. . .

. . , . .

2006

1. .. . . ( ).
:
http://afrodita.phys.msu.ru/download/inteq/yagola/.
2. .., . . . .: , 2002.
3. .. .
.: , 2000.
4. .., .., .., ..
. .
.: , 2003.

1. .. , .. .
. .: , 1989.
2. .. . .
3. .. , .. , .. .
. : , 1991.
4. .. . . .: , 1979.
5. . .
.. . . -, 1998.
6. .., .. .
.: , 2001.
7. .., ..
. .: , 2001.

 1
,

L () ,
x, y x + y L ( x y),
x L () x L ,
:
1) x, y L
x + y = y + x ( );
2) x, y, z L
( x + y ) + z = x + ( y + z ) ( );
3) L ( ,
L) , x L x + = x ( );
4) x L ( x) L ( x)
, x + ( x) = ( );
5) x, y L () ( x + y ) = x + y
( );
6) () x L ( + )x = x + x
( );
7) () , x L ( ) x = ( x)
( );
8) x L 1 x = x ( ).
x1 , x2 ,..., xm L ,
() C1 , C2 ,..., Cm , ,
m

C x
k =1

= ;

C1 = C2 = ... = Cm = 0 , x1 , x2 ,..., xm - .
n , ,
n , n + 1 . (n).
n n ,
.
M ,
x, y M ( x, y ) ( ,
), :
1) x, y M
( x, y ) 0 ,
( x, y ) = 0
, x y ( );
2) x, y M
( x, y ) = ( y, x) ( );
3) x, y, z M ( x, y ) ( x, z ) + ( y, z ) ( ).
.
xn M , n = 1, 2,...
x0 M ( xn x0 n ), ( xn , x0 ) 0 n .

 N ,
x N () || x || ( ),
:
1) x N
|| x || 0 , || x || = 0 ,
x = - ;
2) x N () || x || = | | || x ||
( );
3) x, y N || x + y || || x || + || y || ( ).

( x, y ) = || x y || .
xn N , n = 1, 2,...
( N) x0 N ( xn x0 n ),
|| xn x0 || 0 n .
xn
(!) , .. xn x0 n , || xn || || x0 ||
n . , , .
xn , n = 1, 2,... N
, > 0 K ,
n K p || xn + p xn || .
, .
,
.
.
xn , n = 1, 2,... N
, C , || xn || C
n = 1, 2,... .
xn , n = 1, 2,... N,
,
, .
.
, ,
, , .
E ,
x, y E ( x, y ) , ,
:
1) x, y E
( x, y ) = ( y , x )
();
2) x, y, z E
( x + y , z ) = ( x, z ) + ( y , z )
(
);
3) x, y E ( x, y ) = ( x, y )
( );
4) x E ( x, x) 0 , ( x, x) = 0 , x =
( ).
,
|| x ||E = ( x, x) .

 x y
- ( x, y ) 2 ( x, x) ( y, y ) | ( x, y ) | || x || || y || ,
, x y .
.
1.

C[a, b] .

[ a , b]
.

y C [ a ,b ] = max | y ( x) | , C[a, b] -
x[ a ,b ]

2.

. C[a, b] - ().
C ( p ) [a, b] .
, p-
p

[a, b] .

3.

C ( p ) [ a ,b ]

= max | y ( k ) ( x) | ,
k =0

x[ a ,b ]

C ( p ) [a, b] - p- .
C ( p ) [a, b] - .
() h[a, b] .
[a, b] .
b

( y, z ) = y ( x) z ( x)dx - , ,
a

|| y ||h[ a ,b ] =

( x)dx ;

h[a, b] - . h[a, b]
.

1.1. , () ,
[a, b] () ( C[a, b] ).
. ,
, ,
.
1) y ( x), z ( x) C[a, b]
y ( x) + z ( x) = z ( x) + y ( x) ;
2) y ( x), z ( x), w( x) C[a, b]
[ y ( x) + z ( x)] + w( x) = y ( x) + [ z ( x) + w( x)] ;
3)
y ( x ) 0 C[ a , b ] ;
4) y ( x) C[a, b]
y ( x ) C[ a , b ] ;
5) y ( x), z ( x) C[a, b],
[ y ( x) + z ( x)] = y ( x) + z ( x) ;
6) y ( x) C[a, b], ,
( + ) y ( x) = y ( x) + y ( x) ;
7) y ( x) C[a, b], ,
( ) y ( x) = [ y ( x)] ;
8) y ( x) C[a, b]
1 y ( x) = y ( x) .

 1.2.
, C[a, b] ,
y ( x) C[a, b] y C [ a ,b ] = max | y ( x) | .
x[ a ,b ]

.

, .. .
1)
y ( x) C[a, b] :
y C [ a ,b ] = max | y ( x) | 0 , y C [ a ,b ] = 0 y ( x) 0 = ;
x[ a ,b ]

2)

y ( x) C[a, b], :

3)

y ( x), z ( x) C[a, b] :

= max | y ( x) |=| | max | y ( x) |=| | y

C [ a ,b ]

x[ a ,b ]

y+z

C [ a ,b ]

= max | y ( x) + z ( x) |
x[ a ,b ]

max (| y ( x) | + | z ( x) |) max | y ( x) | + max | z ( x) |= y

x[ a ,b ]

C [ a ,b ]

x[ a ,b ]

x[ a ,b ]

x[ a ,b ]

C [ a ,b ]

+ z

C [ a ,b ]

1.3. - h[a, b]
b

h[ a ,b ]

( s ) ds .

. - h[a, b]
2

b
b
b

2
( y, z ) y ( x) z ( x)dx y ( x)dx z 2 ( x)dx
y ( x), z ( x) h[a, b] .
a
a
a

2
0 ( y + z , y + z ) = ( y, y ) + 2 ( y, z ) + ( z , z ) ,
y ( x), z ( x) h[a, b] .
( ) , ..
4( y, z ) 2 4( y, y )( z , z ) 0 , :
2

b
b
b

( y, z ) y ( x) z ( x)dx ( y, y )( z , z ) y 2 ( x)dx z 2 ( x)dx .

a
a
a

.
.
h[a, b]
.
b

1) y ( x) h[a, b] :

h[ a ,b ]

( x)dx 0 , y

h[ a , b ]

= 0 y ( x) 0 = ;

2) y ( x) h[a, b], :

3) y ( x), z ( x) h[a, b] :

h[ a , b ]

y+z

2
h[ a , b ]

y ( x)dx =| |
2

a
b

( x)dx =| | y

h[ a , b ]

a
b

= ( y ( x) + z ( x)) 2 dx = ( y 2 ( x) + z 2 ( x) + 2 y ( x) z ( x))dx
a

( -)
b

y ( x) dx + z ( x) dx + 2
2

( x) dx

( x) dx = (|| y ||h[ a ,b ] + || z ||h[ a ,b ] ) ,

2

y+z

h[ a , b ]

|| y ||h[ a ,b ] + || z ||h[ a ,b ] .

 1.4. y ( x) = sin x + cos x

a) C[0, 2 ] ;
) h[0, 2 ] .
. )

sin x + cos x

C [0,2 ]

= max | sin x + cos x |= 2 ;

x[0,2 ]

sin x + cos x

h[0,2 ]

(sin x + cos x)

dx = 2 .

1.5.
,
.
. xn N
, > 0 K , n K
p || xn + p xn || .
xn (
N) x0 N , > 0
, n K p :

|| xn x0 ||

|| xn + p x0 ||

.
2
2
, n K p
|| xn + p xn ||=|| xn + p x0 + x0 xn || || xn + p x0 || + || xn x0 || , .

1.6. , h[a, b] .
.

h[a, b] ,
.
h[1,1]
( ):
1

1, 1 x n

yn ( x) = nx, 0 | x |
n

x 1 .
1,
n

, h[1,1] .
> 0 m > n ,
N ( ) ,
)

y n ( x ) ym ( x )

2
h[ 1,1]

= ( yn ( x) ym ( x)) dx = 2 ( mx nx) dx + 2 (1 nx) 2 dx =

2

2
2n
4
4
+ 2

<
3n 3m 3m 3n

4
m > n > N ( ) = + 1 , .
3
) yn ( x) h[1,1] , ..
( x) , > 0 N1 ( ) n N1 ( )

yn ( x) ( x) h[ 1,1] = ( yn ( x) ( x)) 2 dx .
2

1, 1 x < 0

( x) = 0,
x=0 .
1, 0 < x 1

> 0 N 2 ( ) , n N 2 ( )
1

2
2
( yn ( x) ( x)) dx = 2 (nx 1) dx =

,
:

> 0

n max{N1 ( ), N 2 ( )}

0<

( ( x) ( x))

2
.
3n 2

dx =

[( ( x) y ( x)) + ( y ( x) ( x)] dx
2

( -)
1

2
( ( x) yn ( x)) dx +

2
( yn ( x) ( x)) dx = yn ( x) ( x)

+
h[ 1,1]

( y ( x) ( x))
n

dx

= .

> 0 ,
yn ( x) h[1,1] .
, yn ( x)
h[1,1] , , .

1.7.
,
C[a, b] .
. C[0,1]

yn = sin 2n x , n = 1, 2,3, ... . , yn C [0,1] = max | yn ( x) |= 1 , ..

x[0,1]

.
, C[0,1] .

, i x =
yi ( x ) = sin 2i

1
= 1.
2i +1

1
[0,1] ,
2i +1

k > i

1
= 0 . ,
yi yk C [0,1] | yi ( x ) yk ( x ) |= 1 , ..
2i +1

, .
yk ( x ) = sin 2k


1.1

, h[ a, b] .

1.2

, C

1.3
1.4

, \ || x ||=| arctg x | .
:
) || y ||= max
| y ( x) |
C[ a , b ] ;
a +b

( p)

[a, b] .

x[ a ,

) || y ||=| y ( a ) | + max | y ( x) |

(1)

C [ a , b] ;

x[ a ,b ]

) || y ||=| y (b) y ( a ) | + max | y ( x) |

(1)

C [ a , b] .

x[ a ,b ]

1.5

, C[0, 2]

C (1) [0, 2] :
) y = 2 sin x cos x
) y = 3 cos x sin x
) y = x 2 x
) y = x 2 4 x
) y = x 2 6 x .
1.6

h[0,1] :
) y = 2 sin x cos x
) y = x 2 x

1.9

) y = x 3 1 .
, ,
.
, , [a, b]
( ) .
h[ a, b] .

1.10

h[ a, b] .

1.11

, yn ( x ) = x C[0,1] .

1.12

, [a, b] yn ( x) ,

1.7
1.8

yn

2
h[ a , b ]

+ yn

2
h[ a , b ]

, > 0,

C[ a, b].

1.4

1.5

|| y ||C [0,2] = 5 ,

|| y ||C (1) [0,2] = ( + 1) 5 ;

|| y ||C [0,2] = 10 ,

|| y ||C (1) [0,2] = ( + 1) 10 ;

|| y ||C [0,2] = 2 ,

|| y ||C (1) [0,2] = 5 ;

|| y ||C [0,2] = 4 ,

|| y ||C (1) [0,2] = 8 ;

|| y ||C [0,2] = 9 ,

|| y ||C (1) [0,2] = 15 .

|| y ||h[0,1] =

1.6

5
;
2

|| y ||h[0,1] =
8

1
;
30

|| y ||h[0,1] =

3
.
14

 2
.
.

, L1 L2
, y1 y2 L1
1 2 A(1 y1 + 2 y2 ) = 1 Ay1 + 2 Ay2 .
D( A) - , R( A) - .
A : y = Ax , L1
L2 ,
,
1
1
A : A y = x D( A1 ) = R ( A)

1
R ( A ) = D( A) = L1 .
- A Ker A = {x L1 : Ax = } .
, Ker A L1 , Ker A .
Ker A { } (- ), A .
A. A y0 D( A) ,
> 0 > 0 , y D( A)
|| y y0 || || Ay Ay0 || .
. A y0 D( A) ,

yn D( A) , yn y0 , Ayn
Ay0 .
.
A D( A) ( N1),
. ,
.
A N1 N2 = sup Ay N2
y

N1 =1

, sup Ay
y

N1 =1

N2

< + .

. A : N1 N 2 ,
, .
. y N1
Ay N A N N y N1 ,
2

, N1
N 2 .
,
y n N1 zn = Ayn
N 2 ,
(..
).
(,
),
.
8

2.1.

