n tt nghip

Nguyn Minh c

LI M U
Trong thi i nn kinh t th trng th ru vang tr thnh mt sn

phm thng mi c th sn xut v kinh doanh em li li nhun rt ln. Nhng

nm gn y khi m i sng nhn dn ta kh hn trc rt nhiu th nhu cu
khng ch dng li vic n no mc m m c nng ln mt nc mi l
phi thng thc ci ngon, ci p ca vn ho m thc; ngi ta ang chuyn t
ung bia sang ung ru vang.
Vang khng ch l mt th ung, m cn c mt nn vn ho. Mt trit
gia c tng ni, ru vang khi c chng ct n l ging c, khi ung vo n
li l ging ci mun i quyn r. V th khi thng thc ru vang khng th
theo kiu phm phu tc t ung c cc mt ln. iu ny khng ch th l vi
ru vang m cn hi cho sc khe, hy nhm nhi tng ngm tn hng ht
hng v ca ru vang.
Ung ru vang phi tn dng c th gic, khu gic v v gic cm nhn ht
ci ngon ca ru. Th gic thu nhn mu sc, khu gic thng thc mi
hng v v gic cm nhn mi v. Nhn vo mu sc c th bit c ru
vang gi hay tr, ru gi c mu m thin v nu, ru tr c mu hng
ngc hay nht. Mi hng ca ru vang c ti hng nghn loi khc nhau, c
th l mi va li, mi ht d, mi hoa qu..v ca vang ch yu c bn v l chua,
ngt, ng v mn.
Vit Nam ngnh sn xut vang mi c thc s bt u t nhng nm 80
ca th k 20 v c nh du bng s hin din ca vang mang nhn hiu
Thng Long trn th trng ni a. Sau dn xut hin cc sn phm mi
nh vang Lt, vang Vina wine, vang Thp Chm..
Thc t ngnh sn xut vang ca Vit Nam mi ch p ng c cc loi vang
ph thng tc l c cht lng khng cao v cung cp cho i b phn ngi tiu
dng trc kia, ngy nay do i sng ca nhn dn c nng ln rt nhiu v
vy m s thng thc i hi phi c nng cao. Hn na vang ca Vit Nam
cn c lm t nhiu loi qu nh: Nho, du, to mo, da, vi..nn cht lng
khng c tiu chun r rng. thng hiu vang ca Vit Nam c ch ng ti
th trng trong nc cng nh tin ti xut khu th nguyn liu dng lm ru
vang ph bin m th gii dng l nho. Vit Nam nho c trng nhiu c
nng sut v cht lng cao sn xut ru vang tp trung tnh Ninh Thun
v Bc Bnh Thun.
V vy, Em chn ti: Thit k nh my sn xut ru vang nho cng
sut 2 triu lt/nm , nh my c t ti tnh Ninh Thun ni c ngun
nguyn liu phong ph, nho cht lng cao v c nhiu iu kin thun li
sn xut ru vang.
Nhim v v mc ch ca ti:
1. Nhng lun chng kinh t xy dng nh my.
2. Tng quan v ti liu lin quan v ru vang trong v ngoi nc.
Lp CNSHA k46

 n tt nghip
Nguyn Minh c
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Cc bnh v li v ru vang.
Chn v thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh.
Tnh ton v cn bng sn phm.
Tnh thit b, in, hi, lnh v nc.
Chn thit b v tnh ton nh xng.
8. Tnh ton kinh t.
9. An ton lao ng, v sinh v x l mi trng trong nh my.

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 1: Lun chng kinh t

Nguyn Minh c

Chng 1: LUN CHNG KINH T

1. Tnh hnh pht trin ngnh ru vang trn th gii
Trc kia ngnh sn xut v tiu th ru vang ch tp trung cc nc
Chu u, Bc M v Chu c do ru vang cn qu t i vi i b phn
nhn dn trn th gii, th n nay kinh t ca cc nc ang dn xch li v i
sng nhn dn c ci thin ng k th nhu cu thng thc ru vang khng
ch n thun nh mt loi ung m n cn c trng vn ho m thc
tng ln ng k.
Theo thng k ca hip hi vang quc t: nm 1995 mc tiu th bnh qun
theo u ngi ca mt s quc gia nh sau: CH.Php ~ 62 lt/nm; Italia ~ 62
lit/nm; B ~ 60 lit/nm; B o Nha ~ 60 lit/nm; Argentina ~ 45 lit/nm.
th trng Chu v Chu c nm 1995 vi sn lng 1 t lt th: Trung
Quc 300 triu lt, c khong 500 triu lt, Newzealand 50 triu lt, Nht Bn 50
triu lt cn li l mt s quc gia khc nh Thi Lan, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Philippin u t trn 10 triu lt.[1.2]
Trong vi nm gn y, ru vang ca n v Trung Quc xm nhp
th trng quc t v bc i sp ti h s tn cng cc quc gia vn ni ting v
sn xut ru vang nh Php. Hin nay, mi nm n xut khu hn 250.000
chai vang ho hng. Con s ny nh du mt bc tin trong ngnh sn xut
ru vang ca n v ch vi chc nm trc quc gia ny hu nh chng c
chai vang no c th ung c.
2. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th ru vang Vit Nam
Vit Nam l mt nc ng Nam , c vng nhit i kh hu m nn ngh
trng nho sn xut ru vang ch pht trin mt s vng kh hu thch hp nh
Ninh Thun v Bc Bnh Thun. Vang ca Vit Nam thng sn xut t nhiu
loi qu v ln men bng siro dch qu nn cht lng khng cao (do mt i
hng, v ca qu ti).
Mc tiu th v sn xut ru vang ca Vit Nam cn thp. n nm 2002,
theo ti liu ca hip hi Ru Bia nc gii kht, trong nc hin c khong 10
doanh nghip sn xut ru vang v c tnh tng sn lng vang sn xut ti
Vit Nam t 12,5 triu lt.
V vy mc tiu t ra cho ngnh sn xut ru vang cn thc hin l:
-

Xy dng ngnh sn xut ru vang c ch ng trn th trng ni a.

S dng ti a ngun nguyn liu trong nc sn xut ra sn phm c
cht lng cao, a dng ho v chng loi, ci tin bao b mu m, phn
u h gi thnh, nng cao kh nng cnh tranh, p ng nhu cu trong
nc v c sn phm xut khu, tng ngun thu ngn sch, hi nhp vng
chc kinh t khu vc v th gii.
Khuyn khch cc thnh phn kinh t tham gia sn xut, ru vang c cht
lng gn vi ru vang quc t.

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Chng 1: Lun chng kinh t

Nguyn Minh c
nh hng pht trin:
- V thit b cng ngh: hin i ho cng ngh, ng dng nhng thit b
cng ngh hin i ca th gii m bo cc tiu chun cht lng, an
ton v sinh thc phm, mi trng theo qui nh ca Vit Nam v quc
t sn phm c kh nng cnh tranh ngy cng cao trn th trng trong
v ngoi nc.
- V u t: tp trung vo cc nh my c cng sut thit k ln, pht huy
ti a nng lc ca cc c s sn xut c thit b v cng ngh tin tin,
ng thi tin hnh u t m rng nng lc sn xut ca mt s nh my
hin c a dng ho hnh thc u t phng thc huy ng vn ca cc
thnh phn kinh t trong nc, y mnh c phn ho i vi nhng
doanh nghip nh nc.
3. Chn a im v nng sut xy dng nh my
Cc nguyn tc la chn a im xy dng nh my:

Gn vng nguyn liu v nhin liu.

Thun li v giao thng ng b, ng thu, ng st

vn chuyn nguyn liu, vt liu, sn phm d dng v thun tin vi
gi thnh chi ph nh nht.

Gn ngun cung cp nc, c h thng thot nc hp l

khng nh hng n mi trng, sc kho ca ngi dn trong vng.

Gn ni ng dn c c ngun nhn lc di do v cng

l th trng tiu th sn phm.

a hnh bng phng, a cht n nh, t thin tai.

din tch b tr thit b v khu vc trong nh my, sn

xut, giao thng ni b thun tin, c t cho m rng sn xut .
T cc nguyn tc trn, ta la chn a im xy dng nh my nm trong khu
cng nghip ca tnh l khu cng nghip Thp Chm. a im ny p ng
p ng c cc yu cu theo cc phng din sau:
3.1. Giao thng
Khu cng nghip Thp Chm c quy m 126 ha, nm st quc l 27 v ga
Thp Chm, cch th x Phan Rang Thp Chm khong 7 km v pha Ty Bc.
Hn na khu cng nghip ny cn gn tuyn ng st Bc Nam. Ngoi ng
b v ng st, Ninh Thun cn c sn bay Thnh Sn khu vc Thp Chm
do vy nh my t y rt thun li v mt giao thng.
3.2. Ngun nguyn liu
Nho l ngun nguyn liu chnh cho vic sn xut vang. Cy nho c pht
trin Ninh Phc, Phan Rang Thp Chm ngoi ra cn c Ninh Sn, Ninh
Hi vi sn lng khong 60 70 nghn tn. V vy nh my t ti y s tp
trung c ngun nguyn liu phong ph, chi ph vn chuyn gim.
Hn na, ng l nguyn liu ph quan trng cho sn xut ru vang m
cc nh my sn xut ng li tp trung ti Ninh Sn, Ninh Phc.. vi tng
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Chng 1: Lun chng kinh t

Nguyn Minh c
sn lng t 88 nghn tn nm 2002. Do vy, sn lng ng tha sc cung
cp cho cc nh my v ngi tiu dng trong tnh.
3.3. Ngun nhn lc v u ra
Theo s liu ca tng iu tra dn s nm 2002, dn s ca tnh Ninh Thun
l 539 nghn ngi, v thp dn s th Ninh Thun l tnh c dn s tr. Nm
2002, s dn trong tui lao ng l 301,4 nghn ngi, chim 55,9 % s dn;
y l iu kin thun li trong lnh vc sn xut. Mt khc, GDP/ngi ca
Ninh Thun nm 2002 t khong 2.950 nghn ng bng 54,9 % so vi c nc,
nn chi ph tr lng cho ngi lao ng tng i thp.
3.4. Ngun cung cp in, nhit, lnh
S dng mng li in quc gia thng qua ngun cung cp in khu cng
nghip v qua trm h p ca nh my. Nh my c b phn chng chy n, bnh
cu ho, ca thot him v d tr my pht in cng xut va phc v
cho nh my khng b gin on sn xut khi mt in.
Nhit s dng trong nh my pht i t l hi chy bng nhin liu than. Ngi
vn hnh l hi phi c chuyn mn, phi thng xuyn kim tra, bo dng
thit b, sa cha v thay th ph tng khi cn thit.
Nh my s dng my lnh, tc nhn lm lnh cho thit b l glycol, tc nhn
chy my lm lnh l kh Freon 22.
3.5. Ngun cp v thot nc
S dng ngun nc khoan ca nh my, sau em x l nc t c
tiu chun l, ho ph hp cho sn xut. Nc thi sau khi s dng cho cng
on v sinh thit b, ra chai, ra phn xng, dng c thao tc v b nho phi
c qua b phn x l nc thi, cht thi rn.
y em thit k nh my sn xut ru vang vi cng sut 2 triu lt/nm. y
mi l cng sut ban u, nu th trng trong nc tiu th tt v c th xut
khu th s tin hnh m rng nh my vi qu t d b ti khu cng nghip.

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Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c

Chng 2: TNG QUAN

1. S lc tnh hnh sn xut nho v s dng sn phm t nho
1.1. Lch s cy nho v ngh trng nho
Nho l mt trong nhng cy c ngun gc sm nht trn tri t, qua nhng
mu ho thch ca cy v l nho trong cc trm tch phn, cc nh khoa hc
i n kt lun rng cy nho c cng tui pht sinh vi loi ngi. Cy nho
di c ngun gc vng bc bn cu, c bit l vng kh hu n i thuc Chu
u, Bc M, Trung M v ty bc ca Nam M thuc di Andes (Colombia v
Venezuela). Nhng ging nho u vit vng Trung ng v Nam Chu u
c chn ra t nho di v dn dn c a phng ho.[1.1]
Ti Vit Nam, thng qua trung tm kho cu Nng nghip Ninh Thun, cy
nho c du nhp vo t Thi Lan, Nam Triu Tin v M nm 1971 vi trn
70 ging c ngun gc nhit i v n i. Cho ti nay, thng qua nhiu ngun
khc nhau, cy nho c du nhp vo Vit Nam vi s lng ging kh ln,
nhng ging nho ny bao gm nho n ti, nho ru v nho sy kh.[1.7]
1.2. c im cy nho
Nho c ngun gc vng bc bn cu, c bit l vng kh hu n i thuc
Chu u, Bc m, Trung M v Ty Bc ca Nam M thuc di Andes. Cy nho
thch hp nhit cao va phi cho s n hoa v th phn. Vng trng nho yu
cu kh hu kh, nhiu nng v t ma. Nhng vng ma nhiu, vi lng ma
1000 mm tr ln khng thch hp cho s hnh thnh v pht trin hoa, qu;
khng nhng th cn kch thch s pht trin ca su bnh.
Vit Nam, c im kh hu kh v nng nh tnh Ninh Thun tng i
ph hp cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca cy nho. Theo s liu kh tng cho
thy vng ny c nhit cao quanh nm khng c ma ng nh cc tnh pha
Bc, m bo cho s sinh trng v gi c mu xanh quanh nm, khng c
hin tng ngh ng nh cc nc n i. Lng ma hng nm thp, trung
bnh 879,8 mm/nm, m khng kh trung bnh 76,67%. Thi gian chiu sng
nhiu, s gi nng bnh qun trn 7 gi mi ngy l iu kin tt cho sinh trng,
pht trin v cho nng sut cao.
Nho thch hp trn t bi tch ph nhiu, c thnh phn ct nh v tht pha ct,
t ti d lm c kt cu tt v pH thch hp cho nho pht trin l 6,5 7,5.
1.3. Mt s ging nho c trng hin nay trn th gii
- Ging nho khng ht Thompson seedless: l ging c ngun gc M, ph hp
vi nhng vng n i. Cy sinh trng mnh, c u th v pht trin ngn.
Kch thc l ln, l mng , ch thy nng. Nng sut t trung bnh n cao.
Cnh mang qu nm v tr t th 5 10. Chm qu ngn, cht, hi c hnh
nn. Qu hnh van, c ng cao 19 - 20 o Brix. Ging ny thng c
dng lm nho n ti v nho kh M, c v mt s nc Chu u. y l
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Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
ging tng i kh mang hoa khi ct cnh. Ging ny c trng th
nghim v thy ph hp, cho nng xut cao ti vng Ninh Thun.
- Ging Anebe-Shahi: ging ny c trng nhiu vng nam n (bang
Tamil Nadu), vng c kh hu nhit i kh v c cao trn 300 m so vi mc
nc bin. Cy c thn ln, cnh to, mp, mu nu m. Cy sinh trng kho,
l to, chm q rt ln c hnh nn, chn ng u. Qu ln hnh van, mu h
phch, thng c 3 ht. Cht ho tan tng s 17 18 %. Nng sut rt cao v
c xem l ging nho n ti ph bin nht n .
- Nho xanh Bangalore Blue: ging ny thuc loi V. labrusca c thn nh, cnh
di v nh. L hnh tim, kch thc ln. Chm hoa ngn, rt cht, chm qu chn
khng ng u. Qu nh, hnh cu hoc hi van khi chn c mu tm hi en
m. Cht tan tng s 17%, qu c th bo qun c lu. y l ging ni ting
v sc chu ng c iu kin bt thun v khng su bnh.
- Ging nho khng ht Beauty seedless: cy c sc sng trung bnh, chm qu t
trung bnh ti ln, hnh nn di ti hnh tr. Qu mu en, hi xanh da tri, hnh
cu, kch thc nh Cht lng tt vi cht ho tan tng s 18 21%. Nng sut
trung bnh 35 tn/ha, i khi ti 75 tn/ha. y l ging nho chn sm, mu p
v sn lng cao.
- Nho khng ht Perlette: cy kho, chm qu ln trung bnh, hnh nn di ng
rt cht; qu mu hi xanh, kh hp dn, c hnh cu hoc ellip. y l ging
khng ht, chn sm, cht lng trung bnh, cht tan tng s 16 20%. Nng
xut trung bnh 35 tn/ha.
1.4. Cc ging nho c trng ph bin Vit Nam
- Ging nho Cardinal: cy c sc sng trung bnh n cao. Chm hoa ra t
th 1 8. Chm qu ln trung bnh, hnh nn ct hoc nn di. Qu c mu
sng hoc sm kh hp dn, hnh cu hoc hnh ellip, qu thng c 2 -3 ht;
chn khng u. Cht lng qu trung bnh vi 14 15oBrix.
- Nho tm Ribier: cy c sc sng mnh, l to; chm qu v dng qu tng t
nh nho Cardinal v n l ging b ca nho . Qu c mu tm en, khi
lng qu kh ln 4,5 5 g, v qu mng. Cht lng qu trung bnh vi 14
16o Brix.
- Ging NH.01-48: ging ny c nhp t Thi Lan, nm 1997, cy c sc sng
trung bnh. L mu xanh nht, nhn, chm qu trung bnh n ln c hnh nn
di. Khi lng chm qu trung bnh 330 350 g, khi chn qu c mu xanh
vng, v qu dy d tch ra khi phn tht qu. Cht lng qu tt vi 17 18 o
Brix, nng xut cao 12 15 tn/ha, ging ny c trng nhiu Ninh Thun.
- Ging Black Queen: ging ny c nhp t Thi Lan, nm 1997, cy c sc
sng t trung bnh n cao, chm hoa c hnh dng kh p. Chm qu c hnh
nn, kch thc ln; khi lng chm 350 450 (g). Cht lng qu tt vi 16
17o Brix, nng sut 12 - 15 tn/ha.

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Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
- Ging Red star: ging ny c nhp t M, nm 1998. Cy c sc sng trung
bnh, l mu xanh nht, t lng. Chm qu hnh nn, kch thc ln; khi lng
chm 600 800 g. Cht lng qu tt 16 17o Brix, nng sut 12 14 tn/ha.
- Ging NH.02 - 04: y l ging nho ru c trin vng nht, c nhp t
Php, nm 1994. Cy c sc sng cao, l trn mu xanh nht, t lng. Chm hoa
c hnh dng di, t phn nhnh; chm qu hnh nn thun di, khi lng chm
qu 200 250 g. Qu hnh cu, khi chn qu c mu xanh hi vng, axit v
ng cao 16 18o Brix, v qu mng; nng xut kh cao 15 18 tn/ha.
- Ging Chambourcin (NH.02 - 10): y cng l mt trong nhng ging nho
ru, c nhp t c, nm 1994. Cy c sc sng trung bnh, l hnh tim,
mng, mu xanh m; chm hoa phn nhnh nhiu. Chm qu c hnh nn hi
thun di, khi lng chm qu t 150 200 g; qu hnh cu, khi chn c mu
en sm. Hng v thm, chua ngt; v qu dy. axit v ng cao (16
17o Brix), nng sut trung bnh 8 10 tn/ha. Ru vang v nc ngt ch bin
t ging nho ny c mu sc kh hp dn.
- Ging Rubi red (NH.02 - 09): ging ny c nhp t c, nm 1994. Cy c
sc sng trung bnh, l hi trn, dy, mu xanh nht; chm qu c hnh nn hi
trn, khi lng chm qu bin ng kh ln t 50 150 g. Qu hnh cu, khi
chn c mu en sm; hng v thm, chua, ngt. axit v ng cao (18
20o Brix), nng sut trung bnh 7 - 10 tn/ha. Ru vang v nc ngt ch bin
t ging nho ny c mu sc kh hp dn.[1.7]
1.5. Thu hoch v chn lc nho sn xut ru vang
1.5.1. Thu hoch chung: thu hoch nho l cng vic bn rn nht ca cc nh
trng nho. N bt u khi nho t n chn hon ho, tc l lc nho c nng
ng v axit hu c thch hp cho vic sn xut vang.
Nho chn hon ton, nhn chung c hm lng axits hu c thp v hm lng
ng cao. Nu ti khi thu hoch m nho khng chn hon ton th nc nho p
s c t ng v nhiu axt hu c. Ngay trong qu trnh nho chn, nng
ng cng tng ln lin tc cho nn ngi ta phi kim tra nhm tm ra thi
im thu hoch thch hp. lm vic ny ngi ta p nho ly dch v xc nh
nng cht tan bng khc x k hoc t trng k v ch ti khi nng ng
nm mc hi cao hn nng trung bnh vn t c ti ni trng v loi nho
nht nh mi bt u thu hoch. Ni chung khi thi tit thun li v nho khng
b bnh th ko di thi gian thu hoch s lm cho vang c cht lng tt hn. D
nhin, ngay trong khi nho chn m c sng sm hoc b bnh nm xm v cn
trng e do, th phi tin hnh thu hoch ngay m khng cn i n chn
thch hp na. Vic xc nh thi im ny l rt kh v i hi phi c nhiu
kinh nghim trong ngh trng nho. Vic tin hnh thu hoch nho phi c tin
hnh c k hoch da trn c s thi gian chn khc nhau ca nho, nho chn
trc th thu hoch trc, nho chn sau th thu hoch sau. Nhng loi nho c cht
lng tt i hi nhiu thi gian chiu sng hn mi chn hon ton, do thi
gian thu hoch ca nhng loi nho ny thng cui v mi bt u.
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Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
Trng thi v chn ca nho quyt nh n cht lng ca vang, do tt nht
l tin hnh thu hoch cc thi im khc nhau. Ngi ta phn bit 4 giai on
thu hoch:
Thu hoch sm: iu ny din ra khi mt b phn nho b thi tit xu hoc
su bnh lm hi. y ngi ta loi b nhng qu nho mc bnh hay b h hi,
ng thi phng s ly bnh sang nho lnh ln. L ng nhin
t nho phn ln b ng v c li th ch c th to ra vang km cht lng. Ngi
ta ln men vang t loi nho ny theo phng php cc bit. Trong trng hp
thun li nht th pha u vi vang tiu dng khc.
Thu hoch chnh: y l giai on thu hoch ch yu, mang li lng sn
phm chnh cho ngi trng nho. Thi hn ca dng thu hoch ny i vi tng
loi nho v tng vng canh tc c ban qun l thng bo cng khai. C vng
lp ra hi ng thu hoch a phng v hi ng ny chu trch nhim lp ra k
hoch thu hi cho n v mnh. vic xc nh chnh xc thi im bt u thu
hoch c mc ch kim ch cc nh trng nho khng cho h thu hoch qu sm.
Ch c nh vy sn phm vang v uy tn ca a phng mi c bo v v thc
y.
Thu hoch mun: gp iu kin c bit tt v tng quan thi tit thun
li, ngi ta thng nhng loi nho c cht lng v cng ch loi nho ny
li trn cy v s thu hoch sau khi nho trng thi qu chn. Qua y sn
lng nho tt nhin b gim nhng cht lng nho tt hn nhiu.
Chn lc nho: c cht lng vang tt, ngi ta phi tin hnh phn loi
v chn lc nho cht lng. y ngi ta tin hnh tch nho b bnh hoc h
hi ra khi nho chn u hoc chn qu v ch bin ring. Nh vy, t s nho cht
lng cn li c th sn xut c loi vang ho hng.
nhng vng trng nho gp thi tit c bit thun li, i khi ngi ta
nho trn cy cho ti khi phn nc trong qu bc hi v nhn b ngoi
thy ging nh nho kh. c cng sn xut loi nho kh nh th khi n b
bnh nm thi ra qu tc Botrytis cinerea. Loi nm ny chui qua v vo
trong qu, ng ho ch yu cc axit hu c v cht t ng. Vic ny lm cho
v qu b hng to iu kin tin cho phn ln nc bc hi, qu teo li ta
nho kh. y hm lng cc cht tiu biu cho cht lng nho l ng v
cht thm tng ln ng k.
Khi thu hoch nho kh c chn lc v ring ri ch to loi dch nho
khc hoc b sung vo vang non; nhng vang sn xut t nho kh chn lc nh
th c cht lng tuyt vi. Tuy vy, v gi thnh sn xut cao nn loi vang ny
ch dng cho mc ch c bit, mt s vng trng nho tr nn ni ting th
gii chnh bi nhng loi nho kh chn lc theo kiu nh th ny.[1.1]

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Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c

1.5.2. Di v thu hoch nho Vit Nam

Nho sn xut ru vang thu mua ti tnh Ninh Thun. Ti vng Ninh
Thun nho c th thu hoch quanh nm, tu thuc vo thi v ct cnh. Nhng
hu nh hnh thnh lm 3 v thu hoch chnh vo cc thng 3 4, 7 8, v thng
12 - 1 nm sau. Nho c nng sut v cht lng tt nht l ma thu hoch vo
thng 3 4, v cy nho sinh trng v pht trin trong iu kin thi tit mt m
ca v ng Xun, ph hp cho vic sinh tng hp v vn chuyn cc hp cht
hu c.[1.7]
1.6. Din tch, sn lng v tnh hnh s dng cc sn phm t nho
1.6.1. Din tch v sn lng
Din tch trng cy nho trn th gii khong 10 triu ha. Chu u l khu
vc c din tch trng nho ln nht th gii, nhng nc trng nhiu nho l B
o Nha, Th Nh K, Php, Italia, Nga, v M.
Nng sut nho trn th gii dao ng kh ln, t 5,2 27,0 tn/ha. Thp
nht l Iran v Triu Tin, nhng nc c nng sut cao l n v H Lan.
Bng 1: Sn lng nho trn th gii c tnh khong 65 triu tn hng
nm, tnh ring cho tng khu vc nh sau:
Khu vc

Sn lng (1000 tn)

Ton th gii

65.167

Chu u

36.832

Chu

7.434

Trung v Bc M

5.354

Nam M

5.339

Chu Phi

2.216

Chu i dng

792,0

Nga

7.200

Tng s nho qu xut khu trn th gii hng nm c chng 1 triu tn,
trong Chu u khong 700.000 tn chim 70%, Ty u khong 240.000 tn,
Php 100.000 tn, Tip Khc 40.000 tn v mt phn na l Trung v Bc M.
Vit Nam cy nho c trng tp trung ch yu tnh Ninh Thun v
Bc Bnh Thun vi din tch khong 2.500 2.700 v mt s t pha Nam tnh
Khnh Ho, trn cc vng kh hu kh nng v c lng ma thp. Trong nhng
nm gn y, cy nho c pht trin ra c cc tnh pha Bc, Vng c kh hu
nhit i m.

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
Ti vng Ninh Thun, cy nho c tim nng nng sut rt cao, trn mt ha
c th thu c 30 40 tn mi nm mt cch n nh nu c k thut ph hp.
1.6.2. Tnh hnh s dng cc sn phm t nho
- Nho n ti: ngha l c tiu th di dng qu ti. Cc ging ny c mu
sc b ngoi, mi v hp dn, vn chuyn i xa khng b dp nt, th qu cng, v
qu dai.. Cc ging nho n ti ch yu l Thompson Seedless, Tokay, Black
Queen, Redstar, NH.01-48..
- Nho kh: l nhng ging nho trng lm kh nho. Nhng ging nho ny
thng c cu trc qu mm, khng ht, hm lng ng cao, hng v d chu
v t b dnh khi bo qun sn phm. Dng vo mc ch ny thng l cc ging
nho khng ht nh Thompson, Seedless, Black corinth, Seedless sultana..
- Nho ru: l cc ging nho trng sn xut ru vang v mt s ru mnh
cao cp, t tin. Loi nho ny c trng ch yu Chu u, Nam Phi, Bc
Phi, Nam M v c vi cc ging nh White Riesling, Chardonnay,
Chambourcin, Ruby Red, NH.02 - 04..
- Nho lm nc ngt: l nhng ging nho c dch nc p ngt lm ung.
Nc qu nho c th gi li c hng v t nhin ca nho ti thng qua vic
lc v bo qun. M ngi ta dng ging Concord, Php dng ging Aramon
v Carignan, cc nc Trung u dng ging White Riesling.
- Nho ng hp: cc ging nho khng ht nh Thompson Seedless v Canner
thng c dng ng hp chung vi cc loi tri cy khc.[1.7]
2. Cc cng ngh sn xut ru vang nho
2.1. S lc qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ru vang
C l t c sn phm no xut hin sm nh vang. Vang c loi ngi
bit cch t hng nghn nm nay, trong cc cu chuyn thn thoi ca ngi Hy
Lp c miu t cch trng trt v vang. u tin ngi ta ch bit p qu ly
nc ri ln men t nhin trong cc hang , to ra mt loi nc ung gy
mt cm gic lng lng v c mi thm hp dn khc vi mi thm ca qu chn.
Trong lch s ca loi ngi vang ng vai tr quan trng trong i sng kinh t.
Nhiu bng chng lch s cho thy vang nh l cng c ca ngnh thng mi,
mc d ngun gc ca ngnh ch bin vang thi tin s vn cn y b n.
Nhng r rng vo thi im con ngi to dng c ngnh ch bin
vang c qui m Ai Cp v mt s vng khc.
Vo th k th 4 trc cng nguyn, di s thng tr ca ngi La M c i.
Ngnh bun bn vang c pht trin khp Chu u, Bc Phi, thm ch lan ra c
vng vin ng. T cng vi s pht trin ca cy nho v s c kt kinh
nghim m ngh lm ru nho c pht trin trn khp th gii.
Nhng ngh lm ru vang ch thc s bt u pht trin mnh m vo nm
1857, khi Lui Pasteur a cc bng chng chng minh rng qu trnh ln
men l mt qu trnh sng v nhng khm ph v c s vi sinh vt v s h hng
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
ca vang t c kt qu ngoi sc tng tng. Sau , vi s p dng
thnh tu ca khoa hc k thut vo cc qu trnh ln men rt ngn c thi
gian ln men, ngn chn c s ph hoi ca vi sinh vt v gim thi gian tr
vang ru vang.
Theo thng k ca Hip Hi Vang Quc T th t l trng nho v sn lng
nho c sn xut trn th gii l:
Nm 1956:
Din tch trng l:
22.058,5x 103 mu (Anh).
Sn lng vang:
5.5659,3x 103 gallon ( khong 25,7 t lit ).
Nm 1957:
Din tch trng l:
21.590,7x 103 mu (Anh).
Sn lng vang:
4.558,772x 103 gallon ( khong 20,7 t lit ).
Nm 1958:
Din tch trng l:
22.184,8x 103 mu (Anh).
Sn lng vang: 6.099,224x 103 gallon ( khong 27,6 t lit ).
V theo s liu mi nht th sn lng thu hoch nho nm 2004 t 177 t lit,
tng 8 % so vi nm 2001 v nm 2003 (u t 163 t lit). Nm 2002 c sn
lng thp nht ch t 158 t lit.
Sau y l sn lng nho thu hoch nm 2004 tnh theo tng nc
Php t 58 t lit
Italia t 52 t lit
c t 10,5 t lit
B o Nha t 7,5 t lit
Hy lp t 4,4 t lit
Ring sn lng nho thu hoch nm 2004 ca Ty Ban Nha, do b nn su
ry, gim 7 % so vi nm 2003. Sn lng nho thu hoch ca Hungary nm
2004 tng 26 % so vi nm 2003 t 4,8 t lt, ng trn c Hy Lp.[1.8]
2.2. Khi nim v ru vang v phn loi ru vang
2.2.1. Khi nim v ru vang
Theo ngha, ru vang l sn phm ln men t qu nho hoc t dch nc
nho
(c th ln men t mt s qu khc nh to, o, mn, ..) m khng thng qua
chng ct.
Thng t nho trng ch c th sn xut ru vang trng. Tuy nhin, ru vang
trng cng c th thu c t nho m c dch trng nu dch p nho c tch
khi b ngay trc khi ln men. Cn t nho m c dch trng hoc c dch
th c th to ra ru vang hng hoc ru vang nu cho ln men c b, do
cc cht mu t v qu s c ko theo vo trong ru vang.
2.2.2. Phn loi ru vang
C nhiu cch phn loi vang khc nhau
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
Cn c vo mu sc ca sn phm phn loi thnh: Vang , vang trng,
vang hng tng ng vi tng loi vang ny m c cc ch tiu v mu sc,
trong khc nhau.
Cn c theo ru, hm lng ng, hm lng acid.. c trong vang
m phn thnh cc loi: vang kh, vang du, vang ngt.. Nhng xu hng
chung th vang c phn thnh hai nhm chnh l vang khng c ga ( trong
vang khng c CO2 ) v vang c ga (trong vang thnh phm c CO 2), trong
mi nhm li phn thnh mt s loi khc nhau tu theo hng, v,.. ca
tng loi sn phm.[1.2]
Bng 2. Phn loi ru vang
Stt
1.

Loi vang

cn ( %v )

ng ( % )

Vang khng gas

1.1

Vang bn n

1.1.a

Cay

914

< 0.3

1.1.b

Na cay

912

0,30,5

1.1.c

Na ngt

912

38

1.2

Vang nng

1.2.a

Nng

1720

114

1.2.b

im tm

a1

Na ngt

1416

520

b1

Ngt

1517

1420

2.

Vang c gas

2.1

Sm banh

2.1.a

Khng ngt

10,5 12,5

< 0,3

2.1.b

Rt cay

10,5 12,5

0,8

2.1.c

Cay

10,5 12,5

2.1.d

Na cay

10,5 12,5

2.1.e

Ngt

10,5 12,5

2.2

Ru vang bt

2.2.a

10,5 12,5

78

2.2.b

Muxcat

10,5 12,5

9 12

2.2.c

Hng

10,5 12,5

67

2.2.d

Vang bt

9 12

38

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c

Ru vang khc vi mt s loi ru cao c lm t ng cc, nho v

mt s loi qu khc nh: (nh sery, to, du..)
Cognac: c lm t nho, trong thng g si c bit.
Armagnac: Sn xut vng Armagnac ( Php ), ging vi ru Cognac
nhng c mi mnh hn.
Brandy tng hp: c lm t cc loi qu khc nhau.
im khc bit ln nht gia ru vang vi cc ru ny l sau khi ln men dch
qu, ngi ta tin hnh chng ct v c tng tr trong iu kin c bit.
Ru vang cng khc vi cc ru cao khc nh:
Rin: sn xut bng ng hoc mt s ng cc.
Vodka: c sn xut t khoai ty hoc mt s ng cc.
Rhum: sn xut t r ng ( Cuba ).
V cng c tin hnh chng ct nh cc ru trn. Ru Liquor c im khc
bit l n c pha ch t cn chng ct v cc loi dch nc qu ngm ng.
[1.3]
2.3. Tiu chun cht lng vang
2.3.1. Tiu chun ho l
L ch tiu phn tch nh lng i vi mt s thnh phn c bn c trong
vang thnh phm lm c s xc nh cht lng ca tng loi vang v c
quy nh bng sau:
Bng 3: Tiu chun ho l ca ru vang
Stt

Loi Vang

1
2
3
4
5
6

Vang kh
Vang na kh
Vang na ngt
Vang ngt
Vang trng ming
Vang gas
( nhn to )
Vang gas
( t nhin )
Vang nng

7
8

Lp CNSHA k46

Hm lng
etylic ( %V)

Hm lng
ng
(g/100ml)

Hm lng acid
theo acid malic
(g/l)

9 14
9 14
9 12
13 14
14 17
10 12

< 0,3
0,5 2,5
35
14 15
10 16
0,5 8

57
57
57
57
57
57

11 13

0,5 8

57

17 20

6 10

57

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
Ngoi ra, hm lng acid bay hi ( tnh theo acid axetic ) i vi vang
trng 1,2 g/l, vang hng 1,3 g/l, vang 1,4 g/l, hm lng SO2 t do
20 mg/l.
Cc kim loi nng: Cu 4 mg/l, Fe 10 mg/l, Zn 5 mg/l, Pb 0,4
mg/l,..
2.3.2. Tiu chun vi sinh vt
Khng c c cc loi vi sinh vt sau: Coliform, E.coli, Samonella, B.
cereus..
i vi vi khun hiu kh th 100 khun lc/ml.
2.3.3. Tiu chun cm quan
Mu sc c trng ca vang l: mu , mu lu, mu thm; Vang
hng l mu hng n mu ti; vang trng l mu vng rm n vng nh.
trong: trong nh khng c cn
Hng v: c v c trng cho mi loi vang nht nh, khng c mi v l.
2.3.4. Thnh phn c bn ca ru vang
Ru etylic
Sn phm ca qu trnh ln men vang ch yu l ru etylic m vai tr
quan trng ca ru etylic c lin quan rt nhiu ti vic to mi ca vang.
Ngoi etylic l thnh phn ch yu ra, trong vang cn c nhiu loi ru
bc cao khc cng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh ln men vang nh: metylic,
izopropinic, izobutilic..S c mt ca cc loi ru bc cao tuy ch hm lng
nh nhng li c vai tr quan trng trong vic tham gia cc qu trnh hnh thnh
mi thm c trng cho vang.

