VR 2.
IDIMCD LNKOO@LG@
+ LNKOO@LG@
> V V
W L L B
V ` 7
\* < V W
* ] L*
B LNKOO@LG@ D
7 *
W >
D \B
W
+ LG@ <
` >

9BDF@MNK@MHGG9FNL
9BD W \
9BD W 9BD
DIDK9BD./%9FIHBMD` BMHMB9 BD

23

IMMUNOLOGY : T CELL MATURATION

9FNL B*
N
a
. .B
\ >
.MFNL
ON@KL`
V !V

\

9.7 =*
2.,GMAHC `
$ 9BD 9
BDKDBDIMHK .9BD
,5. \
> M .9.7
,5. 2. \ +L
* M
2.
\ 2. +L
>

-BD .
FFNGHHANG 9BD 9.7
` . .
?L
9K@GLFDFAK@GD R> BR -
BD LHNADEHKF
@GMAHC L

W ;W ./%
DIDK9BDDIDK9BD W
,BMO@MHGHE9BD
,BMO@MHGHE-BD
,BMO@MHGHE2@BKHI@D
GE@FF@MHG
DIDK9BD > M -BD ?M
> V + LBMHMB 9
BD DIDK9BD > +
2@BKHI@D DIDK9BD .
D13K ] W
W ;+ DIDK9BD` ;+
BMHMB 9BD 7

R \ 8 I \+
9FIHBMD9K@GG L \* 9
BD * $ ` 9BD
` `
8HF@MBKDBHFAG@MHG
DIKDLLHGHE9.7DGD
BDIKHEDK@MHG
@GMDGGCNBDCLDDBMHG3D@MOD5HLMOD
@BJNLMHGHEF@MNKDIDGHMIDL@GCENGBMHG@B@I@AMDL
V ` -V F@MNK@MHG`` .\V
9V ` -V 2.
IDIMCD +

8HF@MBKDBHFAG@MHG
W >
M W !4`
\. `
\

24

IMMUNOLOGY : SOMATIC RECOMBINATION

6& 1
N #FZ 7
a=887Y]Z_\7\7`^8Z
^^_`X_Z^XZ`_8Z_:7
^]

9.79BDKDBDIMHK R> B@G` B@G

B@G` B@G R> *
;@K@ADI@KM; .HGLDKODCI@KM. \.
\8 B 9.7 M V
V ` ./$ . V R>
H
M 9.7 9BD ]
,5. L \ >
B 9.7
\V
M \
9.7 M .4 .
"KDIDKMHKD
V \8 Y 8HF@MBKDBHFAG@MHG
$9.7
> L . B@G 9
;.LDFDGM? LDFDGM
VV . \ ` `
? . B@GDGD 9 ;LDFDGM
`? . B@GDGD 9 &
` LDFDGM B `
* \8 LDFDGM
VV . ` \V . `
LDFDGM B M
;
;/.9.7 B@G` D@OB@G
9B /LDFDGM 9BD` -BD
9FNL -HGDF@KKH `
;/.LDFDGM M `
\ ` V 5 ;/.
LDFDGM 5
V R . W /$
M

. ;/
KDBHFAG@LD * L
* *
* 7,"
KDBHFAG@MHG@BMO@MGDGD"`
7,#KDBHFAG@MHG@BMO@MGDGD
# V *
7,"7,#

"9BD-BD .
\ "!!!B
7 *
-BD 9 + `
& R> RHHI
R ;/
; V
; & W
W ?
;&"/#';'
V -V
L -V ;
" .
` .DGD
KDBHFAG@MHG
+ B
&"#''(
&"$!!#"!!!B
V
. L `
WV ` WV
\ $% \ $
` \
. L ` &!!
B + "!!#!! %
W L*. L `
+ %W
.4KDBDIMHKDCMG
#!! \B ?
+ .` .4