, Ay = K ( x, s ) y ( s )ds
a

C[a, b] C[a, b]
.
b

z ( x) = Ay K ( x, s ) y ( s )ds , y ( s ) -

[a, b] , || y ||C [ a ,b ] = max | y ( x) | = 1 . K ( x, s )

x[ a ,b ]

( [a, b] [a, b] ), .
K 0 = max | K ( x, s ) | , x [a, b]
x , s[ a ,b ]

| z ( x) | =

K ( x, s) y(s) ds | K ( x, s) | | y(s) | ds max | y(s) | | K ( x, s)| ds || y ||C[a,b] K0 (b a)

s[ a ,b ]

|| Ay ||C [ a ,b ] = || z ||C [ a ,b ] max | z ( x) | || y ||C [ a ,b ] K 0 (b a) = K 0 (b a) ,


 

x[ a ,b ]
=1

, C[a, b] C[a, b] ,
.

y ( x) : || y ||C [ a ,b ] = 1 ,
|| A || sup || Ay || K 0 (b a) .
|| y|| =1

2.2. ,
C[a, b] C[a, b] .
.
yn ( x)
[a, b] , n
b

yn

C [ a ,b ]

zn ( x) = Ayn K ( x, s ) yn ( s )ds .

= max | yn ( x) | M .
x[ a ,b ]

zn ( x)
,
[a, b] .
)
. K 0 = max | K ( x, s ) | .
x , s[ a ,b ]

| zn ( x ) | =

x, s )| | y ( s ) | ds M K
K ( x, s) y (s) ds |K( 

K0

(b a) = C ,

.
) zn ( x) .
x1 , x2 [a, b] .
b

zn ( x1 ) zn ( x2 ) = [ K ( x1 , s ) K ( x2 , s )] yn ( s ) ds | K ( x1 , s ) K ( x2 , s ) | | yn ( s) | ds


 > 0 . K ( x, s )
x, s [a, b] [a, b] , ,
. > 0 > 0 ,

, x1 x2 .
M (b a)
, > 0 > 0 ,

K ( x1 , s ) K ( x2 , s )

zn ( x1 ) zn ( x2 ) | K ( x1 , s ) K ( x2 , s ) | | yn ( s ) | ds | K ( x1 , s ) K ( x2 , s ) | | yn ( s) | ds
 

M (ba )

n = 1, 2,... x1 , x2 [a, b] , x1 x2 , ..
zn ( x) .
, z n (x)
( !) .
z n (x) ,
C[a, b] C[a, b] .
2.3. , B : N 2 N 3 ,
A : N1 N 2 , BA : N1 N 3
( N1 , N 2 , N 3 ).

.
)
A: N1 N 2 ,
zn N1
Azn N 2 .
) , B: N 2 N 3
yn N 2 Byn N 3 . yn ,
ynk y0 N 2 .
Byn N 3 Bynk .
ynk N 2
ynm y0 . B Bynm :
Bynm By0 N 3 , Byn .

BA :
N1 N 3

zn N1 BA zn N 3 , .. .
2.4. - ,
. , , Ay = ,
(- ).
.
)
y1 y2 , Ay1 = Ay2 = .
1 , 2 A(1 y1 + 2 y2 ) = 1 Ay1 + 2 Ay2 = , ..
y : Ay = - .
)
, .. Ayn = yn y0 , Ay0 = .
10

 - ,
|| Ay0 || = || ( Ay0 Ayn ) + Ayn || || Ay0 Ayn || + || Ayn || || A || || y0 yn || 0 n .


=0

|| Ay0 || = 0 , Ay0 = , .

. ,
.
2.5.
, ,
1
A .
. A - ,
A1 . y1 , y2 R( A) 1 , 2
A1 (1 y1 + 2 y2 ) = 1 A1 y1 + 2 A1 y2 .
Ax1 = y1 , Ax2 = y2 ,
A(1 x1 + 2 x2 ) = 1 Ax1 + 2 Ax2 = 1 y1 + 2 y2 ,
1 x1 + 2 x2 = A1 (1 y1 + 2 y2 ) .
, A1 y1 = x1 , A1 y2 = x2 , 1 , 2 ,
1 A1 y1 + 2 A1 y2 = 1 x1 + 2 x2 .
A1 (1 y1 + 2 y2 ) = 1 x1 + 2 x2 = 1 A1 y1 + 2 A1 y2 ,
.
2.6.
, , A1
, A .
.
)
. , .. Ax = x = ( ). x1 x2
A( x1 x2 ) Ax1 Ax2 , .. ,
A1 .
) . A1 . ; A1 -
(. 2.5) - . , ..
x , Ax = . x = A1 Ax = A1 (N
Ax) = A1 = .
=

, Ax = , x = , .. - .

d

dx
C0(1) [0,1] y ( x) ,

2.7. A =

y (0) = 0 . , A A1 .
. C[0,1] . ,
d
A1 . Ay =
y ( x) 0, y (0) = 0
dx

11

 y ( x) 0 = , .. - ,
, A1 .
A1 , z ( x) C[0,1]
d
Ay = z ( y ( x) C0(1) [0,1]) ,
y ( x) = z ( x), y (0) = 0 .
dx
x

y ( x) = z ( s ) ds , .. A1 z = z ( s ) ds .
d

dx
C (1) [0,1] C[0,1] , , -
y ( x) = c . .
,
d
( Ker A (-) A = ), ..
dx
(1)
C [0,1] C[0,1] , ,
.
.

A =

2.8. , A ,
,
.
. , A1 . , , A1
, A1 A (. 2.3),
, A1 A = I (.
). , A1 - .
x

2.9.

By = y ( s ) ds ( x [0,1] ),
0

C[0,1] .
)
, .
) , ,
.
)
( I B) 1 .
.
) ,
C[0,1] . || y ||= max | y ( x) |= 1 .
x[0,1]

|| By ||C [0,1] = max | y ( s) ds | max | y ( s) | ds 1 ,

x[0,1]

x[0,1]

.
)

C[0,1]
x

z ( x) = By = y ( s ) ds ,
0

12

z (0) = 0 .

y(s) ds = 0

( x [0,1] ) , y ( x) 0 ,

By = y = , .. - ,
- , ,
. D( A1 ) - A1 .
,

B 1 =

d
,
dx

BB 1 y = y( s ) ds = y ( x) y (0) = y ( x)

d
y ( s) ds = y ( x) .
dx 0
, .
yn D( A1 ) C[0,1] : yn ( x) = sin 2 nx, ( yn (0) = 0!!!) ,
|| yn ||C [0,1] = 1 , n = 1, 2,3... .

B 1 By =

d
sin 2 nx = 2 n ,
x[0,1] dx
.

|| B 1 yn ||C [0,1] = max

B 1

..

sup

yD ( A1 ), || y || =1

|| B 1 y ||

1. 2.2, ,
, ,
( 2.8).
)

( I B) 1 ,
x

z ( x) y ( x) y ( s )ds = z ( x) . , y (0) = z (0) .

0

z ( x) ,
y ( x) = z ( x) + w( x) , w( x) - ,
x

w( x) = z ( s )ds + w( s )ds,

w(0) = 0 . , w( x) ;
w( x) = w( x) + z ( x), w(0) = 0 ,

w( x) = e x z ( s ) e s ds . y ( x) = z ( x) + e x z ( s ) e s ds ,
0

( I B) 1 ( I B) 1 z = z ( x) + z ( s ) e x s ds .
0

2. B y = dt y ( s ) ds = y ( s )ds dt = ( x s ) y ( s )ds .
2

, , ,
x
t
x
x
x
(t s ) n 1
(t s ) n 1
( x s)n
B n +1 y = BB n y = dt
y ( s ) ds = y ( s ) ds
dt =
y ( s ) ds .
n!
(n 1)!
(n 1)!
0
0
0
0
s
,

e xs

e xs =
0

( I B) 1 z = z ( x) +
0

( x s)n
z ( s ) ds = z + B n +1 z .
n!
0

( x s)n
,
n!

( I B) 1 ( I B) 1 = I + B n .
1

13

d
dx
(1)
) C [0,1] C[0,1] ;
) C (2) [0,1] C[0,1] .
2.10.

, A =

.
1
cos 2n x , n=1,2,3,.
2n
C (1) [0,1] , n
1
|| yn ||C (1) [0,1] = max | yn ( x) | + max | yn ( x) |= n + 1 < 2 .
x[0,1]
x[0,1]
2
Ayn = sin 2n x , n=1,2,3,
C[0,1] (. 1.7).
C (1) [0,1] C[0,1] .
) yn - C (2) [0,1] ,
.. M > 0 , || yn ||C ( 2 ) [0,1] = max | yn ( x) | + max | yn ( x) | + max | yn( x) | M
)

C (1) [0,1] yn =

x[0,1]

x[0,1]

x[0,1]

n. , : max | yn ( x) | M
x[0,1]

max | yn( x) | M .
x[0,1]

d
yn ( x) . zn ( x)
dx
, , , zn ( x) = yn ( x)
.
, zn ( x) . ,

max | yn( x) | M ,
x[0,1]

zn ( x) = Ayn =

> 0 ,
x1 , x2 [0,1] ,

x1 x2

0<

.
M

yn ( x1 ) yn ( x2 ) =| yn( x) | | x1 x2 | M .

, , , zn = Ayn
d
C[0,1] , A =

dx
C (2) [0,1] C[0,1] .

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

, h[ a, b]
.
, h[ a, b]
.
, , ,
, .
, , ,
, .

14

2.5

, Ay = e xs y 2 ( s ) ds , C[0,1] C[0,1] ,
0

sup || Ay || < + .
|| y|| =1

2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9

2.10
2.11

2.12

2.13
2.14

: , , ,
.
,
.
, , C > 0 ,
y || Ay || C || y || .
, , C (1) [ a, b] C[ a, b ] ,
.
, ,
C[ a, b] C[ a, b] C[ a, b] ,
.
, A - , A : N1 N2 , N1 N2

, A 0 , || A || > 0 .
) , ,
m > 0 , y D ( A) || Ay || m || y || .
) , || A1 || = 1 , -
M
m , . ).
, B : N 2 N 3 ,
A : N1 N2 , BA : N1 N 3 - ( N1 , N 2 , N 3
). 2.3.
, , h[a, b] C[ a, b] ,
.
, , h[ a, b] h[ a, b] ,
.
x

2.15

By =

K ( x, s) y ( s) ds

2.16
2.17

C[ a, b] C[ a, b] .
, x : Ay = x y ( x ) , C[ a, b] C[ a, b] ,
.
, , C[ a, b ] ,
.
1

2.18

, Ay =

y(s)
( x s)2

ds

C[0,1] C[0,1] .
2.19

Ay =

d
y ( x) + 4 y ( x) ,
dx

C0(1) [0,1] C[0,1] ( C0(1) [0,1] - [0,1] ,

y (0) = 0 ,
, .
1

: A y = e

4( x s )

C (1) [0,1] ),

y ( s ) ds .

15

 3

.

A : E E , ,
, y1 , y2 E ( Ay1 , y2 ) = ( y1 , A y2 ) . A = A ,
.
A L.
A, y ,
Ay = y . y .
, ,
L .
1
=
( 0) A.

. ,
, ,
: | | = || A || .
.
, , ,
(. ).
() A,
|| e || = 1 || Ae || = || A || .
.
z - , z -
A 2 , = || A ||2 = M 2 .
A 2 z,
M 2 , ,
M M .
b

K ( x, s )

Ay = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds
a

h[a, b] h[a, b]

, ,
( x, s ) [a, b] [a, b] , .
, 0 : Ay = y , y 0 ,
y h[a, b] .
1
: = , 0 .

A y = y .
. A ,
, .

16

.
A , : || A || | | > 0 , ( -
) .
,
, .
. A

. ,
.
.
)
, , :
|| A || = | 1 | | 2 | ... | n | ... ,
;
, || A || = | 1 | | 2 | ... | n | > n +1 = 0
( ,
).
) , n 0 .
n

) ,
,
( , ,
, ,
, -).

:
1 2 ... n ( );
1 2 ... n ... ( ).
lim n = .
n

n
n , { n } .
,
.