Axt hu c
Thnh phn acid hu c c trong vang thnh phm u c ngun gc t cc
loi dch qu v mt phn khc l sn phm ca qu trnh ln men vang. Cc acid
hu c ng vai tr quan trng i vi v ca vang.
S c mt ca cc acid hu c trong sn phm c tc dng rt tt trong
vic duy tr pH thp, c tc dng ngn chn s xm nhp ca nhiu loi khun
vo vang, ng thi tng cng s n nh ca vang.
ng
L nguyn liu to nn cc loi ru trong qu trnh ln men vang,
trong qu chn cha ch yu l cc loi ng kh: fructoza, glucoza, galactoza..
Trong qu trnh ln men ru, cc loi ng kh rt nhanh chng c
nm men s dng chuyn ho thnh ru v gii phng CO2, v cc sn phm
ph.

Cc vitamin

Lp CNSHA k46

10

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
Hu ht cc vitamin c sn trong dch tri cy sau khi kt thc ln men u
thy c trong vang thnh phm, theo mt s tc gi th nhiu loi vitamin c
trong dch nho khng b ph hu m n cn c hon thin trong vang thnh
phm.

Cc axit amin
Cc acid amin c vai tr quan trng i vi s sinh sn v pht trin ca nm
men. Ngoi lng acid amin c sn trong dch qu, qu trnh ln men vang cng
to thm mt s axit amin lm cho vang thnh phm c hng, v c trng.
Cc cht thm
Mi thm ca vang thnh phm l do cc cu t thm nh cc loi ru bc
cao, etylacetat, acetaldehyt, acetic.. to ra bi qu trnh ln men, tng tr trong
nhng iu kin thch hp. N c mi c trng ca sn phm ln men t mt
loi qu nht nh.
Cc cht khong
Cc cht khong nh Ca, Mg, Mn, P, Na, K..mc d c hm lng rt nh
ph thuc vo tng loi nguyn liu nhng n gi vai tr quan trng trong qu
trnh ln men ru vang. Cc cht khong c tc dng ln s sinh trng v sinh
sn ca nm men lm tng hng v, gi tr cho ru vang.
2.4. H vi sinh vt c trong vang
Trong mi trng dch qu trc ln men c cha nhiu vi sinh vt, chng
sng ch yu v qu, cnh, cung l v mi trng xung quanh. Thng qua
giai on p chng c xm nhp vo dch nho, phc h vi sinh vt ny gm 70
% nm mc, 15 20 % nm men (tham gia chnh trong qu trnh ln men ru),
cn li l vi khun. Nc nho c nng axit cao khng thun li cho vi sinh vt
pht trin, nm men c t l nh trong dch qu nhng c kh nng pht trin tt
trong iu kin thiu O2. Nn dch nho l mi trng tt cho nm men, cc vi
sinh vt khc b c ch do cn tng, pH gim dn trong qu trnh ln men.
2.4.1. Nm men trong sn xut ru vang
- Nm men t nhin, trn b mt qu, trn cnh, trn l..
Cc men di c nhiu trong t nhin nht l nhng ni sn xut ru. Trn
b mt qu, c bit l qu chn. Khi phn loi cc men tm thy nc qu ln
men t nhin, ngi ta thy c nhiu loi, nhng ph bin hn c l mt s loi
nh Saccharomyces ellipsoideus, Kloeckera apiculata. Mt vi men sinh mng
khc l Schizosaccharomyces pombe c kh nng phn gii axit malic thnh axit
lactic lm cho ru c v cht, ngoi ra cn c Hancelnula, Pichia.. to mng
trng trn mt ru.
Nu men di pht trin t nhin th qu trnh ln men rt kh iu chnh v
cht lng ru thu c khng n nh, ln men t nhin thng c cn
Lp CNSHA k46

11

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
khng cao, nh hn 10 % theo th tch v rt d b nhim. Khi nn cng nghip
ngy cng pht trin mnh th con ngi c nhng bin php cn thit dit
men di, thay vo l men nui cy thun chng, vi nhng u im cao, nht
nh s gip cho qu trnh ch bin ru vang em li hiu qu v cht lng
cao.
- Men nui cy thun chng
Men nui cy thun chng c cc u im l ln men nhanh, cho cn cao,
vang thu c c hng v thanh khit hn, mu sc p, d lng v d tch cn
men. Do vy vic s dng cc chng thun khit trong ngnh cng nghip ln
men ni chung v ln men ru vang ni ring c p dng nhiu ni trn
th gii t lu.
Nhng chng nm men thun khit thng dng ln men ru vang l
Saccharomyces Vini, S. cerevisiae, S. ovifomis, S. chevalieri..
- Cc yu cu chn chng nm men trong sn xut ru vang
Nm men c th s dng trong sn xut ru vang rt phong ph v a dng.
Do khi sn xut cn tin hnh tuyn chn chng ph hp nhm t c hiu
qu vao v cht lng ru tt, chn chng hon ton thch hp, ngi ta cy
chng trn mi trng dch qu nh dng v nh gi cc ch tiu sau.
C th ln men tt trong mi trng c nng ng cao, cho cn
cao.
C th ln men kit ng.
Chu c cn cao, ln men tt trong nhng khong pH nht nh.
C kh nng kt lng tt, lm trong ru nhanh.
To cho ru hng v thm ngon, khng nhim mi l, khng to vng
trn b mt ru.
2.4.2. Vi khun
Trong dch nho cng nh trong ru vang c rt nhiu vi khun. Nhng loi
ny c tc dng ci to hng v cho ru vang hoc lm xu i hng v, thm
tr lm hng ru vang. V d loi Sherry beticus c tc dng to hng v cho
vang, hay c bit l loi Leuconostoc oenos chng thc y qu trnh ln men
malolactic chuyn axit malic thnh axit lactic lm gim pH v ci thin hng
v ca ru vang. Nhng li c nhng loi nh Lactobaccillus trichodes lm cho
ru vang c mi kh chu.., do chng ta phi tm cch pht trin cc loi vi
khun c li nh to mi trng thun li cho chng pht trin, tt hn c th
cy chng thun khit trong qu trnh ln men; cng nh hn ch s pht trin
cc vi khun c hi bng cch xng SO2, to mi trng c pH thp..[1.9]
Bng 4. Vai tr ca mt s vi sinh vt trong sn xut ru vang
Vi sinh vt
Lp CNSHA k46

Vai tr

Hiu qu bin i ho l
12

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c

S. cerevisiae

Podiococcus
Leuconostoc
Lactobaccillus
H nm men
Sherry
S. beticus
S. armenti
S. cheresieusis

- Ln men ru chnh.
- CO2 ho ru vang c ga - Chuyn ho glucoza,
bng ln men th cp.
fructoza thnh etanol v
- Lm vn c ru vang ngt CO2.
- Tham gia ln men malolactic.
- Lm giu hng v.

- Chuyn ho axit malic.

thnh axit lactic v CO2.

- To hng v cho vang.

- Chuyn ho etanol
- Pht trin thnh lp b mt thnh axetandehit.
dy.
- To hng Sherry.

Botryliscinerea

Sinh trng trn b mt qu - Lm kh qu nho.

nho, dng sn xut ru vang - Axit malic b oxh thnh
ngt.
CO2 + H2O.
- To hng v mu cho
ru vang.
Vi khun axetic Lm hng ru vang do tip - Chuyn ho etanol
v cc nm men xc vi khng kh.
thnh axit axetic v CO2.
to mng
Vi khun lactic
Lm hng ru vang trong qu - To mi hi chut.
Lactobaccillus
trnh ym kh.
trichodes
2.5. Qu trnh ln men ru vang
2.5.1. S ln men to ru
Ln men ng l qu trnh chuyn ho ng thnh ru etylic, kh CO 2
di tc dng ca h enzym vi sinh vt, y nm men ng vai tr tc nhn
chuyn ho ru.
Trc ht, cc ng phc tp c trong dch qu c thu phn thnh cc
ng n gin nh glucoza, fructoza, maltoza, galactoza.. trong glucoza v
fructoza l hai loi ng d ng ho nht. Trong dch qu ti c cha nhiu
loi ng nhng khi a vo ln men, ngi ta b sung ng n nng yu
cu. Cn i vi siro dch qu ngm ng, trc khi a vo ln men, cn c
pha long n nng nh mun. Nh vy th trong dch ln men u cha c
ng n gin v phc tp. ng phc tp y ch yu l saccaroza, khi bt
u ln men di tc dng ca enzym invectaza, u tin ng saccaroza b
thu phn thnh ng glucoza v fructoza.
C ch phn ng ca s ln men rt phc tp, bao gm mt chui cc phn
ng photphorit ho monosacarit. Phn ng photphorit ha thc hin nh c s
tham gia ca enzym kinaza v cht nhng gc pht pht l ATP. Tip sau n
Lp CNSHA k46

13

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
i qua mt lot cc qu trnh nh ct i mch fructozo 1-6 diphotphat, oxy ho
3-photphoglyxaldehit v sau to thnh axetaldehit. n giai on cui nh
xc tc ca enzym alcoldehydrogenaza, axetaldehit b bin i thnh etanol v
CO2.
C th tm tt cc giai on bng mt phng trnh do Gay Lussac a ra
nm 1810, bi qu trnh bin i ng thnh ru.
C6H12O6 = 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
2.5.2. S to thnh cc sn phm ph
Trong qu trnh ln men ru vang ngi ta nhn thy rng, cng vi s to
thnh etanol v CO2 cn xut hin nhiu hp cht khc to hng v cho ru
vang.
Theo R. Dupui th khi ln men 180 g ng to thnh 83,6 g CO 2; 87,4 g
C2H5OH; 0,4 g du fuzen; 6 g glycerin; 0,3 g axit lactic v 0,1 g axetaldehit. Sau
, nhiu nh nghin cu nhn thy ngoi cc sn phm trn, trong qu trnh ln
men cn xut hin nhiu sn phm khc nh axit axetic, axit pyruvic, axeton,
diaxetyl, ru bc cao, cc este.. v nhiu cht khc na. Nhng cht ny c vai
tr kh quan trng trong vic hnh thnh hng thm v v cho vang.
Bng phng php sc k, ngi ta xc nh c hn 50 cht khc nhau
nhng phn ln c xp theo 4 nhm chnh l: axit, este, andehit v ru cao
phn t.
Mc d cc nh khoa hc dy cng nghin cu nhng c nhiu c ch to
thnh mt s sn phm ph bn trong ru vang cn cha c gii thch r
rng. Quan h gia cc sn phm bc hai c biu din qua phng trnh:
Q
Trong :

5.s + 2.y + a + b + ax + p + 9x

G: l glycerin
s: axit suxinic
a: axetaldehit

b: 2,3 butylenglycol
x: axit xitric
p: axit pyruvic

2.5.3. Qu trnh ln men malolactic trong sn xut ru vang

Ln men malolactic l mt yu t quan trng i vi vang v i vi cc
loi vang sn xut t nho trng nhng ni c vng kh hu lnh. Ln men
malolactic l qu trnh chuyn ho axit L-malic ( loi axit c v chua gt )
thnh axit L-lactic, axit xitric c trong dch qu cng c chuyn ho thnh cc
este bay hi, etylaxetat, etyl lactat; 2,3 - butanediol v mt s cht to hng
thm c trng cho vang.
Nhng im thun li ca qu trnh ln men malolactic.

Gim chua ca ru vang (tng pH).

Ci thin hng v

Lp CNSHA k46

14

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
Hng v ca ru vang mt phn bt ngun t nguyn liu v mt
phn bt ngun t cc sn phm hnh thnh trong qu trnh ln men bi
nm men v vi khun m qu trnh to cc este bay hi, cc ru bc
cao..l quan trng nht.

Tng bn sinh hc
Do cc cht dinh dng c trong ru vang b vi khun s dng v
chuyn ho axit malic, xitric thnh cc sn phm khc lm cn kit
thc n ca cc vi khun khc.
Nhng cng c mt s mt khng li ca qu trnh ny nh bin i cm
quan, thay i mu sc v s to thnh cc amin to cho vang c mi l.
Qu trnh ln men malolactic thch hp to = 15 20oC.
pH(opt) = 3,2 3,8
nng SO2 duy tr 30 mg/l
nng etylic < 15 % V
Tip ging vi khun vo ngy th 9 l tt nht.
2.5.4. Qu trnh lng trong v tr ru vang
Thng cc vng trng nho, ngi ta c th ung nc nho v vang mi
thi im: ung nc nho khi ch bin qu vi ngt nguyn s, ung vang
mt vi ngy sau khi ln men chnh khi ng lc ny CO2 ang si tm mnh,
ung vang sau khi kt thc ln men chnh. Tuy nhin, nu ng chai th vang
phi p ng nhng i hi cao hn, t nht v mt ngoi hnh nh vang phi
trong vt, khng b lng cn.. p ng c nhng yu cu trn c th p dng
nhiu bin php.

Lng cn: y ngi ta cho phn trong (sau khi tch

nm men v cn b) chy sang mt thng khc, cho vic ny din ra
d dng, ngi ta b tr cc van x nhiu v tr khc nhau dc theo thn
thng.
Nu mun cho vang hon ton kh th trc khi x cn nm men,
ngi ta phi tin hnh ton b qu trnh kim tra xem ton b ng
kh c chuyn ho thnh cn v CO2 cha. Nu cha th cha
c tch nm men m cn thm ch phi khuy o i ln cho ti khi
ton b ng kh c ln men ht. Ngc li, nu mun li mt
lng ng d no th phi tch nm men sm. Nhng loi vang
nh vy cn c dit trng bng cch lc qua lp lc v trng, sau
em thanh trng bng nhit.
Sau khi tch b nm men, ngi ta tin hnh tng tr trong bn g hoc
thng inoc.

Ly tm: qua my ly tm vang c lm trong nhanh chng,

nhng phng php ly tm thng dng lm s b dch qu hoc lm
Lp CNSHA k46

15

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
trong vang non ang cn nhiu t bo nm men, phng php ny khng
lm trong vang sau giai on tng tr.

Qu trnh tr ru vang
Thc cht qu trnh tr vang l qu trnh ln men vi tc chm v
cng chm nhm thu phn nt lng ng cn st li. Qu trnh
ny song song vi s ln men malolactic gim chua sinh l v
tng hng v cho vang, sau l qu trnh kt lng pectin, protein..
Qu trnh ny quyt nh ln n cht lng ca sn phm sau ny v n
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh thi gian, nhit , hm lng oxy, dch
qu c ln men, v ng dng nhng tin b khoa hc k thut trong
ln men ru vang..Nu nhit tr cao th lm cho tc phn ng
nhanh km theo l cc phn ng to amin, ete gy mi l cho vang
ng thi lm cho qu trnh kt lng gim dn n kh gn v lc trong
vang.
Nhit thch hp cho vic tng tr ru vang giai on u l 10
15o C qu trnh ln men malolactic din ra thun li, sau vang
c a xung cc hm ru tng tr.
2.5.5. Qu trnh lm trong v n nh ru vang
Ru vang l mt dung dch sinh hc kh phc tp trong cha nc, ru
etylic, axit hu c, cc mui ca chng, ng, protit, cht mu, cht cht, hp
cht pectin v nhiu thnh phn khc na.
Ru vang sau khi ln men rt c do cc cn nh ( t bo nm men, xc vi
khun, ht kt ta, tinh th mui tactrat, mu v qu, tht qu..). Cc pha rn phn
tn ny dn lng xung y thng, nu lng t nhin th ru rt trong nhng
thi gian rt lu thm ch ln n hng chc nm.
Cc dng c v lng cn
- c sinh hc: gy ra bi s pht trin ca nm men, xc vi khun cn st li.
Nu b c do vi khun th rt kh lm trong bi v n l dng c phn t, tuy
nhin c th p dng mt s bin php hn ch dng c ny nh sc kh SO 2,
iu chnh acid, iu chnh qu trnh ym kh.
- c ho l: do s phn r ca cc protein. Protein ca nc qu b tiu hu mt
phn bi con men, mt phn na l b cc cht tanin lm kt bng, nhng vn
cn trong ru tr. Nu nhit tng cao, lng oxy qu tha, v nu lng
tanin tng ln (ng trong thng g si ) gy ra kt bng protein di dng
nhng vn c mu trng, x l tt nht l un ru nng n 70 80 oC, ri
ngui, sau lc qua bentonit.
- c ho hc: do qu trnh oxy ho- kh xy ra trong ru vang, ru sau khi
lc c 1 - 2 ngy th b c, nguyn nhn ch yu l do Fe. Nu trong ru c
Lp CNSHA k46

16

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
t 12 25 mg/l Fe tng cng, trong vang li c sn photphat, khi ru tip xc
vi khng kh hai yu t ny phn ng vi nhau thnh feric photphat khng ho
tan c, c mu trng vang trng, mu xanh hoc en vang . Bin php
khc phc c th b sung vo ru 30 mg/l acid citric hoc 50 mg/l acid vinic
to kt ta ri lc.
- c ho sinh: trong nc qu thng c cc men oxydaza hay polifenola
oxydaza oxy ho cc cht polifenola lm cho polifenola chuyn mu ru b c.
Ngay khi bt u ln men ru, oxydaza hot ng nhng b cn tr v mi
trng ln men ru l mi trng kh oxy. Sut qu trnh gn cn, sau khi ln
men xong, chng oxy ho ngi ta lun gi ru vang trong trng thi thiu
oxy nn men oxydaza vn tn ti v lm c v mt mu giai on chn.
khc phc c th xng kh SO2 hoc x l nhit 60 70oC.
- Kt ta cht mu: Cht mu trong vang mt phn dng keo. Gp lnh cc
cht keo ny b kt ta thnh cn mu sm. Tc hi: mu gim i khong
10 20% .
- Kt ta khc: Mt s cc cht mui khc c th b kt ta trong ru, v d kali
bitartrat, canxi tartrat khi cn tng ln v nhit h thp.
Cc cht tr lng v k thut lng trong
Cht tr lng l nhng cht b sung vo ru vang n to kiu mng nhy
kt lng v ko theo cc phn t li ti trong ru lng xung (do hp th cc phn
t gy c), lm cho ru tr ln trong.
Cc cht tr lng thng s dng trong sn xut ru vang l: gelatin, bt bong
bng c, lng trng trng, casein, tanin, bentonit.

Cc cht tr lng hu c

Gelatin: l bt xng, sng v mng ng vt.

Gelatin thng mi l cht bt khng mu ( c th vng nht ), khng
mi.
Chc nng chnh l kt ta cc hp cht tanin.
Dng lm trong ru vang trng, rt c cng hiu i vi ru vang .

Bt bong bng c: dng lng cc phn t

rt b
Thng s dng trong sn xut ru vang trng, smpanh.
Liu dng: 1,2 2,5 g/hl.
Cc cht tr lng v c
Bentonit: ln u tin c pht hin thnh ph Benton ( M ), cng
thc Al2O3.SiO2.nH2O. Bt Bentonit khi ngm vi nc th trng n v
c th hp ph cc phn t b li ti.
K thut lng trong bng Bentonit
Lp CNSHA k46

17

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
-

Xc nh ru vang c cha nhiu protein khng, nu nhiu th dng

Bentonit, cn khng th s dng cht tr lng khc.
Ly 20 200 g/hl Bentonit ho vo ru v nh thnh huyn ph.
Bm v khuy u Bentonit vo thng ru.
sau 10 15 ngy th em lc.[1.3]

Cc phn ng tham gia vo qu trnh n nh cht lng ru vang

Trong qu trnh tng tr, c mt s phn ng lm cc cht trong ru vang
thay i v ng thi cng lm cho ru vang n nh hn nh: Cc phn ng
este ho lm gim cc este khng bay hi ng thi lm tng lng este bay hi.
Ln men malolactic, s chuyn ho axit xitric, do kt ta tactrat..lm mu sc v
hng v ca vang c ci thin ng k.[1.9]
Cc loi phn ng
Oxi ho-kh sinh hc

Este ho
Melanoidin
Thu phn
Ngng t

C cht tham gia phn Sn phm to thnh

ng
Phnol
andehit
hp cht cha nit
quinon
gluxit, axit hu c
axit
ru v andehit
axit + ru
este
hp cht cha nit
hp cht cacbonyl
Protein
Gluxit
hp cht cha nit
hp cht phenol

andehit, ru
melanoidin
peptit, axit amin,
ng
tanat
tanin

2.5.6. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ln men ru vang

nh hng ca hm lng ng
ng l ngun cung cp nng lng v cacbon cho hot ng sng ca
nm men. Quan trng hn na ng cn l c cht nm men s dng v
chuyn ho thnh ru etylic, CO2 v mt s sn phm ph. Trong cc loi
ng th dng glucoza v fructoza l thch hp nht v nm men d ng ho,
nhng ng trong dch qu khng nhiu do vy m ta cn b sung thm ng
saccaroza n nng thch hp.
Hm lng ng thch hp cho qu trnh ln men ru vang 12 22%, cn
hm lng 25 % th c ch qu trnh ln men. Nng ng thp s gip nm
men sinh trng d dng, do khi tin hnh nhn ging nm men th nng
ng khong 8 11%.
nh hng ca nng cn
Ru l sn phm chnh ca qu trnh ln men, nhng khi nng cn
c tch t tng dn trong qu trnh ln men s c ch hot ng ca nm men
Lp CNSHA k46

18

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
nn cng s nh hng n qu trnh ln men ca ru vang. Kh nng ln men
v chu c nng cn cao ca cc loi l khc nhau.
V d: Cc ging Saccharomyces c th chu c nng cn 9 12%V, ln
men c th t c 14 16 %V. Nhng mt s chng li chu c nng
cn thp nh Hasenula, Kloeckera apiculata c kh nng ln men t 4 5
ru..
nh hng ca nhit
Nhit ln men c nh hng ln n tc ln men, cn t c v
s to thnh cc sn phm ph, do nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Nhit
thch hp tu thuc vo mi loi chng men v ph thuc vo giai on sinh
trng ca nm men, qua nhiu cng trnh nghin cu sn xut ru vang th
nhit thch hp 20 30oC.
nhit thp nm men sinh sn chm, thi gian ln men ko di nhng tc
dng gi hng rt tt v hn ch s nhim khun. Nu ln men nhit cao
nm men sinh sn nhanh, thi gian ln men ngn, kh nng nhim khun cao v
hng thm to ru khng hi ho.
nh hng ca pH
pH cng l mt trong cc yu t gy nh hng n hot ng ca nm
men, pH ti thch cho hot ng ca nm men l 4 6. Cc nghin cu ch ra
rng khong pH thch hp cho ln men ru vang l 2,8 4,2; iu ch v gi
tr pH ca dch ln men ngi ta c th b sung axit tartric, axit xitric, NaHCO 3.
Trong khong ny nm men vn hot ng tt nhng tp khun b c ch.

nh hng ca ngun nit

Ngun nit c vai tr quan trng i vi s sinh trng v hot ng ca
nm men. Trong giai on nhn ging, nm men cn y cht dinh dng
pht trin. nhiu dch nc qu ngun nit nm men pht trin, tuy nhin
giai on nhn ging ngi ta vn b sung thm ngun nit nh: lizin, arginin
hoc (NH4)2SO4 nng 0,6% kch thch s pht trin ca nm men. T
nm men s dng ngun nit tng hp cc axit amin v cn thit cho cc hot
ng ca n.
Nu hm lng nit trong mi trng qu cao s gy nh hng n cht lng
ca ru v n to ra nhiu sn phm khng mong mun nh histein.
nh hng ca nng oxy ho tan
Ln men ru l mt qu trnh ym kh nhng giai on u, t bo nm
men cn oxy sinh trng v pht trin s lng t bo. Nu lng oxy cung
cp khng pht trin s t bo th s nh hng n kh nng ln men v to
ra cn thp. giai on sau, nm men c th ln men iu kin thiu oxy l
v trong t bo nm men c nhng cht cha peroxyt c th nhng li oxy cho

Lp CNSHA k46

19

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
t bo nm men. Nu tng oxy giai on sau hiu sut gim, ng thi ru
vang s to nhiu andehit, ru bc cao..lm gim cht lng ca sn phm.
nh hng ca cc yu t khc
Ngoi cc yu t nu trn, nm men cn chu nh hng ca mt vi yu t
khc c mt trong qu trnh ln men.
- Cht khong: cht khong rt cn thit cho nm men nht l trong giai
on tng sinh khi. Thng cht lng qu khng c ng u, nn
ngi ta thng b sung cc cht khong t ngoi vo nh: KH 2PO4,
MgSO4, NaCl..nhng vi hm lng nh cho nhu cu hot ng ca
nm men.
- Cht kch thch sinh trng: Ngi ta c th b sung biotin, cc
vitamin.. kch thch cho nm men pht trin.
- Cc cht c ch: cc sn phm ph trung gian xut hin trong qu trnh
ln men nu c tch t dn c th c ch hot ng ca nm men. S
khuch tn ca CO2 vo dch ln men gy km hm s trao i cht. Nu
c mt ca cc cht st trng nh SO2, axit sorbic vi lng ln cng km
hm hot ng ca nm men.
2.5.7.Cc bnh do vi sinh vt gy ra lm hng ru vang
Bnh do nm men
- Bnh ln men ph v hin tng c nm men
i vi nhng vang c cn di 13 %v/v v ng st trn 3 g/l m tng
tr nhit trn 9oC th cc t bo nm men cn st ang trng thi ngh s
bt u hot ng tr li. Vang nh th s ri vo tnh trng ln men ph nhanh
chng v xut hin nhng cn, cc nh mu nu trng m ngi ta thng gi l
hin tng c nm men, hin tng ny s pht trin v to thnh nhng mng
bn nm y chai i vi vang ng chai. Nu vang c cn thp v
ng st cao m ng chai iu kin khng v trng th nm men s pht
trin v ln men, to ra nhiu CO2 c th lm bt nt chai.
Cc bin php khc phc: trt vang ra khi chai v s dng phng php dit
nm men bng nhit n khi ln men ph kt thc v cn nm men kt lng
ht, sau a tng tr v pha u vi vang c cht lng tt. phng nga
bnh ny ta phi ng chai di iu kin v trng vi nhng loi vang c
cn thp v lng ng st cao hoc to vang c nng cn trn 13 %v/v.
- Bnh vng nm men
Nu vang c cn thp hn 12 %v/v m tng tr trong thng g khng nt
kn hoc chai t th thng ng, th thng c mt lp mng trn mu trng
trn b mt ca vang do cc nm men to vng gy nn
phng trnh bnh ny ta cho vang vo y thng tng tr v y kn. i vi
vang chai bo qun th nm ngang hoc xng SO2 nng t do cao.

Lp CNSHA k46

20

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
Bnh do vi khun gy ln
- Bnh vang dnh: khi rt ru ra cc vang khng chy u, lng nh nc m
dnh nh c h np. l khun lactic gy ln nht l loi Leuconostoc, trong
nhng iu kin nht nh tit ra quanh mnh mt loi ng ring gi l
dextran. Bnh ny thng ko theo bnh chua tatric v bnh vang ng. Cch
cha ln men ru vang xong nn thm SO2 tit trng.
- Bnh chua lactic: xy ra khi trong ru vang cn li ng kh, cha chuyn
ht thnh ru. ng kh b khun lactic ph hu chuyn thnh ng manit v
acid bay hi, gy mt mi chua kh chu. L mt bnh ph bin ca ru vang,
xy ra khi qu qu ngt hoc cho thm nhiu ng.
Cch cha: loi bt khun ngay t u bng cch lc k nc qu, gn cn k.
Thm SO2 v nht l to iu kin cho Saccharomyces hot ng tt.
- Bnh chua tartaric: xy ra khi vi khun lactic ph hu acid tartaric lm cho ru
c, sinh nhiu CO2, ru chuyn mu nu, c v nht.. cch cha dng SO2
xng dit khun lactic hoc dng nhit x l.
- Bnh vang ng: xy ra khi men lactic ph hu glycerin bin i thnh acrolein,
cht acrolein hnh thnh tc dng vi tanin to cht c v ng. Ru tr thnh
chua, c v ng cha bng cch xng SO2 dit vi khun latic.
- Bnh khun gim: ru vang tip xc rng ri vi khng kh ch sau mt vi
tun b mt mng trng bao ph: l mng gim. Khun gim bin cn etylic
thnh acid acetic, do ru vang c mi gim. Mt phn nh acid acetic li hp
vi ru etylic bin thnh ester etylacetat v cht ny c mi chua gt, kh chu
hn c dm. Ngi ta nm ru cn c vo mi etylacetat nh gi ru vang
c b chua dm hay khng.
Khun gim pht trin mnh hay yu ph thuc vo cc nhn t sau:
S lng khun ban u, do phi tm cch lc gi v sinh gim khun
nhim tp, ng thi duy tr lng SO2 t do thch hp trong ru vang.
nhit nh hng ln, v d acid acetic hnh thnh 28oC cao gp i
23oC.
pH cng nh hng ln, ru vang cng chua khun gim cng kh sinh
sn, v d di pH = 3,2 rt thy t xut hin khun gim.
Polyphenol tanin c tc dng km hm nh s pht trin ca khun gim.
Khun gim cn nhiu oxy, do vy gi ru vang trong chai, nt kn l
cch gi cho ru vang trnh bnh chua gim.[2.1]
2.5.8. Cc li ca vang
Li v mu sc
Thng li ny l vang c mu nu: vang v vang trng khi mi trng
ln men khng xng SO2 lng, di tc dng ca oxy khng kh vang b
Lp CNSHA k46

21

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
bin i mu sc chuyn dn sang mu nu v xut hin hng v l nh mi qu
ho.
C th x l bng cch xng SO2.
Li v mi v
- Mi trng thi
Li ny xy ra khi mt lng ln lu hunh (S) i vo dch qu hoc i vo
vang non khi t S khng ng phng php, hay S dnh cc thit b. S b nm
men kh thnh H2S c mi trng thi kh chu.
Khc phc li ny bng cch thng kh v sc SO2.
- V nht v mi nc tiu chut
Nu vang khng c xng SO2 hoc tng tr trong thng g khng y
th ch sau mt thi gian ngn s b mt mi v c v l. Nm thy nht v thng
bc mi andehit tng t mi nc tiu chut.
Khc phc bng cch xng SO2 mnh, ri sau pha u vi vang cht lng
cao.
- Mi SO2
Nu vang b xng qu nhiu SO2 th s gy mi SO2, mi ny c th t ht
mi cht thm ca ru vang.
Khc phc li ny bng cch thng kh mnh gim lng SO2.
- V mc, thng g v nt chai
Nu vang tip xc vi cc thit b b mc hoc cha trong cc thng g v
sinh cha sch th c mi mc v mi thng g.
Li ny c th x l bng than hot tnh sau pha u vi ru vang tt.
2.6. Cng ngh sn sut ru vang
2.6.1. S lc lch s ngnh sn xut vang Vit Nam
Vang sn xut t qu c l ch bt u vo nhng nm na sau ca th k
20, vang u tin mang nhn hiu Thng Long chnh thc c mt trn th
trng ni a nm 1984, m nguyn liu sn xut li chnh l qu du, m. Ngay
sau khi c mt trn th trng, sn phm vang ca Vit Nam c ngi tiu
dng n nhn v nhng nm tip theo ngnh sn xut vang Vit Nam pht
trin vi tc kh nhanh. Theo nhng kt qu thng k s b th:
Nm 1984, duy nht ch c vang Thng Long vi tng sn lng khong
10.000 lit/nm.
Nm 1985, cng vn ch c vang Thng Long vi tng sn lng t
khong 30.000 lit/nm.
Nm 1986, c thm vang Hng H, Gia Lm.. vi tng sn lng t
khong 100.000 lit/nm.