@GMAHCBHK<

\V V 9.7
B M *-4&
25

IMMUNOLOGY : NEGATIVE SELECTION

". 4 * V
IKHMDHLHFD . R>
+L
+L * +L .
2." L

BOX . 5 NEGATIVE SELECTION

,5. B +L
* . 8
2.# L
. 4 V V `
* . L
*
M
4
>\V

DIDK9BD V`
,5. 2. *
L .
L \B
> `
< `B >
2. * .
`B \. R
DIDK9BD

. \ M
9BD .9.7` -BD .
FFNGHHANG M;@K@ADI@KM 8HF@MB
KDBHFAG@MHG /$
\V V \ . M
. \ R>
` M* + ]
V \V 9FNL -HGDF@KKH \ 8
7
M + V * L* 3D@MODLDDBMHG

#DIDK9BD ,5. 2.#B

? .MHMB 9BD
2."B ? 9.7
7
\ 9.7 ./%./
R> ./% 2.#
.HGLDKODCI@KM M
./ 2." .HGLDKODCI@KM
M 9.7
? DIDK
9BD ./%B 2.#B
M BMHMB 9BD ./B
2."B M

\ IKDBNKLHK
M 9BD DIDK
9BD BMHMB 9
BD *
\

\ ` V <WV
+ < \ 4B9BD
9 ,5. L * LDE2.#
2. .> \
M`
9BD +V * LDE
2.# LDEIDIMCD " M
LDE2.# GHGLDE IDIMCD
GHGLDE M 9BD
M +L B M
\. ` M
# 5HLMODLDDBMHG
\V 2. +L
M 7 ] \ V +L M < *
\ V
V /3, \* @IHIMHLL $
M 2.
. W 2. M 89BD
< L 2. M 9
W M \V M
N$ R M . . ?
M W

/]]/^XcXZ`_/ "Z N 7
a=887_YZ7_]^7_Z7`8Y``\8Y7ZB``]@Y``\]
X]]@Y7Z77`Z`_Xcc^@cZ@Z^^7Z`
_7;9:
26

IMMUNOLOGY : T CELL MATURATION

I `? \
9.7 B@G
. \
* B
> *
,DBDBNLHG
W 5W 9
BD 9.7B \
V R LHF@MB
KDBHFAG@MHG $
. > .
B@GDGD
R . V
9 .
? R
.
@DB
DBNLHG
\. B . ` 7
7
I `?
.
W

. B@GDGD
$ ./%./*
R B@G
\ ./%./ *
/HNADIHLMOD \
B@G 9.7

5HLMODLDDBMHG
* 9.7 R
5HLMODLDDBMHG
$9FB BHKMD .
DIMD@BD > 9
BD ./% ./ *
DIMD@BD L LDE
IDIMCD2."BHFID LDE
IDIMCD2.#BHFID*
V 2.
BHFID
DIDK9BD./%9BD
> BMHMB 9BD./9BD
2.#
CHNADIHLMOD9BD ./%B *
./ .\. 2.
#B DIDK9BD

8DEIDIMCDLDE2.BHFID
V LNKOO@LG@
7 @IHIMHLL $
3D@MODLDDBMHG
B $ >
V >B
V
9BD BHKMD FDCN@
3D@MODLDDBMHG $
V
M@EEGMV a
VB 9FNL
W

27

IMMUNOLOGY : B CELL MATURATION

-BDF@MNK@MHG
\8 Y -BD F@MNK@MHG
` * DB
` 9BD` 3 `
M
"7DBDIMHKDCMG
R +L `
V ,IHIMHLL
a B \
V 7,
DGD L L -.7 .
` MB@G;
KDBHFAG@MHG
-.7 `
9 \ V
`> V
-.7 7 9 R

W L .
` 5HLMOD 3D@MOD
LDDBMHG \ >
` R
` B
* +
9
< ?V ?$
4
? WV
DIDK9BD` .MHMB 9BD
\. -BD \V
W L
DIDK9BD
V
DIDK9BD .
*

28

-BDF@MNK@MHGG-HGDF@KKH
9BD` > -BD R 9BD
R -BD . .
FFNGHHANGDGD@KK@GDFDGM $
9.7DGD@KK@GDFDGM ` 7,"` 7,#
D@OB@G MB@G
;;@K@ADI@KMHED@OB@G

` B -.7-BDKDBDIMHK
9.7 ` 5HLMOD 3D@MODLDDBMHG \V
5HLMODLDDBMHG 9 9BD` M > B
-.7 9 \ LNKOO@LG@
3D@MODLDDBMHG 9BD \`
. +L ` -BD
R \V 9BD` -
BD
\ KDBDIMHKDCMG"