K ( x, s ) .
-
(, ) :
1 2 ... n ... ,
1 , 2 ,..., n ,... .
. y - ( y Ker A )
, ( y, k ) = 0 k = 1,2,... ( k -
).
-. f (x)
K ( x, s ) , g (x) ,
b

f ( x) = K ( x, s ) g ( s ) ds . f (x)
a

17

K ( x, s ) , f ( x) = f k k ( x) ,
k =1

f k = ( f , k ) = f ( s ) k ( s ) ds , [a, b] .
a

hC [a, b] ,
x: y ( x) = u ( x) + i v( x) x [a, b] ,
u(x), v(x)
[a,b] .
b

: ( y1 , y 2 ) = y1 ( x) y 2 ( x) dx (

).
.
K ( x, s ) hC[a,b].
.

K(x,s)

K ( x, s ) = a j ( x) b j ( s ) ,
j =1

..

a1 ( x),..., a n ( x) b1 ( s ),..., bn ( s ) -

[a, b] ,
. ,
.


c1
b

n
ci = c j a j ( x) bi ( x) dx , i = 1, 2,..., n , K C = C , K = {kij }i , j =1 , C = # .
j =1
a
c



n
kij

n , , (
1
n =
)
n
, det( K I ) = 0 .


7.

18

3.1.
M - ,
. ,
M .
. y M , z M , .. ( y, z ) = 0 .
, Ay M y M , ..
( Ay, z ) = 0 . , Az M .
- , ( Ay, z ) = ( y, Az ) = 0 , .. Az
y M , Az M , .
3.2.
,
|| A || = sup | ( Ay, y ) | .
|| y|| =1

. = sup | ( Ay, y ) | ,
|| y|| =1

-,

| ( Ay, y ) | || Ay || ||N
y || || A || ||N
y || = || A || , sup | ( Ay, y ) |
=1

|| y|| =1

=1

= sup | ( Ay, y ) | || A || .
|| y|| =1

, || A || .
y
y0 =
, , | ( Ay0 , y0 ) | sup | ( Ay0 , y0 ) | = ,
|| y ||
|| y0 || =1
2

| ( Ay, y ) | || y || . ,
( Ay, z ) = ( y, Az ) (
), 4( Ay, z ) = ( A( y + z ), y + z ) ( A( y z ), y z ) .

4 | ( Ay, z ) | = | ( A( y + z ), y + z ) ( A( y z ), y z ) | | ( A( y + z ), y + z ) | + | ( A( y z ), y z ) |
|| y + z ||2 + || y z ||2 = 2 (|| y ||2 + || z ||2 ) .
Ay
,
, || y || = 1, || z || = 1 , | ( Ay, z ) | . z =
|| Ay ||
| ( Ay, Ay ) |
= || Ay || , || y || = 1 , || A || .

|| Ay ||
, || A || , || A || = = sup | ( Ay, y ) | , .
|| y|| =1

.
, ,
- ,
| | = || A || = sup | ( Ay, y ) |
|| y|| =1

19

 3.3.
Ay = (1 x) y ( x) ,
h[0,1] .
) , .
) , .
.
) ,

A = sup Ay .
y =1

h[0,1] y ( x) : || y ||h[0,1] =

( x) dx = 1 .

(1 x)

|| Ay ||h[0,1] =

y ( x) dx
2

( x) dx = 1 ,

|| A || 1 .
, 1.
yn ( x) , || Ayn ||h[0,1] 1 .
n

3n (1 nx), 0 x n
.
yn ( x ) =

0 ,
x

n
, n || yn ||h[0,1] = 1
1
n

|| Ayn ||h2[0,1] = 3n (1 nx) 2 (1 x) 2 dx = 1

0

1
1

1.
2n 10n 2 n

|| A || = 1 .
)
, h[0,1]

. , y : || y || = 1
,
|| Ay || = || A || . ,
y0 ( x) : || y0 || = 1 ,
1

|| y0 ||2 = y02 ( x) dx = 1 ,

|| Ay0 ||2 = (1 x) 2 y02 ( x) dx =|| A ||2 = 1 .

(1 x) ] y
[1


2
0

( x) dx = 0 , .

>0

, , ..
.
. h[0,1]
, ,
.

3.4. K ( 2 ) ( x, s ) = K ( x, s )

1 ( x ) 1 ( s )
, 1 -
1

Ay = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds
a

20

, 1 .
b

(2)

(2)

( x, s ) : A y = K (2) ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds .
(2)

, :
) 2 ,..., n ,... ,
2 ... n ... ,

A(2) ,

2 ... n ... ;
) A(2) , k , k = 2,3, 4,... ;
) 1 A(2),
K ( 2 ) ( x, s ) .
.
, K ( 2 ) ( x, s )
, .. A(2)
. , A(2)
b
( x) 1 ( s )

] y ( s ) ds = A y 1 (1 , y ) .
: A(2) y = [ K ( x, s ) 1

,
b
1
, A k = K ( x, s ) k ( s ) ds = k . ,
k
a
b

|| k || = k2 ( x) dx = 1 .
2

k , k = 2,3, 4,... A

1 ( x) 1 ( s )
1
1
k ( s ) ds =
k ( x) 0 =
k ( x) ,

1
k
k
a

A(2) k = K (2) ( x, s ) k ( s ) ds = K ( x, s ) k ( s ) ds
a

..

A(2) ,

k .
)  - A(2) ,  -
1

, ..
A(2) =  . ,

A , .. k , k = 2,3, 4,... .

b
b
b
( x) 1 ( s )
(2)
(2)








= A = K ( x, s) ( s ) ds = K ( x, s ) ( s ) ds 1
 ( s) ds =  A 0 =  A ,

1
a
a
a

.. A , .
( k  -
!!!)
b

(s)  (s) ds = ( ,  ) = ( ,  A
1

 ) =  (1 , A(2) ) = ( A(2) c ) =  ( A(2)1 ,  ) =

(2)

( ,  )
( ,  )
(1 , 1 ) =  1 ,  1 = 0 .
=  ( A1 ,  ) 1
1 

1
=1

21

1
1
1
1 ( x)
1 ( x) = 0 1 ( x) , 1 -
(1 , 1 ) =
1
k
k

) A(2)1 = A1

A(2) , 0 = 0 .
3.5.
, x : Ay = x y ( x) ,
h[0,1]
) ;
) .
.
1

a) ( Ay, z ) = [ x y ( x)] z ( x) dx = y ( x) [ x z ( x)] dx = ( y, Az ) , .. - .

) Ay x y ( x) = y ( x) ( x ) y ( x) = 0 ,
y ( x) 0 . , Ay = y ,
.
. (.
2.16),
.
x

, Ay = y ( s) ds ( x [0,1] ),

3.6.

h[0,1] :
) ;
) .
.
)
, -
h[0,1] C[0,1] .

yn h[0,1] :
yn

h[0,1]

2
yn ( x)dx M , n=1,2,, zn ( x) = Ayn = yn (s) ds .

zn ( x) C[0,1] . ,
zn ( x ) =

yn (s) ds = 1 yn (s) ds

2
ds yn (s) ds

2
0 ds 0 yn (s) ds M
N  

M 2

x [0,1] n=1,2, , || zn ||C [0,1] = sup | zn ( x) | M ,

x[0,1]

.

x1 , x2 [0,1] .
zn ( x1 ) zn ( x2 ) =

x1

x2

x2

x1

yn (s) ds yn (s) ds =

yn ( s) ds

x2

x2

z n (x) .
1

2
2
x ds x yn (s) ds ( x2 x1 ) 0 yn (s) ds
1
1
 

M2

22

 > 0 0 < =
x1 , x2 [0,1] ,

. n = 1, 2,3,...

M2

x1 x2 =

M2
zn ( x1 ) zn ( x2 ) , .. z n (x) .

, z n (x) , [0,1] ,
. ,
z n (x) x [0,1]
. ,
z n (x) . ,
h[0,1] C[0,1] . , ..
,
, ,
.
h[0,1] h[0,1] .
) , .
x

Ay y ( s ) ds = y ( x) .
0

y ( x) = ce , (0)=0, y ( x) 0 ,
.
. . ,
,
1

0 0

( Ay, z ) = [ y (t ) dt ] z ( x) dx y ( x) [ z (t ) dt ] dx = ( y, Az ) .
.

, Ay = sin x cos s y ( s ) ds, x [0, ]

3.7.

. y ( x) = sin x cos s y ( s ) ds . ,
0

C = cos s y ( s ) ds ,

y ( x) = C sin x ,

C = cos s C

sin
s ds = 0 . , y ( x) 0 , ..


0

y(s)

.
.
K ( x, s ) = sin x cos s ,
, ,
, .

23

 3.8.

y ( x) = sin( x + s ) y ( s ) ds .
0

. , ,
.
K ( x, s ) = sin( x + s ) = sin x cos s + cos x sin s

cos s y(s) ds = a1 , sin s y(s) ds = a2 .

y ( x) = a1 sin x + a2 cos x ,

a1 = cos s y ( s ) ds = cos s (a1 sin s + a2 cos s ) ds =

a2 = sin s y ( s ) ds = sin s (a1 sin s + a2 cos s ) ds =

a1 2 a2 = 0

a a = 0
2
2 1

1
( ) =

2 =

a2 ,
a1 .

2 = 1 = 0 ,

1 =
1 =

2 =

a2 = a1 , .. y1 ( x) = C (sin x + cos x) ;

a2 = a1 , y2 ( x) = C (sin x cos x) .

, ,
,
1
1
1 ( x) =
2 ( x) =
(sin x + cos x) ,
(sin x cos x) .

3.9.
x, s [a, b] K ( x, s ) = K ( s, x) ,
K ( x, s ) .
,
b

Ay = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds, x [a, b]

.
b

- , ..

K ( x, s) y(s)ds = y( x) ,

y ( x) / 0 - (, ).

24

K ( x, s) y (s)ds = y ( x) , *

.
y ( x) , -
y ( x) , [a, b] . :
b

| y ( x) | dx = y ( x)dx K ( x, s) y ( s)ds ,
2

| y ( x) | dx = y ( x)dx K ( x, s) y ( s)ds = y ( s)ds K ( x, s ) y ( x)dx .

,
K ( x, s ) = K ( s, x)
b

| y ( x) | dx = y ( x)dx K ( s, x) y ( s)ds = y ( x)dx K ( x, s ) y ( s)ds .

( + ) | y ( x) |2 dx = 0 .

y ( x) / 0 , = , .. = 0 , .
. , .
,
( ).
3.10.

Ay = ( x s ) y ( s )ds, x [0,1] .
0

,
1

y ( x) = ( x s ) y ( s )ds .

C1 = y ( s )ds, C2 = s y ( s )ds ,

y ( x) = (C1 x C2 ) , C1 , C2

C1 = (C1s C2 ) ds = C1 C2 , C2 = s (C1s C2 ) ds = C1 C2 ,
 

2
3
2
0
0
y(s)
y(s)

1 2 C1 + C2 = 0

C + 1 +
C =0
3 1 2 2

1
det

1+

1 2
+1 = 0
12

25

1 = +i 2 3, 2 = i 2 3 .

 = 1 = 2i 3 , C1 = C 2 3 , - ,
C2 = C (i + 3) y1 ( x) = 1 (C1 x C2 ) = C (12i x 6i + 2 3) .
= 2 = 2i 3 , C1 = C 2 3 , C2 = C (i + 3)
y2 ( x) = 2 (C1 x C2 ) = C (12i x + 6i + 2 3) .
. ,
. , K ( x, s ) = x s
, (. 3.9).

3.1

i ( x) i ( s )
, k
i
i =1
n

K ( n +1) ( x, s) = K ( x, s)

Ay = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds ,
a

k ,

k=1,2,,n. A(n+1)

K(n+1)(x,s) : A( n +1) y = K ( n +1) ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds .

a

, :
)

k , k = n + 1,...

n+1 ... k ... , A(n+1) ,

n +1 ... k ... ;
) A(n+1) ,
)

k , k = 1, 2,..., n

k , k = n + 1,... ;

A(n+1) ,

K ( n +1) ( x, s ) .
3.2
, ,
h[ a, b] h[ a, b] , .
3.3
,
, h[ a, b] h[ a, b] , .
x

3.4

, By =

K ( x, s) y(s) ds

h[a, b] C[a, b]

h[a, b] h[a, b] .
3.5
3.6

- A,
. , , ,
, A.
,
C

K ( x, s ) h [ a, b] (

3.7

h[ a, b] ),
.
, A ,
, .

26

K ( x, s ) =

sin nx sin ns
,
n2
n =1

3.8

3.9

h[0, ], .
,
K ( x, s ) =

3.10

3.12

sin nx sin ns
, h[0, ],.
n2
n=2

K ( x, s ) =
3.11

sin 2nx sin 2ns

, h[0, ],
(2n) 2
n =1

.
,
.