Lp CNSHA k46

22

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
T nm 1992 1996 c thm vang: ng , HaBa, H Ni, Ty ,
Hon Kim.. tng sn lng nm 1996 t khong 7.000.000 lit/nm (vang
Thng Long vn dn u vi sn lng chim hn 90 %).
Nm 1997 1999: c thm mt s vang Ninh Thun, Bc , Hng
Vng, Vang Nho (Vin nghin cu Ru - Bia - Nc gii kht).. tng sn
lng 8.500.000 lit/nm (trong vang Thng Long chim 76 % th phn ).[1.2]
T nm 2000 n nay, theo c ch th trng mt s nhn hiu mi xut
hin nh vang Vina Wine, vang Mercy, vang Thp Chm.. ng thi mt s
nhn hiu cng khng cn trn th trng. Tng sn lng nm 2002 l
12.500.000 lt/nm.
Nh vy ngnh sn xut vang ca Vit Nam cng pht trin kh nhanh do i
sng kinh t c ci thin ng k ngi ta chuyn dn t ung ru cao ,
bia sang ung ru vang. Nhng bn thn sn phm vang ca Vit Nam cng
bc l nhng nhc im v cht lng sn phm v qui trnh cng ngh. Hu
ht cc c s sn xut vang ca nc ta dng nguyn liu sn xut vang ch
yu tp trung mt s loi qu: du, m, da, to mo, mn.. nhng loi qu ny
c hm lng axit kh cao (8 18 g/l), trong khi hm lng ng li thp (40
140 g/l) v dng bin php chit dch qu bng cch ngm ng nn nh hng
nhiu n qui trnh cng ngh v kh khn cho vic nghin cu nng cao cht
lng sn phm.
2.6.2. Qui trnh sn xut ru vang trong nc
Qua cc s ta thy phng php ngm ng to dch siro ln men ru
vang c s dng ph bin Vit Nam t nm 1996 tr v trc. C s ca
phng php ny l li dng s chnh lch v p sut thm thu ca dch trong
qu v dch ng ngoi qu, phng php ny c nhng u im nh sau:
Trong sn xut khng phi lc no dch qu cng dng cho ln men
ngay, do tnh cht thi v ca cc loi qu cho ln ngi ta bo qun
dch qu sn xut quanh nm.
Dch siro thu c thng c nng cht kh t 60 65oBx, cho nn
c th c ch c cc vi sinh vt v dch siro ny c th bo qun
iu kin bnh thng trong thi gian di m khng b bin i cht
lng.
Tuy nhin phng php ny cng c nhiu nhc im m tiu biu l:
Dch siro ( khng thng qua p nho ) nn tnh ti ca dch qu km,
hm lng ng cao v khi to dch qu ln men phi pha long do vy
thnh phn cc cht trong dch gim ng k.
Dch siro a vo vang trung bnh l 250 g qu/lit, trong khi vang ca
th gii a vo l 1200 g qu/lit.
Bng 5: so snh thnh phn nho sn xut ru vang trn th gii v nho tnh
Ninh Thun [1.5]

Lp CNSHA k46

23

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
Thnh phn
ng tng
ng kh
Axit tng
pH
Tanin

Nho trn th gii

18 24oBx
17 20oBx
0,67 %
3,50
0,2 %

Nho Ninh Thun

11 15oBx
10,5oBx
0,42 %
4,30
0,125 %

T kt qu so snh trn ta thy cht lng qu nho ca Ninh Thun km

hn cc ging nho trn th gii chuyn sn xut ru vang v hm lng
ng, hm lng axit, tanin.. v mu ca dch qu.
nng cao cht lng vang ca Vit Nam ln tm khu vc v th gii th
ngnh sn xut vang ca chng ta cn thc hin mt s vn c bn sau:
La chn nguyn liu sn xut vang: nho phi ng chng loi v c
u t nghin cu thch ng cho cc ging nho, iu kin canh tc,
dng t thch hp.., thu c nho t tiu chun v c cht lng
cao.
V d: cc ging nho thng dng sn xut ru vang ni ting trn th
gii nh: White Riesling, Chardonnay, Chambourcin, Ruby Red, NH.02
04. Mt s ging c trng th ti Ninh Thun, Bc Bnh Thun cho
nng sut v cht lng cao nh NH.0204, Ruby Red..
Rt dch qu bng my p: hin ti cc nc trng nho trn th gii
thng dng my p c hai trc bng kim loi hoc cao su. Nhng thit
b hin i ny c trang b thm ng c in km theo my sng.
Bng cch ny ngi ta thu c bt nho nghin khng ln cung v
dch nho p khng ln cc cht c hi bt ngun t cung nho.
S dng enzym x l cc cht pectin: Trong sn xut ru vang
ngi ta c th s dng enzym phn ct cc cht pectin, lm gim
nht ca dch. V vy m, qu trnh ln men v lc trong ru vang
c tin hnh d dng, tit kim thi gian..
La chn chng nm men thun khit: phng php sn xut vang t
chng nm men, vi khun thun khit c rt nhiu trin vng nh: thi
gian ln men nhanh, qu trnh ln men khng b dng gia chng, hm
lng ng trong dch qu c ln men trit , nng cn thu c
trong vang cao hn ln men t nhin 0,1 1o, vang sng mu nhanh hn,
c th cho hng v thanh khit hn.
p dng tin b khoa hc k thut vo trong sn xut: Trong khi phn
ln chu u, nht la Phap, nhng qui tc v truyn thng nng n
vn ngn can rt nhiu ky thut mi s ln men iu chinh vi lam giam
cht ta-nanh trong vo nho va lam nhanh qua trinh chit mu, ao b
phn loc loai tr nc, ti bng cach nho giot, xao trn nhiu loai
nho khac nhau cac nha san xut ru vang mi khng co nhng e ngi
nh vy. S rng m cho nhng th nghim va nhng ha hen tao ra
nhng loai vang mi phu hp vi khu vi.
Lp CNSHA k46

24

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
lam c nh vy, nhng ngi trng nho va cac nha bun ru
vang trn khp th gii ang ku goi mt s trang bi toan b nhng thit
bi tinh t va cac ky thut hp ly c bit nh s ln men iu chinh vi,
vi xi hoa, ao b thm thu, o quang ph bng tia hng ngoai va may
tinh hoa cac m hinh trng nho lam ru. Khng ni nao ma nhng
cng cu nay lai c ap dung mt cach nhiu n th nh trong th gii
mi co th la vi vic trng nho khng co nhiu s la chon. c a hin
ai hoa qua trinh ong chai loai tr s lam hong mui vi do "s lo
hoa cua nut chai" va lam chu qua trinh ti nho giot cung cp nhng tia
nc chinh xac cho mt vai nhng vn nho kh cn nht trn th gii.

Lp CNSHA k46

25

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
S1: Quy trnh sn xut vang Vit Nam[1.2]

Chn lc qu
Ra sch qu
Ngm qu vi ng
( t l 1:1 )
Lc ly dch qu

Siro 1

B + Nc

Siro hn hp

Siro 2

Xc nh ng v acid

ng ging
Pha ch dch ln men

Ging cp 1
Ging cp 2

Ging cp 3

Ln men chnh
B sung hng liu
B sung cn v cc
nguyn liu khc
Ln men ph, ngu chn
v lng trong

Vang thnh phm

Gn lc v ng chai

S 2: Quy trnh sn xut ru vang 1996 [1.2]

Lp CNSHA k46

26

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
Nguyn liu
Ra sch
Ngm ng
Dch siro
Chun b dch ln men

Men ging

Nhn ging

Ln men chnh 25-30oC

B sung cn

Ln men ph 16-20oC

Lc

Dc tho

Chit dch thm

Tng tr di 10oC

Chai ra sch

St khun

ng chai

Hon thin sn phm

S 3: Quy trnh sn xut vang trng M [1.2]

Lp CNSHA k46

27

Chng 2: Tng quan

Nguyn Minh c
Nho

Lm dp
Khuy trong
enzym Pectin

B sung enzym t
l 0,0315 g
enzym/100g nho

Gi trong 2 18h
p tch nc qu
B sung acid tartaric 7%
B sung ng 20oBx
Sunfit ho bng SO2
( 50 120 mg/l )

Ln men chnh

B sung nm men
t l 0,63 (g) nm
men/100 (g) nho

Ln men ph

Gi trong 1 thng

Tch cn

Tch cn, b sung

SO2 20 mg/l.
Sau 2 3 thng
tch cn v sunfit
ho li
vang

Lp CNSHA k46

Tng tr

Vang thnh phm

28

m bo cht lng

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c

Chng 3: LA CHN QUI TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT RU

VANG T QU NHO

1. Nguyn liu sn xut ru vang

Nguyn liu chnh sn xut ru vang l nho, nh my c xy dng ti
tnh Ninh Thun. Ni trng nho c din tch v sn lng ln nht ca Vit Nam.
Nho sn xut ru vang thng l nho qu nh nhng c nng sut cao.
sn xut c ru vang cht lng cao th ngun nguyn liu ng gp vo
60 % thnh cng. V vy yu cu cht lng i vi nho:
Nhn b ngoi nho c mu vng hoc mu tm tu tng chng loi.
Chm nho khng c qu thi, qu b bnh; nu c th s lng khng
ng k.
Hm lng ng trong nho cao 100 150 g/l, ng thi hm lng
axit trong dch nho thp t 5 7 g/l. lm c iu ny ta p nho ly
dch v xc nh nng cht tan bng khc x k hoc bng t trng k.
Thnh phn ho hc ca nho:
Trong sn xut ru vang, thng ngi ta hi nho theo chm trnh h
hng qu v gy xu n cht lng ca vang sau ny. Chm nho gm cung v
qu
Cung chim 2 5 % khi lng.
Qu chim 95 98 % khi lng gm (v qu 7 10 %; tht qu 83 91
%; ht 2 6 %).
Hm lng nc chim tng i ln: 70 80 %.
Thnh phn cht kh ca nho ch yu l ng ( saccarozo, fructozo, glucozo..)
phn cn li:
Axit v c gm axit sunfuric, a. clohidric, a. photphoric: 0,3 1 %.
Axit hu c gm axit tartaric, axit malic, axit xitric.. 3 15 g/l.
Cc cht khong: K2SO4 v CaSO4 0,3 1 g/l; NaCl v Na3PO4 0,1 0,2
g/l.
( nho sn xut vang c hm lng khong 1,75 g/l )
Hp cht phenol: flavoronol (flavonol, flavon, flavonon, catechin,
leucoanthocyanin)
Trong :
Catechin, leucoanthocyanin, flavonon khng mu b oxy ho chuyn
sang mu sm.
Flavonol, flavon khng mu b oxy ho chuyn sang mu vng.
Anthocyanin c mu , xanh, tm ph thuc vo pH v nhit .
Enzym gm oxidore ductaza ( diphenoloxidaza, peroxidaza, cataza..) v
hydrolaza ( esteaza, pectinaza ).

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c
Vitamin c: vitamin B1 = 0,450 mg/kg; B2 = 0,136 92 g/kg; B6 = 0,16
0,53 mg/kg; vitamin C = 2,2 4,8 mg/kg; carotenoid = 50 g/kg;
vitamin PP = 3,8 6,8 mg/l.
Ngoi ra cn c protein, pectin v mt s cht thm.
Da vo t s gia ng/axit = k phn loi nho
Nho chua k < 22.
Nho c chua ngt hi ho k = 22 32.
Nho ngt k > 32.
Cht lng ru vang ph thuc vo 60 % vo qu nho ( ging, kh hu, t
trng ) v 40 % vo cng ngh sn xut.[1.9]

Bng 6: Thnh phn ho hc ca nc qu nho p ( g/l ) [1.1]

Thnh phn

g/l

Nc

700 780

ng

100 150

Phi ng

22 29

Axit

9 12

Cht khong

24

12

Tanin

Vitamin

Cht mu

Cht khc

2. Nc
Trong sn xut ru vang khng cn s dng nhiu nc v y ta chn
nguyn liu sn xut chnh l nho ti.
Nc dng cho nh my c th dng chung vi ngun nc cp cho khu cng
nghip hoc dng nc ging khoan ca nh my.
3. S dng ch phm enzym
Mt s enzym thng c s dng phn gii pectin trong dch qu:
Pectinetyl esteraza (Pectinhydrolaza): l cc enzym xc tc s thu phn
lin kt este trong phn t pectin hoc axit pectinic, s thu phn ch xy
ra lin kt este lin k vi nhm cacboxyl t do, cho nn s lin kt
este trong phn t pectin v axit pectinic c th b thu phn hon ton
hoc mt phn.
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c

Polygalacturonaza (Polygalacturoonit-glucanhydrolaza): l cc enzym

xc tc s thu phn lin kt 1 4 glucoza trong phn t pectin. Cc
enzym ca nhm ny c tnh c hiu khc nhau (chng hn polymetyl
galacturonaza tc dng ch yu ln cc este metylic ca cc axit
polygalacturonic).
Cn mt s enzym khc nh Protopectinaza, transelimilaza..
Hu ht cc enzym u c tc dng ti u trong nhng iu kin nht nh ca
nhit , pH, bn cht ca c cht..Nhng nhn chung cc enzym pectin
pectinaza hot ho c trong nhng iu kin c bn sau:
pH thch hp phn gii axit pectic trong dch qu l 3,5 4,5.
Nhit thch hp 45 54oC.
Thi gian tc dng 90 120 pht.
Hot ng ca pectinaza c nng cao khi c mt ca Ca2+ v Mg2+..pectin c
nht cng thp th hiu qu tc dng cng tng. Trong sn xut vang ta la
chn loi enzym gi c hot trong iu kin c cn ( ti 14 % ) v pH ph
hp ca vang (3,0 4,0). Cc ch phm hay c s dng trong sn xut ru
vang l Proteolytic v Petolytic, tn thng mi Pectinex 3XL ( hng NOVO
an Mch ) vi lng dng 0,08 g/l.
4. S dng cht kh trng
Trong cng ngh sn xut ru vang, ngi ta thng dng SO2 c ch s
pht trin ca vi sinh vt (trong dch n dng axit sunfur, axit ny ho tan vo
phc cht protein-lipit ca t bo vi sinh vt v lm cht t bo; ngoi ra SO 2 cn
cn tr s h hp ca vi sinh vt, phn ng vi cc cht trung gian ca cc hot
ng sng ca vi sinh vt ph hoi qu trnh trao i cht ) nhng nm men c
th thch ng v pht trin trong mi trng c SO2, SO2 cn c tc dng chng
oxy ho v n kt hp vi oxy khng kh to ra cc mui sunfat.
Ta c th b sung SO2 dng kh hoc cng c th dng cc loi mui sinh sn
ra SO2, lng mui cc loi dng tng ng 1 g SO2 l:
Kalimetabisunfit ( K2S2O5 ) 2,0 g
Natri bisunfit ( KHSO3 )
1,8 g
Canxi bisunfit ( Ca(HSO3)2) 3,1 g
Natri bisunfit ( Na2SO3 )
2,0 g
Trong sn xut vang nho, ngi ta thy rng cho SO 2 vo ng thi vi vic
nghin nho th cho cht lng vang cao hn. Mt cch na ngn nga cc
phn ng oxy ho l s dng thit b ym kh dch hm bng cch duy tr lng
CO2 phn trng ca nho, trc, trong v sau qu trnh nghin. Do m vang
thnh phm khng nhhng c mu nh hn m cn gi c ti v mi
thm ca qu.
5. S dng nm men v vi khun lactic
Mt s ging nm men thng dng trong sn xut ru vang nc
ta:
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c

Saccharomyces Vini: ging ny chim t l cao trong nc qu ln men

t nhin, ti 80 % tng s cc chng thuc ging Saccharomyces. Nm
men ny sinh ra enzym ngoi bo invertaza c kh nng thu phn
ng saccaroza thnh glucoza v fructoza. V vy trong dch ln men ta
c th b sung loi ng ny. Nm men ny c th chu c nng
cn
ti
17

18
%
v/v.
giai on cui ln men, S. vini kt lng rt nhanh v lm trong ru
d dng. N c th tp hp cc cu t bay hi, cc sn phm th cp lm
cho vang c mi v c trng ring bit. Chng ny rt c a chum
nc ta.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: nm men ny c t bo hnh trng, ovan,
kch thc vo khong (3 7) x (4 12) m. Khi ln men trong mt s
trng hp c th to n 18 20 % cn theo th tch.
Saccharomyces oviformis: chng nm men ny thng c tch t
nc qu nho cho ln men t nhin. Chng c kh nng chu ng cao,
chu nng cn cao, ln men kit ng cho cn cao c khi ti 18
% theo th tch. Chng ny hay c dng ln men dch qu c hm
lng ng cao ch ru vang kh cho cht lng tt.
Mt s chng vi khun lactic thng dng trong qu trnh ln men ph:
nc ta cng nh trn th gii thng dng chng Leuconostoc oenos,
n c kh nng chuyn ho axit malic ( v chua gt ) thnh axit lactic ( v hi
ho ) v chuyn ho ng glucoza thnh etanol, axit lactic, CO2 v axetat.
Cc iu kin thch hp cho leuconostoc oenos pht trin
Axit malic l cht cm ng cho qu trnh ln men malolactic.
pH ca mi trng thch hp cho qu trnh chuyn ho axit malic thnh
axit lactic l 3,2 3,8.
ng fructoza c tc dng kch thch sinh trng mnh vi khun
leuconostoc oenos.
Axit lactic vi hm lng 5 g/l s c ch vi khun ln men malolactic.
6. Cc nguyn liu khc
Axit tartaric, CaCO3.. c dng iu chnh pH = 3,5 4 to pH ti u
khi chun b dch cho qu trnh ln men.
Cc ho cht v sinh ty ra thit b, chai, thng cha, ng ng.. thng
dng NaOH, HCl, cloramyl.. v chng c cha trong cc CIP.
Cc cht tr lc
Gelatin: c s dng khi vang c nhiu tanin, gelatin l cht cha
protein ho tan tt trong vang v tch in dng. Trong vang c nhiu
tanin tch in m, k c cc cht ging vi cht mn mu en ca vang
b bin mu nu. Cc cht c in tch tri du s ht nhau, ko theo
c cc cht cn khc nh nm men, vi khun, protein, tht qu cn st v

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c
nhanh chng lng xung y thit b, nh vy vang trong nhanh v vang
cht, kh c hn do hm lng tanin gim i kh nhiu.
Thch ( Aga aga ): l cht tch in m, c th dng sa cha sai lm
khi dng qu liu gelatin. Lng dng khong 20 30 g/100 lit vang.
Bentonit: l mt loi t c kh nng trng n, c th hp th protein
v cc hp cht cha nit v loi chng ra khi vang. Mt trong nhng
loi t c tn thng phm l Deglutan .
Dung dch KMnO4 v ct bng: to khng kh sch cung cp O2 cho
qu trnh ln men ban u, khng kh sch thu c bng cch thi qua
ct nhi bng sau kh c li qua dung dch KMnO4.
Ngun nit: c th b sung thm ngun nit cho nm men pht trin mnh
tng lng sinh khi giai on u, thng dng ( NH4)2SO4,
( NH4)2HPO4 cho vo xp x 0,1 0,3 g/lit dch hm.
Mu thc phm: s dng cht mu Anthoxyanin (y l cht mu chnh
ca hu ht cc loi qu c mu ), mt lng ln cht ny c chit
sut t v nho.

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c
7.Qui trnh cng ngh sn xut ru vang ca nh my
Dch nho,
Nho ti
ng 120
Thch
g/l. pH = 2,8
nghing
4,2
Chn lc, b hoa,
cung..
Ra sch, ro
Nui lc 220
vng/pht, to = 28
30oC. Trong 30h

Nghin nho
B sung enzym
Pectinaza 0,2 g/l
Thu ly dch

Men ging 10
108 t bo/ml

Dch qu
pH = 3,5 4
Tip men ging
8 10%

B nho

Ln men chnh
28 30oC

Ln men b

Vang non

sunfit ho SO2
200 mg/l
B sung ng t
220 g/l. Axit
tartaric t 0,7 %,
mu thc phm,
(NH4)2HPO4.

B sung
Leuconostoc oenos
106 tb/ml

Ln men ph

Vang th tng tr
3 6 thng ( tch
cn 2 3 ln )

B sung enzym
Pectin v Bentonit
2 g/l, trong 5 10
ngy th tch cn

Vang thnh phm

Tng tr

Lp CNSHA k46

ng chai v box
a tiu th

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c

Mt s u im chnh khi la chn qui trnh trn

Nng cao cht lng ca ru vang ca Vit Nam ln ngang tm khu vc
v th gii.
S dng nguyn liu ch yu trong nc sn xut.

Qui trnh sn xut vang nho bao gm 4 giai on chnh

Giai on 1: ch bin dch ln men ru vang
Giai on 2: ln men chnh ru vang
Giai on 3: ln men ph v chn vang
Giai on 4: hon thin cht lng v tiu th sn phm
Giai on 1: Ch bin dch ln men
Mc tiu chnh ca giai on ny l ch bin dch qu v cc nguyn liu
khc thnh dch ln men vang, nn qui trnh k thut ca giai on ny c
tin hnh nh sau: chn nhng qu nho chn, loi b ht nhng qu dp nt, b
nhim nm mc v cc loi vi khun khc. Sau qu c ra k bng nc
sch (theo nguyn tc b trn) nhiu ln, kh ht nc ngoi qu.
Nghin nho sch v kh bng my nghin trc, gom b v tip tc nghin li
v b sung enzym pectinaza nhit ti u trong thi gian 100 120 pht. Do
nho Ninh Thun c thnh phn mu, tanin..km so vi nho trn th gii v vy
chng ta cn b xung thm mt lng Anthoxyanin 1 2 g/l. Tin hnh sunfit
ho dch ln men bng SO2 (dng K2S2O5 hm lng 0,1 0,2 g/l), tip tc phn
tch cc ch tiu c bn c trong dch p v b sung thm ng, axit ( nu cn ).
Sau 2 3h th tin hnh b sung nm men vi lng 10 %v/v ( hoc 107 tb/ml ).
Giai on 2: Ln men ru vang
c trng quan trng nht ca giai on ny l qu trnh chuyn ho ng
thnh ru nh xc tc sinh hc l cc enzym do nm men sinh ra, ngoi ra cn
c mt s qu trnh bin i ca nhiu loi axit hu c, axit amin, vitamin khc
na.
Ging nm men sn xut c nhn ging t trc trn mi trng nhn
ging v thch nghi vi mi trng ln men cho n khi ging t yu cu
v s lng v cht lng, th tin hnh b sung nm men vo dch ln men
(thng t 8 10% ).
Tin hnh sc kh oxi (hoc khng kh sch) vo tank ln men tng
nng oxi ho tan trong dch ln men cho n khi t: 7,5 mg/l, kt hp cng
vi o trn u nm men trong dch ln men.
iu chnh nhit ph hp cho qu trnh ln men vang nho l 28 30 oC,
thng iu chnh nhit bng cc o lm lnh bng dung dch glycol. xc
nh nhit chnh xc ta dng nhit k c a vo su trong tank ln men.

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c
Trong sut qu trnh ln men vang phi tin hnh phn tch mu v kim tra
nm men thng xuyn iu chnh qu trnh ln men cho ph hp v hn
ch s tht thot cn, hng thm..Trong qu trnh ln men vang, cn thit phi
ln men gn y tank v nn gi p lc mc thp nht.
Qun l b v p b nho: mt lng nh bong bng CO2 c to thnh
trong sut hot ng ln men, trong ln men ru vang bt CO2 i vo v
nho, bt lin kt vi v ni ln trn b mt. Mt thi gian sau n to ra ln v,
ht v cung tch t thnh ln dy trn dch ln men. Khi lp v dy ln, dch
chy xung theo ng mao dn v lp b v tr ln kh. Lp v kh c th to
iu kin cho vi khun gim pht trin v lm hng ru vang, v vy trnh
iu ny xy ra. Ta dng bm ly tm bm dch tun hon v ti u dch ln
lp b cho n lun t.
Khi t trng k mc khng th ngi ta tin hnh p tch b nho. Thng
thng mu sc v tanin c tch t trong sut qu trnh ln men, nhng ngy
th t n ngy th mi l t cc i. Cng mu ca dch gim sau 10
ngy v n ngy th 20 th gim cn 3/4 so vi gi tr cc i ban u, tanin
tip tc tch t cho n 30 ngy sau.
Giai on 3: Ln men ph v chn vang
Nu ru vang non c pH thp, ta h nhit ca tank ln men xung 16
o
20 C v b sung mt lng vi khun Lactobacillus hoc Leuconostoc oenos vi
lng khong 107 tb/ml (ln men ph c th tin hnh sau 9 ngy ln men chnh).
Mc ch ca qu trnh ln men ph l gim chua gt ca vang, v to hng
thm cho sn phm. y din ra qu trnh chuyn ho axit malic thnh axit
lactic v mt s qu trnh to tin cht ca hng thm. cho vi khun c th
thch nghi c vi iu kin nng cn cao ta chn vi khun c kh nng chu
c nng cn cao v dng phng php cy trc, tc l nui vi khun trong
cc mi trng giu cht dinh dng c b sung cn pH khong 4,5 trong 5 - 7
ngy vi khun thch ng dn ri sau mi a vo vang non. Khi cn c ch
qu trnh ln men malolactic ta c th duy tr pH thp hn 3,2; gi nng cn
ln hn 10% hoc iu chnh nng SO2 tng s ln hn 50 mg/l.
Cui giai on ny, vang c tng tr qu trnh chuyn ho vang non
thnh vang c chn thun thc c c trng bi hng, v ca vang. Nhit
vn gi nguyn nh giai on ln men malolactic, thi gian tng tr y t
nht l 6 thng. Sau ta p dng cc bin php k thut tin tin nh: vi oxy
ho, hoc giai on trc bng cch ln men iu chnh v..
Vic tch cn y tank phi c tin hnh 2 3 ln trong sut thi gian tng
tr.

Giai on 4: hon thin v tiu th sn phm

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c
y l khu cui cng ca qui trnh cng ngh m c trng nht l vic
hon thin v cht lng sn phm. tng cng gi tr cm quan ca sn
phm (nht l trong) cn tin hnh b sung cht tr lng Bentonit 2 g/l, sau 5
10 ngy th lc bng my lc (hoc ct bng) cho n khi sn phm t
trong hon thin.
Sau , c th dng phng php iu chnh v hoc vi oxi ho nng cao cht
lng cho vang.
Vic ng chai v tiu th c tin hnh ngay sau khi lc vang ln cui v
c s kt hp vi cc phng php trn. Thng thng ru rt c th b nhim
khu ng chai, v vy cc yu cu v sinh giai on ny phi ht sc nghim
ngt.
Vang c th tip tc c tng tr cng lu cng tt nu qu trnh tiu th sn
phm khng p ng kp thi.
8. Chn la dy chuyn sn xut
8.1. Chn my nghin nho
Dng my nghin trc, c hai trc bng kim loi. Trong my nghin ta trang
b thm ng c in km theo my sng.
Mc ch: my nghin trc khng lm cung v ht b dp nt v do vy
nhng cht, v l khng tan vo nc nho p.
8.2. Chn my p
Chng ta c th p, lc b khng cho tip xc vi oxy trong nhng ni hi
cha y (kh CO2) thay cho oxy hoc thm ho cht vo dch qu sau khi p,
trc khi ln men thng dng SO2. Ring v mt oxy ho ngi ta xc nh
c rng khi thm SO2 vo nc qu, tc dng ht bt O2 trong dch qu t m
ch yu lm t lit cc enzym oxy ho - kh. Trc khi p cn b sung enzym
Pectinaza tng hiu sut chit dch v qu trnh lc trong c tin hnh
nhanh hn.
Sau khi sunfit ho dch nho (b sung 400 mg/l SO2), thit k nh my xy
dng sn xut ru vang nn bt nho nghin mt thi gian to iu kin
cho qu trnh t ln men nhm ho tan cc hp cht mu t v nh s xut hin
ca cn.
t c hiu sut thu hi dch qu tt nht. Chng em s dng my p
Willes thu lc kiu nm ngang lm vic theo nguyn tc khng cn pittng.
Trong trng p lm bng hp kim khng g dng hnh tr c l v quay c c
mt ci ng b bng cao su t chnh gia. Bt nho c a vo phn khng
gian gia thnh trng v ng b cao su qua mt l c bit trn xilanh. Sau khi
ng l tip liu, trng bt u quay nh s h tr ca mt in, trong khi ng
b cao su phng ln nh khng kh nn v p nguyn liu vo thnh ca trng.
Sau khi tho b kh nn v do trng tip tc quay nn nguyn liu li n ra.

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c
Qu trnh p v tho kh c lp i, lp li vi ln. Sau khi thu c dch p
th dch phi c ly tm do phn cn tng i nhiu.
Trung bnh 100 kg nho c p trit chng ta c th thu c 70 80 lit nc
nho p.
8.3. Chn phng php ln men
C th tin hnh ln men lin tc hoc gin on, qu trnh lo ho ru
vang c tt v t hiu qu kinh t y em la chn phng php ln men
lin tc cng trong cng 1 tank ln men.
Sau khi dch p b sung mt s thnh phn nh ng, axit, sunfit ho
dch bng SO2, ngun nit, .. th chng ta tin hnh tun t cc thao tc sau
ln men ru vang.

Loi bt lng SO2 d

Do trong qu trnh bo qun lng SO2 c duy tr mc 400 1200 mg/l
cho nn cn loi b bt SO2 ra khi dch hm.
Quy trnh s dng ph bin v hiu qu nht h thp nng SO 2 l
lm nng dch trc khi sc kh. Do tnh cht d bay hi ca SO 2 v cng
do s oxy ho mt phn to ra axit sunfuaric lm cho hm lng SO2 gim
xung.
Cng c th dng phng php thi dng kh tr qua dch hm, ph bin
nht l dng kh nit.
iu chnh axit
m bo qu trnh ln men tin hnh chnh xc vi kh nng nhim tp ti
thiu cng nh m bo vi c tnh cm quan ca vang th iu cn thit l iu
chnh axit n mc thch hp 6 8 g/l ( tnh theo axit malic ). Trong dch nho
hm lng axit 9 12 g/l do vy chng ta phi tin hnh pha long hoc trung
ho bt lng axit. Thng dng nht l pha long dch hm vi nc, nc
dng pha long phi p ng yu cu v cht lng nh ung nc v thnh
phn ho hc, vi sinh vt. Cng c th s dng hn hp hm - nc t qu trnh
p th cp thay cho nc hoc b sung CaCO3.

B sung saccaroza
Do c im ca phn ln cc loi qu cn i v nhit i l c hm lng
ng thp khng cho nm men chuyn ho ti cn cn thit do cn
phi b sung thm mt lng ng vo. Lng ng trong dch nho 100 150
g/l, ln men dch hm lng ng tng 200 220 g/l nn chng ta cn b
sung thm 80 100 g/l ng saccaroza.
ng saccaroza c th b sung trc tip hoc di dng siro, tuy nhin b
sung di dng siro lm cho hm tr ln long thm, ln men dch hm c nng
ng cao s lm tng qu mc cc axit d bay hi.

B sung nit v cc cht sinh trng

Lp CNSHA k46

10

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c
Hp cht nit cn thit cho nm men nhn thm lng t bo. V vy cc
mui amon nh (NH4)2HPO4 c dng lm cht dinh dng cho nm men,
lng dng 0,1 0,3 g/l hm. Ngoi ra chng ta cn s dng thm cc cht sinh
trng nh: B1, B6 vi mi loi t 0,2 1 mg/l.
Chun b ging thun khit v tip ging nm men
La chn nm men cho sn xut ru vang chng ta dng chng
Saccharomyces vini kt hp vi chng S. ovifomis tng tnh hiu qu trong ln
men to cn v hng v cho ru vang.
Bc u tin chng ta phi tin hnh nhn ging nm men, nm men c cy
chuyn ra mi trng nhn ging c cc thnh phn nh sau:
Dch p nho
1000 ml
ng tng
160 g/l
pH
3,5 4,0
B sung thm ngun nit (NH4)2HPO4 5 10 mg/l v mt lng
cc cht sinh trng B1, B6 0,2 1 mg/l.

Khi hon tt vic iu chnh cc thng s ca dch ln men chng ta bm

dch vo cc tank ln men v sinh sch s v iu chnh to = 28 30oC l iu
kin thch hp cho nm men pht trin.
Sau khi nhn ging nm men trong cc bnh tam gic, dch nm men tip
tc c nhn ln cc bnh ln hn: 1 lit, 10 lit, 20 lit, 50 lit.. dch nm men sau
khi t s lng 106 108 t bo/ml th chng ta bt u tip ging t 8 10 %
v/v vo cc tank ln men c dch hm. K tip chng ta np khng kh sch
vo cc tank ln men sao cho lng O2 t 7 7,5 mg/l.
Thit b ln men l thng ln men hnh tr thn thit b c ch to bng
hai lp v, trong c khoang lnh bm cht ti lnh i vo. Nh c cht ti lnh
ny m nhit ln men lun lun c n nh mc cn thit.Thng c cu
to bng thp ,v dy chu c p lc 3kg /cm2. Phn cui ca thng c dng
hnh cn nm men d kt lng. Ton b thn ca thng c bo n bng cc
vt liu cch nhit.
Ln men chnh thng tin hnh t 7 10 ngy, nh gi qu trnh ln
men chnh sp kt thc hay cha. Chng ta phi xc nh ng trong cc
tank lin tc
(mt ngy xc nh 2 3 ln) bng cc Bme k hoc khc x k.
Sau khi b sung nm men c khong 9 12 ngy th ta tin hnh b sung ngay
mt lng vi khun leuconostoc oenos vo tin hnh ln men ph.
Phng php ln men ph
Ln men ph chnh l qu trnh ln men malolactic trong sn xut ru
vang. y ta chn cng ngh ln men hai giai on tc l qu trnh ln men
ru v qu trnh ln men malolactic c tin hnh vo hai thi im ring bit.
Sau khi ln men ru kt thc tin hnh tch cn v a vi khun leuconostoc
oenos (l mt loi vi khun sinh axit lactic c s dng rng ri trong cng
Lp CNSHA k46

11

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c
nghip ln men ru vang v chng c kh nng phn gii axit D,L malic thnh
axit D,L lactic ci thin mt cch ng k cht lng ca ru vang) vo thc
hin ln men ph.
Qu trnh ln men malolactic thch hp iu kin
o
o
Nhit t = 15 20 C
pH ( opt ) = 3,2 3,8
Nng SO2 duy tr 30 mg/l
Nng cn < 15 % v/v
Khi bt u ln men malolactic nng cn trong vang non khi kt thc ln
men chnh kh cao khong 12 15 %v/v, do vi khun cy vo b sc v cht
lm chm ng k qu trnh ln men malolactic. khc phc c nhc im
ny chng ta nn tuyn chn nhng chng vi khun c kh nng chu c nng
cn cao v dng phng php cy trc ( tc l nui vi khun trong mi
trng nhn to ) giu cht dinh dng, c b sung thm cn qua c th khc
phc c tnh trng cht ca vi khun mt cch ng k.
Trong sn xut ru vang chng em s dng ch phm leuconostoc oenos
GM lnh ng v c nhn ging trn mi trng sau:
Dch p nho
500 750 ml
ng tng s 80 120 g/l
pH
3,2 3,8
Cao nm men 10 g
Ru etylic
8 10 %v/v
Nc ct va 1000 ml
Mc ch: ru vang , ln men c xc qu, cha nhiu tanin hn ru vang
trng. Nn yu cu phi ln men malolactic bin axit malic thnh axit lactic v
cht ca tanin khng i chi vi v chua cng ca axit malic, v ru du hn.
[2.2]
8.4. Chn cht tr lc v my lc
Sau khi thu c vang non, chng ta b sung enzym pectin 0,1 g/l v
bentonit 1,5 g/l, mt thi gian tng tr v tch cn thu c vang th. Lc s
b vang th v sau dng my lc mng lc tinh ri ng chai. My lc
mng lc theo nhiu hng khc nhau, vt liu lc l mng nha do, mng v
nhng ming nha ny cha mt s lng ln cc l nh. Mng lc ging nh
mt ci sng. Nhng mnh vn ln hn kch thc l c gi li b mt ngoi
ca mng, cn phn nh hn i qua c l.
Mng lc c to t mt s loi nha gm polypropylen, cellophane v
polyeste. Trong cng nghip sn xut ru vang phn ln s dng 3 loi mng
tng ng vi cc l 0,65; 0,45; 0,2 m. V mng ch hot ng nh mt mng
ngn nn mng lc d b nt kn hoc tc, gim s tc ny. Tt c ru vang
mun cho lc qua mng ny th u tin phi cho lc s b trc, mng lc c
th ra v xc ngc chiu loi b cc cn dnh vo .
Lp CNSHA k46

12

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c
Mng lc thng s dng kh trng ru vang vi kch thc l xp 0,45
m c th loi b c nm men, vi khun c trong ru vang.
8.5. Chit chai
Chai Ra chai Chit chai Dp nt Thanh trng
Chn loi chai 0.75 l mu xanh hoc mu nu, c kh nng hp th mt s
tia bc x ngoi tri gi trong lu.
Chai phi c sn xut t loi thu tinh trong sut mu nu sm , hoc mu
xanh trnh tc ng ca phn ng quang ho gy nh hng xu n cht
lng sn phm.
Mc ch ra chai: Dit ht vi khun, cn bn, kim tra cht lng chai,
trc khi a vo chit .
Khi ra chai i qua cc b phn ca h thng my ra : Kim tra cht lng chai,
ra ln lt nhit 35oC, 65oC, 35oC, nc lnh.
Cch tin hnh ra chai:
- Ngm nc nng 35oC.
- Ngm xt 65oC 1.5%, phun xt vo chai, phun nc nng 65oC.
- Ngm nc m 35oC.
- Ngm nc lnh 8oC.
Sau khi ra chai song a qua b phn sy v qua b phn kim tra loi b
cc chai khng t yu cu, Sau chai theo bng chuyn a n b phn chit
chai. Mt bnh xe hnh sao s gt tng chai mt vo a qua pt tng. Trong qu
trnh chuyn ng quay pit tng y chai ln ng mc v c u cao su chp
cht v chai tip tc quay khi qua ht mt vng th qu trnh chit ru vang vo
chai kt thc. Ging nh my chit, my dp nt chuyn dch theo mt hng
theo khun dp v dp tng nt vo ming chai. ng vo thi im th
pttng ln xung ng cht vo chai.
Tc dp nt bng vi tc chit.
Sau giai on dp nt l giai on soi chai bng my soi t ng loi b
nhng chai vi, chai lch nt, chai khng trong hay cha t bt k mt tiu
chun no. Sau th theo bng ti ti my thanh trng.
Mt s yu cu ca khu chit chai, dp nt:
Sau khi kim tra vang thnh phm v thnh phn cc cht c trong
vang, m bo v cht lng v c ngoi hnh tt th ta tin hnh chit
chai v dp nt trn dy chuyn t ng.
Yu cu cc chai, nt v nhn a vo phi t tiu chun nh: chai
phi c thanh trng v v sinh sch s; ming chai khng st m;
nt chai khng b nn, mo.
8.6. Thanh trng
Mc ch: Di tc dng ca nhit 65 - 70 oC, trong thi gian t 15-20
pht, cc t bo nm men, cc vi sinh vt sng b tiu dit hoc b lm yu i,
tng thi hn s dng v cht lng cho sn phm.
Lp CNSHA k46

13

Chng 3: La chn qui trnh cng ngh sx vang

Nguyn Minh c
Ch thanh trng: Dng hi ra nhit cho nc, sau dng nc thanh
trng cho ru vang. Nhit thanh trng l 65 - 70oC.
Sau khi trung ho th lm ngui chai n nhit thng v c x kh
bng kh nn v tin hnh hon thin sn phm.