IMMUNOLOGY : OUTLINE OF IMMUNITY

BOX . 6 OUTLINE OF IMMUNITY

` > . W 5
5 5
] WGG@MDFFNGM 5
B > *
> W
MW@C@IMODFFNGM 5 B
5 \ $ I
W MW
$ &' 9` V W
WIKF@KFFNGDKDLIHGLD
I $ \ WV
WLDBHGC@K
FFNGDKDLIHGLD W R
\V L *`
MW V 8 >
V V
MW ] L
` $>
W \
M $> 5
#$ MW \
V B W
9 MW 5 W +

W
W ?M. ?M
+ . ?\. `% I ?
` ?
? LDANF
@BM@MD` I$&
\M
GHKF@EHK@
. *` M
. ? \ +
LHNADE@BMHKL V + LHFD
GMDKEDKHGL\. BHFIDFDGML
M+ . ? ` M+I@HBMHLL
` VDGCHBMHLL +
M+ V RFHGBMDL
GDNMKHIL\. MF@BKHI@DL V
+ V KDBDIMHKFDC@MDC
DGCHBMHLL` V+IGHBMHLL `%
I ? `
`
M V V
>BDFB@FDC@MHKL .
KD@BMODIKHMDGBHFIDFDGMLLMDFLLM@FGDLGGL
BH@N@MHGLLMDFL

MW
MW 5 \M M
MV MW 5
@GMDGBLIDBEMM CODKLM
W FFNGHHBFDFHK M
LDE GHGLDE KDBHGMHG % 5 >
V MW *`
8 LV@GMDGIKDLDGMGBDL
V 8 R
R
8 8 `
8 V ` +
5 MW

8 -8-BDL 989BDL
-8 R R V
V ] "!& B M -
8 ` V L
VFDFHK-BDL >VI@LF@BDL
*`VDEEDBMHK -BDL V -
8
>V #$ Q V
B ] #!!!
WNFHK@ FFNGM
V WBDFDC@MDCFFNGM ` 9
8 98 R -8
V. MFNL 9BDKDBDIMHK
5 + V -
8 R ` `
LL ` F@HKLMHBHFI@MAM
BHFID2.FHDBND B M
V 2.FHDBND L@GMDGIKDLDGM@MHG
B@LL2.FHDBND` B@LL2.
FHDBND LV 2.FHDBND
V L 98 M 98 %M L
V *` V 98 9
89DIDK9BDL V 989
BMHB9BBDL 98 B@LL
2.FHDBND L B M
M 98 -8V 98
M \ W V V %M`
V BMHGDL

V 98 98 BMHGDL
B@LL2.FHDBND L
M M V 98
%M L V *` V
98 V. V 98
BMHGDL V+
V 98 * V
WL V ` VOKNLGEDBMDC
BDLVMNFHKBDL M V
BDLHEMDEHKDGMLLNDK@EM $V
B@LL2.FHDBND
V V@MDKDCLDEBDL
V V 98 BMHGDL
V 98
` 98 W V
` V 98 L
V VCDGCKMB BDLMF@BKHI@D-8
-BDL LVLV \
V ? B@LL2.FHDBND
98 BHLMFN@MHK
LG@L 5 LV M+
V+ V V V "#
\ B@LL2.FHDBND
V L
$

7><
W
. .4
MMI LG@LHK CHBL GG@MD>FFNGMM
F

29

IMMUNOLOGY : REFERRENCES

V. REFERRENCES
TEXT BOOK: Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Abul K. Abbas, 4th edition.
1. S.J. Simpson, P.J. Hines, Self-discrimination, a life and death issue, Science
296 (2002) 297-316
2. R.Medzhitov, C.A. Janeway Jr., Decoding the patterns of self and nonself by
the innate immune system, Science 296 (2002) 298-300.
3.P.Matzinger, The Danger Model: a renewed sense of self, Science 296 (2002)
301-304
4.R.E. Langman, M.Cohn, If the immune repertoire evolved to be large, Cellular
immunology 216(2002) 15-22
5.Bevan M. In thymic selection, peptide diversity gives and takes away,
Immunity 7:175-178, 1997

30