(
- ):

) y ( x) = cos x cos s y ( s ) ds ;
0

) y ( x) = sin x sin s y ( s ) ds ;
0

) y ( x) = cos( x + s) y ( s ) ds ;
0

) y ( x) = cos( x s) y ( s) ds ;
0
1

) y ( x) = ( x + s ) y ( s ) ds ;
1
1

) y ( x) = xs y ( s ) ds ;
0

) y ( x ) =

( xs + x s

2 2

) y ( s ) ds ;

) y ( x ) =

(1 + cos( x s)) y(s) ds .

3.13

( ,
):
1

) y ( x ) = ( xs 2 x ) y ( s ) ds ;
) y ( x ) =

0
2

sin( x s) y(s) ds ;
0

) y ( x ) =

x cos s y(s) ds ;

y ( x) = cos x sin s y ( s ) ds .
0

27

3.11

Ay = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds , K ( x, s ) =
0

3.12

1 =

1,2 =

)
)
)
)
3.13

)
)

y ( x) = C cos x ;

y ( x) = C sin x ;

y1 ( x) = C cos x;

sin nx sin ns
n2
n=k

2 = ,

( k 2) .

y2 ( x) = C sin x ;

y ( x) = C1 cos x + C2 sin x - .. 2.

3
3
,
y1 ( x) = C (1 + x 3);
2 = ,
y2 ( x) = C (1 x 3) ;
2
2
= 3,
y ( x) = C x ;
3
5
1 = ,
y1 = Cx;
2 = ,
y2 = Cx 2 ;
2
2
1
1
,
1 =
y1 = C ;
2 = ,
y2(1) = C sin x, y2(2) = C cos x .
2

2
1 = 6,
y1 = C ( x 2 x ) ;
i
i
1 = ,
2 = ,
y1 = Ceix ;
y2 = Ce ix ;

1 =

) ( ) ;
) ( ) .

28

 4
.
2- "" .

D , , , D : B B , ( ) .
D ( ),
q: 0 q < 1 , , y1 , y2 B
|| Dy1 Dy2 || q || y1 y2 || .
y D, Dy = y .
( ). D .
, , y B , Dy = y .
: yn +1 = Dyn , n = 0, 1, 2,... , y0 B B ( ),
y n y : Dy = y .
. D - , B ,
k , D k - .
D (.. , Dy = y ), y
: y 0 B
y n +1 = D y n , n = 0,1,... , y n y .

A : C[ a , b ] C [ a , b ] :
b

Ay

K ( x, s) y(s) ds ,

K ( x, s ) x, s , ,

, . :

max | K ( x, s ) | = K 0 ,

x , s[ a ,b ]

1
A . , C[a, b] - , ..
K 0 (b a)
.
1
. | | <
( ),
K 0 (b a)
| | <

2-

y ( x) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds + f ( x)
a

f ( x) C[a, b] ,
.
1
1. | | <

K 0 (b a)
.
2. ,
1
min
.
K 0 (b a)

29

 2- y = A y + f
( I A) y = f , , , ()
y = ( I A) 1 f = ( I + R ) f = f + R f , R -
b

x, s R( x, s, ) , .. y ( x) = f ( x) + R( x, s, ) f ( s)ds .
a

R( x, s, ) R .
b

K1 ( x, s ) K ( x, s ) ,

K n ( x, s ) = K ( x, t ) K n 1 (t , s ) dt ,

n = 2, 3, ...

() . "" ( <

1
)
K 0 (b a )

K1 ( x, s ) + K 2 ( x, s ) + ... + n1 K n ( x, s ) +

 

x, s [ a , b ] ,

= K ( x ,s )

R( x, s, ) R ( x, s, ) = m 1 K m ( x, s ) .
m =1

"" R R = n 1 An n =1

4.1.

, .

. . ,
B , q : 0 q < 1 ,
y1 , y2 B : Ay1 Ay2 q y1 y2 .
> 0 0 < , y, y0 ,
y y0 , 0 q < 1 , :

Ay Ay0 q y y0 < y y0 .

, , .
4.2. , ,
, P = An .
, y = Ay .
. - , :
y = Py
,
, .. :
) y0 B P k y0
y ( );
k
) Py = y P( Py ) = Py = y .... P k y = y k=1,2,3 .
Ay = A N
P k y = A Ank y = Ank Ay = P k Ay . Ay y0

=y

k
, ) Ay = P k Ay = P k y0
y , ,
. )

30

 y = Ay , ..
.

, .. y y Ay = y Ay = y ,
An y Py = y An y Py = y , , y = y
.
4.3.
D,
..

x, y B

|| Ax Ay || A || x y ||, 0 A < 1 || Dx Dy || D || x y ||, 0 D < 1 .

> 0 . D -,
z B || Az Dz || .
, x y

( x , y ) || x y ||

, = max{ A , D } < 1 .

. x - , .. x = Ax , y -
D: y = Dy .
x
y , .. y0 = x , y1 = Dy0 Dx ,..., yk = D k x ;

y = lim D k x .
k

|| x yk || || x y1 || + || y1 y2 || +... + || yk 1 yk || || x y1 || (1 + D + D2 + ... + Dk 1 )

|| x Dx ||
.
1D

k ,
|| x Dx ||
|| Ax Dx ||
|| Ax Dx ||

,

|| x y ||
1D
1D
1
1
.
4.4.
,
, || Ay Az ||B < || y z ||B y, z B ,
.
. R1 : Ax = x +

arctg x .

( y
z ),
1
|| Ay Az ||R1 = | y arctg y ( z arctg z ) | = |1
| | y z | < | y z | || y z ||R1 . ,
1+ 2

y, z B ,

y Ay = y +

2
.

arctg y > y ,

. !!!

31

4.5.

Ay = ( x s) y ( s) ds
0

) C[0,1] C[0,1] ;
) h[0,1] h[0,1] .

.
) y ( x), z ( x) C[0,1] ,
1

|| Ay Az ||C [0,1] = | | max ( x s)[ y ( s) z ( s )] ds | | max | y ( s) z ( s ) | max | x s | = | | || y z ||C [0,1]

x[0,1]

s[0,1]

x , s[0,1]

: C[0,1] C[0,1] | | < 1 .

) y ( x), z ( x) h[0,1] ,
2

= dx ( x s) [ y ( s) z ( s)] ds ( -)
0
0

|| Ay Az ||

2
h[0,1]

1 1

{ ( x s ) ds [ y ( s ) z ( s )] ds} dx = || y z ||
0 0
0

 

2
h[0,1]

1
( x s ) 2 ds dx = 2 || y z ||h2[0,1]
6
0 0

= || y z||2h [ 0,1]

: h[0,1] h[0,1] | | < 6 .

4.6.

By = ( x s) y ( s) ds
0

) C[0,1] C[0,1] ;
) h[0,1] h[0,1] .

.
) y ( x), z ( x) C[0,1] ,
| |
|| Ay Az ||C [0,1] = | | max ( x s )[ y ( s ) z ( s )] ds | | max | y ( s ) z ( s ) | max ( x s ) ds =
|| y z ||C [0,1]


x[0,1]
s[0,1]
x[0,1]
2
0
0
0
x

: C[0,1] C[0,1] | | < 2 .

) y ( x), z ( x) h[0,1] ,
2

= dx ( x s) [ y ( s) z ( s)] ds ( -)
0
0

|| Ay Az ||

2
h[0,1]

[ ( x s ) ds [ y ( s ) z ( s )] ds ] dx = || y z ||
0 0
0

 

2
h[0,1]

dx ( x s ) ds =
2

|| y z ||2h [ 0,1]

: h[0,1] h[0,1] | | < 12 .

32

2
12

|| y z ||h2[0,1]

 "",

4.7.

y ( x) = sin( x + s) y ( s) ds + cos x .

"" .

.
R ( x, s, )

R ( x, s, ) = m 1 K m ( x, s) "" .
m =1

,
, 6.1-6.2.
(
6.3!!!).

. R ( x, s, ) , :
K1 ( x, s ) K ( x, s ) = sin( x + s ) ,

K 2 ( x, s ) = K ( x, t ) K1 (t , s) dt = sin( x + t ) sin(t + s) dt =
K 3 ( x, s ) = K ( x, t ) K 2 (t , s) dt =
0

sin( x + t ) cos(t s) dt =
0

cos( x s) ,

2
4

sin( x + s) ,

K 2 m ( x, s) = K ( x, t ) K 2 m 1 (t , s) dt =
2
0

K 2 m +1 ( x, s ) = K ( x, t ) K 2 m (t , s ) dt =
2
0

2 m 1

cos( x s ) , m = 1, 2,3... ,
2m

sin( x + s) , m = 1, 2,3... .

R ( x, s, ) = m 1 K m ( x, s)
m =1

, R ( x, s, ) =

sin( x + s ) +

cos( x s )

.
2

1
2
""
2
| | < , , ,

,
1
1
2- : <
= .
K 0 (b a )
b

, y ( x) = f ( x) + R( x, s, ) f ( s) ds ,
a

f ( x) = cos x

sin x + cos x
sin x
cos x +

2
2

2
=
.
y ( x) = cos x + R( x, s, ) cos s ds = cos x +
2
2


0
1
1
2
2
33


. y0 0, yn +1 = A yn + f , n = 0,1, 2,... ,

y1 = sin( x + s) 0 ds + cos x = cos x ;

0

y2 = sin( x + s) cos s ds + cos x =

0

y3 = sin( x + s )[
0

sin x + cos x ;
2

sin s + cos s] ds + cos x =
cos x + sin x + cos x ;
2
2
2

.
2n
2


y2 n +1 = cos x 1 +
+ ... +
+ sin x
2
2
2

y2 n + 2

2
2 n2


1 +
+ ... +
;
2
2

2n
2
2n
2



= cos x 1 +
+ ... +
+ sin x
1 +
+ ... +
.
2
2 2
2
2
2
, | | < , n

y ( x) =

cos x +

sin x

1
2
.

4.8.

y ( x) = y ( s ) ds + 1 . , | | < 1 ,
0

, , 1 .
.

y = A y + f

y ( x) = f ( x) + n An f ( x) .
n =1

Af ( x) = f ( x) dx ,

f ( x) = 1 ,

Af ( x) = 1 dx = 1

An f ( x) = 1 (n = 2,3,...) . , | | < 1 ,

n =1

n =1

n An f ( x ) = n

1
; | | 1 -
1
n =1
, .
y ( x) = 1 + n =

, C = y ( s ) ds ,
0

y ( x) = C + 1 ,

C = (C + 1) ds = C + 1 .
0

34

=1

, 1 C =

1
y ( x) = 1 + C = 1 +
=
.
1
1 1

1
,
1
, | | < 1 . , | | 1
, , .
, 1

y ( x) =

4.1

, ,
C[a,b],

0,

4.2

1
K ( x, s ) .
, K 0 = xmax
, s[ a ,b ]
K 0 (b a )

, ,
h[a,b],

0,

1
K ( x, s ) .
, K 0 = xmax
, s[ a ,b ]
K 0 (b a )
b

4.3

, 2- y ( x ) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds + f ( x)
a

K 0 = max

| | <

1
,
K 0 (b a )

K ( x, s )

x , s[ a ,b ]

) C[a,b];
) h[a,b].
1

4.5

C[0.1] .

2- :

) y ( x ) =

1
x s 2 y ( s ) ds + 1
2 0

) y ( x ) =

y ( x) =

4.4

x s y(s) ds + x ;

0
1

1+ s

y ( s ) ds + 1 + x 2 ;

0
1

) y ( x ) = y ( s ) ds + sin x ;
0

) y ( x ) = x sin 2 s y ( s ) ds + cos 2 x ;
) y ( x ) =

0
2

sin( x + s) y(s) ds + 2 ;
0

35

( = 1) ;

) y ( x ) = sin x cos s y ( s ) ds + 1
0

1
s
x
) y ( x ) = x e y ( s ) ds + e
20
) y ( x ) =

1
( = ) ;
2

1
2

y(s) ds + x

( = 1) .

) - ) ""
.