8.7. Dn nhn v xp thng

Trc khi dn nhn phi x kh v lau sch chai.
Nhn phi t tiu chun: Ghi tn nh my ru vang sn xut (ViWine),
ng k cht lng, ngy, thng sn xut, thi hn s dng do nh nc cp. c
bit hnh thc nhn phi c trang tr p, bt mt.
Chai sau khi dn nhn c xp vo thng a vo hm cha ru vang
hoc a n ni tiu th.
Yu cu ni bo qun ru vang: Kho hoc hm m bo thong, sch,
thng gi v chiu sng tt. Khng lm nh hng n cht lng ru vang
trong sut qu trnh bo qun nhit bo qun to = 10 15oC.
Mt s yu cu i vi ng thng, nhp kho v xut kho:
Chai sau khi dn nhn c kim tra qua khu nhn cm quan v
trong ca vang, tip cc chai c ng vo thng carton 12 chai v
gn li bng bng dnh.
Ru vang sau a vo nh kho mt thi gian v kim tra xem
c chai no b nhim khun, hay c nhng hin tng bt thng nh:
trong ru vang c bt do ln men li, vang lng cn nhiu.. khi t
yu cu mi c php xut kho.

Lp CNSHA k46

14

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c

Chng 4: TNH TON CN BNG SN PHM

Tn tht tnh theo % ca tng cng on l:
Qu trnh
Vn chuyn v bo qun

Tn tht
2 % so vi trng lng nguyn liu

Chn lc, b hoa, b cung

2 % so vi trng lng nguyn liu

Thanh trng

0,2 % so vi lng dch

Ln men chnh

5 % so tng lng ng c trong dch

Lng trong v tch cn ln 1

2 % so vi lng dch

Ln men ph

2 % so vi lng dch

Tng tr v tch cn ln 2

1% so vi lng dch

B sung cht tr lc & lc trong

1 % so vi lng dch

Chit chai

1 % so vi lng dch

1. Tnh cn bng sn phm i vi 1000 kg nho

1.1. Vn chuyn v bo qun
Lng hao ht 2 %
Lng qu hao ht: 1000 x 2% = 20 (kg)
Lng qu cn li: 1000 20 = 980 (kg)
1.2. Chn lc, b hoa, b cung
Lng hao ht: 2 %
Lng qu hao ht:980 x 2% = 19,6 (kg)
Lng qu cn li: 980 19,6 = 960,4 (kg)
1.3. p thu dch
Theo s liu kho st nho ti Ninh Thun th 1 kg nho p thu c 0,7 0,8
lit dch (chn 1 kg nho khi p thu c 0,75 lit dch).
C 1 kg nho p thu c 0,75 lt
Vy 960,4 kg nho khi p thu c y lt
y=

0,75 960,4
= 720,3(lit )
1

Theo s liu phn tch thnh phn ho hc ca dch nho

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c
Thnh phn

g/l

Nc

700 780

ng

100 150

Phi ng

22 29

Axit

9 12

Cht khong

24

12

Tanin

Vitamin

Cht mu

Cht khc

Chn lng ng c trong dch nho l 120 (g/l)

Chn lng axit c trong dch nho l 10 (g/l)
Chn lng nc c trong dch nho l 750 (g/l)
T nhng s liu trn ta c:
Lng ng i vo dch p
720,3 x 0,12 = 86,44 (kg)
Lng axit i vo dch p
720,3 x 0,01 = 7,2 (kg)
Lng nc cha trong dch
720,3 x 0,75 = 540,23 (kg)
Tng khi lng ca khi dch (gi s d = 1,12 kg/l).
m dch = 720,3 x 1,12 = 806,74 (kg)
Hm lng ng trong dch nho
% ng =

86,44 100
= 10,7%
806,74

Hm lng axit c trong dch nho

% axit =

7,2 100
= 0,9%
806,74

1.4. Pha ch
c hiu qu kinh t v gim gi thnh ca sn phm ta phi pha long
dch qu to dch ln men, thng pha long dch qu chim 75 % V dch ln
men.
C 100 lit dch nho cn 25 lit nc
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c
Vy 720,3 lit dch nho cn y lit nc
y=

25 702,3
= 175,6(lit )
100

B sung cc thnh phn: ng, axit, K2S2O5, (NH4)2HPO4, cc cht kch

thch sinh trng B1, B6.. vo dch trc khi thanh trng v tin hnh ln men.
i vi dch nho cn b sung lng ng saccaroza vo trong dch nho trc
khi ln men ( lng ng cn ln men 220 g/l hay 22 % ).
Gi s d dch nho = 1,12 kg/l
V dch sau khi pha long
Vdch sau = 702,3 + 175,6 = 877,9 (lit)
Khi lng dch sau khi pha long
m dch sau = 877,9 x 1,12 = 983,25 (kg)
Vy lng ng cn b sung vo dch nho
86,44 x1
100 = 22%
983,25 + x1

86,44 + x1 = 216,31 + 0,22.x1

X1 =

129,87
= 166,5 (kg)
0,87

Lng axit cn b sung vo dch nho sau khi pha long ( lng axit tnh

theo axit tartaric ) cn b sung vo dch sao cho t c 6 8 (g/l). Chn

lng axit 7 g/l ( 7 %)
Gi x2 l lng axit cn b sung
7,2 + x 2
100 = 7%
983,3 + x 2

7,2 + X2 = 68,83 + 0,07.X2

X2 =

61,63
= 66,27
0,93

(kg)

B sung K2S2O5, theo ti liu chng ta bit c 2 g K2S2O5 sinh ra 1 g SO2

m lng SO2 cn b sung l 200 mg/l
Vy lng SO2 cn b sung vo dch
m SO2 = 0,2 x 877,9 = 175,6 (g)
Lng K2S2O5 cn b sung vo dch nho
M(K2S2O5) = 175,6 x 2 = 350 (g) = 0,35 (kg)
Lng (NH4)2HPO4 cn b sung (lng thng dng 0,1 0,3 g/l dch
hm), chn lng cho vo dch 0,2 g/l.
m (NH4)2HPO4 = 877,9 x 0,2 = 175,6 (g) = 0,176 (kg)
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c

B sung cc cht sinh trng B1, B6..

Lng b sung cho vo dch 0,2 1 mg/l (chn lng cho vo dch l 0,4
mg/l).
M B1, B6 = 0,4 x 2 x 877,9 = 0,702 (g) = 0,7.10-3 (kg)
1.5. Thanh trng
Hao ht thanh trng 0,2 %
Lng dch hao ht: V hao ht = 0,2% x 877,9 = 1,76 (lit)
Lng dch cn:V cn = 877,9 1,76 = 860,34 (lit)
1.6. Ln men chnh
Lng men ging cho vo dch ln men chim 8 10 % so vi dch ln men
(chn V dch men b sung bng 9 % ).
Lng dch men ging cn b sung
V dch men = 860,34 x 9% = 77,43 (lit)
Vy tng th tch khi dch ln men l
V dch tng = 860,34 + 77,43 = 937,77 (lit)
Lng ru to thnh
Tng lng ng c trong dch ln men
m ng = 86,44 + 166,55 = 252,99 (kg)
Tn tht ng do nm men s dng tng sinh khi (tn tht 5 % )
m ng tn tht = 252,99 x 5% = 12,65 (kg)
Lng ng cn li
m ng cn = 252,99 12,65 = 240,34 (kg)
Hiu sut chuyn ho ng thnh ru 95 %, cn 5 % ng b chuyn
ho thnh cc sn phm ph v mt lng nh nm trong vang.
Vy lng ng thc t chuyn thnh ru l:
m ng ru = 240,34 240,34 x 5% = 228,32 (kg)

Phng trnh c bn chuyn ho ng thnh ru

C6H12O6
180
228,32

Nammen

2C2H5OH + 2CO2
92
88
a
b

Lng ru to thnh

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c
a=

92 228,32
= 116,7
180

(kg)

Lng CO2 thot ra ( to thnh )

b=

88 228,32
= 111,62 (kg)
180

Khi lng ring ca ru d = 0,8 (kg/l)

Vru =

116,7
= 148,37 (lit)
0,8

V ru vang non to thnh

Gi s d ng = 1,5 (kg/l)
V vang non = 937,77 + 148,38

252,99
= 919,5 (lit)
1,5

1.7. Tch b v p thu dch

Sau khi ln men c dch nho ln v nho nhm chit sut cc cht mu v
tanin khong 6 10 ngy th chng ta tin hnh tch b. Ban u dch nho t
chy v ring dch ny, sau mi tin hnh p loi b b. Nc nho sau
khi p cha nhiu tanin do cn phi trn hp l vi dch u, th chng ta s
c dch vang non c cc thnh phn thch hp trc khi tin hnh ln men ph.
Lng b nho thng chim 15 30 % so vi nho ban u, chn lng b
chim 20 %.
Vy tng lng b c tch ra t 100 kg nho l:
X7 = 1000 x 20% = 200 (kg)
1.8. Lng trong v tch cn
Hao ht 2 % ch yu l tch cn nm men v xc qu c lng xung y
sau khi kt thc qu trnh ln men chnh
Lng vang non hao ht
V hao = 919,5 x 2% = 18,39 (lit)
Lng vang non cn li
V cn = 919,5 18,39 = 901,11 (lit)
1.9. Ln men ph
Vi khun leuconostoc oenos chuyn ho axit malic thnh axit lactic v CO2.
ng thi vi khun ny cng dng mt lng c cht c trong vang non sinh
trng v pht trin.
Hao ht trong qu trnh ln men ph chim 2 %
Lng vang hao ht
V hao = 901,11 x 2% = 18,02 (lit)

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c
Lng vang cn li
V cn = 901,11 18,02 = 883,09 (lit)
1.10. Tng tr v tch cn ln 2
Coi hao ht 1 %
Lng ru vang hao ht
V hao = 883,09 x 1% = 8,83 (lit)
Lng ru vang cn li
V cn = 883,09 8,83 = 874,26 (lit)
1.11. Dng cht tr lc v lc trong ru vang
Hao ht 1 %
Lng ru vang hao ht
V hao = 874,25 x 1% = 8,74 (lit)
Lng ru vang cn li
V cn = 874,25 8,74 = 865,52 (lit)
1.12. Chit chai, chit box v thanh trng ln cui
Coi hao ht 1 %
Lng ru vang hao ht
V hao = 865,52 x 1% = 8,65 (lit)
Lng ru vang cn li
V cn = 865,52 8,65 = 856,87 (lit)
1.13. Cht tr lng Bentonit cn dng
B sung bentonit 2,0 g/l vo dch nho trc khi ln men v b sung hm
lng 1,5 g/l vo vang non ngay sau khi kt thc ln men chnh.
Vy tng lng bentonit b sung l: 877,9 x 2,0 + 1,5 x 919,5 = 3135,05 (g)
= 3,14 (kg)
1.14. Enzym pectin cn b sung
B sung enzym pectin hm lng 0,2 g/l vo dch nho trc khi ln men v
b sung hm lng 0,1 g/l vo vang non ngay sau khi kt thc ln men chnh.
Vy tng lng enzym pectin cn b sung l:
0,2 x 877,9 + 0,1 x 919,5 = 267,53 (g) = 0,268 (kg)
Bng 7: Bng cn bng sn phm t 1000 kg nho
Stt

Nguyn liu

Nho

1000

kg

ng b sung

166,5

kg

Axit b sung

66,27

kg

Lp CNSHA k46

S lng

n v

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c
4

Nc b sung

175,6

lit

Lng K2S2O5

0,35

kg

Lng (NH4)2HPO4

0,176

kg

Dch pha ch

877,9

lit

Lng nm men b sung

77,43

lit

Lng B1, B6

0,7.10-3

kg

10

Lng ru to thnh

148,38

lit

11

Vang non to thnh

919,5

lit

12

Lng leuconostoc oenos

82,76

lit

13

Lng vang thnh phm

856,87

lit

14

Lng b

200

kg

15

Lng bentonit b sung

3,14

kg

16

Lng enzym pectin cn dng

0,268

kg

2. Tnh nguyn liu dng cho c nm

2.1. Lng nho dng cho c nm
T bng s liu ta c
C 1000 kg nho th sn xut c 856,87 (lit) vang thnh phm
Vy X1 kg nho th sn xut c 2.106 (lit) vang thnh phm
2 10 6 1000
= 2334076,35 (kg) = 2334,076 (tn)
X1 =
856,87

2.2. Lng ng dng cho c nm

C 1000 kg nho cn b sung 166,5 (kg) ng cho ln men chnh
Vy 2334076,35 kg nho cn b sung X2 (kg) ng cho ln men chnh
X2 =

166,5 2334076,35
= 388623,71 (kg) = 388,6237 (tn)
1000

2.3. Lng axit cn dng cho c nm

C 1000 kg nho cn b sung 66,27 kg axit tartaric cn cho qu trnh ln
men
Vy 2334076,35 kg nho cn b sung X3 (kg) axit tartaric cho ln men
X3 =

66,27 2334076,35
= 154679,24 (kg) = 154,679 (tn)
1000

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c
2.4. Lng K2S2O5 cn dng cho c nm
C 1000 kg nho cn dng 0,35 kg K2S2O5 cho qu trnh sunfit ho
Vy 2334076,35 kg nho cn dng X4 kg K2S2O5 cho qu trnh sunfit ho
X4 =

0,35 2334076,35
= 816,93 (kg)
1000

2.5. Lng (NH4)2HPO4 cn dng cho c nm

C 1000 kg nho cn dng 0,167 kg (NH4)2HPO4 b sung cho dch ln
men
Vy Vy 2334076,35 kg nho cn dng X5 (NH4)2HPO4 b sung cho dch
ln men
X5 =

0,167 2334076,35
= 389,8
1000

(kg)

2.6. Lng B1 v B6 cn dng cho c nm

C 1000 kg nho cn dng 0,7.10-3 kg B1 v B6 b sung cho dch ln men
Vy 2334076,35 kg nho cn dng X6 kg B1 v B6 b sung cho dch ln
men
X6 =

0,7 10 3 2334076,35
= 1,63 (kg)
1000

2.7. Lng bentonit cn dng cho c nm

C 1000 kg nho cn dng 3,14 (kg) bentonit cho qu trnh tr lng
Vy 2334076,35 kg nho cn dng X7 kg bentonit cho qu trnh tr lng
X7 =

3,24 23340,76
= 7562,4 (kg)
1000

2.8. Lng enzym pectin cn dng cho c nm

C 1000 kg nho cn dng 0,268 kg enzym pectin cho qu trnh x l
Vy 2334076,35 kg nho cn dng X8 kg enzym pectin cho qu trnh x l
X8 =

0,268 2334076,35
= 625,53 (kg)
1000

2.9. Lng nm men cn dng c nm

C 1000 kg nho cn dng 77,43 lit b sung vo dch ln men
Vy 2334076,35 kg nho cn dng X9 lit dch b sung vo dch ln men
X9 =

77,43 2334076,35
= 180,73 (m3)
1000

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c
Theo dng ch phm kh th c 1 lt ta b sung 4 (g)
Vy 180,73 m3 ta cn dng Y9 (g) ch phm kh
Y9 =

4 180730
= 722920
1

(g) = 722,92 (kg)

2.10. Lng leuconostoc oenos cn dng c nm

C 1000 kg nho cn dng 82,76 lit b sung vo vang non
Vy 2334076,35 kg nho cn dng X10 lit dch b sung vo vang non
X10 =

82,76 2334076,35
= 193,17 (m3)
1000

Theo dng lnh ng c 1 lit b sung 4 g

Vy 193,17 m3 ta cn dng y10 (g)
Y10 =

4 193170
= 772680 (g) = 772,68 (kg)
1

3. Tnh vt liu ph dng cho c nm

3.1. Lng chai dng cho c nm
Dng chai c 0,75 lit mu xanh hoc mu nu
C 1 chai cha 0,75 lit vang
vy X1 chai cha 2.106 lit vang
2 10 6
= 2,7 10 6 (chai)
X1 =
0,75

Coi hao ht chai do c ra, va p, chit.. l 1 %

Lng chai hao ht l 2,7.106 x 1% = 2,7.103 (chai)
Lng chai cn mua
X=

2,7 10 6
= 2727273 (chai)
0,99

3.2. Lng nt chai v mng co cn dng cho c nm

Mi chai c mt b nt v mng co. Vy s b nt v mng co cn dng
cho c nm l 2727273 (b)
3.3. Lng nhn chai cn dng cho c nm
Mi mt chai c mt b nhn gm nhn ln dn pha trc biu th sn
phm, logo cng ty.., nhn nh pha sau dng ghi ch cc yu t ph nh
thnh phn, cn, nh sn xut..

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c
Vy s b nhn cn dng cho c nm l 2727273 (b)
3.4. Lng h dn dng cho c nm
Trong sn sut chng ta la chn h dn nhn chai, mc chai.
Gi s 0,5 kg h dn c 100 chai
Vy X4 kg h dn c 2727273 chai
X4 =

2727273 0,5
= 13636,4 (kg) = 1,364 (tn)
100

3.5. Thng carton dng cho c nm

La chn thng sao cho mi thng cha c 12 chai
Vy X5 thng cha c 2727273 chai
X5 =

2727273 1
= 227273
12

(thng)

3.6. Lng bng dnh cn dng cho c nm

S dng cun bng dnh c ln chuyn dn thng carton
Gi s 1 cun bng dnh dn c 50 thng
Vy X6 cun bng dnh dn c 227273 thng
X6 =

227273 1
= 4546 (cun)
50

3.7. Lng NaOH v HCl ra chai cn dng c nm

Gi s 200 g NaOH rn ra c 100 chai
Vy X7 g NaOH rn ra c 2727273 chai
X7 =

2727273 0,2
= 5454,55 (kg)
100

trung ho lng NaOH c trong chai ta phi dng dung dch HCl 10 %
Gi s 200 ml dung dch HCl 10 % ra c 100 chai
Vy X8 ml dung dch HCl 10 % ra c 227273 chai
X8 =

2727273 0,2
= 5454,55 (lit)
100

Lp CNSHA k46

10

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c
Bng 8: S lng nguyn liu v vt liu ph dng cho c nm
Stt
1

Nguyn liu
Nho ti

S lng
2334076,35

n v
kg

ng saccaroza

388623,71

kg

Axit tartaric

154679,24

kg

K2S2O5 sunfit ho dch

816,93

kg

(NH4)2HPO4 b sung ngun nit

389,8

kg

B1, B6 b sung cht tng trng

1,63

kg

Nm men

722,92

kg

Vi khun leuconostoc oenos

772,68

kg

Cht tr lng bentonit

7562,4

kg

10

Enzym pectin

625,53

kg

11

Chai

2727273

ci

12

Nt v mng co

2727273

13

Nhn chai

2727273

14

H dn

13636,4

kg

15

Thng carton

227273

ci

16

Bng dnh

4546

cun

17

NaOH ra chai

5454,55

lt

18

HCl 10% ra chai

5454,55

lt

4. Lp k hoch sn sut
Gi s mt nm nh my sn sut 300 ngy, nhng ngy cn li l thi gian
ngh sa cha, bo dng thit b, my mc v v sinh nh xng; ngy ngh
l, tt..
Mt nm chia lm 4 qu, mi thng sn xut 25 ngy, mi ngy sn xut 4
m ( do mi m i t khu chn lc cho n khu ln men cn 3 gi ). Yu t
quan trng ng gp 60 % vo cht lng ru vang l nguyn liu. Nho ti
Ninh Thun c 3 v thu hoch chnh vo cc thng 3 4; 7 8 v 12 1 ( nm
sau ), trong thng 3 4 cho nng sut v cht lng qu thu hoch cao nht.
Nn ta chn qu I v qu II sn xut nhiu nht vi 35 % sn lng, qu III sn
xut 20 % v qu IV sn xut 10 %.

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c
Qu

II

III

IV

Nng sut

35 %

35 %

20 %

10 %

Nng
sut
(lit)
S lt/thng

700.000

700.000

400.000

200.000

233333,4

233333,4

133333,4

66666,7

S lt/ngy

9333,4

9333,4

53333,4

2666,7

S m/ngy

S lt/m

2333,4

2333,4

1777,8

1333,4

Bng tm tt cn bng sn phm dng cho 1 ngy

Hng mc

n
v
Nho ti
kg
ng saccaroza
kg
Axit tartaric
kg
K2S2O5 sunfit ho dch kg
(NH4)2HPO4 b sung
kg
B1, B6 b sung
kg
Nm men
kg
Vi khun leuconostoc kg
oenos
Bentonit
kg
Enzym pectin
kg
Chai
ci
Nt v mng co
b
Nhn chai
b
H dn
kg
Thng carton
thng
Bng dnh
ci
NaOH ra chai
lt
HCl ra chai
lt
Lng nc b sung
lt
Lng b thi ra
kg

Lp CNSHA k46

856,87 lt vang
cn
1000
166,5
66,27
0,35
0,18
0,7.10-3
0,31
0,33
3,14
0,27
1143
1143
1143
5,80
96,0
12
12
12
175,6
200

2333,4
lt/m cn
2723,2
453,4
180,5
0,95
0,46
2.10-3
0,85
0,90
8,60
0,74
3121
3121
3121
15,8
263
32,8
32,8
32,8
479,4
546

9333,4
lt/ngy cn
10892,43
1813,60
721,84
3,18
1,92
7,6.10-3
3,38
3,60
34,2
2,94
12445
12445
12445
63,18
1045,67
130,7
130,7
130,7
1906,18
2178,49

Chng 4: Tnh ton cn bng sn phm

Nguyn Minh c
Bng tm tt cn bng sn phm dng cho tng thng, qu v c nm
Hng mc

n 233.333,4
v
lt/thng cn
Nho ti
kg
272309
ng saccaroza
kg
45339,5
Axit tartaric
kg
18046
K2S2O5 sunfit ho dch
kg
95,3
(NH4)2HPO4 b sung
kg
49,0
B1, B6 b sung
kg
0,20
Nm men
kg
84,5
Vi khun leuconostoc
kg
90,0
oenos
Bentonit
kg
855,1
Enzym pectin
kg
73,52
Chai
ci
311250
Nt v mng co
b
311250
Nhn chai
b
311250
H dn
kg
1580
Thng carton
thng
26142
Bng dnh
ci
3268
NaOH ra chai
lt
3268
HCl ra chai
lt
3268
Lng nc b sung
lt
478174,5
Lng b thi ra
kg
54461,8

Lp CNSHA k46

700.000
lt/qu cn
816926,7
136018,3
54137,7
285,9
147,05
0,57
253,25
269,59

2.000.000
lt/nm cn
2334076,3
388623,7
154679,2
817
420,1
1,63
723,6
770,25

2565,15
220,57
933748
933748
933748
4738,2
78425
9804
9804
9804
143452,3
163385,3

7329
630,2
2667850
2667850
2667850
13537,6
224072
28009
28009
28009
409863,8
466815,27

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c

Chng 5: TNH V CHN THIT B

1. Tnh v chn thit b t khu thu mua nguyn liu nghin
Sau khi phn tch v cc thnh phn ng tng s, axit tng, tanin.. thy
t yu cu. Nh my c nhn vin i thu mua nho ngay t sng sm.
Mc ch: v thi im ny nhit mi trng khng kh thp, nho trnh
c s oxi ho, t b h hng, hng thm gi c tt hn..
1.1. St cha nho
nho trnh b dp nt chng ta nn dng st bng my, tre rng vnh v
c chiu cao thp cha nho.
La chn st nho hnh ch nht c kch thc sau:
Chiu di st: 600 mm
Chiu rng st: 500 mm
Chiu cao st: 500 mm
Mi st cha c 60 chm nho, theo s liu ca tc gi Phm Hu Nhng th
khi lng mi chm nho lm ru vang Ninh Thun ging NH.02 - 04 nng
t 200 250 (g). Nh vy mi st cha lng nho l:
m nho/st = 0,2 x 60 = 12 (kg)
Tin hnh thu mua nho vo sng sm lun phin 2 chuyn v d phng s
st 20 %. Khi s st thc t cn l:
X st =

227 2
= 568
80%

(st)

1.2. Bng ti phn loi

Khi nho c ch n nh my v c chuyn ln my vn chuyn bng
ti phn loi qu, loi b cung, qu thi, qu hng..Trn thit b bng ti
chng ta b tr 6 cng nhn ng u hai bn lm nhim v ny.
La chn my vn chuyn bng ti nm ngang, bng ti c lm bng si gai
hay inox c cc thng s nh sau:
Chiu rng bng ti: 500 mm
Chiu di bng ti: 6000 mm
Nng sut bng ti: 1 tn/h
Cng sut ca bng ti: 0,32 kW
S lng cn mua: 2 my vn chuyn bng ti (trong c 1 my d
phng).
1.3. Cn nguyn liu
Lng nho cn dng trong 1 ngy l: 10892,43 (kg)
Lng nho cn dng trong 1 m l: 2723,2 (kg)

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
Lng ng cn dng trong 1 ngy l: 1813,6 (kg)
Lng ng cn dng trong 1 m l: 453,4 (kg)
Vy chn cn c m cn 2000 kg ( c th dng cn qu hoc cn in t ).
Cn ch phm nm men, ch phm vi khun leuconostoc oenos, enzym pectin
dng cn in t c max = 5 kg.
Cn K2S2O5, (NH4)2HPO4, bentonit.. dng cn a c m cn 5 kg.
1.4. Thng ra qu
1 m3 qu nho c khi lng 800 1000 kg (chn 1000 kg)
B tr 4 cng nhn ra qu, qu c vo thng ra; sau nc bm trn
thng, loi b rc, cnh..ri vt nho sang thng khc ro sau a i nghin.
Tng th tch thng cha cn:
V thng =

2723,2
= 2,72 (m3)
1000

H s y thng chn bng 0,6

V thc =

2,72
= 4,54 (m3)
0,6

Chn 2 thng, mi thng c V thng = 2,4 m3

Cc thng s ca thng la chn:
Chiu di thng: 1600 mm
Chiu rng thng: 1500 mm
Chiu cao thng: 1000 mm
S lng thng cn mua l 3 thng ( 1 thng d tr )
1.5. My nghin
Dng my nghin c 2 trc bng kim loi, pha di 2 trc nghin ny ch
to mt thit b sng rung nhm mc ch loi b cung nho ra khi bt nho.
La chn cc thng s ca my nghin
Chiu di my nghin: 2500 mm
Chiu rng my nghin: 1000 mm
Chiu cao my nghin: 1500 mm
Cng sut ng c: P = 6 kW

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
1.6. My p
Chn my p Willmes GmbH ca CHLB c, y l my p dng ti kh
p b nho. Cu to ca my l 1 thng cha hnh tr c l, pha trong c 1
mng cao su to bc tng chn.
Mt cch nh k dch nho, v, ht v tht qu c y vo trong thit b
hnh tr. Mng cao su c bm y vi p lc ca khi kh n s p khi nho
nghin, dch nho chy xung v tp trung khoang cha. Duy tr lc p vi pht,
sau tho hi v quay trc b ri ra, tip tc b sung m khc v thao tc
tun t nh trn.
Ch : tc p dch qu nhanh v cao s chit xut mt lng ln thnh phn
phenolza t v nho, kt qu to ru vang ng cht.
La chn thng s ca my p:
Chiu di ca my: 4000 mm
Chiu rng ca my: 2500 mm
Chiu cao ca my: 3600 mm
Nng sut ca my: 1000 kg/h
Cng sut my: 3 kW

1.7. Thng pha ch

Ta bit 1000 kg nho p thu c 877,9 lt dch trc khi ln men
Vy 1 m 2723,2 kg nho th lng dch thu c trc khi ln men l:
V dch =

2723,2 877,9
= 2390,7
1000

(lt)

Vdch = 2,39 m3
Chn h s y ca thng bng 0,8 do th tch ca thng cn
V thng =

2,39
= 2,99 (m3)
0,8

V thng = 3 m3
Chn thng thn tr, y cn c gc 90o, trong thng c cc cnh khuy o
trn, cc cnh khuy ny c gn vo trc gia v c p st vo y cn.
Chn cc thng s ca thng:
D: l ng knh ca thng (mm)

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
H = 0,9.D : l chiu cao ca thng phn tr (mm)
h: chiu cao phn nn ct (mm)
h=

D
.tg 45o= D/2
2

V thng c tnh theo cng thc nh sau:

D 2 H D 2 h
+
V thng =
4
3 4
0,9
+ D3
24
4

V thng =

thay s ta c:

D = 1,5 m
Chn cc thng s ca thng pha ch nh sau:
ng knh: D = 1500 mm
Chiu cao phn tr: H = 1350 mm
Chiu cao y cn: h = 750 mm
Cc c tnh k thut ca thng pha ch
Nng sut: 500 kg/h
Th tch: 3 m3
p sut: 0,14 MPa
Cng sut ng c khuy: 7,5 kW
H s cha y: 0,8
Khi lng: 6200 kg
2. Tnh ton v chn la thit b trong phn xng ln men
2.1. Tnh ton v chn la tank ln men
Ta thy c 1000 kg nho th to th tch dch ln men l 919,5 lt
Vy 1 ngy dng 10892,43 kg nho th to th tch dch ln men l V1 lt
V1 =

10892,43 0,9195
= 10,02
1000

(m3)

Th tch lm vic ca thit b V1 (m3) c tnh theo cng thc sau:

V1 = k.Vcn
Chn h s cha y ca tank k = 0,75
Vcn =

V1 10,02
= 13,36
=
0,75
k

(m3)

Tnh cc kch thc ca tank ln men

(Chiu cao phn np h1, chiu cao phn gp mp h, chiu cao phn tr H, chiu
cao phn cn h3) c chn nh sau:

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
H = 2,5.D (ng knh trong ca tank)
h1 = 0,25.D
h = 10 = 2.S (S l b dy ca thit b)
Chn gc y cn ca tank = 90o.
h3 = D/2
D2
1 D2
H +
h3 = 2,09.D3
4
3
4
D = 1,854 Chn D = 1,86 (m)

Vcn =

Lp v o nhit chn d = 100 mm, trong dy ca ng lm lnh =

20 mm.
Thay D vo tnh ton ta c cc thng s sau:
h3 = 860/2 = 930 mm
h1 = 0,25x1860 = 470 mm
H = 2,5x1860 = 4650 mm
Vy th tch thc ca tank ln men tnh c phn np
Vthc = Vthng + Vnp + Vgp mp
1 D2
D 2
h1 +
h
Vthc = 13,36 +
3

Vthc = 13,36 + 0,43 + 0,05 = 13,84 (m3)

Chiu cao ca tank ln men
(tank t cch mt t 500 mm) do chiu cao thng tnh t sn nh l:
Hthc = h1 + H + 2.h + h3 + 500 = 6570
Hthc = 6570 (mm)
Tnh s tank ln men
S lng tank ln men c tnh theo cng thc sau

N=
Trong :

VT
+1
Vt

T l chu k ln men
( chn thi gian ln men chnh 10 ngy, thi gian ln men ph 15

ngy )
T = 10 + 15 = 25 (ngy)
Mi tank ln men cha lng dch ln men bng lng dch qu to
ra trong mt ngy do vy Vt = V
S tank ln men N = T + 1 = 26 (tank)
Cc thng s ca tank ln men
Vthc = 13,84 m3
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
Hthc = 6570 mm
Dt = 1860 mm
Dn = 1680 + 2.10 + 2.100 = 2070 mm
Gc cn = 90o, ng dn kh v o p sut c = 24x2 mm, ng ng
dn dch y tank c = 50x2,5 mm.
Chn cht lm lnh l glycol, ngoi ra tank ln men cn np thm mt s thit b
o nhit v p sut.
2.2. Tnh v chn thng nhn men ging cp II
Lng men ging b sung bng 9% th tch dch ln men nn:
V2n = 9%xVdlm
V2n = 9%x10020 = 901,8 (lit)
Do V2n < 5 m3, nn chn H = D
Chn thng nhn men ging cp II c np dng chm cu v y dng cn ( gc
y cn = 60o ), h s y thng 0,75
V2nt =

901,8
= 1202,4 (lit)
0,75

Vi h1: chiu cao ca chm cu

h2: chiu cao ca y cn
Chn h1 = 0,1.D
D.tg 30 o
D
=
h2 =
2
2 3

D 2
D 2
h1 2
H +
h2 +
( h1 + 0,75.D 2 )
4
3 4
6
V2nt = 0,9xD3
D = 1,101 (m)
Chn D = 1200 mm
Cc thng s ca thng nhn men ging cp 2
Chiu cao phn tr H = 1200 mm
Chiu cao phn np h1 = 120 mm
Chiu cao phn y h2 = 346,4 mm
Chn S ( b dy thng ) = 5 mm, lp o nhit d = 50 mm
ng knh ngoi Dn = 1200 + 5.2 + 50.2 = 1310 mm.