) - )

4.4
4.5

y=

4
x +1 .
21

3 xs
3x
,
y ( x ) =
;

3
3
| | < 3 ,
| | <1.
1
x
x
) R ( x, s, ) =

, y ( x ) = 1 +
+ x2 ,
2
ln 2 1 + s
ln 2
1
1
2
2
2
| | <
,
ln 2
| | < 1 .
1
2
y ( x) = sin x +
) R ( x, s, ) =
,
,
(1 )
1
| | < 1
)

R ( x, s , ) =

.
)

R ( x, s , ) =

x sin 2 s
1+

| | <

| | <

2
2

y ( x) = cos 2 x ,

sin( x + s ) + cos( x s )
,

y ( x) = 2 ,
1 2 2
1
| | < ,

R ( x, s , ) =

1
| | <
.
2

36

2sin x cos s
, y ( x ) = 1 + 2sin x ,
2
| | < 2 , "" 2
| |= 1 < - .

) R ( x, s, ) =

R ( x, s , ) =

xe s
,
1

y ( x) = x + e x ,

| | < 1 , | |=

1 1
<
2 e

2
1
y ( x) = x + ,
,
2
4
| | < 2 , | |= 1 < 2
)

R ( x, s , ) =

37

 5.
2- .
.
x

y = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds + f ( x) ,

x, s [a, b] ,

y = B y + f , 2- .
K ( x, s )
= {x, s : a s x b} , f ( x)
[a, b] .
. 2-
f ( x) .
yn +1 = B yn + f , y0 C[a, b] ,
f ( x ) C[ a , b ] .
1.
.
2. , C[a, b] C[a, b] ,
. ,
, .
2-
:
x

y0 C [ a , b ]

yn +1 = K ( x, s ) yn ( s ) ds + f ( x), n = 0,1, 2,... ,

yn +1 = B yn + f , yn ( x)
y ( x) .
n

y 0 = 0 , y = f + B f + 2 B 2 f + ... + n B n f + ... .
2- y = A y + f
( I A) y = f ,
f ( x) , ()

1
y = ( I A) f = ( I + R ) f = f + R f , R -
x

x, s R( x, s, ) , .. y ( x) = f ( x) + R( x, s, ) f ( s)ds .
a

R( x, s, ) R .
x

K1 ( x, s ) K ( x, s ) ,

K n ( x, s ) = K ( x, t ) K n 1 (t , s) dt ,

n = 2,3,...

()

K1 ( x, s ) + K 2 ( x, s ) + ... + n1 K n ( x, s ) +

 

= K ( x ,s )

x, s [a, b] ,

38

 , <

1
,
K 0 (b a )

R( x, s, ) R ( x, s, ) = m 1 K m ( x, s ) .
m =1

,
( 5.4 5.5).

5.1.

2-

y ( x) = e

( xs )

y ( s ) ds + xe

x2
2

= 1 .

. : K1 ( x, s ) = K ( x, s ) = e ( x s ) ,
x

s
x

s
x

K 2 ( x, s ) = K ( x, t ) K1 (t , s ) dt = e ( x t ) e (t s ) dt = ( x s ) e ( x s ) ,
K 3 ( x, s ) = K ( x, t ) K 2 (t , s ) dt = e ( x t ) (t s) e (t s ) dt =

( x s)2 ( x s )
e
,
2

.
x

( x s)n ( x s )
K n +1 ( x, s ) = K ( x, t ) K n (t , s ) dt =
e
.
n!
s

R ( x, s, ) = m 1 K m ( x, s ) = e ( x s ) e ( x s ) = e( 1)( x s ) . ,
m =1

, , ,
m! .
, = 1 , R ( x, s, ) = R ( x, s,1) = 1
f ( x) = xe

x2
2

x2
2

s2
2

x2
2

y ( x) = f ( x) + R ( x, s, ) f ( s ) ds = xe + 1 s e ds = ( x + 1) e 1 .
0

5.2.
x

y ( x) = ( s x) y ( s ) ds + 1 .
0

yn +1 ( x) = ( s x) yn ( s ) ds + 1 . y0 ( x) 0 ,
0

39

y1 ( x) = ( s x) 0 ds + 1 = 1 ,
0
x

x2
y2 ( x) = ( s x) y1 ( s ) ds + 1 = ( s x) 1 ds + 1 = 1 ,
2
0
0
x

y3 ( x) = ( s x) y1 ( s ) ds + 1 = 1
0

x2 x4
+ ,
2! 4!

..
x

x2 x4
(1) n x 2 n
.
yn +1 ( x) = ( s x) yn ( s ) ds + 1 = 1 + ... +
2! 4!
(2n)!
0
n , y ( x) = lim yn ( x) = cos x ,
n

.
x

5.3. , y ( x) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds + f ( x)
0

, .. K ( x, s ) = K ( x s ) , ,
, ( x s ) .
x

. K ( x, s ) = K ( x s ) , K 2 ( x, s ) = K ( x t ) K (t s ) dt .
s

xs

K 2 ( x, s ) =

ts = ,

xs

K ( x s ) K ( ) d = F ( x s, ) d =
2

( x s ) . ,

0
x

xs

K n ( x, s ) = K ( x, t ) K m 1 (t , s ) dt = K ( x t ) K n 1 (t s) dt =

K (x s ) K

n 1

( ) d = n ( x s) ,

.
5.4.
x

y ( x) = sin( x s ) y ( s ) ds + f ( x) .
0

, , :
1
K ( p ) . ,
y ( x) Y ( p) , f ( x) F ( p) , sin x 2
p +1
, Y ( p ) = K ( p ) Y ( p) + F ( p) ,
F ( p)
K ( p)
Y ( p) =
= F ( p) +
F ( p) .
1 K ( p)
1 K ( p)
, ,
( x s ) , ,
x

y ( x) = f ( x) + R ( x s,1) f ( s) ds . ,
a

40

K ( p)
, R ( p) =
.
1 K ( p)
1
1
K ( p) = 2
, R ( p) = 2 , R ( x, s,1) = R( x s,1) = x s .
p +1
p
x

: y ( x) = f ( x) + ( x s ) f ( s) ds .
0

y ( x) = sin x + sin( x s) y ( s) ds ,

5.5.

.
. , y (0) = 0 .

x

y( x) = cos x + cos( x s ) y ( s ) ds + sin( x x) y ( x) = cos x + cos( x s ) y ( s) ds ,

x

y(0) = 1 ,

y( x) = sin x sin( x s) y ( s) ds + cos( x x) y ( x) = sin x + y ( x) sin( x s ) y ( s ) ds .

, y = 0 .
y (0) = 0 , y(0) = 1 y ( x) = x .
. ,
, f ( x) = sin x :
x

y ( x) = sin x + ( x s ) sin s ds = sin x + x sin x = x .

0

.
5.1
5.2

,
.
,
.

C[a,b],

h[a,b],

5.3

, 2-

5.4

) C[a,b];
) h[a,b].
, :

y ( x) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds + f ( x)
a

) y ( x) = e x + y ( s ) ds
0

) y ( x) = 4e x + 3 x 4 ( x s ) y ( s ) ds
0

) y ( x) = sin x + 2 e s y ( x s ) ds (: x s = ).
0

41

5.5

) y ( x) = 1 + s y ( s ) ds
0
x

) y ( x) = x ( x s ) y ( s ) ds
0

) y ( x) = x +
5.6

x2
y ( s ) ds .
2 0

, :
x

) y ( x) = x e x s y ( s ) ds
0

) y ( x) = cos x ( x s ) cos ( x s ) y ( s ) ds
0

) y ( x ) = 2 +

1
( x s )3 y ( s ) ds

60
x

5.7

1-

xs

y ( s ) ds = sin x

) ;
) 2- .

.
5.4

)
)
)

5.5

5.6

x2 s2
2

y ( x) = ( x + 1) e x ;
y ( x) = 2e x 2 cos x + 5sin x ;
y ( x) = e x cos x .
x2
2

R ( x, s, ) = se
,
1
sin ( s x) ,
R ( x, s , ) =

y ( x) = sin x ;

R ( x, s , ) = e ( x s ) ,

y ( x) = x .

y ( x) = x

)
)
5.7

y y = e x ,
y (0) = 1 ;
x
y + y = 4e ,
y (0) = 0, y(0) = 7 ;
y y = sin x + cos x , y (0) = 0 ;
y ( x) = e ;

x2
;
2

2
1
cos x 3 + ;
3
3
y ( x) = cos x + ch x .
y ( x) =

y ( x) = cos x sin x

42

 6
2- .
. .

b

y ( x) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds + f ( x) .
a

()
K ( x, s ) = K ( s, x) . ,
.

y ( x) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds + f ( x)

y = A y + f ,

( x) =

( x, s ) ( s ) ds + g ( x)

( = A + g ), g (x) - .
4 .
1.

(1)

( x) K ( x, s ) ( s ) ds = 0
a

(2)

( x)

( x, s) ( s ) ds = 0

(K*(x, s)=K(s, x)) ,

: 1 ,..., n ; 1 ,..., n .

.
2.
(3)

( x) K ( x, s) ( s ) ds = f ( x)
a

, f (x )
(2)
( f ( x) 1 , 2 ,..., n , ).

.
3 ( ).
(3) f (x ) , (1)
.

.
4. (1)
, , .
43

 .
, ,
, .
.
.

. ,

. 2 y = A y + f

.

b

y ( x) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds + f ( x) Ay + f

.
, K ( x, s )
n

, K ( x, s ) = a j ( x) b j ( s ) [a, b] ,
j =1

a j ( x), b j ( s) -

[a, b] . ,

, a1 ( x),..., a n ( x) , b1 ( s ),..., bn ( s ) -
.
b

y ( x) = K ( x, s ) y ( s) ds + f ( x)

K ( x, s ) = a j ( x) b j ( s ) , f (x) - .
j =1

c j = b j ( s ) y ( s ) ds ,

y ( x) = c j a j ( x) + f ( x) .

cj

j =1

ci = y ( x) bi ( x) = c j a j ( x) bi ( x) dx + f ( x) bi ( x) dx , ci k ij c j = f i , i = 1,..., n .
j =1
j =1
a
a
a

 

 

k ij

fi

1 k11

D ( ) =

k21
...
kn1

k12

...

k1n

1 k22 ...

k2 n

...
kn 2

...
...
... 1 knn

. (.. D( ) 0 ),
2 , , ,
f (x) .
c j , ,
1 n
Dik ( ) f k , Dik ( ) - D( ) ;
D( ) k =1
D( ) Dik ( ) .

: ci =

44

1 n
y ( x) = f ( x) +
Dik ( ) ai ( x) f (s) bk (s) ds ,
i =1 D ( ) k =1
a
b

y ( x) = f ( x) + R ( x, s, ) f ( s ) ds ,

R ( x, s , ) =

1 n n
Dik ( ) ai ( x) bk ( s )
D( ) i =1 k =1

.
2-
.
K ( x, s ) ,
K ( x, s ) / 0 ; - ;
f (x) - .
1 2 ... n ... -
,
1 , 2 ,..., n ,... (
, !!!).
:
)
k , k = 1,2,...

k =1

y ( x) = f ( x) +

f k k ( x) ,

f k = f ( s ) k ( s ) ds -
a

f ( x) 1 , 2 ,..., n ,... ,
b
k ( x) k ( s)
y ( x) = f ( x) +
f ( s ) ds = f ( x) + R( x, s, ) f ( s) ds ,
k
a k =1
a

 

R ( x , s , )

k ( x) k ( s)
- .
k
k =1
= ko , ko - ,

R ( x, s, ) =

)
r , .. r
ko ( x) ,..., ko + r 1 ( x) .

y ( x) = f ( x) +

k =1
k ko
...
k k0 + r 1

fk
k ( x) + cko ko ( x) + ... + cko + r 1 ko + r 1 ( x) ,
k

c k o , . . . , c k o + r 1
- ,
f ( x) ko ( x) ,..., ko + r 1 ( x) ,
ko . ,
, .
, ,
Ker ( I A) (-) I A .
. 2-
(.. k , k = 1,2,... ),
, , ,
f ( x) . ( = k k),
,
f ( x)
,

45

 (.. ).
, , .
. ( 2-
):

f ( x) , .

6.1. ,
1

y ( x) = ( s 2 + sx) y ( s )ds

1
1

z ( x) = ( x 2 + sx) z ( s )ds ,
1

.
1

2
s y(s) ds = a1 ,

s y(s) ds = a2 ,

z (s) ds = b1

s z (s) ds = b

y ( x) = a1 + a2 x , z ( x) = b1 x 2 + b2 x ,

1
1
2
2
a1 = s 2 (a1 + a2 s )ds =
a1 , a2 = s (a1 + a2 s ) ds =
a2 ,
3
3
1
1
1

b1 = (b1s 2 + b2 s ) ds =
1

2
2
b1 , b2 = s (b1s 2 + b2 s ) ds =
b2 .
3
3
0
1

3
3
,
a1 = a2 = 0 y ( x) 0 , b1 = b2 = 0 z ( x) 0 ; =
2
2
3
a2 , a1 , b1 , b2 . , =
2
,
y1 ( x) C , y2 ( x) = Cx z1 ( x) Cx, z2 ( x) = Cx 2 .

6.2.

2-
1

y ( x) = ( s 2 sx) y ( s)ds + x 3 .
1

. y ( x) = ( s 2 sx) y ( s )ds .
1

y ( s ) ds = a1 ,

a1 = s 2 (a1 a2 s )ds =
1

s y(s) ds = a

, y ( x) = a1 a2 x ,

2
a1 ,
3

a2 = s (a1 a2 s ) ds =
1

46

2
a2 .
3

3
2

a1 = a2 = 0 , ,
.
3
= ( )
2
3
3
: = + , y1 ( x) = C , = , y2 ( x) = Cx . ,
2
2

f ( x) = x3
1

z ( x) = ( x 2 sx) z ( s )ds .
1

.
1

z (s) ds = b , s z (s) ds = b
1

b1 = (b1s 2 b2 s ) ds =
1

, z ( x) = b1 x 2 b2 x ,

=+

3
2

2
2
b1 , b2 = s (b1s 2 b2 s ) ds =
b2 .
3
3
0
1

b2 = 0 ,

b1

z1 ( x) Cx 2

f ( x) z1 ( x) dx = C x3 x 2 dx = 0 , ..
1

3
2

b1 = 0 ,

b2

z2 ( x) Cx

f ( x) z ( x) dx = C x

x dx 0 , ..

.
1

y ( x) = ( s 2 sx) y ( s)ds + x 3

2
s y(s) ds = a1 ,

s y(s) ds = a

, y ( x) = a1 a2 x + x3 ,

2
2
2
a1 , a2 = s ( a1 a2 s + s 3 ) ds =
a2 + .
3
3
5
1
2
a1 = 0, 0 a2 = , , ,
5

a1 = s 2 ( a1 a2 s + s 3 )ds =
1

2
;
3
1
= +

a2 = , a1 = C - ,
2
5
3
y ( x) C + x + x 3 , .. ,
10
3
y1 ( x) = C , = + .
2
=

47


y ( x) =

3
6
, a1 = 0, a2 =
,
2
5(3 + 2 )

6x
+ x3 .
5(3 + 2 )

6.3.

y ( x) = sin( x + s ) y ( s ) ds + f ( x)
0

)
)

;
.

.
)
K ( x, s ) = sin( x + s ) = sin x cos s + cos x sin s
. a1 ( x) = sin x , a2 ( x) = cos x , b1 ( s ) = cos s , b2 ( s ) = sin s
b

kij = a j ( x) bi ( x) dx :
a

k11 = a1 ( x) b1 ( x) dx = sin x cos x dx = 0 ,

k21 = a1 ( x) b2 ( x) dx = sin x sin x dx =
0

D ( ) =

k21

k12

k22 = a2 ( x) b2 ( x) dx = cos x sin x dx = 0 .

k1n

1 k22 ...

k 2 n

...
k n 2

k12 = a2 ( x) b1 ( x) dx = cos x cos x dx =

...

...
kn1

D11 ( ) = 1,

:
1 k11

...
...
... 1 knn

D12 ( ) = D21 ( ) =

1
=

D22 ( ) = 1 ,

,
2

= 1 .
2

n
n
1
Dik ( ) ai ( x) bk (s) D( ) 0 ,
D( ) i =1 k =1
2
2
1
2
.. , R( x, s, ) =
Dik ( ) ai ( x) bk (s) =
D( ) i =1 k =1

1 sin x cos s + sin x sin s + cos x cos s + 1 cos x sin s

sin( x + s ) + cos( x s )
2
2
2
.
=
=
2
2


1
1

R( x, s, ) =

2
2
)

2
y ( x) = sin( x + s ) y ( s ) ds 3.8: 1 =

y1 ( x) =
y2 ( x) =

(sin x + cos x) , 2 =

(sin x cos x) .

48

k ( x) k ( s)
,
k
k =1

R ( x, s , ) =

1 (sin x + cos x) (sin s + cos s) 1 (sin x cos x) (sin s cos s )

R ( x, s , ) =
+
=
2
2

sin( x + s) +

cos( x s)

.
2

1

2
,
"" (. 4.7).

y ( x) =

6.4.

( sin x sin s + s ) y(s) ds + sin 2 x .

sin s y(s) ds = C , sy(s)ds = C

1

y ( x) =

(C1 sin x + C2 ) + sin 2 x . C1 , C2

C1
C2
=
+ sin 2 s )ds = C1
C
1 sin s ( sin s +

C = s ( C1 sin s + C2 + sin 2s )ds = 2C

1
2

, C1 = C - , C2 = 2C ,

C
: y ( x) = sin 2 x 1 + (sin x + 2) .

. =

y ( x) = ( sin x sin s + s ) y ( s ) ds .

,
,
1
0 = .

, ,
y ( x) = (C1 sin x + C2 ) . C1 , C2

=
C
1 sin s (C1 sin s + C2 )ds = C1
C1 (1 ) = 0

C
2

C
0

1
2
C = s (C sin s + C )ds = 2C
1
2
1
2

1
C1 = C , C2 = 2C = .

, 0 =

- ,

49

y0 ( x) = C (sin x + 2)

z ( x) =

( sin x sin s + x ) z (s) ds

..

f ( x) = sin 2 x

1
, 0 = .

6.5.

y ( x) = 2 xs y ( s ) ds + x .
0

C = s y ( s )ds , , ,

y ( x) = 2C x + x . ,
1

2
,
5

C = s (2C s + s )ds = C +

y ( x) = 2 xs y ( s ) ds + x .
0

. , 0 = 2
1

y ( x) = xs y ( s ) ds

y0 ( x) = C x . , 0 = 2

z0 ( x) = C x .
= 2 = 0 , ..
. (
f ( x) = x )
.
6.6.

y ( x) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds + f ( x)
0

()
x (1 s ) , 0 x s
K ( x, s ) =
,
x, s [ 0;1] .
s (1 x) , s x 1
1)
n , n = n 2 2 ( n `) -
(. 7.7),
.
2)
,
, :
)
f ( x) = sin 2 x
)
f ( x) = x

50

.
1)

n = n 2 2 (n `) ,

7.7

n ( x) = 2 sin nx ,

( x) n ( s) 2 sin nx 2 sin s
R ( x, s , ) = n
.
=
n
2 n2
n =1
n =1

1
1

sin nx sin s
y ( x) = f ( x) + R ( x, s, ) f ( s ) ds = f ( x) + 2
f ( s ) ds .
2n2
0
0 n =1
,


1

f 2 sin nx
2 sin nx
,
y ( x) = f ( x) + 2 2
2 sin ns f ( s ) ds = f ( x) + n 2 2
n
n =1 n
n =1
0
1

f n = 2 sin ns f ( s ) ds

n ( x) = 2 sin nx .
2)
n = n 2 2 (n `) ,
f ( x) .
, :
1

sin nx sin ns
sin 2 x 4 2 sin 2 x

sin
2
s
ds
sin
2
x
) y ( x) = sin 2 x + 2

=
+
=
;
2 2
2
2
n
4
4

=
n
1
0

sin nx sin ns
(1) n +1 sin nx
s ds = x + 2
) y ( x) = x + 2
.
2 2
2n2
n =1
n =1 n ( n )
0
1

n ` , = n = n 2 2 , ..
,
f ( x) .
) = n = n 2 2 (n `) ,
f ( x) = x n

n ( x) = 2 sin nx

( ,
f ( x) 0 ).
) .
= 4 2 , , f ( x) = sin 2 x
2 ( x) = 2 sin 2 x ,
= 2 = 4 2 ;
= n = n 2 2 4 2 f ( x) = sin 2 x

n ( x) = 2 sin nx

(n 2)

= n = n ,
2

n 2 , .. ,
1

y ( x) = sin 2 x + N
n 2
2

sin kx sin ks
sin 2 s ds + C sin nx ,
2 2
2 2
n
k =1, k n k
N

51

 - . , ,
1

k 2 , .. sin ks sin 2 s dx = 0 (k 2) .
0

sin 2s sin 2 s dx = 2

(k = 2) ,

y ( x) = sin 2 x +

2n2
4sin 2 x
+ C sin nx , - .
sin 2 x + C sin nx =
2
2 2
4 n
4 n2

6.1

2-
, :
- ;
- :
) y ( x ) =

x s y(s) ds + f ( x) ;
0
1

( x + s) y(s) ds + f ( x) ;

) y ( x ) =

) y ( x ) = y ( s ) ds + f ( x) ;
0

) y ( x ) =
) y ( x ) =

(1 + cos( x s)) y(s) ds + f ( x) ;

(sin x sin s + sin 2 x sin 2s) y(s) ds + f ( x) .

0

6.2

2- :
) y ( x ) =
) y ( x ) =

x(1 + s) y(s) ds + x

0
1

x y(s) ds + sin 2 x ;
0
1

) y ( x ) = (1 + 2 x ) s y ( s ) ds + 1
) y ( x ) =

0
1

3
x;
2

x sin 2 s y(s) ds + x ;
0
1

) y ( x ) = arccos s y ( s ) ds +
0

1
1 x2

) y ( x ) =

tg s y(s) ds + ctg x ;

52

) y ( x ) = sin x cos s y ( s ) ds + cos x ;

0

) y ( x ) = cos( x + s ) y ( s ) ds + 1 ;
0
1

) y ( x ) = (1 + xs ) y ( s ) ds + sin x ;
1

) y ( x) =
) y ( x ) =

cos ( x s) y(s) ds + sin 2 x ;

2

(2 xs

+ 5 x 2 s 2 ) y ( s ) ds + 7 x 4 + 3 ;

( x + 1) s ,
( s + 1) x ,

) y ( x ) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds + cos x ,

K ( x, s ) =

0 x s
.
s x 1

6.1

)
)
)
)
6.2

xs
3 xs
=
;
1
3

1
3
2 (1 + 3xs ) + 3( x + s )
R ( x, s , ) =
;
3 4 2
1
R ( x, s , ) =
;
1
1
cos( x s )
R ( x, s , ) =
+
;
1 2
1
sin x sin s + sin 2 x sin 2s
R ( x, s , ) =
.
1
6
x 7
2

- y ( x ) = x +
,
5
2 6 5
6
=
- ;
5
2 - y ( x ) = sin 2 x ,
= 2 - y ( x ) = Cx + sin 2 x - ;
7
3

- y ( x ) = 1 x ,
6
2
7
3
=
- y ( x ) = 1 x + C (1 + 2 x) - ;
6
2
2 x
2 - y ( x ) =
,
+ 2
= 2 - ;
1
2
1 - y ( x ) =
+
,
1 x 2 8(1 )
R ( x, s , ) =

53

= 1 - ;

y ( x) = ctg x +
y ( x) = cos x +

sin x ;
2
2
2
4 sin x
) ,
- y ( x ) = 1
,

2 +
2
=
- ,
)

- y ( x ) = C + 2sin 2 x - ;

1
3
2 3
x,
- y ( x ) = sin x +
3 2
2
2
3
=
- ,
2
1
3x
=
- y ( x ) = C + sin x +
- ;
2
2
1
2
2sin 2 x
) ,
- y ( x ) =
,

2
2
=
- ,

y ( x) = 1 sin x + C cos x - ;

1
5
20 2
x + 7 x4 ,
- y ( x ) = 3 +
2
4
1 2
1
5
50 2
x + 7 x 4 -
=
- , =
- y ( x ) = 3 + Cx
2
4
3

;
)

1,

2 n 2

(n `) -

1 + e ex
(sin x + cos x)

y ( x) = cos x +
,
2
2( + 2 )
1 + 1

2
= 1, =
- ,

= 2 n 2

(n = 2,3, 4,...) -

1+ e e
(sin x + cos x)

y ( x) = cos x +
+ C (sin x + n cos x) .
2
2( + 2 )
1 + 1

54

 7
-.
.
- .