V2nt =

2.3. Tnh v chn thng nhn men ging cp I

Chn Vn1 =

Vn2
= 300,6 (lit)
3

H s cha y ca thng nhn men ging cp I, k = 0,75

Vn1t =

Vn1
= 400,8
0,75

(lit)

Gc cn ca thng nhn men ging cp I, = 60o

T l cc thng s
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
H (chiu cao phn tr) = D
h1 (chiu cao phn chm) = 0,1.D
h2 (chiu cao phn y nn) =

D
2 3

D 2
D 2
h1 2
H +
h2 +
(
h1 + 0,75.D 2 )
Vn1t =
4
3 4
6

Vn1t = 0,9xD3 = 0,40

D = 0,763 m
Chn D = 800 mm
Cc thng s ca thng nhn men ging cp I
H (chiu cao phn tr) = 800 mm
h1 (chiu cao phn chm) = 80 mm
h2 (chiu cao phn y nn) = 231 mm
Dn (ng knh ngoi) = 800 + 2.5 + 2.50 = 910 mm
2.4. Tnh v chn thng nhn men ging trung gian
Th tch hu ch ca thng bng 1/5 th tch thng nhn men ging cp I,
vi h s y k = 0,75; gc cn = 60o.
Th tch ca thng
Vt =

1 300

= 80 (lit)
5 0,75

Chn cc t l:
H (chiu cao phn tr) = D
h1 (chiu cao phn chm) = 0,1.D
h2 (chiu cao phn y cn) =

D
2 3

D 2
D 2
h1 2
H +
h2 +
( h1 + 0,75.D 2 )
4
3 4
6
Vt = 0,9.D3 = 0,08
D = 0,45 m
Cc thng s ca thng nhn men ging trung gian
H (chiu cao phn tr) = 450 mm
h1 (chiu cao phn chm) = 45 mm
h2 (chiu cao phn y nn) = 130 mm
ng knh ngoi Dn = 450 + 2.5 + 2.50 = 560 mm

Vt =

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
2.5. Tnh v chn thng ra men v bo qun men
Sau khi ln men, nm men c th b nhim tp dng li ta cn x l bng
axit H3PO4 0,6% hoc bng kim nh, do vy yu cu vt liu lm bng thp
khng g, chu c pH dao ng t 3 8.
Chn thng hnh tr (ng knh D, chiu cao H), y hnh cn ( gc cn
o
= 90 ), np phng.
Lng men thu c thng vo khong 2% so vi dch ln men.
Lng men cn ca 1 tank ln men bng: 2%x10,02 = 0,2 (m3)
H s cha y ca thng k = 0,75
Vthng =

0,2
= 0,27 (m3)
0,57

Chn cc t l
H (chiu cao phn tr) = D
h1 (chiu cao phn cn) =

D
2

D 2
1 D 2
H +
h1
Vthng =
4
3
4
Vthng = 0,92.D3 = 0,27
D = 0,67 m chn D = 680 mm
Cc thng s ca thng ra men v bo qun men dng li:
Vthng = 0,27 m3
H ( chiu cao phn tr ) = D = 680 mm
h1 ( chiu cao phn cn ) = 340 mm
m bo cht lng ca nm men, chng em chn chu k s dng l 7
ln, ng thi lun phi tin hnh kim tra nghim ngt nhim tp v hot
tnh ca ging.

2.6. Tnh v chn thng tr ru vang

Ru vang sau khi ln men ph c tch cn v chuyn sang thng tng
tr
ru vang lo ho (c th dng cc thng bng g). Do iu kin kinh t, k
thut chng em chn cc thng bng Inox c lp o nhit lm lnh.
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
Thng tng tr ru vang c th tch bng th tch thng ln men
Vtng tr =

10,02
= 5,01 (m3)
2

Chn h s cha y ca thng k = 0,75; gc cn = 60o

Vthc =

5,01
= 6,68 (m3)
0,75

H (chiu cao phn tr) = 2,5.D

h1 (chiu cao phn cn) =

D
2 3

Vthng = Vtr + Vcn

D 2
D 2
H +
h1
Vthng =
3 4

Vthng = 2,19.D = 6,68

D = 1,45 m
Do ru vang tng tr khng cn CO2 nn np thng ch cn chn dng cn
vi gc ln. Vi h2 (chiu cao phn np) = 0,25.D
Th tch thc ca thng cha ru vang
Vthc = V tr + Vcn + Vnp
D 2
h2
Vthc = 6,68 +
4

Vthc = 6,88 (m )
Tnh ton c:
H (chiu cao phn tr) = 3625 mm
h1 (chiu cao phn cn) = 420 mm
t thng cha ru vang cch sn nh 500 mm, vy chiu cao ca thng
tnh t sn nh l:
Hthng = H + h1 + h2 + 500
Hthng = 5740 mm
Cc thng s ca thng tng tr
ng knh thng D = 1450 mm
Th tch thng tng tr V = 6,88 m3
Chiu cao thng cha t sn nh H = 5740 mm
B dy lp o nhit d = 100 (mm)
ng knh ngoi ca thng Dn = 1450 + 2.5 + 2.100 = 1670 mm
Chn tc nhn lm lnh l glycol v tng tr ru vang 25 ngy.
S lng thng cha ru vang c tnh theo cng thc
N2 =

V T
+2
Vt

Vt = V/2 (V l th tch ru vang sau khi ln men ph)

T (chu k tng tr) = 25 (ngy)
N2 = 2.25 + 2 = 52 (thng)
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
2.7. Tnh v chn ni un nc nng
Nc nng dng trong sn xut ru vang ch yu dng v sinh thng,
tank ln men, v sinh my p, my nghin..
Tnh lng nc dng trong 1 m nu
Nc v sinh my nghin nho: 50 (lit)
Nc v sinh my p nho: 200 (lit)
Nc v sinh thng pha trn: 100 (lit)
Nc v sinh tank ln men: 300 (lit)
Nc v sinh thng nhn men ging cp I ( 1 ngy cn 50 lt )
Vy 1 m cn: 50/4 = 12,5 (lit)
Nc v sinh thng nhn men ging cp II ( 1 ngy cn 100 lt )
Vy 1 m cn: 100/4 = 25 (lit)
Nc v sinh thng cha ru vang (2 thng): 200x2 = 400 (lit)
Vy tng lng nc nng cn dng: 1087,5 (lit/m)
H s s dng ca thng k = 0,8. Nn th tch thc ca thng l:
Vt =

1087,5
= 1359,4 (lit)
0,8

Chn thng 2 v c np v y dng chm cu, t l cc thng s nh sau:

H (chiu cao phn tr) = 1,5.D
h1 (chiu cao phn y) = 0,2.D
h2 (chiu cao phn np) = 0,2.D
D 2
.h1 2
.h 2 2
H+
(
h1 + 0,75.D 2 ) +
( h2 + 0,75.D 2 )
4
6
6
Vt = 1,34.D3 = 1,36
D = 1,015 m chn D = 1020 mm
Chn b dy ca v trong S1 = 5 mm
Chn b dy ca v ngoi S2 = 5 m
Chn b dy ca lp o nhit = 50 mm
ng knh ngoi ca thit b: Dn = 1020 + 2.5 + 2.5 + 2.50 = 1140 mm

Vt =

Tnh b mt truyn nhit

C 1 m3 nc nng cn b mt truyn nhit l 0,7 m2. Vy b mt truyn
nhit ca thit b l:
F = 0,7x1,36 = 0,95 (m2)
Chn phng thc truyn nhit: dng phng thc ng rut g, t trc tip
trong ni nu tng b mt truyn nhit.

2.8. Tnh v chn h thng CIP

CIP gm c 4 thng:
Mt thng cha dung dch NaOH 2%
Mt thng cha dung dch HNO3 0,1%

Lp CNSHA k46

10

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
Mt thng cha dung dch nc Javel
Mt thng thu hi NaOH 2%
Mi m v sinh vi cht lng CIP bng 5 % th tch thng nu. M lng CIP
cn ra tnh cho 2 thng tng tr (v mt tank ln men c bm vo 2 thng
tng tr).
Vthng = 6,88x2 = 13,76 (m3)
Lng dch CIP cn: 13,76x5% = 0,69 (m3)
H s s dng ca thng CIP l k = 0,9 th tch ca mi thng CIP:
VCIP =

0,69
= 0,77 (m3)
0,9

T l cc thng s ca thng
H (chiu cao thn tr) = D
h (chiu cao chm cu) = 0,2.D
Thit k thng np bng, c cc van cp dch, van thu hi dch v ca a ho
cht vo.
D 2
.h 2
H+
(
h + 0,75.D 2 )
VCIP =
4
6
3
VCIP = 0,87.D
D = 0,96 m, chn D = 1000 mm
Cc thng CIP c kch thc nh nhau v th tch tng t nhau, cc thng s:
H (chiu cao thn tr) = 1000 mm
h (chiu cao chm cu) = 200 mm
Dn = 1000 + 2.5 = 1010 mm

2.9. Tnh v chn bm

Bm dch t khu pha trn n chuyn vang vo thng tng tr (cn 8 bm)
chn bm ta xt khu cn bm dch nhiu nht (chn khu bm dch vo tank
ln men).
1 ngy bm dch 10,02 m3 (1 ngy c 4 m)
Vy 1 m cn bm Vdch (m3)
Vdch =

10,02
= 2,51 (m3)
4

Thi gian bm dch 15 pht, h s s dng bm l 0,8.

Vy nng sut bm bng:
V

N = T 0,8 = 15

2,51
60

0,8

= 12,6 (m3/h)

Chn bm ly tm c nh c nng sut chung l: 15 (m3/h)

Bm cho h thng CIP

Lp CNSHA k46

11

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
Dng bm di ng, s lng 2 chic, bm ln lt tng dung dch v sinh vo
thng. Sau thi gian ngm th bm vo thng hi CIP.
Chn thi gian bm 10 pht, hiu sut s dng 0,8 th nng sut bm l:
Vt

N = T 0,8 = 10

0,69
60

0,8

= 5,18

(m3/h)

Chn nng sut bm di ng l 7,5 (m3/h)

2.10. Tnh v chn my lm lnh
My lm lnh s dng tc nhn lm lnh l kh Freon (R 22). tnh v la
chn my lm lnh th iu u tin ta phi chn cc thng s ca ch lm
vic.
Nhit ca dung mi cht lnh to = - 10 (oC).
Nhit ngng t ca mi cht tk = 35 (oC).
Nhit qu lnh ca mi cht trc van tit lu tql = 32 (oC).
Nhit qu nhit trc khi vo my nn tqn = 10 (oC).
T cc s liu trn (to = - 10oC, tk = 35oC). Chng em chn my nn pittng
MYCOM (do hng Mayekawa ca Nht Bn sn xut) k hiu F2WA2.
Thng s ca my:
Nng sut lnh Qo = 103,3 kW; cng sut hu ch Nc = 29,1 kW.
Kch thc: 2200x1215x1300 mm; vi chiu di np t 2835 mm.
3. Tnh v chn thit b hon thin ru vang
3.1. My ra bock
Th tch ru vang cn thit ng sn phm trong 1 ngy cao nht l:
9333,4 (lt), nhng ru vang ng bock ch chim 20 % tng lng ru vang.
Vng bock = 9333,4x20% = 1866,7 (lt)
Th tch ca mi bock bng 5 lit
Vy s bock cn dng trong mt ngy:
n=

1866,7
= 374 (bock)
5

Mi ngy lm vic 2 ca, mi ca 4 h, h s s dng ca my l 0,8. Vy nng

sut ca my ra l:
N=

374
= 59 (bock/h)
2 4 0,8

Chn my ra bock c cc thng s sau:

+ Nng sut 59 bock/h
+ Cng sut ng c: 1,5 kW
+ Lu lng nc ra : 1,25 m3/h
+ Kch thc : 1000 x 500 x 800

Lp CNSHA k46

12

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
3.2. My ra chai
Ru vang ng chai mi ngy l: 7466,7 lt; s dng chai mu xanh, chai c
dung tch 0,75 lt.
Vy lng chai s dng trong mt ngy:
n=

7466,7
= 9956 (chai)
0,75

Mt ngy lm vic 8 h, vy mi gi cn ra 1245 chai.

S dng my ra chai MOG 31 A.
- c tnh k thut ca my nh sau :
+ Cng sut 1500 2000 chai/h .
+ Thi gian x l tng cng 15 pht
+ Hi khi ng bng kg/h ( p = 2,5 bar ) : 430
+ Hi lm vic bng kg/h ( p = 0,4 bar ) : 410
+ Nc bng m3/h ( p = 1,5 bar ) : 4,8.
+ in lp t 30 kw
- Kch thc thit b
+ Chiu di 8451 mm
+ Chiu rng 2800 mm
+ Chiu cao 2550 mm
+ Trng lng my bng 9900 kg.
3.3. My chit chai v ng chai ru vang
Cc d liu k thut ca my:
S van chit : 36
S ln ng nt dp :8
ng knh chai bng 65 - 75 mm .
Kch thc my : mm
Mt trc: 2215
Chiu rng: 2040
Chiu cao: 2330
Trng lng xp x bng: 3840 kg
in lin kt 380 v; 50 Hz
3.4. H thng thanh trng chai
Thit b thanh trng
- Thng s k thut
Din tch 100 cm2
Cng sut 4000- 5000 chai/h
ng knh chai bng 65-75 mm
Chu trnh tng cng bng 42 pht
Nhit u vo 5oC
Lp CNSHA k46

13

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
Nhit u ra 42oC
Thanh trng trong 10 pht ti nhit 65oC
in p lp t bng 20 (kw)
Mc tiu th nc 6-8 m3/h
3.5. My dn nhn
S dng my kiu quay vi nhn c nh ROTIX69
Cc thng s k thut ca my nh sau :
Nng sut chai /h = 1500 - 2000
Loi nhn
ng knh chai (mm) 65 - 75
Kch thc nhn (mm) 40 180
ng c in chnh (kw) 2,2
Kh nn tiu th (iu kin p = 3 bar ) 6 m3
Chiu cao bng ti mm 1000 1100 (mm)
Trng lng my 990 (kg)
Bm chn khng GKW2, 2 KW (60 m3/h )
Kch thc my
Chiu di 3300 mm
Chiu rng 1145 mm
Chiu cao 1250 1400 mm
Bng tm tt thit b
Stt Tn thit b

Thng s: kch thc (mm), th tch V,

lng
568

cng sut ng c P.
d (chiu di) = 600; r (chiu rng) = 500

St cha nho

Bng ti phn loi

qu
Cn nguyn liu

4
5
6
7

h (chiu cao) = 500;

d = 6000; r = 500; h = 1200;
P = 3,2 kW

M cn 2000 kg

Kch thc: 2000x1000x1500;

M cn 5 kg
Thng ra qu

2
3

Kch thc: 200x200x250;

Vthng = 2,4 m3

d = 1600; r = 1500; h = 1000;

Kch thc: 2500x1000x1500

P = 6 (kW )
d = 4000; r = 2500; h = 3600

P = 3 kW
V = 3 m3; D = 1500; P = 7,5 kW

My nghin
My p
Thng pha ch

Lp CNSHA k46

14

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
H (chiu cao phn tr) = 1350
8

Tank ln men

26

h (chiu cao phn cn) = 750; = 90o;

V = 13,84 m3; = 90o;
D = 1860; H = 4650; h3 = 930; Dn = 2070

h1 (chiu cao phn np) = 470

V = 1,21 m3; = 60o; D = H = 1200;

h1 = 120; h2 = 340,4; Dn = 1310;

V = 0,4 m3; = 60o; D = H = 800;

men

h1 = 80; h2 = 231; Dn = 910;

V = 0,08 m3; = 60o; D = H = 450;

12

ging trung gian

Thng ra men, bo

h1 = 45; h2 = 130; Dn = 560;

V = 0,27 m3; = 60o; D = H = 680;

13

qun men dng li

Thng tng tr v lo

52

h2 = 340; Dn = 800
V = 6,88 m3; = 60o; D = 1450;

14

ho ru vang
Ni un nc nng

H = 3625; h2 = 363; Dn = 1670;

V = 1,36 m3; D = 1020

H = 1530; h1 = h2 = 204; Dn = 1140;

V = 0,77 m3; D = H = 1000;

Thng

10

ging cp II
Thng nhn

11

ging cp I
Thng nhn

15

nhn

men
men

H thng CIP

h2 = 200; Dn = 1010
16

Bm
T pha trntng

Q = 15 (m3/h); P = 2 kW.

tr

Q = 7,5 (m3/h); P = 1,5 kW

17

H thng CIP
My lm lnh

18
19
20

My ra bock
My ra chai
My chit v ng

1
1
1

Qo = 103,3 kW; Nc = 29,1 kW.

Kch thc: 2200x1215x1300 mm;
P = 1,5 kW; kch thc 1000x500x800
P = 30 kW; kch thc 8451x2800x2550
P = 15 kW; kch thc 2215x2040x2330;

21
22

chai
H thng thanh trng
My dn nhn chai

1
1

P = 20 kW; kch thc 6000x3000x1200

P = 2,2 kW; kch thc 3300x1145x1350

Lp CNSHA k46

15

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c

Chng 6: TNH TON XY DNG

1. Nhng nh gi chung v a im xy dng nh my
Nh my sn xut ru vang c xy dng trong khu cng nghip Thp
Chm c qui m 126 ha, nm st quc l 27 v ga Thp Chm, cch th x Phan
Rang Thp Chm khong 7 km v pha ty bc.
Nh my c xy dng y c mt s im thun li sau:
1.1. V qui hoch
Nh my t trong khu cng nghip Thp Chm c qui hoch tt v
y cng l khu cng nghip pht trin mi nhn ca tnh.
-Nh my xy dng trong khu cng nghip pht huy ti a cng sut ca nh
my v kh nng hp tc sn xut ca cc nh my khc.
-Din tch t thu vi s lng khng hn ch v gi thnh r khong 0,1 $
m2/nm.
1.2. V iu kin t chc sn xut
Phan Rang Thp Chm l khu vc m nho c trng vi s lng ln,
sn lng c t khong 35 50 nghn tn, kh nng cung cp lin tc cho
nh my hot ng v chi ph vn chuyn t ni mua n nh my gim ng k.
Nh my xy dng trong khu cng nghip gn vng cung cp nguyn nhin
liu nn m bo iu kin tt cho vic cung cp in, hi, nc, than..Cho nh
my sn xut lin tc, mt khc nh my gn trung tm dn c l th x Phan
Rang nn m bo thi lng i lm ca nhn vin t 30 45 pht.
1.3. V iu kin h tng k thut
-Khu cng nghip Thp Chm, nm st quc l 27 v ga Thp Chm. Ngoi ra,
khu ny cng gn vi quc l 1A, nn rt thun li cho vic vn chuyn nguyn
liu v hng ho.
-Ninh Thun c h thng in thoi v vin thng c pht trin t tnh n
huyn. n nm 2002, 100% s x phng, th trn c in thoi phc v
thng tin lin lc.
1.4. V iu kin xy lp v vn hnh nh my
-Ninh Thun c nhiu loi khong sn vt liu xy dng nh: thch anh tinh th
ni Ch Bang..; ct thu tinh Thnh Tn; st gm Vnh Thch..; vi
M Tng.. Nn ngnh sn xut vt liu xy dng rt pht trin Ninh Thun,
to iu kin thun li cho vic cung cp v h gi thnh xy dng nh my.
-Ti thnh x Phan Rang Thp Chm c dn s 156,4 nghn ngi, vi mt
1970 ngi/km2. y l ni cung cp nhn cng vi gi thp, c cht lng
cao.

Lp CNSHA k46

16

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
1.5. V iu kin kh hu - thu vn
Nm trong vng kh hn nht c nc. Ninh Thun c kh hu nhit i gi
ma
vi c trng l gi nhiu, kh nng, lng bc hi mnh ( t 670 1827 mm )
v khng c ma ng lnh. Nhit trung bnh nm t 26 27oC. Lng ma
trung bnh t 800 925 mm, m khng kh t 75 77%, nng lng bc x
ln 160 Kcal/m2. Kh hu c 2 ma r rt: ma ma t thng 9 n thng 11;
ma kh t thng 12 n thng 8 nm sau. Vi iu kin kh hu trn thun li
cho vic xy dng nh bt li v ngun cung cp nc cho sn xut.
Tng din tch lu vc cc sng chnh ca Ninh Thun l 3,6 nghn km 2,
tng chiu di cc sng sui l 430 km. Cc h thng sng ca Ninh Thun ph
hp cho vic xy dng cc cng trnh thu in nh v va.[1.11]
1.6. V mi trng v sinh cng nghip
Trong sn xut cng nghip cc nh my khng trnh khi yu t thi cc
cht c hi nh: kh c, nc bn khi bi..hoc cc yu t bt li khc nh
cc cht gy nhim mi trng.. hn ch ti mc ti a nh hng xu ca
mi trng cng nghip ti khu dn c, cc khu vc c di tch lch s, danh lam
thng cnh ca a phng th nh my cn lm cc bin php bo v mi trng
nh sau:
m bo khong cch bo v, v sinh thch hp
Xy dng cc cng trnh x l kh c hi, nc thi v b thi.
2. Tng hng mc cc cng trnh ca nh my
2.1. Phn xng tip nhn v x l qu
Trong phn xng c t cc thit b:
My vn chuyn bng ti (1 my) c kch thc: 6000x600 (mm)
Cn nguyn liu (1 cn), cn c trng lng 2000 (kg) c kch thc:
2000x1000 (mm).
My nghin trc (1 my) c kch thc: 2500x1000 (mm)
My p dch nho c kch thc: 4000x2500 (mm)
Thng pha ch c: D = 1500 (mm);
Vy chn din tch phn xng tip nhn v x l qu c:
S1 = 432 (m2)
2.2. Phn xng ln men
Trong phn xng ln men c t cc thit b:
Tank ln men (26 tank) c kch thc: Dn = 2070 (mm); Ht = 6570 (mm).
Thng nhn men ging cp II c kch thc: Dn =1310 (mm); Ht = 2000
(mm).

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Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
Thng nhn men ging cp I c kch thc: Dn =910 (mm); Ht = 1120
(mm).
Thng nhn men ging cp trung gian c kch thc: Dn =560; Ht = 650
(mm).
Thng ra men v bo qun men c kch thc: Dn = 700 (mm); Ht = 1050
(mm).
Phng th nghim v nhn ging c kch thc: 6000x6000 (mm).
Vy chn din tch phn xng ln men c:
S2 = 648 (m2).

2.3. Phn xng tr ru vang

Trong phn xng ny ch t cc tank tr ru vang (52 tank) c kch
thc:
Dn = 1670 (mm); Ht = 6000 (mm).
Vy chn din tch phn xng tr ru vang c:
S3 = 432 (m2).
2.4. Phn xng hon thin
Trong phn xng hon thin gm c cc thit b sau:
My lc ru vang c kch thc: 1500x1000 (mm).
Thng cha ru vang thnh phm c kch thc: Dn = 1200 (mm); Ht = 3000
(mm).
My ra bock c kch thc: 1000x500 (mm).
My ra chai c kch thc: 8450x2800 (mm).
My chit chai v ng chai c kch thc: 2220x2040 (mm).
H thng thanh trng chai c kch thc: 5000x3000 (mm).
My dn nhn c kch thc: 3300x1145 (mm).
Vy chn din tch phn xng hon thin c:
S4 = 648 (m2).
2.5. Kho thnh phm
Thit k kho thnh phm c th cha c 155625 chai/30 ngy.
Gi s 1 gi k ru c kch thc:
Chiu di: d = 4,0 m
Chiu rng: r = 1,2 m
Chiu cao: h = 2 m
c 2813 chai, vy s k cn l:

155625
= 56 (k)
2813

B tr s k:
-Chiu di c 5 k
-Chiu rng c 12 k
Vy chn din tch phn xng hon thin c:

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Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
S5 = 576 (m2).
2.6. Nh lnh
Trong nh lnh c cc thit b sau:
My lm lnh c kch thc: 3500x2000 (mm).
My nn kh c kch thc: 1000x500 (mm).
Vy chn din tch nh lnh c:
S6 = 108 (m2).
2.7. Kho nguyn liu
Kho nguyn liu c chia lm 3 phn vng chnh l vng cha ng, vng
cha axit tartaric v vng cha cht tr lc, cht sinh trng..
2
ng thng ng thnh bao 50 kg, gi s c 2 m sp c 2 bao/chng.
Cc bao xp thnh 5 chng, vy 1 m2 kho cha c:
2x5x50 = 500 (kg)
Lng ng dng trong 1 thng l: 45339,5 (kg)
Scn = 90,7 (m2)
Lng axit tartaric 1 thng cn 18046 (kg)
Scn = 36,1 (m2)
Din tch cha B1, B6, bentonit.. cn l: 36 m2
Tng din tch s dng ca kho l: 162,8 m2
Din tch xy dng kho nguyn liu c S7 = 216 (m2).
2.8. Kho cha chai, bock v thng
Trong kho phn lm 3 vng: vng chai, vng bock v vng thng.
Lng chai cn cha cung cp cho thng vy s chai cn: 155625 (chai).
Gi s ng knh ca chai l 75 mm, xp chai thnh 10 hng, v chiu cao l
2000 mm. Vy din tch mt bng cho vng chai: S1i = 107,5 (m2).
Din tch bock cn: S2i = 12 (m2).
Din tch thng cn: S3i = 80 (m2).
Vy chn din tch xy dng kho cha chai, bock v thng l:
S8 = 216 (m2).
2.9. Trm bin p
My bin p c kch thc: 1500x1000 (mm).
Vy chn din tch trm bin p c:
S9 = 144 (m2).
2.10. Phn xng c in
Trong phn xng c in gm c:
Thit b thay th: ng ng, van, ..
Dng c sa cha: c l, tuc l vt, ..
Vy chn din tch trm bin p c:
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Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
S10 = 216 (m2).
2.11. Nh ni hi
Trong nh ni hi c cc thit b:
Ni hi c kch thc: Dn = 2200 (mm); Ht = 3500 (mm).
Ni un nc nng: Dn = 1140 (mm).
Vy chn din tch nh ni hi c:
S11 = 108 (m2).
2.12. Bi x than
Chn din tch bi x than c din tch;
S12 = 108 (m2).
2.13. Nh CIP
Trong nh CIP c cha 4 thng:
Thng cha dung dch NaOH 2%.
Thng cha dung dch HNO3 2%.
Thng cha dung dch nc Javel
Thng thu hi dung dch NaOH 2%.
Cc thng CIP u c kch thc: Dn = 1010 (mm), Ht = 1500 (mm).
Vy chn din tch nh CIP c:
S13 = 36 (m2).
2.14. Khu x l b thi
Chng ta tnh x l rc thi theo chu k 15 ngy.
Nh vy lng b thi ra l:

54461,8
= 13615,5 (kg)
2

Gi s d b = 1,2 kg/dm3
Th tch ca b V b =

13615,5
= 11346,3 (dm3)
1,2

V b = 11,35 (m3)
Chn din tch khu x l b thi c:
S14 = 216 (m2).
2.15. Khu x l nc thi
Chn din tch khu x l b thi c:
S15 = 216 (m2).
2.16. Khu nh hnh chnh
Khu nh hnh chnh gm 2 tng
-Tng 1 gm cc phng: phng gim c, phng ph gim c kinh doanh,
phng ph gim c k thut, phng k ton v phng tip khch.

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Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
-Tng 2 gm cc phng: phng cng ngh, phng cng on, phng k
hoch u t v tip th, phng giao ban hi trng, phng y t.
Vy chn din tch khu nh hnh chnh c:
S16 = 504 (m2).
2.17. Khu nh n - hi trng
Khu nh ny gm 2 tng:
Tng 1 ca khu lm nh n v phng y t, cn tng 2 lm hi trng.
S nhn vin ca ton nh my d kin l 90 ngi, gi s mi ngi cn din
tch nh n l 2,5 m2.
Khi khu nh n cn din tch l: S = 80x2,5x1,2 = 240 (m 2), phng y t
cn 72 m2.
Vy chn din tch xy dng l:
S17 = 432 (m2).
2.18. Nh gii thiu sn phm
Chn din tch nh gii thiu sn phm:
S18 = 216 (m2).
2.19. Khu vc gii tr v ngh ngi
Chn din tch nh gii thiu sn phm:
S19 = 216 (m2).
2.20. Khu vc th thao
Chn din tch khu vc th thao:
S20 = 216 (m2).
2.21. Nh xe p xe my
S nhn vin ton nh my d tnh l 90 ngi
-S ngi i xe p chim 30%
-S ngi i xe my chim 70%
Gi s 1 xe p chim din tch 0,9 m2; 1 xe my chim din tch 2,25 m2. Vy
din tch nh cn xe l:
0,9x30%x90/2 + 2,25x70%x90/2 = 83 (m2)
(thit k xy dng 2 nh xe my v xe p)
Vy chn din tch nh xe p xe my:
S21 = 108 (m2).
2.22. Khu vc nh tm - v sinh
Nh tm v v sinh c 2 khu vc ring bit dnh cho nam v n.
Chn din tch khu vc nh tm - v sinh c:
S22 = 144 (m2).

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Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
2.23. Phng bo v
Xy dng 2 nh bo v ti 2 cng ca nh my
Chn din tch phng bo v c:
S23 = 72 (m2).
2.24. Gara t
Chn din tch gara t c:
S24 = 144 (m2).
2.25. Tng din tch cc cng trnh xy dng
Stng = 7092 (m2)
3. Thit k tng mt bng nh my
3.1. Nhim v v yu cu thit k tng mt bng nh my
Mt bng tng th l b phn quan trng ca mt d n thit k tng th x
nghip cng nghip, mt bng tng th cng l mt gii php x l tng hp
nhng vn v qui hoch, v xy dng v hon thin a vo s dng x
nghip, c to ra trn c s tnh ton n tt c cc mi lin quan v xy dng
th. Trong , c bit ch n mi quan h rng buc gia cc x nghip
trong khu cng nghip vi khu dn c, cn phi khai thc ht cc mi lin quan
n thit k qui hoch v xy dng x nghip xc nh gii php x l mt
bng hin trng ph hp.

3.1.1. Cc nhim v chnh khi thit k tng mt bng nh my

nh gi cc iu kin t nhin, nhn to ca khu t xy dng nh my

b tr sp xp cc hng mc cng trnh, cc cng trnh k thut, bin php
gii quyt cc vn vi kh hu ca nh my sao cho ph hp ti a yu cu
dy truyn cng ngh ca nh my cng nh cc nh my ln cn trong khu
cng nghip.

Xc nh c cu mt bng, hnh khi kin trc ca cc hng mc cng trnh,

nh hng nh, t chc mng li cng trnh phc v cng cng, trng cy
xanh, nh hng phn chia thi k xy dng, nghin cu kh nng m
rng v pht trin nh my.

Gii quyt cc vn c lin quan n mi trng qua cc gii php m

bo yu cu v sinh cng nghip, chng n, chng nhim mt nc v kh
quyn, cng nh cng tc phng chng ho hon.

Gii quyt cc quan h v cnh quan th vi mi trng xung quanh to

kh nng ho nhp ca nh my vi cc nh my ln cn, ph hp hi ho
vi khng gian t nhin ca vng.
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Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c

nh gi hiu qu kinh t k thut ca phng n thit k v cc phng

din hiu qu s dng t, cc ch tiu kinh t k thut chuyn ngnh.

3.1.2. Cc yu cu khi thit k tng mt bng nh my

c c phng n ti u khi thit k qui hoch tng mt bng x nghip
cng nghip cn phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:

Gii php thit k tng mt bng nh my phi p ng c mc ao nht

ca dy truyn cng ngh sao cho chiu di dy truyn cng ngh ngn
nht, khng trng lp, ln xn, hn ch ti a s giao nhau. m bo mi
lin h mt thit gia cc hng mc cng trnh vi h thng giao thng, cc
mng li cung cp k thut khc bn trong v bn ngoi nh my.

Trn khu t xy dng nh my phi c phn thnh cc khu vc chc

nng theo c im ca sn xut, yu cu v sinh, khi lng phng tin
vn chuyn, mt cng nhn..to iu kin tt cho qun l vn hnh ca
cc khu chc nng.

Din tch khu t xy dng c tnh ton tho mn mi yu cu i hi

ca dy chuyn cng ngh trn c s b tr hp l cc hng mc cng trnh.

T chc h thng giao thng vn chuyn hp l ph hp vi dy chuyn

cng ngh, c tnh hng ho p ng mi yu cu sn xut v qun l.

Phi tho mn cc yu cu v v sinh cng nghip, hn ch ti a cc s c

sn xut, m bo v sinh mi trng bng cc gii php phn khu chc
nng.

Khai tc trit cc c im a hnh t nhin, c im kh hu a

phng nhm gim n mc c th chi ph san nn, x l nn t, tiu
thu..

Phi m bo tt mi quan h hp tc mt thit vi cc nh my ln cn

trong khu cng nghip vi vic s dng chung cc cng trnh m bo k
thut, x l cht thi, chng nhim mi trng..