- 2-
d
dy
Ly = p( x) q( x) y , p( x) , q( x) , ( x)
dx
dx
: p( x) , q( x) ( x) [a, b]
, ( x ) > 0, p ( x) > 0 , q( x) 0 ( x [a, b] ).
: ,
( 12 + 22 0, 12 + 22 0 ):
Ly + ( x) y = 0

1 y (b) + 2 y(b) = 0
1 y (a ) + 2 y(a ) = 0,

- ( - -);
n , , - ,
- .
G ( x, s )
Ly = f ( x)

1 y (b) + 2 y(b) = 0
1 y (a ) + 2 y(a ) = 0,
G ( x, s ) , ..
G ( x, s ) = G ( s, x) ; ,
Ly = 0

1 y (b) + 2 y(b) = 0
1 y (a ) + 2 y(a) = 0,
, .. = 0
L.
-

b

y ( x) = G ( x, s) ( s) y ( s) ds
a

G ( x, s ) ( s ) . ( s ) / 1 ,
.
K ( x, s) = ( x) G ( x, s) ( s )
.
Ly + ( x) y = 0

y (a) = 0, y (b) = 0
( x ) > 0, p ( x) > 0 , q ( x) 0
.

55

. -
b

( x) = K ( x, s ) ( s ) ds

K ( x, s) = ( x) G ( x, s) ( s) ,

( x) = y ( x) ( x) .
. n -
, n + n .
. -
.
. yi ( x), yk ( x) -,
i , k , [a, b] ( x) ,
b

..

y ( x) y ( x) ( x) dx = 0
i

i k , ( x) :

2
k

( x) ( x) dx = 1 .

. ().
[a, b]
f ( x)
( x)

n =1

: f ( x) = f n yn ( x) , f n = f ( x) yn ( x) ( x) dx .
. -
.
:
2
2
q ( x)
dy1
1 = q y1 + p
0.
dx > xinf
[ a ,b ] ( x )
dx

,
q( x) / 0 , ( y(a) = 0 , y(b) = 0 ),
( y(a ) h1 y (a ) = 0 , y(b) + h2 y (b) = 0 ,
h1 , h2 ), ,
, .
, q( x) 0 ,
, .


-
( 7.7 7.8)

56

d
dy
p( x) ,
dx
dx
h[a, b] ,

y(a ) = 2 y (a), y(b) = 0 ,

.
7.1. ,

Ly =

. , y ( x), z ( x)
( Ly, z ) = ( y, Lz ) ,
b

h[a, b] : ( y, z ) = y ( x) z ( x)dx .
a

[a, b]
y ( x), z ( x) , y(a) = 2 y (a ), y(b) = 0 z (a) = 2 z (a ), z (b) = 0 . ,
, :

( Ly, z ) = [( p( x) y( x)] z ( x)dx = [ py]z a p( x) y( x) z( x)dx = 2 p(a) y (a) z (a) p( x) y( x) z ( x)dx

b

( y, Lz ) = y ( x)[( p ( x) z ( x)]dx = y[ pz ] a y( x) p ( x) z( x)dx = 2 p(a ) y (a) z (a) p( x) y( x) z( x)dx

a

.
, ,
( Ly, z ) = ( y, Lz ) ,
.
. ,
- .
7.2.

, -

Ly + ( x) y = 0

y(a ) y (a ) = 0, y(b) + 3 y (b) = 0

d
dy
, Ly = p( x) q( x) y , ( x ) > 0, p ( x ) > 0 ,
dx
dx
q ( x) 0 x [ a, b] .
.
, - .
,
7.1.
- , y ( x) / 0 -
d
dy
,
p( x) q( x) y + ( x) y = 0 .
dx
dx
57

 y ( x) [a, b] (
):
b

2
2
2
([( p( x) y] q( x) y ) y( x)dx p( x) yy a p( x) y ( x) dx q( x) y ( x) dx = ( x) y ( x) dx .

y(a ) = y (a), y(b) = 3 y (b) ,

, y ( x) / 0 ,
b

( x) y ( x) dx = 
p (b)3 y (b) + p (a ) y (a) + p ( x) y ( x) dx + q( x) y 2 ( x) dx .

 

a

 

> 0, . . ( x ) > 0

a
a

 

 

> 0, y ( x ) const

= 0, y ( x ) const

y( x) const , , > 0 ;
y( x) const , y ( x) 0 ,
. , > 0 , .
7.3.

y + y = 0

y(0) = 0, y(l ) = 0

. ( x ) = 1 > 0, p ( x) = 1 > 0 , q( x) 0 x [0, l ] ,

, 7.2, ,
, 0 = 0 , - .
= 0 = 0
y ( x) = C1 x + C2 , ,
y0 ( x) = C .

>0,

y ( x) = C1 sin x + C2 cos x .

sin l = 0 .

y(0) = 0 C1 = 0 ,

y(l ) = 0 C2 sin l = 0 ,

n
n
n = , n = 1, 2,3... , yn ( x) = C cos
x.
l
l
7.4.
y + y = 0

y(0) y (0) = 0, y (1) = 0

. ( x ) = 1 > 0, p ( x) = 1 > 0 , q( x) 0
x [0, l ] ,
.
y ( x) = C1 sin x + C2 cos x ,
y(0) y (0) = C1 C2 = 0 ,
y (1) = C1 sin + C2 cos = 0 .

, .. C12 + C22 0 , ,

58

det

sin

1
cos

= cos + sin = 0, > 0 .

tg = ,
.
, C1 , C2 ,
C2 = C1 n = C1tg n ,
yn ( x) = C1 (sin n x + n cos n x) = C1 (sin n x tg n cos n x) .
, n (n = 1, 2,3...)

tg = ,

yn ( x) = C sin n ( x 1) .

7.5.
y + y = 0

y (0) = y (2 ), y(0) = y(2 )

.
7.2, ,
.
= 0 , y ( x) = C1 x + C2 , ,
y ( x) = C . 0 = 0 -
y0 ( x ) = 1 .
> 0 , y ( x) = C1 sin x + C2 cos x ,

y (0) y (2 ) = C2 C2 cos 2 C1 sin 2 = 0 ,
y(0) y(2 ) = (C1 C1 cos 2 + C2 sin 2 ) = 0 .
, .. C12 + C22 0 , ,
det

sin 2

1 cos 2

1 cos 2

sin 2

= 2 cos 2 2 = 0 .

n = n 2 , n = 1, 2,3,... ,
(1)

(2)

C
C
1
0
1 = ,
1 =
0
1
C2
C2
n = n 2 , n = 1, 2,3,...
yn(1) ( x) = sin nx yn(2) ( x) = cos nx .
, 0 = 0 1,
y0 ( x) = 1 ;

n = n 2 , n = 1, 2,3,...

2 2

yn(1) ( x) = sin nx

yn(2) ( x) = cos nx .
. , ,
, .. y ( x) = y ( x + 2 ) .
59

60

 7.6.
y + (1 + x 2 ) y = 0 ,
y (0) = 0, y (1) = 0
-
.
. Ly y , p ( x) = 1 > 0, q ( x ) 0, ( x) = 1 + x 2 > 0 , x [0,1] .
, = 0
-, .. Ly y = 0 y (0) = 0, y (1) = 0
. , y ( x) = C1 x + C2 ,
y ( x) 0 . ,
Ly y y (0) = 0, y (1) = 0 , , .
x( s 1), 0 x s
G ( x, s ) =

s ( x 1), s x 1
(1 + x 2 ) y

y ( x) = G ( x, s )(1 + s 2 ) y ( s )ds .
0

, 1 + x 2
( x) = y ( x) 1 + x 2 .

( x) = K ( x, s ) ( s )ds 0

K ( x, s ) = 1 + x G ( x, s ) 1 + s
2

( x) .

7.7.

y ( x) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds
0

()
x (1 s ) , 0 x s
,
K ( x, s ) =
s (1 x) , s x 1

x, s[ 0;1] .

.
. , ,
1

y ( x) K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds = 0

y ( x) / 0 .
, K ( x, s )
, .
,
-.

y ( x) = (1 x) s y ( s ) ds + x (1 s ) y ( s ) ds ,

, y (0) = y (1) = 0 .
y + y = 0 .

61

,
- y + y = 0 y (0) = y (1) = 0 .
, 0 , y ( x) 0 .
> 0 y ( x) = c1 sin x + c2 cos x , ,
, = n = n 2 2 (n `) .
,
yn ( x) = C sin nx .
, ,
, . ,
n ( x) = 2 sin nx .
.

K ( x, s ) ,
.

3 6.
7.8.

y ( x) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds ()

s ( x + 1) ,
K ( x, s ) =
x( s + 1) ,

0 x s
,
s x 1

x, s[ 0;1] .

. ,
-.

y ( x) = x ( s + 1) y ( s ) ds + ( x + 1) s y ( s ) ds .

,
x

y( x) = ( s + 1) y ( s ) ds + x( x + 1) y ( x) + s y ( s ) ds ( x + 1) xy ( x) .
,
1

y (0) = sy ( s )ds, y (1) = ( s + 1) y ( s )ds ,

y(0) = sy ( s )ds, y(1) = ( s + 1) y ( s )ds .

, y( x) = ( x + 1) y ( x) xy ( x) = y ( x) .
,
-:
y y = 0

y (0) = y(0), y (1) = y(1)

, - .
,
: > 0 < 0 ( = 0 ,
, ).
1.

> 0 .
y ( x) = C1e x

+ C2 e x

.
62


C1 + C2 = (C1 C2 )
,

+
=

C
e
C
e

(
C
e
C
e
)
1
2
1
2
(1 ) sh = 0 . ,
0 = 1 - ; 1,
y0 ( x) = Ce x .
2.
= 2 < 0 .
y ( x) = C1 cos x + C2 sin x .

(1 + 2 ) sin = 0 ,

..

C1 = C2

C1 cos + C2 sin = (C1 sin + C2 cos )

n = n, n ] .

n = 2 n 2 < 0, n ` .

,
yn ( x) = C ( n cos nx + sin nx), n ` .

7.1

, -

( p( x) y ) q( x) y + ( x) y = 0 ,

x (a, b),

p ( x) > 0, q ( x) 0, ( x) > 0

:
)
y(a) = 0 ,
y (b) = 0 ;
)
)
)
7.2

y(b) = 0 ;
y (b) + y(b) = 0 ;
y (b) + 2 y(b) = 0 .

-:
)
y + y = 0 ,
y(0) = 0, y (l ) = 0 ;
)
)
)
)
)
)

7.3

y (a) = 0 ,
y (a) 2 y(a) = 0 ,
y (a) y(a) = 0 ,

y + y = 0 ,
y + y = 0 ,
y + y = 0 ,
y + y = 0 ,
y + y = 0 ,
y
( xy) + = 0 ,
x

y (0) = 0, y(l ) = 0 ;
y (0) = 0, y(1) + hy (1) = 0 (h > 0) ;
y(0) = 0, y(l ) + hy (l ) = 0 (h > 0) ;
y(0) hy (0) = 0, y(l ) = 0 (h > 0) ;
y(0) h1 y (0) = 0, y(l ) + h2 y (l ) = 0 (h1 , h2 > 0)
y (1) = 0, y (2) = 0 .

-
:
)
)
)
)
)

y + (1 + x 2 ) y = 0 ,
y + e 2 x y = 0 ,
y + e 2 x y = 0 ,
y + y = 0 ,
(1 + x 2 ) y + 2 xy + y = 0 ,

y(0) = 0 ,
y (0) = 0 ,
y (0) = 0 ,
y (0) = 0 ,
y (0) = 0 ,
63

y (1) = 0 ;
y (1) = 0 ;
y(1) = 0 ;
y (1) + hy(1) = 0 ;
y(1) = 0 ;

x 2 y + 2 x y + x 2 y = 0 ,
( xy) + xy = 0 ,

( xy) + ( x

7.4

n2
) y = 0 (n `) ,
x

y(1) = 0 ,
| y (0) |< ,

y (2) = 0 ;
y (1) = 0 ;

| y (0) |< ,

y (1) = 0 .

, :
1

) y ( x ) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds ,
0

) y ( x ) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds ,

) y ( x ) = K ( x, s ) y ( s ) ds ,

0 x s
;
s x 1

x ,
s ,

K ( x, s ) =

cos x sin s ,
K ( x, s ) =
cos s sin x ,
sin x cos s ,
K ( x, s ) =
sin s cos x ,

0 x s
;
s x
0 x s
.
s x

. -.