Phn chia thi k xy dng hp l, to iu kin thi cng nhanh, sm a

nh my vo sn xut, nhanh chng hon vn u t xy dng.

m bo cc yu cu thm m ca tng cng trnh, tng th nh my. Ho

nhp ng gp cnh quan xung quanh to thnh khung cnh kin trc cng
nghp th.
3.2. Thuyt minh vng v cc phn xng trong nh my
Tng din tch ton nh my d kin thu t
Sthu = 22500 (m2).
Mt bng nh my c thit k theo nguyn tc phn vng:
3.2.1. Vng 1 (vng trc nh my)
Vng ny gm cc cng trnh sau:
a. Khu nh hnh chnh

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Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
Khu nh hnh chnh thng t pha trc nh my, c b tr vn hoa cy
cnh to m quan chung cho ton x nghip.
Trong khu nh hnh chnh c b tr nh v sinh, khu nh hnh chnh xy
bng kt cu b tng ct thp ton khi 2 tng, mi tng c 5 phng.
Cc phng ban c nhp nh 9 m, bc ct 6 m, hnh lang rng 2 m; nn nh
xi mng b tng trn c lt hoa. Kch thc c bn khu nh hnh chnh c
la chn:
Kch thc: 42x12x8,4 (m)
Din tch nh cn xy: S = 42x12 = 504 (m2)
b. Khu nh n hi trng
Xy khu nh 2 tng bng khu b tng ct thp ton khi, khu nh ny c
xy sau nh hnh chnh v c ca hng ra vn hoa, i phun nc.
-Chiu di khu nh n hi trng: d = 24 (m)
-Chiu rng khu nh n hi trng: r = 18 (m)
- Chiu cao khu nh n hi trng: h = 8,4 (m)
- Din tch nh n - hi trng: S = 432 (m2)
Khu nh c xy bng khung b tng ct thp ton khi c nhp nh 9 m,
bc ct 6 m; nn nh xi mng b tng pha trn c lt hoa.
c. Nh gii thiu sn phm
y l ni giao dch bn hng, gii thiu sn phm khi khch hng n tham
quan. ng thi cng l ni p ng nhu cu ca khch hnh n t hng. Nh
gii thiu sn phm c t trc nh my, gip vi trc ng chnh. By t
sn phm v trang tr nh ny phi bt mt v c thm m cao v n chnh l b
mt ca nh my m khch hng bit n u tin. La chn kch thc c bn:
Kch thc: 18x12x4,8 (m)
Din tch: S = 18x12 = 216 (m2)
Nh c xy bng khung lp ghp, pha trc nh lp t knh trng.
3.2.2. Vng 2 (vng sn xut)
Vng ny gm cc cng trnh sau:
a. Phn xng tip nhn v x l qu
Khi nho c ch n nh my, u tin n c cn xc nh trng
lng, sau cho qua bng ti phn loi; tip n l ra qu, nghin v p
nho. Cui cng phn tch cc thnh phn c trong dch nho b sung cc yu t
nh: ng, axit, cht sinh trng.. t yu cu ca dch ln men.
Phn xng tip nhn v x l qu c xy dng bng khung nh thp
Zaminsteel, ct thp c kch thc 600x300 mm, bc ct 6 m, li ct 6x6 m;
chiu rng ca dm 200 mm, s dng tn lm mi, tng dy 220 mm. Nn ca
phn xng ny lm bng xi mng v b tng chu c nc ra c axit,

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Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
cu to ca nn gm 4 lp ( lp trn cng lt bng gch men gracemic c ma
st, tip n va xi mng, b tng si v t dm cht ).
Da vo kch thc v cch b tr ca cc thit b trong phn xng ta tnh
c:
-Chiu di phn xng tip nhn v x l qu: d = 24 (m)
-Chiu rng phn xng tip nhn v x l qu: r = 18 (m)
-Din tch ton phn xng: S = 24x12 = 432 (m2)
-Chiu cao ca phn xng thng tnh theo chiu cao ca thit b cao nht,
nhng theo tiu chun ca nh cng nghip vi nhp nh 18 m chn chiu cao
ca nh H1 = 7,2 m.
b. Phn xng ln men
Sau khi dch c b sung y cc yu t, th n c bm sang phn
xng ln men. Phn xng ny thc hin ng thi qu trnh ln men chnh v
ln men ph, trong phn xng ln men thun tin cho qu trnh cy men
ging ta b tr thng men ging cp I, cp II v trung gian. Khu ln men c
thit k c thao tc i ln bng cu thang.
Do c im ca cc tank ln men cn qu trnh iu khin cc thng s c ti
u v cc tank ln men ru vang thng nh v thp. Nn phn xng ln men
c xy dng bng khung thp zamin, s dng tn lm mi.
Da vo kch thc v cch b tr cc tank chng ta tnh tng i c:
-Chiu di phn xng ln men: d = 36 (m)
-Chiu rng phn xng ln men: r = 18 (m)
-Din tch phn xng ln men: S = 18x36 = 648 (m2).
-Chiu cao ca cc tank ln men thng 6,5 m; ng thi da vo thng s kt
cu nh thp chn chiu cao H1 = 8,4 m;
c. Phn xng tr ru vang
Sau khi ln men chnh v ln men ph kt thc, ru vang c chuyn
sang phn xng tng tr nhm mc ch to hng thm, n nh v nng cao
cht lng ru vang.
Phn xng tng tr c th t ngoi tri, c gin thao tc. B tr cc tank tng
tr thnh 4 hng, mi hng c 13 tank, cu thang i ln dn thao tc c t
ngoi.
Da theo kch thc v cch b tr thit b ta tnh c s b kch thc
phn xng tr ru vang.
-Chiu di phn xng tr ru vang: d = 36 (m)
-Chiu rng phn xng tr ru vang: r = 12 (m)
-Din tch phn xng tr ru vang: S = 12x36 = 432 (m2).
Nn ca phn xng tng tr yu cu chu c trng lc v sch s. Lm
nn bng xi mng v b tng c 4 lp (lp trn cng l gracemic, tip theo lp
va xi mng, b tng si v t dm cht).
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Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c

d. Phn xng hon thin

Kim tra ru vang tng tr, khi t yu cu th a i ng chai v
bock. Trong phn xng hon thin b tr cc thit b nh: my ra chai, my ra
bock, my chit chai & dp nt, my chit bock, my thanh trng my dn nhn
v my lc ru vang.
Da theo kch thc v cch b tr thit b tnh s b c phn xng hon
thin:
-Chiu di phn xng hon thin: d = 36 (m)
-Chiu rng phn xng hon thin: r = 18 (m)
-Din tch phn xng hon thin: S = 36x36 = 1296 (m2).
Chiu cao ca phn xng da theo kch thc ca my mc v da vo qui
chun xy dng cng nghip chn H1 = 7,2 (m).
Phn xng hon thin xy bng khung nh thp zamin, tng dy 220
mm; Nn trong phn xng hon thin c lm bng vt liu tng hp chu
c axit, kim v rt sch s (lp trn cng lt gracemic, tip n lp va b
tng do VLTH, lp chng thm, va bng mt, t dm cht).

e. Kho thnh phm

Sau khi ru vang c ng chai, n c th a ra th trng tiu th.
Nhng nu cha tiu th c ngay v mun c cht lng tt hn th cc chai
ru vang c a vo kho thnh phm, ti y nhit trong kho lun gi t o =
15 20oC. Cc chai ru vang c xp ngay ngn trn cc gi k.

Yu cu k thut i vi kho thnh phm

t nh sng, bi v nh sng s lm cho ru chng b gi.
C m 65 75% v nu khng kh qu kh, nt bc s teo i, qu trnh
trao i kh s nhiu hn, cng lm cho ru chng b gi.
Ca kho lun quay ra hng Bc, ca thng gi quay ra hng Nam
khng kh lnh lun chuyn ng trong kho.
m bo cc iu kin trn nn dng my iu ho nhit trong kho.
-Ch : trong kho cha v bo qun ru khng c cc loi thc phm hay ho
cht nng mi nh hnh ti, sn, vani, ho cht ty ra..

Gi k ru c xy bng gch th, trt xi mng. Chai ru vang bao

gi cng t v tr nm ngang trn gi, ru lun tip xc vi nt bc
v trao i kh oxi c d dng.

Nn kho cha lm bng xi mng v b tng gm cc lp ( va xi mng, b

tng si, t dm cht ). Trn nn di mt lp ct mng, trn lp ct c mt
lp dm ht m v gi cho sn lun c kh do.
Kch thc ca kho thnh phm:
-Chiu di kho thnh phm: d = 24 (m)
-Chiu rng kho thnh phm: r = 24 (m)
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Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
-Din tch kho thnh phm: S = 24x24 = 576 (m2).
-Chiu cao kho thnh phm chn H1 = 4,8 (m)
Kho thnh phm xy bng kt cu b tng ton khi, trn trn mi c gch
chng nng, li ct 6x6 m.
f. Nh lnh
Dng my nn 1 cp lm lnh cht ti nhit, t cht ti nhit c bm
i lm lnh cc tank ln men, tank tng tr v kho thnh phm.
Kch thc nh lnh: 12x9x6 (m)
Din tch: S = 12x9 = 108 (m2)
3.2.3. Vng 3 (vng ph tr phc v sn xut)
a. Kho nguyn liu
Kho nguyn liu c chia lm 3 phn vng chnh l vng cha ng, vng
cha axit tartaric v vng cha cht tr lc, cht sinh trng..
Din tch xy dng kho nguyn liu c S = 18x12 = 216 (m 2) v c chiu cao
7,2 m;
b. Kho cha chai, bock, thng carton
Chai, bock thng mua d tr. Khi thit k nn xy dng gn nh hon
thin sn phm thun tin thao tc.
Chn kho c kch thc: 18x12x6 (m)
Din tch ca kho: S = 18x12 = 216 (m2)
Kho chai, bock c xy dng bng kt cu nh thp zaminsteel, tng dy
220 mm. Nn va xi mng b tng.
c. Trm bin p
y l ni bin i in p v gi tr cn thit dng cho c nh my. Do
kch thc chn s b nh sau:
Kch thc trm bin p: 12x12x6,4 (m)
Din tch trm bin p: S = 12x12 = 144 (m2)
Trm bin p c xy dng bng khung b tng ct thp ton khi.
d. Phn xng c in
Thng b tr gn trm bin p d ti in v gim tn tht in nng.
Cc thng s kch thc chn nh sau:
Kch thc: 18x12x6,4 (m)
Din tch: S = 18x12 = 216 (m2)
Phn xng c in c xy bng khung b tng ct thp ton khi.
e. Nh ni hi

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Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
Nh ni hi c b tr ngay phn xng c in v gn bi x than. Nh ni
hi lun to ra kh c do vy cn b tr khu ph v t cui hng gi ch
o. Chn la kch thc c bn:
Kch thc: 12x9x6,4 (m)
Din tch: S = 12x9 = 108 (m2)
Nh ni hi xy bng khung b tng ct thp ton khi.
f. Bi x than
B tr gn nh ni hi tin cho qu trnh vn chuyn v x than. Yu
cu i vi bi x than l cn chng nhim khng kh lan sang cc khu vc ln
cn,
phi dng vt liu bao che v phun nc thng xuyn. La chn kch thc c
bn:
Kch thc 12x9x4,8 (m)
Din tch: S = 1x9 = 108 (m2)
g. Nh CIP
Nh CIP t cc thng CIP cha dung dch ho cht ty ra. Cc dung
dch trong thng CIP c bm a n cc phn xng thu nhn v x l qu,
phn xng ln men, phn xng hon thin. Kch thc c bn c la chn:
Kch thc: 6x6x4,8 (m)
Din tch: S = 6x6 = 36 (m2)
Nh CIP c xy dng bng khung b tng ct thp ton khi.
h. Khu x l b thi
Chn kch thc s b khu x l b thi:
Kch thc: 18x12x4,8 (m)
Din tch: S = 18x12 = 216 (m2)
i. Khu x l nc thi
Nc thi ca nh my c gom li bng ng ng dn v a n b
phn x l nc thi. H thng x l nc thi Aeroten gm c b lng s cp,
b Aeroten, b th cp. La chn thng s kch thc c bn:
Kch thc: 18x12x3,6 (m)
Din tch: S = 18x12 = 216 (m2)
3.2.4. Thuyt minh v b tr cc cng trnh phc v sinh hot
Nhm cc cng trnh ph v vn ho nhn vin cng nh nghin cu cng
ngh sn xut cn c sp xp ph hp vi gii php b cc chung ca tng th
x nghip. c bit ch trng to lp s mng li cc cng trnh phc v sinh
hot cng cng ca cng nhn, nhn vin nh my. T phc v ti ch lm vic
n xng, nhm xng mt cch y . Cc cng trnh phc v l: phng
Lp CNSHA k46

28

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
v sinh, nh n cng tin, trm y t, nh vn ho, mng li cng trnh hnh chnh,
k thut..
a. Khu vc gii tr v ngh ngi
Sau mi ca lm vic cng thng, nhn vin ngh n cm ti nh n. ti to
li sc lao ng v lm vic c hiu qu cao th nhn vin cn c ngh ngi
gia ca. Nhn vin n khu vc gii tr v ngh ngi c bo ch, ng cha..
Khu vc ny nn b tr cch ly v tht yn tnh. La chn kch thc c bn:
Kch thc: 18x12x4,8 (m)
Din tch: 18x12 = 216 (m2)
Khu nh c xy dng bng khung b tng ct thp, bn ngoi v trong nh b
tr cc cy cnh, chu hoa..
b. Khu vc th thao
y l sn tp nng cao sc kho v to tm l tho mi cho nhn vin
sau nhng ngy lm vic vt v. Khu vc th thao gm c sn chi cu lng,
cu, sn tp x, sn chy..
Kch thc c bn c la chn:
Kch thc: 36x24xh
Din tch: S = 864 (m2)
Khu vc th thao ch cn xy tng bao quanh v trng cy xung quanh to cnh
quan cho khu vc.
c. Nh xe p, xe my
Nh xe p, xe my c b tr ngay cng i vo nh my. Chng ta chia
ra 2 khu vc xe my v xe p ring.
(thit k xy dng 2 nh xe my v xe p)
Tnh c hnh lang v ni i li ta chn kch thc ca mi nh xe l:
Kch thc: 18x6x4,2 (m)
Din tch: S = 108 (m2)
Nh xe p, xe my ch cn dng ct v lm mi che bng tn.
d. Khu vc nh tm, nh v sinh
Xy dng nh tm v nh v sinh thnh 2 khu vc ring bit 1 dnh cho nam
v mt dnh cho n.
La chn kch thc s b ca khu nh tm v v sinh:
Kch thc: 12x6x4,2 (m)
Din tch: S = 2x12x6 = 144 (m2)
Khu nh tm, nh v sinh xy bng khung b tng ct thp ton khi.
e. Phng bo v
Mt bng ca nh my b tr 2 cng, trong c 1 cng chnh v 1 cng
ph. Phng bo v c xy dng st ngay cng vo nh my
Lp CNSHA k46

29

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
La chn kch thc s b ca phng bo v:
Kch thc: 6x6x4,2 (m)
Din tch: S = 6x6 = 36 (m2)
Cc phng bo v c xy dng bng khung b tng ct thp ton khi.
h. Gara t
Cng ph sau nh my do c nhiu xe ch nguyn liu nn ta b tr 1 gara
t, pha trc nh my khch hng n mua sn phm chng ta t chc mt
khong trng ring
xe , bc xp hng ho.
La chn kch thc s b ca gara t:
Kch thc: 24x9x6 (m)
Din tch: S = 24x6 = 144 (m2)
Khu gara t ch cn dng ct v lp mi che bng tn.
Bng tng kt cc hng mc cng trnh xy dng
Stt Tn cng trnh

Kch thc
Di (m)

Rng (m) Cao (m)

Din tch
(m2)

24

18

7,2

432

Phn xng tip nhn v

x l qu
Phn xng ln men

36

18

8,4

648

Phn xng tng tr

36

12

4,0

432

Phn xng hon thin

36

18

7,2

648

Kho thnh phm

24

24

4,8

576

Nh lnh

12

6,0

108

Kho nguyn liu

18

12

7,2

216

Kho cha chai, bock

18

12

6,0

216

Trm bin p

12

12

6,4

144

10

Phn xng c in

18

12

6,4

216

11

Nh ni hi

12

6,4

108

12

Bi x than

12

4,8

108

13

Nh CIP

4,8

36

14

Khu x l b thi

18

12

4,8

216

15

Khu x l nc thi

18

12

3,6

216

16

Khu nh hnh chnh

42

12

8,4

504(2
tng)

Lp CNSHA k46

30

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c
17

Khu nh n hi trng

24

18

8,4

18

Nh gii thiu sn phm

18

12

4,8

432(2
tng)
216

19

18

12

4,8

216

20

Khu vc gii tr v ngh

ngi
Khu vc th thao

36

24

864

21

Nh xe pxe my

18

4,2

108

22

Khu vc nh tm-v sinh

12

4,2

23

Phng bo v

4,2

144 (2
nh)
72 (2 nh)

24

Gara t

24

216

25

Tng din tch

7092

4. Thit k nh sn xut chnh

(thit k phn xng ln men)
Da vo kch thc v cch b tr cc tank chng ta tnh tng i c:
-Chiu di phn xng ln men: d = 36 (m)
-Chiu rng phn xng ln men: r = 18 (m)
-Din tch phn xng ln men: S = 18x36 = 648 (m2).
-Chiu cao ca cc tank ln men thng 6,5 m; ng thi da vo thng s kt
cu nh thp chn chiu cao H1 = 8,4 (m);
Phn xng ln men c xy dng bng khung thp zamin steel, ct thp
c kch thc 320x140 (mm), s dng tn lm mi.
Xy dng phn xng ln men nh 1 nhp L = 18 (m), vi bc ct B = 6
(m).
Tng xy c b dy 220 (mm), cc ca s c kch thc 2500x2500 (mm) c
thit k theo kiu y. Ca chnh c kch thc 3600x2400 (mm) nhm phc v
vic vn chuyn my mc c d dng.
Thng s ca cu thang thp: nghing 45 60o; rng 1,2 1,5 m; bc
cao 150 200 mm; rng ca bc 180 200 mm. Ta chn cc thng s ca cu
thang:
nghing = 45o; rng 1,5 m; cao ca bc 200 mm; rng ca bc 200
mm.
Nn trong phn xng ln men lm bng vt liu tng hp chu c axit,
kim v rt sch s ( lp trn cng lt gracemic, tip n lp va b tng do
VLTH, lp chng thm, va bng mt, t dm cht ).
5. Tnh ton cc h s
5.1. H s xy dng (Kxd)
H s ny c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Lp CNSHA k46

31

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c

Kxd =

A+ B
S

Trong :
A: l din tch cc cng trnh xy dng.
B: l din tch kho, bi l thin..
S: din tch tng nh my.
Thay s:
Kxd =

7092 + 190
100% = 32,36%
22500

5.2. H s s dng (Ksd)

H s ny c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Ksd =

A+ B+C
S

Trong :
A: l din tch cc cng trnh xy dng.
B: l din tch kho, bi l thin..
C: l din tch cc cng trnh kin trc
S: din tch tng nh my.
Thay s:
Ksd =

7092 + 190 + 7800

100% = 67,03%
22500

5.3. Kt lun
Cc ch tiu thit k k thut nm trong phm vi cho php. Vy phng n
thit k l hp l.

Lp CNSHA k46

32

Chng 6: Tnh ton xy dng

Nguyn Minh c

Lp CNSHA k46

33

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c

Chng 7: TNH IN HI LNH NC

1. Tnh cng sut in cn tiu th cho ton nh my
Thng chng ta xc nh cng sut t l tng cng sut nh mc ca
tt c cc thit b tiu th in trong mng. y khng phi l cng sut tiu th
thc t.
Vi ng c, cng sut nh mc l cng sut u ra trn trc ng c.
Cng sut u vo r rng ln hn; cn vi cc loi n si t, neon.. th cng
sut tiu th in s nh hn cng sut ghi.
1.1. Tnh in tiu th cho chiu sng
1.1.1. Loi n s dng v cng thc tng qut
Chng ta s dng mt lng ln bng n neon 40 W gim ti mc ti
thiu lng in tiu th ng thi p ng c tt yu cu chiu sng trong
cc ngnh sn xut. Ngoi ra dng thm bng n si t 100 W cho nhng khu
ring bit.
Vic b tr s lng v v tr cc bng n ph thuc vo:
Chiu cao thit b, v tr quan st; chn h = 3,5 m.
Khong cch gia cc n thng L = 2 3 m; chn L = 2,5 m.
Khong cch n gn tng nht thng l = ( 0,25 0,35)xL (m); chn l =
0,3.L
vy l = 0,3x2,5 = 0,75 (m).
S n dc nh theo mt hng tnh theo cng thc:
Nd =

A 2l
+1
L

Vi A l chiu di ca nh.
S n trn mt hng ngang ca nh c tnh theo cng thc:
Nn =

B 2l
+1
L

Vi B l chiu rng ca nh.

Cng sut chiu sng ca c phn xng
P = PxN
Vi P l cng sut nh mc ca cc bng n
V N = NnxNd l tng s bng n
1.1.2. Tnh s bng n v cng sut nh mc ca tng phn xng v cc
khu vc
Phn xng tip nhn v x l qu
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

Lp CNSHA k46

24 2.0,75
+ 1 = 10 (bng)
2,5

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh
Nn =

18 2.0,75
+ 1 = 8 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong phn xng

N = NdxNn = 10x8 = 80 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng; ngoi ra cn s dng thm 2 bng si t
100 w/bng ti my vn chuyn bng ti cung cp nh sng cho qu trnh
loi b cc qu hng v 1 bng ti my p dch nho.
Cng sut chiu sng:
P1 = 0,04x80 + 0,1x3 = 3,5 (kW)
Cng sut chiu sng ring
P1i =

3500
= 8,1 (w/m2)
24 18

Phn xng ln men

-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

36 2.0,75
+ 1 = 15 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong phn xng

N = NdxNn = 15x6 = 80 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng; ngoi ra cn s dng thm 2 bng si t
100 w/bng ti cc tank nhn men ging v phng ho nghim.
Cng sut chiu sng:
P2 = 0,04x80 + 0,1x2 = 3,4 (kW)
Cng sut chiu sng ring
P2i =

3400
= 7,87 (w/m2)
36.12

Phn xng hon thin

-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

36 2.0,75
+ 1 = 15 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

36 2.0,75
+ 1 = 15 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong phn xng

N = NdxNn = 15x15 = 225 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng; ngoi ra cn s dng thm 4 bng si
t 100 w/bng ti v tr soi chai, ra chai..
Cng sut chiu sng:
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
P2 = 0,04x225 + 0,1x4 = 9,4 (kW)
Kho thnh phm
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

24 2.0,75
+ 1 = 10 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

24 2.0,75
+ 1 = 10 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong kho thnh phm

N = NdxNn = 10x10 = 100 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P4 = 0,04x100 = 4 (kW)
Nh lnh
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

9 2.0,75
+ 1 = 4 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong nh lnh

N = NdxNn = 6x4 = 24 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P5 = 0,04x24 = 0,96 (kW)
Kho nguyn liu
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

18 2.0,75
+ 1 = 8 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong kho nguyn liu

N = NdxNn = 8x6 = 48 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P6 = 0,04x48 = 1,92 (kW)
Kho cha chai, bock..
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
Nd =

18 2.0,75
+ 1 = 8 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong kho cha chai, bock.

N = NdxNn = 8x6 = 48 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P7 = 0,04x48 = 1,92 (kW)
Trm bin p
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong trm bin p

N = NdxNn = 6x6 = 36 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng
Cng sut chiu sng
P8 = 0,04x36 = 1,44 (kW)
Phn xng c in
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

18 2.0,75
+ 1 = 8 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong phn xng c in

N = NdxNn = 8x6 = 48 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng
Cng sut chiu sng
P9 = 0,04x48 = 1,92 (kW)
Nh ni hi
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
Nn =

9 2.0,75
+ 1 = 4 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong nh ni hi

N = NdxNn = 6x4 = 24 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P10 = 0,04x24 = 0,96 (kW)
Nh CIP
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

6 2.0,75
+ 1 = 3 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

6 2.0,75
+ 1 = 3 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong nh CIP

N = NdxNn = 3x3 = 9 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P11 = 0,04x9 = 0,36 (kW)
Khu x l b thi
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

18 2.0,75
+ 1 = 8 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong khu x l b thi

N = NdxNn = 8x6 = 48 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P12 = 0,04x48 = 1,92 (kW)
Khu x l nc thi
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

18 2.0,75
+ 1 = 8 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

Lp CNSHA k46

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
-Tng s bng n trong khu x l nc thi
N = NdxNn = 8x6 = 48 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P13 = 0,04x48 = 1,92 (kW)
Khu nh hnh chnh
(Khu nh ny c 2 tng)
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

42 2.0,75
+ 1 = 18 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong khu nh hnh chnh

N(2 tng) = 2xNdxNn = 2x18x6 = 216 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P14 = 0,04x216 = 8,64 (kW)
Khu nh n - Hi trng
(Khu nh gm 2 tng)
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

24 2.0,75
+ 1 = 10 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

18 2.0,75
+ 1 = 8 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong khu nh n - hi trng

N (2 tng) = 2xNdxNn = 2x10x8 = 160 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P15 = 0,04x160 = 6,4 (kW)
Nh gii thiu sn phm
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

18 2.0,75
+ 1 = 8 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong nh gii thiu sn phm

N = NdxNn = 8x6 = 48 (bng)
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P16 = 0,04x48 = 1,92 (kW)
Khu vc gii tr v ngh ngi
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

18 2.0,75
+ 1 = 8 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

12 2.0,75
+ 1 = 6 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong khu vc gii tr v ngh ngi

N = NdxNn = 8x6 = 48 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P17 = 0,04x48 = 1,92 (kW)
Nh xe p xe my
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd =

18 2.0,75
+ 1 = 8 (bng)
2,5

-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh

Nn =

6 2.0,75
+ 1 = 3 (bng)
2,5

-Tng s bng n trong nh xe p xe my

N = NdxNn = 8x3 = 24 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P18 = 0,04x24 = 0,96 (kW)
Khu vc nh tm - v sinh
Do yu cu chiu sng ti khu vc ny khng cn nhiu do ch tnh ton
vi s lng bng 1/2 so vi thit k.
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd = (bng)
-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh
Nn = (bng)
-Tng s bng n trong khu vc nh tm - v sinh
N = NdxNn = = 9 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P19 = 0,04x9 = 0,36 (kW)

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
Phng bo v
Mi phng bo v ch cn b tr 1 bng trong nh v 1 bng ngoi sn. C 3
phng bo v nn tng s bng n cn b tr l:
N = 2x3 = 6 (bng)
Cng sut chiu sng
P20 = 0,04x6 = 0,24 (kW)
Gara t
Ch cn b tr bng so vi yu cu thit k
-S n b tr theo mt hng dc nh
Nd = (bng)
-S n b tr theo mt hng ngang nh
Nn = (bng)
-Tng s bng n trong gara t
N = NdxNn/2 = = 15 (bng)
S dng bng n neon 40 w/bng.
Cng sut chiu sng
P21 = 0,04x15 = 0,6 (kW)
Bng tnh in chiu sng cho cc hng mc
Stt Hng mc

Din tch
(m2)

S bng
83

Cng
sut
P (w)
40; 100

Cng
sut
Pt (kW)
3,5

432

Phn xng tip nhn v

x l qu
Phn xng ln men

648

82

40; 100

3,4

Phn xng hon thin

1296

229

40; 100

9,4

Kho thnh phm

576

100

40

4,0

Nh lnh

108

24

40

0,96

Kho nguyn liu

216

48

40

1,92

Kho cha chai, bock

216

48

40

1,92

Trm bin p

144

36

40

1,44

Phn xng c in

216

48

40

1,92

10

Nh ni hi

108

24

40

0,96

11

Nh CIP

36

9,0

40

0,36

12

Khu x l b thi

216

48

40

1,92

13

Khu x l nc thi

216

48

40

1,92

14

Khu nh hnh chnh

504 (2

216

40

8,64

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
tng)
15

Khu nh n-hi trng

432 (2
tng)
216

160

40

6,4

16

Nh gii thiu sn phm

48

40

1,92

17
18

Khu vc gii tr ngh

ngi
Nh xe p xe my

216

48

40

1,92

108

24

40

0,96

19

Khu nh tm - v sinh

144 (2 nh)

18

40

0,72

20

Phng bo v

108 (2 nh)

6,0

40

0,24

21

Gara t

144

15

40

0,6

22

Tng

55,02

Ngoi in nng tiu th cho thp sng cn c in nng dng chy qut,
t lnh, dng cho bng n cao p chiu sng ng.. Chng ta ly bng 15 %
in nng tiu th cho sinh hot.
Vy tng in nng dng cho sinh hot v thp sng bng:
Ptng = 50,02 + 50,02x15% = 57,52 (kW)
1.2. Tnh cng sut tiu th cho sn xut
Chn cng sut tiu th Ptt bng cng sut nh mc Pm. Ta c bng tiu
th in ca cc thit b, ng c dng trong sn xut:
Stt

Thit b dng in

My bng ti phn loi

3,2

3,2

My nghin trc

6,0

6,0

Khuy trong thng pha ch

7,5

7,5

Khuy trong tank ln men

8,5x26/12

18,5

Thng nhn men ging cp I

1,2

1,2

Thng nhn men ging cp II

2,0

2,0

Thng nhn men ging trung

gian
H thng CIP

1,5

1,5

1,2

4,8
16
3,0

10

H thng CIP
My lnh

2,0
1,5
29,1

58,2

11

My lc ng

3,5

3,5

8
9

Pm (kW)

Bm
T pha trntng tr

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Tng cng sut Pt (kW)

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
12

My ra chai

30

30

13

My ra bock

1,5

1,5

14

My chit v ng chai

15

15

15

H thng thanh trng

20

20

16

My dn nhn chai

2,2

2,2

17

Tng

188,5

Ngoi cc thit b tiu th in chnh, cn c cc thit b tiu th in ph

nh:
Bm CIP hi lu c Q = 7,5 m3/h; Cng sut P = 1,5 kW. Bm nh lng men
ging 1m3/h; ng c 1,2 kW v cc my phun ch, qut thi gi, t iu khin
ng c,..
ly khu hao 15 %. Vy in nng tiu th cho sn xut l:
Psx = 188,52 + 188,52x15% = 216,8 (kW)
Tng in nng tiu th ton nh my (gm in nng tiu th cho sn xut
v in nng tiu th cho sinh hot, chiu sng).
Pt = 57,52 + 216,8 = 274,32 (kW)
1.3. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton (hay in nng tiu th trung bnh)
Tt c cc ti ring bit thng khng vn hnh ht cng sut nh mc
cng mt thi im. H s Ku v Ks cho php xc nh cng sut ln nht dng
nh kch c ca mng.
-H s Ku: trong iu kin vn hnh bnh thng, cng sut tiu th thc thng
b hn gi tr nh mc ca n. Do h s Ku dng nh gi cng sut tiu
th thc.
Trong mng in cng nghip h s ny c chng l 0,8 cho ng c; vi
n h s ny bng 1.
-H s Ks: thng thng th s vn hnh ng thi ca tt c cc ti trong mt
li in l khng bao gi xy ra. H s Ks s c s dng nh gi ph ti.
Chn Ks = 0,75.
Tnh cng sut thc t cn dng:
Pt = 57,52x1 + 216,8x0,8 = 230,96 (kW)
Ptt = 230,96x0,75 = 173,2 (kW)
1.4. Xc nh h s cng sut v dung lng b
H s cng sut c xc nh theo cng thc:
Cos =
Qph = Pttxtg
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Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
Hay Qph = P1.tg1 + P2.tg2 + .. + Pn.tgn
Chn h s cng sut dng mng li khu cng nghip Cos = 0,75 vy tg =
0,882
Qph = Pttxtg = 173,2.0,882 = 152,77 (kW)
dng c dng in t mng li in khu cng nghip chng ta phi
iu chnh in p thng qua my bin p. ng thi nng cao h s cng sut
dng n nh, ngoi ra khi nng cao cos cn c nhng thun li nh:
-Gim gi thnh tin in phi tr
-Cho php s dng my bin p, thit b ng ngt v cp nh hn.
-Gim tn tht in nng v st p trong mng in
Gim dy dn:
Vi h s Cos = 1 th bi s tit din dy cp bng 1
Vi h s Cos = 0,4 th bi s tit din dy cp bng 2,5
Gim tn tht cng sut trong dy dn:
Vic gim 10 % dng tng i qua dy dn s gim tn tht cng sut khong
20 %.
Gim st p:
Cc t in iu chnh h s Cos ( t b ) lm gim hoc thm ch kh hon
ton dng phn khng trong cc dy dn trc v tr b v th lm gim bt
hoc kh hon ton st p.
Dng t b cng sut P ti trm t my bin p tng Cos cho ton ti ca
nh my, lp t t gip chng ta trnh thay th my bin p khi cn tng ti.
ci thin Cos ca mng in, cn 1 b t in lm ngun pht cng sut
phn khng Q cn gi l b cng sut phn khng.
Ti mang tnh cm c Cos thp s nhn thnh phn dng in phn khng
(chm pha so vi in p 1 gc 90o) ko theo tn tht cng sut v hin
tng st p.
Khi mc cc t in song song vi ti (b ngang), dng in c tnh dung
ca t in s c cng ng i nh thnh phn cm khng ca dng ti.
Khi IL = IC ton b cng sut phn khng c cung cp t b t, i khi
ngi ta gi t C l my pht cng sut phn khng.
Khi lp t b Cos th ch cn nng Cos n gi tr c cng sut phn khng do
ti v my bin p tiu th mc ti u, thng chn Cos = 0,95 tc tg =
0,31.
Qph = Ptt ( tg1 tg2 );
Cos1 = 0,75 th tg1 = 0,882
Cos2 = 0,955 th tg2 = 0,31 thay s:
Qph = 173,2 ( 0,882 0,31 ) = 99,08 (kW)
1.5. Chn my bin p v my pht in
Cng sut biu kin ca my bin p:
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Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
S = (KVA)
Chn my bin p c:
Cng sut nh mc: 250 KVA
Tn s dng: 50 Hz
in p: 6 KV

1.6. Tnh in nng tiu th

1.6.1. in nng tiu th hng ngy
Pngy = Pcs.Tng.Ks1 + Psx.Tng.Ks2
Vi Ks1, Ks2 ln lt l h s s dng cho chiu sng v sn xut
Tng l thi gian dng in 1 ngy ( Tng = 10 gi ).
Thay s:
Pngy = 57,52x1x10 + 216,8x0,8x10 = 2309,6 (kW)
1.6.2. in nng tiu th hng thng
Pthng = Pcs.Tth.Ks1 + Psx.Tth.Ks2
Gi s 1 thng sn xut 25 ngy, 1 ngy sn xut 10 gi vy:
Tth = 10x25 = 250 (gi)
Pthng = 57,52x1x250 + 216,8x0,8x250 = 57740 (kW)
1.6.3. in nng tiu th hng qu
Pqu = Pcs.Tq.Ks1 + Psx.Tq.Ks2
Mt qu c 3 thng, gi s 1 thng sn xut 25 ngy, 1 ngy sn xut 10 gi
vy:
Tq = 3x10x25 = 750 (gi)
Thay s:
Pqu = 57,52x1x750 + 216,8x0,8x750 = 165090 (kW)
1.6.4. in nng tiu th hng nm
Pnm = Pcs.Tn.Ks1 + Psx.Tn.Ks2
Mt nm c 12 thng, gi s 1 thng sn xut 25 ngy, 1 ngy sn xut 10
gi vy:
Tn = 12x10x25 = 3000 (gi)
Thay s:
Pnm = 57,52x1x3000 + 216,8x0,8x3000 = 692880 (kW)

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12

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
2. Tnh hi
2.1. Tnh nhit dng un nc nng
Nc nng dng v sinh my nghin, my p nho, my pha trn, v sinh
tank ln men, thng nhn men ging
Lng nc nng 1 m cn dng v sinh l: 1087,5 (lt)
Lng nhit cn un nc nng t 25oC ln 100oC tnh theo cng thc:
Q1 = Mn.C.t
Vi:
Mn = 1087,5x1 = 1087,5 (kg)
Q1 = 1087,5x1x( 100 25) = 81562,5 (kcal)
Mt ngy ln men 4 m nn lng nhit dng un nc nng mi ngy l:
Qt1 = 81562,5x4 = 326250 (kcal)
2.2. Tnh nhit cho phn xng hon thin
2.2.1. Nhit un nc nng dng ra chai
Gi s ra 1 chai cn 0,5 lt nc nng to = 70oC.
Lng chai dng 1 ngy bng 12445 chai, 1 ngy lm 8 gi vy lng chai ra 1
gi l:
N = (chai)
Vy 1556 chai cn 778 lt. Do lng nhit dng un nng 1 gi l:
Q2 = 778x1x( 70 25 ) = 35010 (kcal)
Lng nhit dng un nng 1 ngy:
Qt2 = 35010x8 = 280080 (kcal)
2.2.2. Nhit dng hp v chai
Qh = MhxChxt
Gi s mi chai c khi lng l 0,25 (kg) vy:
Mh = 1556x0,25 = 389 (kg)
Nhit dung ring ca thy tinh 0o 100oC: Cp = 0,42 0,84 (kj/kg.)
Chn Ch = 0,8 (kj/kg.)
Chai c hp t to = 25 n 100oC vy:
Qh = 389x (100 25) = 5583,74 (kcal)
Lng nhit dng hp 1 ngy l:
Qht = 5583,74x8 = 44669,92 (kcal)
2.2.3. Nhit dng thanh trng ru vang chai
Ru vang c ng chai 0,75 lt. Hi nhit dng thanh trng ru vang
trong chai v v chai; gi s drv = 1,2 (kg/l).
Nhit thanh trng t 15oC ( nhit ru vang sau khi lc v ng chai )
n 70oC nn lng nhit cn:
Qtt = 389x (70 15) + 1556x0,75x1,2x1x(70 15) = 4094,74 (kcal)

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13

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
Lng nhit dng thanh trng 1 ngy l:
Qttn = 4094,74x8 = 109780 (kcal)
2.3. Chn ni hi v tnh nhin liu
Lng hi c tnh theo cng thc sau:
D.i = Q + D.
Hay: D =
Trong :
i: l hm nhit ca hi nc bo ho p sut lm vic
p = 1,985 (bar) ng vi i = 645,93 (kcal/kg); to = 120oC.
: l nhit hm ca nc ngng = 120 (kcal/kg)
2.3.1. Lng hi dng un nc nng v sinh
-Lng hi dng un nc nng v sinh 1 ngy
D1 = ( kg/ngy )
-Lng hi dng un nc nng v sinh 1 gi
D1i = ( kg/h )
2.3.2. Lng hi un nc nng dng ra chai
-Lng hi un nc nng dng ra chai 1 ngy
D2 = (kg/ngy)
-Lng hi un nc nng dng ra chai 1 gi
D2i = (kg/h)
2.3.3. Lng hi dng hp v chai
-Lng hi dng hp v chai 1 ngy
Dh = ( kg/ngy )
-Lng hi dng hp v chai 1 gi
Dhi = ( kg/h )
2.3.4. Lng hi dng thanh trng ru vang chai
-Lng hi dng thanh trng ru vang chai 1 ngy
Dttn = (kg/ngy)
-Lng hi dng thanh trng ru vang chai 1 gi
Dtti = (kg/h)
2.4. Chn ni hi
2.4.1. Tng lng hi cung cp cho cc qu trnh
- Tng lng hi cung cp mi gi
Di = Q1i + D2i + Dhi + Dtti
Thay s:
Di = 155,08 + 66,57 + 10,62 + 0,97 = 233,24 (kg/h)
- Tng lng hi cung cp 1 ngy
Dn = Q1 + D2 + Dh + Dtt
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Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
Thay s:
Dn = 620,33 + 532,54 + 84,94 + 7,79 = 1245,6 (kg/ngy)
2.4.2. Chn thng s ni hi
Chn ni hi c cc c tnh nh sau:
Nng sut: 250 ( kghi/h )
p sut lm vic: p = 8 (at)
Nhit hi: to = 120oC
ng knh ni: D = 2000 (mm)
Chiu cao ni: h = 3000 (mm)
Th tch cha nc: V = 3,5 (m3)
H s hu ch ca ni: = 0,75
Chn mua 2 ni (1 ni d tr).
2.5. Tnh nhin liu dng cho ni hi
Nhin liu thng dng l than v than l ngun cung cp ri ro nc ta,
gi r. Mt khc khi ngun du m trn th gii ang cn kit v gi rt cao th
than l ngun nguyn liu thay th rt tt.
Lng nhin liu cn dng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
G=
Trong :
Q: l nhit ca nhin liu ( kcal )
D: l nng ca ni hi
Ih: l nhit hm ca hi; Ih = 645,93 (kcal/kg) nhit to = 120oC.
In: l nhit hm ca nc; In = 25,07 (kcal/kg) nhit to = 25oC.
Nhit lng m 1 kg than cung cp l: Q = 6500 (kcal/kg)
: l h s hu ch chn = 0,8.
- Lng than cn dng trong 1gi
Thay s:
Gi = (kg/h)
- Lng than cn dng trong 1ngy
Thay s:
Gng = 33,17x8 = 265,36 (kg/ngy)
- Lng than cn dng trong 1 thng
(gi s 1 thng sn xut 25 ngy)
Thay s:
Gt = 265,36x25 = 6634 (kg/thng)
- Lng than cn dng trong 1 nm
Thay s:
Gn = 6634x12 = 79608 (kg/nm)

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Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
3. Tnh lnh
3.1. Tnh lnh cho phn xng ln men
3.1.1. Tnh nhit sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men chnh
Nm men sau khi c a vo cc tank ln men, sau 2 3 ngy thch nghi
vi mi trng chng pht trin rt nhanh. Nm men s dng mt lng ln c
cht cho vic sinh trng v sinh sn, do mt lng ln nhit sinh ra. qu
trnh ln men c din ra theo mun chng ta phi duy tr nhit thch hp
cho qu trnh ln men to = 28oC.
Lng nhit sinh ra c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q1 = n.G.q (kcal)
Trong :
G: l khi lng cht kh tiu hao nhiu nht trong 1 ngy
q: nhit to ra khi ln men 1 kg ng
n: s tank ln men
-Thng qu trnh ln men chnh din ra t 10 15 ngy v lng cht kh tiu
hao t 5 10%. Gi s lng cht kh chuyn ho 7,5 %.
-Theo bng phn tch thnh phn ho hc ca cc cht c trong dch nho th c
100 kg dch lng cht kh c trong l 25 kg, tc chim 25 %.
- Th tch dch trc lc ln men
1000 kg nho sinh ra 860,34 lt dch nho
Vy 10892,43 kg nho sinh ra X1 lt dch nho ( trong 1 ngy sn xut )
X1 = (lt)
-Lng cht kh c trong dch ln men
Mck = 9371,2x25% = 2342,8 (kg)
-Lng cht kh b chuyn ho nhiu nht trong ngy ( gi s ng chim 90 %
)
G = 2342,8x0,9x0,075 = 158,14 (kg)
Phng trnh ln men chuyn ho ng thnh ru
C6H12O6
180 (g)
1000 (g)

2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 37,3 (kcal)

37,3
X

X = (kcal)
Vy Q1 = 158,14x207,22x26 = 852014,04 (kcal)
3.1.2. Tnh lnh h nhit cho ln men ph
Trong cng ngh ln men ru vang, chng ta tin hnh ln men 1 giai on.
Nhit lnh cn thit h nhit t 28oC xung 14oC c tnh theo cng thc
sau:

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Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
Q2 = (kcal/ngy)
Trong :
: l h s hiu chnh tnh n tn tht khi truyn nhit t v thit b vo dch
ru vang.
Th tch dch cn li sau khi tin hnh ln men chnh l:
Vdch = 9371,2x98% = 9183,78 (lt)
Khi lng ca dch bng:
G = 9183,78x1,2 = 11020,53 (kg)
Thay s:
Q2 = (kcal/ngy)
3.1.3. Tnh lnh tn tht ra mi trng t cc tank ln men
Nhit tn tht c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q3 = n.K.F.t (kcal/ngy)
Trong :
K: l h s truyn nhit vi K = 0,33 (kcal/m2.)
F: l din tch xung quanh thit b (m2)
t: l chnh lch nhit gia mi trng bn ngoi v bn trong tank
ln men
-Din tch b mt truyn nhit ca 1 tank c tnh theo cng thc sau:
F = 2.R.H + .R.( h1 + h3 )
Thay s:
F = (m2)
Nhit nng nht trong thng ca Ninh Thun t 35oC.
Vy:
Q3 = 0,33x24x26x31,26x( 35 28 ) = 450594,41 (kcal/ngy)
-Nhit lnh tn tht ra mi trng trong 1 gi l:
Q3i = (kcal/h)
3.1.4. Tnh nhit lm lnh nc ra nm men
Nhit lnh c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q4 = G4.C.t (kcal/ngy)
Trong :
G: l khi lng nc cn dng ra men
G = 10020x2% = 200,4 (lt/ngy)
Nhit nc ra nm men chn to = 10oC.
Thay s:
Q4 = 200,4x1x(28 10 ) = 3607,2 (kcal/ngy)
3.1.5. Tnh nhit lnh bo qun nm men
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Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
Nhit lnh c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q5 = G.C.t (kcal/ngy)
Nhit ca mi trng chn to = 35oC.
Thay s:
Q5 = 200,4x1x( 35 10 ) = 6813,6 (kcal/ngy)
3.1.6. Tnh nhit lnh cho thng nhn men ging cp I
a. Nhit lnh cn cho thng nhn men ging cp I
Nhit lnh c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q61 = G.q (kcal/ngy)
Khi lng dch a vo thng nhn men cp I l 300,6 (lt/ngy)
Khi lng cht kh trong dch nhn men cp I l:
Mck = 300,6x0,25x1,2 = 90,2 (kg)
Lng cht kh chuyn ho 1 ngy l 2 % v lng ng c kh nng ln men
chim 90%, vy lng ng c trong dch l:
mng = 90,2x0,02x90% = 1,62 (kg)
Nhit cn lm lnh:
Q61 = 1,62x207,22 = 336,44 (kcal/ngy)
b. Tnh nhit tn tht qua thit b
Q62 = K.F.t (kcal/ngy)
-Tnh din tch b mt truyn nhit
F = 2.R.H + .R.( h1 + h2 )
F = (m2)
Thay s:
Q62 = 0,33x24x2,73x(35 28 ) = 151,44 (kcal/ngy)
Nhit lnh cn cp cho thng nhn men ging cp I l:
Q6 = 336,44 + 151,44 = 487,88 (kcal/ngy)
Nhit lnh cn cp cho thng nhn men ging cp I trong 1 gi l:
Q6i = (kg/h)
3.1.7. Tnh nhit lnh cho thng nhn men ging cp II
a. Nhit lnh cn cho thng nhn men ging cp II
Nhit lnh c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q71 = G.q (kcal/ngy)
Khi lng dch a vo thng nhn men cp II l 901,8 (lt/ngy)
Khi lng cht kh trong dch nhn men cp II l:
Mck = 901,8x0,25x1,2 = 207,54 (kg)
Lng cht kh chuyn ho 1 ngy l 2 % v lng ng c kh nng ln men
chim 90%, vy lng ng c trong dch l:
mng = 207,54x0,02x90% = 4,87 (kg)
Nhit cn lm lnh:
Q71 = 4,87x207,22 = 1009,2 (kcal/ngy)
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18

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
b. Tnh nhit tn tht qua thit b
Q72 = K.F.t (kcal/ngy)
-Tnh din tch b mt truyn nhit
F = 2.R.H + .R.( h1 + h2 )
F = (m2)
Thay s:
Q72 = 0,33x24x5,4x(35 28 ) = 299,28 (kcal/ngy)
Nhit lnh cn cp cho thng nhn men ging cp II l:
Q7 = 1009,2 + 299,28 = 1308,48 (kcal/ngy)
Nhit lnh cn cp cho thng nhn men ging cp II trong 1 gi l:
Q7i = (kg/h)
3.1.8. Tnh nhit lnh cho thng nhn men ging trung gian
a. Nhit lnh cn cho thng nhn men ging trung gian
Nhit lnh c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q81 = G.q (kcal/ngy)
Khi lng dch a vo thng nhn men trung gian l 60,12 (lt/ngy)
Khi lng cht kh trong dch:
Mck = 60,12x0,25x1,2 = 18,04 (kg)
Lng cht kh chuyn ho 1 ngy l 2 % v lng ng c kh nng ln men
chim 90%, vy lng ng c trong dch l:
mng = 18,04x0,02x90% = 0,324 (kg)
Nhit cn lm lnh:
Q81 = 0,324x207,22 = 67,14 (kcal/ngy)
b. Tnh nhit tn tht qua thit b
Q82 = K.F.t (kcal/ngy)
-Tnh din tch b mt truyn nhit
F = 2.R.H + .R.( h1 + h2 )
F = (m2)
Thay s:
Q82 = 0,33x24x5,4x(35 28 ) = 42,24 (kcal/ngy)
Nhit lnh cn cp cho thng nhn men ging trung gian l:
Q8 = 67,14 + 42,24 = 109,38 (kcal/ngy)
Nhit lnh cn cp cho thng nhn men ging trung gian trong 1 gi l:
Q8i = (kcal/h)
3.1.9. Tn tht lnh do vn hnh
Tn tht do vn hnh gm: dng nhit do chiu sng, dng nhit do ngi
sinh ra, do ng m ca, ..
Dng tn tht c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q9 = A.F (W)
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Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
Trong :
F: l din tch phng (m2)
A: lng nhit to ra trn 1 m2 din tch sn.
Vi din tch phn xng ln hn 150 m2 th tng lng nhit to ra:
chn A = 1,16 w/m2
Thay s:
Q9 = 1,16x648 = 751,68 (W)
Hay:
Q9 = 15537,1 (kcal/ngy)
3.2. Tnh lnh cho phn xng tr ru vang
a. Tnh lnh cho qu trnh ln men ph
Ru vang tng tr nhm thc hin 1 s qu trnh bin i to hng
thm, v hi ho.. Thc t 1 lt ru vang cn nhit lnh khong 0,25 (kcal/ngy)
trit tiu nhit sinh ra do vi khun thc hin 1 s qu trnh chuyn ho vt
cht.
-Th tch dch tng tr
V = 9183,78x26x0,99 = 236390,5 (kcal/ngy)
- Nhit lnh cn cung cp cho ton b dch
Q21 = 236390,5x0,25 = 59097,6 (kcal/ngy)
b. Nhit tn tht qua kt cu bao che
Nhit tn tht c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Q22 = n.K.F.t (kcal/ngy)
-Tnh din tch b mt truyn nhit 1 thng tng tr
F = 2.R.H + .R.( h1 + h2 )
F = (m2)
Thay s:
Q22 = 0,33x24x16,51x(35 14 ) = 2745,94 (kcal/ngy)
Nhit lnh cn cp cho phn xng tng tr v lo ho ru vang l:
Q10 = 59097,6 + 2745,94 = 61843,54 (kcal/ngy)
Nhit lnh cn cp cho phn xng tng tr v lo ho ru vang trong 1 gi l:
Q10i = (kcal/h)
3.3. Tnh lnh v chn my lnh cho ton b nh my
Lng nhit lnh cp cho ton b nh my l:
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + Q4 + Q5 +Q6 + Q7 + Q8 + Q9 + Q10
Thay s:
Q = 5403789,03 (kcal/ngy)
-Lng nhit lnh cp cho ton nh my trong 1 gi l:
Qtb = (kcal/h)

Lp CNSHA k46

20

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
-Tn hao cho ton nh my l 10%. Vy thc t mi gi nh my cn 1 lng
nhit lnh l:
Qc = (kcal/h)
- chn my lnh chng ta phi ly tng 25 % so vi nng sut tnh ton
m bo kh nng lm vic khi bt u chy khi ng lnh.
Qlc = Qc + 25%xQc = 312719,27 (kcal/h)
-H s s dng ca my = 0,85 nn:
Qm = (kcal/h)
Vy chn my lnh c cc thng s k thut sau:
Nng sut: Qm = 370000 (kcal/h)
Dng cht ti nhit l glycol.

.
4. Tnh nc dng cho ton nh my
4.1. Tnh nc dng cho phn xng tip nhn v x l qu
-Nc ra nho
Ra nho bng nc sch qua x l, ra 2 ln do vy lng nc cn ra
l:
V = 2x2400 = 4800 (lt)
Mt ngy c 4 m ln men, vy tng lng nc cn ra 1 ngy l:
V1 = 4x4800 = 19200 (lt)
- Nc ra my nghin
Lng nc cn ra my nghin 1 m l: 100 (lt)
Tng th tch nc cn ra my nghin 1 ngy l: 4x100 = 400 (lt)
- Nc ra my p
Lng nc cn ra my p 1 m l: 2000 (lt)
Tng th tch nc cn ra my p 1 ngy l: 4x2000 = 8000 (lt)
- Nc ra thng pha ch
Lng nc cn ra thng pha ch 1 m ( ly bng 5 % th tch thit b ) l:
V = 3000.5% = 150 (lt)
Tng th tch nc cn ra thng pha ch 1 ngy l: 4x150 = 600 (lt)
- Nc ra sn nh
Gi s 1 m2 sn nh ra sch cn 50 (lt) nc
Vy 432 m2 sn nh cn X1 (lt) nc
X1 =

(lt)

Vy tng lng nc dng cho c phn xng tip nhn v x l qu cn l:

Vt = 35400 (lt)
4.2. Tnh lng nc dng cho phn xng ln men
- Nc ra cc tank ln men
Lp CNSHA k46

21

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
Gi s nc cn ra tank ln men ly 10% so vi th tch thit b
Vy lng nc cn:
V = 13840x10% = 1384 (lt)
- Nc ra thng nhn men ging cp II
Gi s nc cn ra tank ln men ly 10% so vi th tch thit b
Vy lng nc cn:
V = 1202,4x10% = 120,2 (lt)
- Nc ra thng nhn men ging cp I
Gi s nc cn ra tank ln men ly 10% so vi th tch thit b
Vy lng nc cn:
V = 400,8x10% = 40 (lt)
- Nc ra thng nhn men ging trung gian
Gi s nc cn ra tank ln men ly 10% so vi th tch thit b
Vy lng nc cn:
V = 80x10% = 8 (lt)
- Nc ra thng bo qun men
Gi s nc cn ra tank ln men ly 10% so vi th tch thit b
Vy lng nc cn:
V = 270x10% = 27 (lt)
- Nc ra sn nh phn xng ln men
Gi s 1 m2 sn nh ra sch cn 50 (lt) nc
Vy 648 m2 sn nh ra sch cn X2 (lt) nc
X2 = (lt)
Vy tng lng nc dng cho c phn xng ln men cn l:
Vt = 33979,2 (lt)
4.3. Tnh lng nc cn dng cho phn xng tng tr
- Lng nc cn dng ra cc thng tng tr
Gi s nc cn ra thng tng tr ly 10% so vi th tch thit b
Vy lng nc cn:
V = 6680x10% = 668 (lt)
Vy lng nc cn ra thng 1 ngy l:
V3 = 2x668 = 1236 (lt)
-Nc ra sn nh phn xng tng tr ru vang
Gi s 1 m2 sn nh ra sch cn 50 (lt) nc
Vy 423 m2 sn nh ra sch cn X3 (lt) nc
X3 = (lt)
Vy tng lng nc dng cho c phn xng tng tr ru vang cn l:
Lp CNSHA k46

22

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
Vt3 = 22836 (lt)
4.4. Tnh lng nc cn dng cho phn xng hon thin
- Nc ra cc bock
Gi s nc cn ra bock ly 10% so vi th tch bock
Vy lng nc cn:
V = 59x24x5x10% = 708 (lt)
- Lng nc dng ra chai
Mi chai ru vang 0,75 (lt) cn 0,5 (lt) nc
Vy 9956 chai 0,75 (lt) cn X (lt) nc
X = (lt)
- Nc ra my chit chai, h thng thanh trng
Gi s lng nc cn ra nhng loi my trn l: 2000 (lt/ngy)
- Nc ra sn nh phn xng hon thin
Gi s 1 m2 sn nh ra sch cn 25 (lt) nc
Vy 1296 m2 sn nh ra sch cn X4 (lt) nc
X4 = (lt)
Vy tng lng nc dng cho c phn xng hon thin ru vang cn l:
Vt4 = 39745 (lt)
4.5. Tnh nc cho nh ni hi
- Lng nc nng cn un v sinh 1 ngy l:
V51 = 4x1087,5 = 4350 (lt)
- Lng nc dng cho ni hi
V52 = 3500 (lt)
- Lng nc dng v sinh nh ni hi
Gi s 1 m2 sn nh ra sch cn 25 (lt) nc
Vy 108 m2 sn nh ra sch cn X5 (lt) nc
X5 = (lt)
Vy tng lng nc dng cho c phn xng hon thin ru vang cn l:
Vt5 = 10550 (lt)
4.6. Tnh nc cho nh CIP
- Lng nc cn ho tan NaOH, HCl to dch CIP
Th tch 1 thng = 690 (lt)
Vy tng th tch: V61 = 3x690 = 2070 (lt)
- Lng nc ra cc h thng CIP
Gi s nc cn ra CIP ly 10% so vi th tch thit b
Vy lng nc cn:

Lp CNSHA k46

23

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
V62 = 4x770x10% = 308 (lt)
- Lng nc dng v sinh nh CIP
Gi s 1 m2 sn nh ra sch cn 50 (lt) nc
Vy 36 m2 sn nh ra sch cn X6 (lt) nc
X6 = (lt)
Vy tng lng nc dng cho c nh CIP cn l:
Vt6 = 4178 (lt)
4.7. Tnh lng nc dng cho khu nh hnh chnh
Nc dng ch yu cho khu nh ny l nc dng cho khu v sinh, gi s
khu nh hnh chnh tiu th 1 ngy l:
V7 = 2000 (lt/ngy)
4.8. Tnh lng nc dng cho khu nh n - hi trng
Nc dng ch yu cho khu nh ny l nc dng cho nu cn cha phc v
nhn vin ton nh my v khu v sinh, gi s khu nh n - hi trng tiu th 1
ngy l:
V8 = 5000 (lt/ngy)
4.9. Tnh lng nc dng cho khu nh tm - v sinh
- Lng nc dng cho nhn vin
Gi s nhu cu mi nhn vin dng 50 (lt) trong 1 ngy
Vy 80 ngi cn X91 (lt) trong 1 ngy
X91 =

(lt)

- Lng nc ra nh tm - v sinh
(1 ngy ra 2 ln)
Gi s 1 m2 sn nh ra sch cn 2x25 (lt) nc
Vy 144 m2 sn nh ra sch cn X9 (lt) nc
X9 = (lt)
Vy tng lng nc dng cho c nh CIP cn l:
Vt9 = 11200 (lt)
4.10. Tng lng nc cn dng cho ton nh my
- Lng nc tnh ton dng cho nh my
Vtt = Vt1 + Vt2 + Vt3 + Vt4 + Vt5 + Vt6 + Vt7 + Vt8 + Vt9
Thay s:
Vtt = 163652,2 (lt)
- Lng nc nh my x l hoc mua thc t ln hn lng nc tnh ton
khong 15%
Lp CNSHA k46

24

Chng 7: Tnh in hi lnh nc

Nguyn Minh c
Vy:
Vnm = Vtt + Vtt.15% Thay s:
Vnm = 188200,03 (lt)
Vnm = 188,2 (m3/ngy)
- Lng nc nh my cn dng trong 1 thng
( gi s 1 thng sn xut 25 ngy )
Vt = 25x188,2 = 4705 (m3)
- Lng nc nh my cn dng trong 1 nm
Vn = 12x4705 = 56460 (m3)

Lp CNSHA k46

25

Chng 8: Tnh ton kinh t

Nguyn Minh c

Chng 8: TNH TON KINH T

1. Mc ch v nhim v
1.1. Mc ch
Bt k doanh nghip no mun hot ng cng phi c mt lng vn nht
nh thu mt bng sn xut kinh doanh, xy dng nh xng, kho tng, mua
sm v lp t my mc thit b, mua sm vt t hng ho.. Trong qu trnh hot
ng sn xut kinh doanh, cc doanh nghip phi quan tm n hiu qu s dng
vn ca mnh v mong mun phn u sao cho mt ng vn b ra sau mt thi
gian nht nh sinh li c nhiu nht.
Do vy tnh ton kinh t nhm mt s mc ch sau:
Chc chn, an ton, kh thi l mt cng c th hin k hoch chi tit ca
vic u t kinh doanh sn xut, pht trin kinh t, lm tin cho cc
quyt nh u t v ti tr.
V sn xut gn lin vi th trng, vn cnh tranh rt quan trng v cn
thit cho nh u t vch ra sch lc hot ng cho d n. Nh u t, xut pht
t nghin cu nhu cu ca gii tiu th, s quyt nh sn xut mt hng no, qui
cch sn phm th no, la chn ng dy phn phi ra sao tho mn nhu
cu .
Lm c s lp k hoch pht trin cho sn xut trong tng lai, t kt
qu phn tch cc thng s kinh t.
Tnh ton kinh t hn ch c ti a mc ri ro ca nh my khi i vo
hot ng sn xut. Ngc li, t kt qu tnh li nhun m sn xut mang li
chng ta lp k hoch m rng qui m nh my, nng cao cht lng sn phm
v a dng ho sn phm.
Tnh ton kinh t cho thy tnh kh thi chc chn ca bn thit k trnh
ln cc cp, c quan c thm quyn ph duyt v cc nh u t quan tm
t nh my c cp giy php, vn thi cng xy dng, sn xut
v c cnh tranh lnh mnh.
1.2. Nhim v
C th ho cc khon chi, thu trong mt thi gian nht nh thng l tng
qu, tng nm thm ch l tng thng. t huy ng vn gm vn t
c, vn vay ngn hng, vn c ng trc ca bn mua sn phm v vn
ca cc nh u t.
C th ho cc khon thu sau thu, li nhun t c lm ng lc cho
duy tr v pht trin sn xut.
Nng cao hiu qu ca sn xut v tiu th sn phm y mnh tin
trong giai on cn kp ( nht l vo thi k l, tt..). T , tnh ton chi
ph hp l, gi bn hp l ph hp vi iu kin ca ngi tiu dng.
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 8: Tnh ton kinh t

Nguyn Minh c

Khi tin hnh tnh ton vic u t vn cho mt x nghip chng ta cn phi
tnh thu hi vn u t, xy dng, mua sm thit b, h s tiu hao nguyn
liu, ng lc, nhu cu v lao ng, b my qun l iu hnh nh my sao
cho em li hiu qu kinh t cao nht.[1.12]

2. Ni dung tnh ton

Tnh ton kinh t cho nh my sn xut ru vang vi cng sut 2 triu
lt/nm.
2.1. Chi ph cho nguyn liu sn xut chnh
Cc chi ph ny gm tin mua nho, ng, axit tartaric, cht kh trng SO2,
nm men, cht tr lc bentonit, enzym pectin..
- Nho: nho c mua trc tip t ngi dn trng nho, gi ti thi im thu
hoch l 6000 vn/1 kg.
Vy tng s tin 1 nm cn chi tr mua nho l:
V1i = 2334077,4x6000 = 134,05.108 (vn)
Tng t tnh cho cc nguyn liu khc ta lp c bng s liu sau:
Bng 9: Nguyn liu sn xut chnh v gi thnh
Stt

Nguyn liu

Nho

S lng
(kg)
2334077

n gi
a (nghn)
6,0

Thnh tin
b (triu)
13404,46

ng saccaroz

388623,7

6,8

2642,64

Axit tartaric

154679

15

2324,69

Cht kh trng K2S2O5

816,9

50

25,845

Nm men

723,56

60

43,414

Bentonit

7329

10

73,29

Enzym Pectin

630,2

100

63,02

Tng

16252,7

Ngoi nhng nguyn liu chnh bng trn cn c vitamin B1, B6; thng
phm Leuconostoc oenos, ..Tnh gi nguyn liu ny chim 2 % trong tng s gi
thnh nguyn liu chnh. Vy tng gi thnh l:
V1 = 16252,7.106 + 16252,7.106x2% = 16577,75.106 (vn)
2.2. Chi ph cho nguyn liu ph
Cc chi ph gm tin mua chai, nt & mng co, nhn chai, h dn, thng
carton, bng dnh..
- Chai: gim gi thnh, t mua chai theo mu thit k sn ca cng ty (c
im ca chai: chai mu xanh, y lm, thnh dy, dung tch 750 ml..).
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 8: Tnh ton kinh t

Nguyn Minh c
Gi thnh 1 chai l 500 vn/1 chai ( c th mua chai c ), do s tin cn mua
chai trong 1 nm l:
V2i = 2667850x500 = 1333,93.106 (vn)
Tnh tng t cho cc nguyn liu ph khc chng ta lp c bng sau:
Bng 10: Nguyn liu sn xut ph v gi thnh
Stt

Nguyn liu

S lng

n gi
a (nghn)
0,5

Thnh tin
b (triu)
1333,93

Chai

2667850 (ci)

Nt & mng co

2667850 (b)

0,3

800,36

Nhn chai

2667850 (b)

0,2

533,57

H dn

13537,6 (kg)

4,0

54,15

Thng carton

224072 (ci)

3,0

672,22

Bng dnh

28009 (cun)

2,5

70,02

Tng

3464,25

Ngoi nhng nguyn liu bng trn cn c lng HCl, NaOH, lng chai
hao ht do b v hng.. Tnh gi nguyn liu ny chim 2 % trong tng s gi
thnh nguyn liu ph. Vy tng gi thnh l:
V2 = 3464,25.106 + 3464,25.106x2% = 3533,54.106 (vn)
2.3. Vn u t cho nh my
a. Vn u t cho cng trnh xy dng
Chi ph u t cho cng trnh xy dng c tnh theo n v m 2 nhn vi
n gi ly theo kinh nghim thc t (c tnh cho tng hng mc cng trnh).
Cc s liu c biu din theo bng sau:
Bng 11: Hng mc cng trnh xy dng v gi thnh
Stt

Tn cng trnh

Din tch
(m2)
432

n gi
a (nghn)
1500

Thnh tin
b (triu)
648

Phn xng tip nhn

qu
Phn xng ln men

648

1500

972

432

1500

648

Phn xng tr ru
vang
Phn xng hon thin

648

1500

972

Kho thnh phm

576

2000

1152

Nh lnh

108

1200

129,6

2
3

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 8: Tnh ton kinh t

Nguyn Minh c
7

Kho nguyn liu

216

1500

324

Kho cha chai, bock

216

1500

324

Trm bin p

144

1200

172,8

10

Phn xng c in

216

1200

259,2

11

Nh ni hi

108

1200

129,6

12

Nh CIP

36

1200

43,2

13

Khu x l nc thi

216

1200

259,2

14

Khu x l b thi

216

1200

259,2

15

Khu nh hnh chnh

504

1800

907,2

16

Khu nh n - Hi trng

432

1800

777,6

17

Nh gii thiu sn phm

216

1800

388,8

18

Khu ngh ngi v gii tr

216

1500

324

19

Nh xe p xe my

108

800

86,4

20

144

1200

172,8

21

Khu vc nh tm, v
sinh
Phng bo v

72

1000

72

22

Gara t

216

1000

216

23

Tng

9237,6

Ngoi ra cn c cc cng trnh phc v gin tip cho sn xut nh ng x,

vn hoa, thm c, kho l thin.. Cc cng trnh ny c tnh chim 15 % tng
gi tr cc cng trnh chnh. Vy tng gi tr xy dng l:
V3 = 9237,6.106 + 9237,6.106x15% = 10623,24.106 (vn)
2.4. Vn u t chi ph cho cc thit b chnh trong sn xut
Thit b chnh dng cho sn xut, v gi thnh ca chng c lit k bng
di y:
Bng 12: Hng mc thit b v gi thnh
Stt Tn thit b

S lng

Gi thnh thit Tng

b
thnh
a (triu)
b (triu)
10
20

Bng ti

Thng ra

2,0

8,0

My nghin trc

15

30

Lp CNSHA k46

gi

Chng 8: Tnh ton kinh t

Nguyn Minh c
4

My p

100

100

Thng pha ch

20

40

Tank ln men

26

20

520

Tank tr ru vang

52

12

624

My lc ng

50

100

My ra chai

200

200

10

My chit chai

200

200

11

My dn nhn

100

100

12

Tank nhn men ging CI

5,0

5,0

13

Tank nhn men ging CII

7,0

7,0

14

Tank men ging trung gian

3,0

3,0

15

My lm lnh

1500

1500

16

H thng CIP

2,0

8,0

17

Ni hi

20

20

18

My nn kh

5,0

5,0

19

Cn

5,0

10

20

Bm

12

3,0

36

21

H thng in

2000

2000

22

H thng x l nc

100

100

23

H thng x l b thi

50

50

24

My ra bock

1,0

2,0

25

t chuyn ch nguyn
liu

700

2100

26
27

Tng

7788

Trong thit b ng ng, ph tng thay th, n chiu sng.. Chng ta

c lng khong 10 % gi tr ca tng gi tr thit b. Vy tng gi tr ca ton
b thit b l:
V4 = 7788.106 + 7788.106x10% = 8566,8.106 (vn)
2.5. Chi ph nhin liu v nc
Cc chi ph ny c lit k bng di y:
Stt Tn nhin liu v nc
Lp CNSHA k46

S lng
5

n gi (vn)

Thnh tin

Chng 8: Tnh ton kinh t

Nguyn Minh c
b (triu)
1

in

692880 (kW)

1200

782,44

Than

79608 (kg)

700

55,73

Nc

56460 (m3)

1000

55,46

Tng

893,63

Chi ph v dch v khc chim 5 % chi ph nhin liu v nc ca nh my.

Vy chi ph tng l:
V5 = 893,63.106 + 893,63.106x5% = 938,31.106 (vn)
2.6. Vn u t thu t ca nh my
Nh my thu khu t c din tch S = 22500 (m2), c thi hn s dng l 50
nm.
Gi thu t 1 m2 l 1600 (vn)/nm. Vy tng s tin dng thu t trong 1
nm l:
V6i = 22500x1600 = 36.106 (vn)
Tng s tin thu t trong 10 nm l:
V6 = 360.106 (vn)
2.7. Tnh tin lng
a. Nhn lc phc v cho sn xut
Stt

B phn lm vic

S lng

S ca/ngy

Nhp nguyn liu

My vn chuyn bng
ti
Ra qu

Nghin nho

p dch nghin

Pha trn dch

Ln men

Phng th nghim

Tr ru vang

10

Ra chai, bock

11

Kim tra chai

12

Chit chai, dp nt

Lp CNSHA k46

S
vin/ngy
6

nhn

Chng 8: Tnh ton kinh t

Nguyn Minh c
13

Thanh trng

14

Dn nhn

15

16

Vn chuyn thng,
bock
X l b, nc thi

17

Sa cha in, c kh

18

Trm bin p

19

L hi

20

Nh lnh

21

Gii thiu sn phm

22

V sinh

23

Nu n

24

Yt

25

Bo v

26

Qun l phn xng

27

Li xe

28
29

Tng

80

b. Nhn vin hnh chnh v iu hnh

Nh my c 1 gim c, 1 ph gim c, 2 tr l; 2 k ton, 2 nhn vin thu
chi, 1 nhn vin nhn s, v 1 nhn vin cng on. Vy tng s nhn vin hnh
chnh v iu hnh l 10 ngi.
c. Tnh tin lng
Tng s nhn vin ton nh my l 90 ngi. Tin lng ca nhn vin c
tnh trung bnh theo lnh vc sn xut v hnh chnh.
Tin lng tnh theo bng di y:

i tng

S lng

Cng nhn vin

Lp CNSHA k46

80

Lng bnh
qun
a (nghn/thng)
1200

Lng c
thng b
(triu/thng
)
96

Lng c
nm
c (triu/nm)
1152

Chng 8: Tnh ton kinh t

Nguyn Minh c
Cn b

10

2000

Tng

20

240

116

1392

V7 = 1392.106 (vn)
d. Tin bo him
Gi s tin bo him theo lng tnh 15 %. Vy tin bo him mi thng
cng ty phi tr l:
V8i = 116.106x15% = 17,4.106 (vn)
Tin bo him mi nm cng ty phi tr l:
V8 = 17,4.106x12 = 208,8.106 (vn)
3. Tnh gi thnh sn phm v doanh thu ca nh my
3.1. Tnh khu hao nh xng, thit b (khu hao ti sn c nh)
a. Khu hao nh xng
Thi gian s dng ca nh xng l 20 nm, vy chi ph khu hao nh xng
mi nm l: ( Vxd = 10623,24.106 vn )
Mk1 = (vn)
b. Khu hao thit b
Thi gian s dng ca thit b l 15 nm, vy chi ph khu hao thit b mi
nm l: (Vtb = 8566,8.106 vn )
Mk2 = (vn)
c. Tng khu hao ti sn c nh
Mk = 531,16.106 + 571,12.106 = 1102,28.106 (vn)
3.2. Tng chi ph ca nh my sn xut trong 1 nm (C1)
C1 = V1 + V2 + Mk + V5 + V6 + V7 + V8
Thay s:
C1 = 16577,75.106 + 3533,54.106 + 1102,28.106 + 938,31.106 + 1392.106 +
+ 208,8.106 = 23788,68.106 (vn)
Ngoi cc chi ph k trn, khi nh my i vo hot ng cn pht sinh mt s
chi ph nh:
Chi ph qun l doanh nghip, chi ph ny lin quan ti vic t chc, qun
l iu hnh hot ng sn xut kinh doanh tnh bng 2% chi ph khu
hao, vt liu
Cql = 2%x1102,28.106 + 2%x20111,29.106 = 424,27.106 (vn)
Chi ph bn hng l cc khon chi lin quan ti vic tiu th sn phm,
hng ho dch v.. tnh bng 1% so vi doanh thu bn sn phm
Cbh = 600.106 (vn)
Vy chi ph tng C2 l:
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 8: Tnh ton kinh t

Nguyn Minh c
C2 = 23788,68.106 + 424,27.106 + 600.106 = 24812,95.106 (vn)
3.3. Tnh gi thnh sn phm
Vy gi thnh sn phm tnh trung bnh cho 1 lt ru vang c tnh theo
cng thc:
P1i = (vn)
nh gi bn ca mt sn phm l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng m
mi nh sn xut phi lm, nh gi c hng ho da vo nhng yu t sau:
-m bo s tn ti ca mt nh sn xut
-Ti a ho li nhun
-m bo ti a ho doanh thu
-Ti a ho s lng tiu th
-Ginh v tr dn u v cht lng sn phm
Da vo cc tiu ch trn chng ti nh gi bn ca ru vang l 22500
ng/1chai hay 30000 vn/lt.
So snh gi c ca cc i th cnh tranh khc: vang Thng Long 34000
vn/chai; vang Vinawine 27000 vn/chai; vang Thp Chm 25000 vn/chai.
Nh vy vic nh gi sn phm ca nh my l tng i hp l, chim
lnh c lng tin ngi tiu dng v th trng th vic lm quan trng l phi
nng cao cht lng ca sn phm ngang tm vi cc loi ru vang trn th
gii.
3.4. Doanh thu ca nh my
-Doanh thu ca sn phm (Rsp)
Rsp = sn lng x gi bn
Thay s:
Rsp = 2.106x30000 = 60.109 (vn)
-Doanh thu t b
Rb = 466815,87x2000 = 933,63.106 (vn)
-Vy tng doanh thu ca nh my:
Rt = 60.109 + 933,63.106 = 60,93363.109 (vn)
4. Tnh li nhun, vn lu ng v tnh NPV
4.1. Tnh li nhun
Cc s liu kinh t:
-Doanh thu: R = 60933,63.106 (vn)
-Chi ph: C2 = 24812,95.106 (vn)
-Khu hao (gi s khu hao do khuyn mi, gim gi.. ): Kh = 108 (vn).
-Gi s s tin chi ph C2 c vay ton b t ngn hng vi li xut 12%/nm,
nn s tin phi tr li l:
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 8: Tnh ton kinh t

Nguyn Minh c
C3 = 24812,95.106x12% = 2977,55.106 (vn)
Li nhun trc thu:
EBIT = Doanh thu Chi ph - Khu hao Li vay
= 60933,63.106 24812,95.106 100.106 - 2977,55.106
= 33043,13.106 (vn)
-Tnh thu doanh nghip phi tr:
Vi thu sut i vi doanh nghip ru vang T = 28%, vy thu phi tr l:
Thu = Li nhun trc thu (EBIT) x T
Thu = 33043,13.106x28% = 9252,08.106 (vn)
4.2. Tnh ton lung tin hot ng (OCF)
OCF = Li nhun sau thu + Khu hao
OCF = ( 33043,13.106 9252,08.106 ) + 100.106 = 23891,05.106 (vn)
4.3. Tnh vn lu ng
Vn lu ng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Vl =
(gi s vng quay ca vn 1 nm: n = 4)
Thay s:
Vl = (vn)
4.4. Tnh NPV (gi tr hin ti rng)
NPV c tnh theo cng thc sau:
NPV =
Trong : CFi = Bi Ci Ki +SVi
CFi: dng tin nm i
Ki: u t nm i
Bi: dng thu nm i
Ci: dng chi nm i
SVi: gi tr cn li nm i
r: t l chit khu c chn (r = 10%)
n: thi gian hot ng ca d n
Dng u t Ki = C2 + Vl thay s:
Ki = 24812,95.106 + 15233,4.106 = 40046,35.106 (vn)
Gi s thi gian tnh NPV l 5 nm, v gi tr ti sn sau khi khu hao cn li:
SVi = 2000.106 (vn).
Lp bng tnh cc gi tr trong cng thc NPV
Nm
u t

0
40046,4

Lp CNSHA k46

1
0

2
0
10

3
0

4
0

5
-2000

Chng 8: Tnh ton kinh t

Nguyn Minh c
(triu)
Doanh thu
(triu)
Chi ph
(triu)
Dng tin -40046,4
CFi (triu)

60933,6

60933,6

60933,6

60933,6

60933,6

37142,5

37142,5

37142,5

37142,5

37142,5

23791,1

23791,1

23791,1

23791,1

25791,1

p dng cng thc xc nh NPV ca d n u t chng ta c:

NPV =
NPV = 51388,61.106 (vn) > 0
Kt lun: vy d n ra thc hin kh thi.
4.5. Tnh thi gian thu hi vn
Thi gian hon vn c tnh theo phng php cng dn
Cng thc tnh:
K=
Tc l qui i cc gi tr CFi v nm 0 ri cng li cho n khi bng vi gi
tr K khi ta s xc nh c thi gian thu hi vn u t c tnh n chit
khu.
Lp bng tnh ton cc gi tr trong cng thc trn:
Nm
CFi
(triu) vn
HSCK
(triu) vn
PV
(triu) vn
Cng
dn
PV
(triu)
vn

0
- 40046,4

23791,1

23791,1

23791,1

0,909

0,826

0,751

- 40046,4

21626,1

19651,5

17867,1

- 40046,4

- 18420,3

1231,2

19098,3

Trong :
HSCK (h s chit khu) = 1/(1+r)i nhm qui dng tin v nm 0.
Vy d n u t sau 2 nm hon tr ht n v c li l 1231,2.106 (vn).

Lp CNSHA k46

11

Chng 9: V sinh, an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng

Nguyn Minh c

Chng 9: V SINH, AN TON LAO NG V BO V

MI TRNG
1. V sinh nh my
1.1. V sinh nh xng thit b
Cc my nghin, p, tank ln men sau mi chu k u c tin hnh v sinh
bng nc nng v ho cht (ho cht gm HNO3 0,1%, NaOH 2%) c tin
hnh thao tc nh sau:
Sau khi bm axit vo thng c 5 pht th m van hi ca bm, bm
hi lu tr li thng CIP.
15 pht sau dng u ht ht nt dch axit c trong thng.
Sau khi ra axit, m van y. Bm nc sch trong 1 pht dn dch
axit trong ng ng.
Bm xt 2% trung ho axit cn li trong thng ln men, th t t
bm cp, bm hi v ra bng nc sch. Sau kim tra pH 7 th
t.
Tank ln men c v sinh bng axit, xt lnh v nc thng. Cn
ng ng v sinh bng xt nng, axit nng v nc nng, th tch ho
cht bng 5% th tch thng. Th tch nc v sinh cn nhiu hn v cn
phi ra c trong ln ngoi.
Phn y cn ca tank ln men v tank tr ru vang c ca v sinh
ng knh 450 mm ngi c th chui vo v sinh c.
Hng tun phi thanh trng thit b v ng ng bng hi, thi gian 15
pht. Cc thit b nhn ging v ra men cn c thanh trng sau mi
m ln men m bo nm men khng b nhim trng.
Nn nh xng cn c v sinh bng nc sch. Hnh lang, li i, khu
xung quanh nh my c qut dn hng ngy.
Bi c, vn hoa c phun nc, chm sc to v p cnh quan v
to bu khng kh trong lnh cho nh my.
Trn, tng nh, ca x cn c qut bi.
Cng tc v sinh trong nh my cn c thc hin nghim ngt v n
nh hng n cng tc an ton v sinh thc phm.
1.2. V sinh c nhn
B phn qun l cn kim tra v sinh theo cc biu mu GMP, GHP. V con
ngi tip xc vi thit b, dng c thao tc s nh hng n mi trng sn
xut nn gin tip nh hng n v sinh thc phm. Nhn vin phng th
nghim phi mc trang phc bo h lao ng c git sch, phi kh sau ca
lm vic. Sc khoe ca cng nhn phi c kim tra thng xuyn, nu b cc
bnh v h hp, ngoi da th cn ngh v cha tr kp thi n khi khi.
Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 9: V sinh, an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng

Nguyn Minh c
Nhn vin phi c thc gi gn v sinh c nhn v v sinh chung, khng ht
thuc l, khc nh ba bi.
2. An ton lao ng
Bao gm nhng nhim v pht hin v nghin cu thng tch do sn xut,
tho ra nhng bin php lm tng iu kin lao ng v cc bin php v sinh
sc kho nhm m bo ngn nga thng tch, cc bnh ngh nghip, cc tai
nn, cc m chy, v n trong x nghip.
2.1. An ton in
ngn nga s to thnh cc tia la in, cc ngun nung nng trong cc
khu d n v d chy, tt c nhng ci ly in, cc dng c m in, cc
phng tin t ng cn phi hon thnh kiu phng n v kn nc.
-Cc thit b in u c cu dao, cu ch, attomat nhng v tr thun li
ngt my kp thi khi c s c v khng gy va chm.
-Cn c qui nh cc bin php ngn nga rt thn trng khi cc hot ng ca
my mc hot ng, dn n b nung nng do ma st (v d: cc b phn dn
ng cnh khuy, cc bnh rng, trc..) cn phi ch to chng bng nhng vt
liu khng bn tia sng nh nhm, ng, cht do.. Bin php tt nht l dng
nhng tm thm cao su bo v cu thang.
-Mi ngi khng c ht thuc, em la n nhng ni d gy chy n nh
thng cha cn etylic..
-Mi b phn sn xut u c thit b phng chy, cha chy nh bnh CO 2, bnh
cu ho..
2.2. An ton vn hnh v an ton thit b
iu kin c bn m bo an ton vn hnh l phi quan st thn trng
qui trnh tin hnh thao tc cng ngh ca tt c cc cng on.
-Khng cho php t cc ng ng dn dung dch d n, d bay hi cng vi
cc ng dn nhit v dn kh nn.
- an ton cn sn cc ng ng thnh nhng mu on nhn theo nhm
cc cht c vn chuyn: nc mu xanh l cy, hi mu , khng kh
xanh, kh (trong c kh ho lng) vng, axit cam, kim tm, cht lng
nu, cc cht khc (dung dch enzym, dch nm men..) mu xm, cc ng cha
chy mu .
-Mi thit b u c mt p lc ti a cho php, nu p sut qu cao th gy n.
Khi tng p sut th phi tng t t, nu tng mnh gy xung ng dn n lm
gim tui th ca cc b phn trong thit b.
-V sinh thit b sch s v t ni kh do cng gp phn vo vic tng tui
th cho thit b.
-Trong khng kh thot ra t thit b ( thit b ln men, tng tr..) c cha mt
lng ln nm men, kh SO2, cho nn trc khi thi vo kh quyn cn phi c
lc sch.

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 9: V sinh, an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng

Nguyn Minh c
-Cc bn hng dn k thut an ton c phc tho ring bit cho mi loi thit
b, cng ngh, cn nghin cu k ph hp vi v tr cng tc ca mi thnh vin.
2.3. An ton hi, kh
Trong sn xut c cc b phn to p lc nh ni hi, trm kh nn. M cc
thit b ny phi hot ng lin tc nn d gy s c chy n, v vy chng ta cn
phi tin hnh mt s thao tc nh sau:
-Cc ng dy, nt iu khin phi t trong t iu khin.
-S dng van ngng, lun m van ny, trnh gy tng hay gim p t ngt.
Khng mc nc di mc nc bo ng.
-Ngi vn hnh ni hi phi c o to theo cc phng php hot ng v
qua hng dn cc lut k thut an ton, mi c thao tc cc thit b ny.
-Phi kim tra thng xuyn cc thit b my mc c bit l cc b phn an ton
nh: ng thu, p k, ng xi phng, cc van an ton, ci bo ng, ng ng
dn hi..
-Cc my nn kh thng t ring bit trong cc to nh mt tng, c thit k
theo cc yu cu Tiu chun phng chy v tiu chun v sinh khi thit k cc
x nghip cng nghip .
-Cc my nn kh c cch bit vi cc phng ln cn bi tng chn c chiu
cao ln hn 3 m v b dy ln hn 12 cm.
3. Bo v mi trng
Bo v thin nhin v s dng hp l cc ngun d tr ca chng trong iu
kin khai thc trit l mt trong nhng nhim v mang tnh x hi, kinh t
quan trng nht ca mi quc gia.
H thng bo v mi trng xung quanh bao gm cc thit b lm sch khng kh
thi, nc thi, v cht thi rn.
3.1. Lm sch khng kh thi
Trong kh thi ca cc tank ln men v tank tr ru vang c cha mt
lng ln kh SO2, v vy trc khi thi ra mi trng chng ta phi tin hnh x
l n.
C th ton b lng kh thi ra cho hp ph qua lp hp ph dng ht c b
mt ln (than hot tnh, silicagen..). Hoc s dng cc cht hp th bng cht
lng (nc, dung dch cc mui), ton b th tch cc cht kh, hi c b ht rt
mnh.
3.2. X l nc thi
Nc thi ca nh my sn xut ru vang gm nhng loi sau:
-Nc lm ngui, nc ngng t: loi nc ny khng thuc loi nc gy
nhim nn c th x l s b v em dng li.
-Nc v sinh cc thit b nghin, p: loi nc ny c cha nhiu cht hu c,
cn phi tin hnh x l lm sch mi trng v ti s dng li.

Lp CNSHA k46

Chng 9: V sinh, an ton lao ng v bo v mi trng

Nguyn Minh c
-Nc v sinh cc thit b tank ln men, thng cha, sn nh ln men. Loi nc
thi ny c cha nhiu xc nm men, xc nm men rt d t phn, gy ra tnh
trng nhim nghim trng.
Thng s hm lng cc cht c trong nc thi nh sau:
BOD5 = 800 1200 (mg/l)
COD = 1500 2500 (mg/l)
Tng nit = 30 100 (mg/l)
Tng phtpho = 10 30 (mg/l)
Trong nc thi ca nh my sn xut ru vang c cha nhiu cht hu c d
phn hu nh protein, gluxit,.. v t l BOD 5/COD = 0,5 0,7 rt thch hp cho
qu trnh p dng cng ngh sinh hc x l nc thi.
Trong qu trnh x l nc thi chng ta s dng b x l Aerotank
+X l s b: l giai on x l nhng thnh phn c kch thc ln ra khi
nc thi nh giy, nhn chai, nt chai, b v.. i vi nhng cht ny thng
dng h thng sng lc gi chng li.
+B Aerotank ti trng cao 1 bc
B aerotank c cu to gm c 2 b lng v 1 b chnh x l nc thi.
Nc sau khi x l s b c trn u vi bn hot tnh (lng bn chim
khong 10 12 %) v a ton b vo b aerotank, thi gian lu 6 8h.
Ti y khng kh c thi vo lin tc trong thi gian 6 8h. Nh , kh
nng xi ho vt cht xy ra rt nhanh. H thng cung cp kh c phn phi
theo sut chiu di ca b.
Nc thi sau khi x l xong c vo ngun nc thi ca khu cng nghip.
3.3. X l b thi
Ngnh chn nui ca Ninh Thun c s lng n b ln hn c n d, cu
v tru cng li. c tnh nm 2002, n b ca tnh c 81,3 nghn con. Trong
tng lai, n b ca tnh s tng ln ti 100 110 nghn con, trong t l n
b lai chim khong 60%.
B nho cha thnh phn ch yu l celluloza, mt lng nh protein v axit
hu c.
Sau khi thu gom b tin hnh trung ho lng axit c trong b, sau phi trn
vi cm hoc bt ng cho n khi lng m t 60 65 %. Tin hnh gia nhit
khi b thi gian phn hu nhanh hn.
Vi khun c s dng trong qu trnh b l vi khun bacillus spp v
cellulomonas spp. Cc loi vi khun ny pht trin nhanh trong khi b giu
celluloza, thi gian t 10 15 ngy. Nhit ca khi tng nhanh lm tng
kh nng phn gii celluloz, to cho khi mm hn v c mi thm ca qu
trnh ln men lactic.
Sau thi gian , khi c phi trn vi 4 5% ur v em sy kh lm thc n
gia sc dng bt .

Lp CNSHA k46

Phn 10: Kt lun

Nguyn Minh c

KT LUN
Trong thi gian c giao n tt nghip Thit k nh my sn xut
ru vang cng sut 2 triu lt/nm . mi ch l nng sut ban u khi nh
my i vo sn xut, vi s pht trin rt mnh m v kinh t ca Vit Nam v
nhu cu thng thc t ung ru cn, bia sang ung ru vang th th trng
tiu th ru vang ca nc ta cn ln hn rt nhiu. Nh my c xy dng ti
th x Phan Rang Thp Chm (Ninh Thun), nguyn liu dng l nho ti a
phng. Ti y nho ca Ninh Thun c sn lng ln nht c nc, do to
iu kin ngi trng nho bn sn phm gi cao v to cng n vic lm cho
ngi dn a phng.
c ng dng nhng kin thc hc v tm hiu trong t thc tp cng
nh tham kho thc t. Em chn la c dy chuyn sn xut ph hp vi
iu kin k thut trong nc v ngun vn cho php p dng vo thit k nh
my, tuy cn nhiu iu kin cha cho php nhng trn c s thit k chng ta
phi chn phng php ti u nht.
Trong qu trnh lm n em c gng v tm hiu rt nhiu ti liu cng
nh thc t sn xut, nhng do kin thc c hn. Do , chc chn khng th
trnh khi nhng sai lm v thiu st. Em rt mong c s ch bo, ng gp
kin ca cc thy c trong vin cng nh cc bn sinh vin bn n ca em
c hon thin hn.
Cui cng, Em xin chn thnh cm n thy hng dn cng ngh PGS.TS.
Khut Hu Thanh, c hng dn xy dng Ths. KTS. Hong Thanh Thu, c
hng dn kinh t Ths. Nguyn Phng Minh Hng gip v hng dn tn
tnh, cng ton b cc thy c trong khoa dy d chng em trong thi gian
qua.

H Ni, ngy 28 thng 5 nm 2006

Sinh vin: Nguyn Minh c

Lp CNSHA k46

Phn 2: Ti liu tham kho

Nguyn Minh c

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Ti liu ting vit
1.1. TS. Giang Th Bnh v cng s
Cng ngh sn xut ru vang tri cy v np cm
Vin cng ngh thc phm - B cng nghip.
1.2. Nguyn Quang Tho
Nghin cu ln men vang vi thiu
Lun n tin s sinh hc 2000.
1.3. PGS. V Cng Hu
Ru vang tri cy trong gia nh
Nh xut bn nng nghip 2003.
1.4. PGS.TS. Lng c Phm
Cng ngh vi sinh vt
Nh xut bn nng nghip 1998.
1.5. PGS.TS. Khut Hu Thanh, TS. Nguyn Quang Ho
Nghin cu hiu qu s dng enzym v cht ph gia trong sn xut ru
vang Vit Nam cht lng cao.
Hi ngh cng ngh sinh hc ton quc 2003.
1.6. Giang Th Bnh, Nguyn Th Hin, L Thanh Mai..
Nghin cu nh hng ca mt s yu t ti s pht trin v hot phn
gii axit malic ca leuconostoc oenos LF 01 dng trong ln men ru
vang.
Hi ngh cng ngh sinh hc ton quc 1999.
1.7. Phm Hu Nhng
K thut trng nho
Nh xut bn nng nghip 2004.
1.8. Ths. T Vit
Tm hiu v ru vang
Nh xut bn nng nghip 2004.
1.9. C Hoa Vin
Bi ging cng ngh sn xut cc sn phm ln men truyn thng.
1.10. PGS. Ng Bnh
C s xy dng nh cng nghip
Lp CNSHA k46

Phn 2: Ti liu tham kho

Nguyn Minh c
Gio trnh trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni.
1.11. GS.TS. L Thng
a l cc tnh v thnh ph Vit Nam.
Nh xut bn gio dc.
1.12. TS. Lu Th Hng
Gio trnh ti chnh doanh nghip
Nh xut bn gio dc 2002.
2. Ti liu ting anh
2.1. Lum Eiensman
The home winemakers manual
New York: Harper and Row, 1985.
2.2. Yair Margalit
Winery technology & operations
San Francisco: Wine Appreciation Guild Ltd, 1990.

Lp CNSHA k46

Phn 0: Mc lc
Nguyn Minh c

MC LC
LI M U...................................................................................................................1
Chng 1: LUN CHNG KINH T.............................................................................1
1. Tnh hnh pht trin ngnh ru vang trn th gii...................................................1
2. Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th ru vang Vit Nam..............................................1
3. Chn a im v nng sut xy dng nh my........................................................2
3.1. Giao thng..........................................................................................................2
3.2. Ngun nguyn liu .............................................................................................2
3.3. Ngun nhn lc v u ra...................................................................................3
3.4. Ngun cung cp in, nhit, lnh.......................................................................3
3.5. Ngun cp v thot nc....................................................................................3
1. S lc tnh hnh sn xut nho v s dng sn phm t nho....................................1
1.1. Lch s cy nho v ngh trng nho.....................................................................1
1.2. c im cy nho...............................................................................................1
1.3. Mt s ging nho c trng hin nay trn th gii..........................................1
1.4. Cc ging nho c trng ph bin Vit Nam................................................2
1.5. Thu hoch v chn lc nho sn xut ru vang ...........................................3
1.6. Din tch, sn lng v tnh hnh s dng cc sn phm t nho........................5
2. Cc cng ngh sn xut ru vang nho.....................................................................6
2.1. S lc qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ru vang........................................6
2.2. Khi nim v ru vang v phn loi ru vang...............................................7
2.3. Tiu chun cht lng vang................................................................................9
2.4. H vi sinh vt c trong vang.............................................................................11
2.5. Qu trnh ln men ru vang............................................................................13
2.6. Cng ngh sn sut ru vang..........................................................................22
Chng 3: LA CHN QUI TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT RU VANG T
QU NHO
...........................................................................................................................................1
1. Nguyn liu sn xut ru vang...........................................................................1
2. Nc..........................................................................................................................2
3. S dng ch phm enzym..........................................................................................2
4. S dng cht kh trng .............................................................................................3
5. S dng nm men v vi khun lactic.........................................................................3
6. Cc nguyn liu khc.................................................................................................4
8. Chn la dy chuyn sn xut...................................................................................9
8.1. Chn my nghin nho.........................................................................................9
8.2. Chn my p.......................................................................................................9
8.3. Chn phng php ln men..............................................................................10
8.4. Chn cht tr lc v my lc............................................................................12
8.5. Chit chai .........................................................................................................13
8.6. Thanh trng.......................................................................................................13
8.7. Dn nhn v xp thng.....................................................................................14
Chng 4: TNH TON CN BNG SN PHM........................................................1
1. Tnh cn bng sn phm i vi 1000 kg nho...........................................................1
1.1. Vn chuyn v bo qun.....................................................................................1
1.2. Chn lc, b hoa, b cung.................................................................................1

Lp CNSHA k46

Phn 0: Mc lc
Nguyn Minh c
1.3. p thu dch..........................................................................................................1
1.4. Pha ch................................................................................................................2
1.5. Thanh trng.........................................................................................................4
1.6. Ln men chnh....................................................................................................4
1.7. Tch b v p thu dch .......................................................................................5
1.8. Lng trong v tch cn........................................................................................5
1.9. Ln men ph.......................................................................................................5
1.10. Tng tr v tch cn ln 2.................................................................................6
1.11. Dng cht tr lc v lc trong ru vang.........................................................6
1.12. Chit chai, chit box v thanh trng ln cui...................................................6
1.13. Cht tr lng Bentonit cn dng.......................................................................6
1.14. Enzym pectin cn b sung................................................................................6
2. Tnh nguyn liu dng cho c nm............................................................................7
2.1. Lng nho dng cho c nm..............................................................................7
2.2. Lng ng dng cho c nm..........................................................................7
2.3. Lng axit cn dng cho c nm .......................................................................7
2.4. Lng K2S2O5 cn dng cho c nm................................................................8
2.5. Lng (NH4)2HPO4 cn dng cho c nm.......................................................8
2.6. Lng B1 v B6 cn dng cho c nm...............................................................8
2.7. Lng bentonit cn dng cho c nm.................................................................8
2.8. Lng enzym pectin cn dng cho c nm........................................................8
2.9. Lng nm men cn dng c nm......................................................................8
2.10. Lng leuconostoc oenos cn dng c nm.....................................................9
3. Tnh vt liu ph dng cho c nm............................................................................9
3.1. Lng chai dng cho c nm .............................................................................9
3.2. Lng nt chai v mng co cn dng cho c nm..............................................9
3.3. Lng nhn chai cn dng cho c nm..............................................................9
3.4. Lng h dn dng cho c nm........................................................................10
3.5. Thng carton dng cho c nm.........................................................................10
3.6. Lng bng dnh cn dng cho c nm............................................................10
3.7. Lng NaOH v HCl ra chai cn dng c nm.........................................10
4. Lp k hoch sn sut................................................................................................1
Chng 5: TNH V CHN THIT B...........................................................................1
1. Tnh v chn thit b t khu thu mua nguyn liu nghin..................................1
1.1. St cha nho.......................................................................................................1
1.2. Bng ti phn loi...................................................................................................1
1.3. Cn nguyn liu..................................................................................................1
1.4. Thng ra qu.....................................................................................................2
1.5. My nghin.........................................................................................................2
1.6. My p................................................................................................................3
1.7. Thng pha ch....................................................................................................3
2. Tnh ton v chn la thit b trong phn xng ln men.........................................4
2.1. Tnh ton v chn la tank ln men....................................................................4
2.2. Tnh v chn thng nhn men ging cp II........................................................6
2.3. Tnh v chn thng nhn men ging cp I.........................................................6
2.4. Tnh v chn thng nhn men ging trung gian.................................................7
2.5. Tnh v chn thng ra men v bo qun men ..................................................8
2.6. Tnh v chn thng tr ru vang......................................................................8
2.7. Tnh v chn ni un nc nng......................................................................10

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Phn 0: Mc lc
Nguyn Minh c
2.8. Tnh v chn h thng CIP...............................................................................10
2.9. Tnh v chn bm.............................................................................................11
2.10. Tnh v chn my lm lnh............................................................................12
3. Tnh v chn thit b hon thin ru vang.............................................................12
3.1. My ra bock ...................................................................................................12
3.2. My ra chai.....................................................................................................13
3.3. My chit chai v ng chai ru vang............................................................13
3.4. H thng thanh trng chai................................................................................13
3.5. My dn nhn ..................................................................................................14
Chng 6: TNH TON XY DNG...........................................................................16
1. Nhng nh gi chung v a im xy dng nh my..........................................16
1.1. V qui hoch.....................................................................................................16
1.2. V iu kin t chc sn xut...........................................................................16
1.3. V iu kin h tng k thut...........................................................................16
1.4. V iu kin xy lp v vn hnh nh my......................................................16
1.5. V iu kin kh hu - thu vn........................................................................17
1.6. V mi trng v sinh cng nghip..................................................................17
2. Tng hng mc cc cng trnh ca nh my ..........................................................17
2.1. Phn xng tip nhn v x l qu..................................................................17
2.2. Phn xng ln men.........................................................................................17
2.3. Phn xng tr ru vang................................................................................18
2.4. Phn xng hon thin.....................................................................................18
2.5. Kho thnh phm................................................................................................18
2.6. Nh lnh............................................................................................................19
2.7. Kho nguyn liu................................................................................................19
2.8. Kho cha chai, bock v thng..........................................................................19
2.9. Trm bin p.....................................................................................................19
2.10. Phn xng c in........................................................................................19
2.11. Nh ni hi.....................................................................................................20
2.12. Bi x than.......................................................................................................20
2.13. Nh CIP..........................................................................................................20
2.14. Khu x l b thi............................................................................................20
2.15. Khu x l nc thi........................................................................................20
2.16. Khu nh hnh chnh........................................................................................20
2.17. Khu nh n - hi trng..................................................................................21
2.18. Nh gii thiu sn phm.................................................................................21
2.19. Khu vc gii tr v ngh ngi..........................................................................21
2.20. Khu vc th thao.............................................................................................21
2.21. Nh xe p xe my..................................................................................21
2.22. Khu vc nh tm - v sinh..............................................................................21
2.23. Phng bo v..................................................................................................22
2.24. Gara t..........................................................................................................22
2.25. Tng din tch cc cng trnh xy dng.........................................................22
3. Thit k tng mt bng nh my.............................................................................22
3.1. Nhim v v yu cu thit k tng mt bng nh my.....................................22
3.2. Thuyt minh vng v cc phn xng trong nh my.....................................23
4. Thit k nh sn xut chnh.....................................................................................31
5. Tnh ton cc h s..................................................................................................31
Chng 7: TNH IN HI LNH NC...........................................................1

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Phn 0: Mc lc
Nguyn Minh c
1. Tnh cng sut in cn tiu th cho ton nh my...................................................1
1.1. Tnh in tiu th cho chiu sng.......................................................................1
1.2. Tnh cng sut tiu th cho sn xut..................................................................9
1.3. Xc nh ph ti tnh ton (hay in nng tiu th trung bnh)........................10
1.4. Xc nh h s cng sut v dung lng b.....................................................10
1.5. Chn my bin p v my pht in.................................................................11
1.6. Tnh in nng tiu th.....................................................................................12
2. Tnh hi...................................................................................................................13
2.1. Tnh nhit dng un nc nng...................................................................13
2.2. Tnh nhit cho phn xng hon thin.............................................................13
2.3. Chn ni hi v tnh nhin liu........................................................................14
2.4. Chn ni hi.....................................................................................................14
2.5. Tnh nhin liu dng cho ni hi......................................................................15
3. Tnh lnh..................................................................................................................16
3.1. Tnh lnh cho phn xng ln men..................................................................16
3.2. Tnh lnh cho phn xng tr ru vang.........................................................20
3.3. Tnh lnh v chn my lnh cho ton b nh my...........................................20
4. Tnh nc dng cho ton nh my..........................................................................21
4.1. Tnh nc dng cho phn xng tip nhn v x l qu.................................21
4.2. Tnh lng nc dng cho phn xng ln men..............................................21
4.3. Tnh lng nc cn dng cho phn xng tng tr.......................................22
4.4. Tnh lng nc cn dng cho phn xng hon thin...................................23
4.5. Tnh nc cho nh ni hi................................................................................23
4.6. Tnh nc cho nh CIP.....................................................................................23
4.7. Tnh lng nc dng cho khu nh hnh chnh...............................................24
4.8. Tnh lng nc dng cho khu nh n - hi trng.........................................24
4.9. Tnh lng nc dng cho khu nh tm - v sinh............................................24
4.10. Tng lng nc cn dng cho ton nh my...............................................24
Chng 8: TNH TON KINH T...................................................................................1
1. Mc ch v nhim v...............................................................................................1
1.1. Mc ch.............................................................................................................1
1.2. Nhim v............................................................................................................1
2. Ni dung tnh ton.....................................................................................................2
2.1. Chi ph cho nguyn liu sn xut chnh..............................................................2
2.2. Chi ph cho nguyn liu ph...............................................................................2
2.3. Vn u t cho nh my ....................................................................................3
2.4. Vn u t chi ph cho cc thit b chnh trong sn xut...................................4
2.5. Chi ph nhin liu v nc..................................................................................5
2.6. Vn u t thu t ca nh my.......................................................................6
2.7. Tnh tin lng...................................................................................................6
3. Tnh gi thnh sn phm v doanh thu ca nh my.................................................8
3.1. Tnh khu hao nh xng, thit b (khu hao ti sn c nh)...........................8
3.2. Tng chi ph ca nh my sn xut trong 1 nm (C1)........................................8
3.3. Tnh gi thnh sn phm.....................................................................................9
3.4. Doanh thu ca nh my......................................................................................9
4. Tnh li nhun, vn lu ng v tnh NPV ..............................................................9
4.1. Tnh li nhun.....................................................................................................9
4.2. Tnh ton lung tin hot ng (OCF).............................................................10
4.3. Tnh vn lu ng............................................................................................10

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Phn 0: Mc lc
Nguyn Minh c
4.4. Tnh NPV (gi tr hin ti rng).......................................................................10
4.5. Tnh thi gian thu hi vn................................................................................11
Chng 9: V SINH, AN TON LAO NG V BO V
MI TRNG..................................................................................................................1
1. V sinh nh my........................................................................................................1
1.1. V sinh nh xng thit b..................................................................................1
1.2. V sinh c nhn...................................................................................................1
2. An ton lao ng........................................................................................................2
2.1. An ton in........................................................................................................2
2.2. An ton vn hnh v an ton thit b..................................................................2
2.3. An ton hi, kh..................................................................................................3
3. Bo v mi trng.....................................................................................................3
3.1. Lm sch khng kh thi.....................................................................................3
3.2. X l nc thi...................................................................................................3
3.3. X l b thi.......................................................................................................4
KT LUN......................................................................................................................1
TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................1

Lp CNSHA k46