7.2

) n = ( n + 1 2 ) ,
l

n = 0,1, 2,...;

yn ( x) = C cos

n = 0,1, 2,...;

yn ( x) = C sin

) n = ( n + 1 2 ) ,
l

n ,

( n + 12 ) x ;
( n + 12 ) x ;

n = 1, 2,3,...

tg =

n = 1, 2,3,...

ctg l =

ctg l =

yn ( x) = C sin x n ;

n ,

yn ( x) = C cos x n ;

n ,

n = 1, 2,3,...

yn ( x) = C cos n (l x) ;
)

n ,

h1 + h2
;
h1h2

n = 1, 2,3,... - tg l =

yn ( x) = C (h1 sin n x + n cos n x) ;

2

7.3

)
)

n
,
n =
ln 2

n = 1, 2,3,...;

yn ( x) = C sin

0 xs
s 1,
G ( x, s ) =
,
s x 1
x 1,
0 xs
x( s 1),
G ( x, s ) =
,
s x 1
s ( x 1),

n
ln 2

ln x .

K ( x, s ) = 1 + x 2 G ( x, s ) 1 + s 2 ;
K ( x, s ) = e x G ( x, s ) e s ;

64

7.4

)
)
)

0 xs
x,
G ( x, s ) =
,
s x 1
s,
s (h + 1)
0 xs
h + 1 x,
,
G ( x, s ) =
x

h
+
(
1)

s,
s x 1
h + 1
0 xs
arctg x,
G ( x, s ) =
,
s x 1
arctg s,

K ( x, s ) = e x G ( x, s ) e s ;

K ( x, s ) = G ( x, s ) ;

K ( x, s ) = G ( x, s ) ;

1 1
1 x s
s 2 ,
,
G ( x, s ) =
1 1 ,
sx2
x 2
0 xs
ln s,
G ( x, s ) =
,
s x 1
ln x,
n
1
x
( xs ) n ,
s
2n
G ( x, s ) =
n
1
s
n
2n ( xs ) x ,

n = 2 (n + 1 2 ) 2 ,
n = 1 (n + 1 2 ) 2 ,
n = (n + 1 2 ) 2 1,

K ( x, s ) = x G ( x, s ) s ;

K ( x, s ) = x G ( x, s ) s ;

0 xs
,

K ( x, s ) = x G ( x, s ) s .

s x 1

yn = C sin (n + 1 2) x,

n = 0,1, 2,... ;

yn = C cos(n + 1 2 ) x,

n = 0,1, 2,... ;

yn = C sin(n + 1 2 ) x,

n = 0,1, 2,... .

65

 8
.
.

,
, .
,
E \1 : E \1 . ,
, .
E (
E ' ):
1) C[a, b] [a, b] ,
|| y ||C[ a ,b ] = max | y ( x) | .
x[ a ,b ]

(1)

2) C [a, b] ,
[a, b] .
|| y ||C (1) [ a ,b ] = max | y ( x) | + max | y( x) | .
x[ a ,b ]

x[ a ,b ]

. V [ y ] y 0 E ,
> 0 > 0 , y E : || y y0 ||
| V [ y ] V [ y0 ] | .
y 0 E ' ,
E ' .
E ( E ' ),
E(E' ) .
. y0 ()
V [ y ] , r > 0 , y E : || y y0 ||E r
V [ y ] V [ y0 ] ( V [ y ] V [ y0 ] ).
y 0 E - , h E - E.
t (t ) V [ y 0 + th] , t
.
d
. h E (t )t =0 = V [ y0 + th]t =0 ,
dt
( ) V y0
V ( y 0 , h) . , V [ y0 + th] V [ y0 ] = t V ( y0 , h) + o(| t |) .
. V [ y ] y0 ,
h E V [ y0 + h] V [ y0 ] = dV ( y0 , h) + o(|| h ||) , dV ( y 0 , h) -
h , y0 ,
( h) V ( y 0 , h) - y0 .
, ( ).
, , .

65

 ( ). y 0 E -
V [ y ] V ( y 0 , h) h E . V ( y 0 , h) = 0 .
.
b

V [ y ] = F ( x, y, y) dx E E = C 1[a, b] ,
a

E = { y C (1) [a, b], y (a) = A, y (b) = B} .

( ): E ,
b

V [ y ] = F ( x, y, y) dx .
a

. ()
y0 ( x) , r > 0 ,
y0 ( x ) ,
..
y E : || y y0 ||C [ a ,b ] = max | y ( x) y0 ( x) | r ,

x[ a ,b ]

V [ y ] V [ y0 ] ( V [ y ] V [ y0 ] ).
. ()
y0 ( x) , r > 0 ,
y0 ( x) , .. y E : || y y0 ||C (1) [ a ,b ] = max | y ( x) y0 ( x) | + max | y( x) y0 ( x) | r ,
x[ a ,b ]

x[ a ,b ]

V [ y ] V [ y0 ] ( V [ y ] V [ y0 ] ).
, y0 ( x) ,
. , , .
( ).
1)

y ( x)

V [ y ] = F ( x, y, y) dx

y (a) = A, y (b) = B

.
F ( x, y, y)
x [a, b] y y ,
y ( x) .
y ( x)
d
Fy Fy = 0;
y (a ) = A, y (b) = B .
dx
2)

V [ y ] = F ( x, y, y) dx .
a

, ,
, , ,
.

F ( x, y, y) . , .
1.
F y : F ( x, y, y) = F ( x, y ) .
Fy ( x, y ) = 0 , ..

, , ( )
, , ,
y (a) = A, y (b) = B .

66

, ,
, .
2.
F y : F ( x, y, y) = M ( x, y ) + y N ( x, y ) .
d
M y + yN y N ( x, y ) = M y + y N y N x N y y = 0 ,
dx
..
M N

=0 .
y x
,
, , .
M N

M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy

y
x
,

(b, B )

( a , A)

V [ y ] = F ( x, y, y) dx =

M ( x, y ) dx + N ( x, y ) dy

(a, A) (b, B) .
3.
F y : F ( x, y, y) = F ( y) .
y Fyy ( y) = 0 . :
)
y = 0 , y ( x) = C1 x + C2 , C1 , C2 -
, ;
)
Fyy ( y) = 0 , y = ki , ki - F (t ) = 0 ,
y ( x) = k x + C . ).
i

, ) ) .
4.
F y : F ( x, y, y) = F ( x, y) .
d
Fy ( x, y) = 0

dx
Fy ( x, y) = C , - .
, .
5.
F x : F ( x, y, y) = F ( y, y) .
Fy y Fyy y Fyy = 0 .
d
( F y Fy ) = 0
dx
F y Fy = C . ,

y ,

,
.
, , , ,
y = y ( x, C ) .
. G xOy
y = y ( x, C ) ,
G.
. y = y ( x, C )
( x0 , y0 ) G ( ), , ( x0 , y0 ) ,
, y = y ( x, C )
G.

67

 G ( )
, , G
p ( x, y ) - : p ( x, y ) ( x, y ) G
, .
.
. y = y0 ( x)
, ..
. , y = y0 ( x) [a, b]
( ).
y = y ( x) , ,
y = y0 ( x), y ( x) C (1) [a, b] ( ).
E ( x, y, p, y) = F ( x, y, y) F ( x, y, p) ( y p) Fp ( x, y, p)
. E ( x, y, p, y) y
y ( x) ( x, y ) , p = p( x, y ) -
.
V [ y ] ( y0 ( x) , y ( x) - ):
b

V = V [ y ( x)] V [ y0 ( x)] = E ( x, y ( x), p ( x, y ( x)), y '( x))dx .

a

V [ y ]
y0 ( x) E ( x, y, p, y)
y0 ( x) . ,
y0 ( x) .
:
b

y = y0 ( x) V [ y ] = F ( x, y, y) dx
a

y (a) = A, y (b) = B , :
1)
y = y0 ( x) , ..
y (a) = A, y (b) = B ;
2)
y = y0 ( x) [a, b] ;
3)

y = y0 ( x) , .. ( x, y ) , y = y0 ( x) ,
y , p ( x, y ) ( p ( x, y ) - ,
).
E 0 , V [ y ] y0 ( x) , E 0 ,
V [ y ] y0 ( x) .
.
b

y = y0 ( x) V [ y ] = F ( x, y, y) dx
a

y (a) = A, y (b) = B , :
1)
y = y0 ( x) ..
y (a) = A, y (b) = B ;
2)
y = y0 ( x) [a, b] ;
68

3)

y = y0 ( x) , .. ( x, y ) , y = y0 ( x) ,
y .
E 0 , V [ y ] y0 ( x) , E 0 ,
V [ y ] y0 ( x) .
.
y = y0 ( x) y
, y0 ( x) .
y = y0 ( x) y p ( x, y ) ,
, y0 ( x) .
.
F ( x, y, y) Fyy ( x, y, y)
y = y0 ( x) .
( Fyy
y = y0 ( x) ).
y = y0 ( x) Fyy > 0 , V [ y ] y0 ( x)
; y = y0 ( x) Fyy < 0 , V [ y ] y0 ( x)
.
(( Fyy

y = y0 ( x) ).
Fyy 0 ( x, y ) , y = y0 ( x) ,
y , V [ y ] y0 ( x) .
Fyy 0 ( x, y ) , y = y0 ( x) ,
y ' , V [ y ] y0 ( x) .

8.1. V [ y ] = y 2 (0) + ( xy + y2 ) dx .
1

.
V [ y ] ,
( ):
1

d
d
2
V ( y, h) V [ y + th] = ( y (0) + th(0)) + [ x( y ( x) + th( x)) + ( y( x) + th( x)) 2 ]dx =
dt
dt
t =0
1
t =0
1

= 2 y (0)h(0) + [ x h( x) + 2 y h( x) ]dx .
1

( ).

h( x) : h(1) = h(1) = 0 ,
V = V [ y + h] V [ y ] =

69

= [ y (0) + h(0)] y (0) + [ x( y ( x) + h( x)) + ( y( x) + h( x)) ]dx [ xy ( x) + y2 ( x)]dx =

2

1
1

= 2 y (0)h(0) + [ x h( x) + 2 y( x) h( x) ]dx + h 2 (0) + h2 ( x) dx .

1

h -
- ()
1

dV [ y, h] = 2 y (0)h(0) + [ x h( x) + 2 y h( x) ]dx ,
1

() V [ y, h] .

8.2.

V [ y ] = ( y 2 + y2 ) dx
0

y (0) = 0, y (1) = 0 .
,
)
;
)
.
. y y = 0
y = C1 e x + C2 e x .
y0 ( x) 0 .
)
y0 ( x) 0
1

V = V [ y ] V [ y0 ( x) 0] = ( y 2 + y '2 )dx 0 . (,
0

, ) .
)
, y0 ( x) 0 x [0,1]
y = C e x .
1.

E ( x, y, p, y ') = y 2 + y '2 y 2 p 2 ( y ' p )2 p = ( y ' p ) 0

2.

y, y , .. y0 ( x) 0 .
, ,
y0 ( x) 0 ( ) .
Fy ' y ' = 2 > 0 y, y , .

y0 ( x) 0 ( ) .

8.3.

V [ y ] = (12 xy y2 ) dx
1

y (1) = 1, y (0) = 0 .
,
)
;
)
.
. y + 6 x = 0
y = x 3 + C1 x + C2 .
y0 ( x ) = x 3 .
70

)
-
h( x) , h(1) = h(0) = 0 , -
y0 ( x) = x 3 :
0

V = V [ x 3 + h] V [ x3 ] = [12 x( x3 + h( x)) (3 x 2 + h( x)) 2 ]dx [12 x( x3 ) (3 x 2 ) 2 ]dx =

1

= [12 x h( x) + 6 x 2 h( x) h2 ( x)]dx = [12 x h( x) h2 ( x)]dx + 6 x 2 h( x)dx =

1
1
1

 

.
0

= 6 x 2 h( x) 12 x h( x)dx + [12 x h( x) h2 ( x)]dx = h2 ( x)dx 0 .

1
 

1
1
1
=0

, V 0 y ( ),
y0 ( x) = x 3 (, , ) .
)

, y0 ( x) = x 3 x [1, 0]

( ) y = x 3 + C .
1.

2
E ( x, y, p, y) = 12 xy y2 (12 xy p 2 ) ( y p)(2 p ) = ( y p ) 0
y, y , .. y0 ( x) = x 3 .
, , y0 ( x) = x 3
( ) .
2.

Fyy = 2 < 0

y, y , .

y0 ( x) = x 3 ( ) .

8.4.

V [ y ] = [ p ( x) y2 + q( x) y 2 + 2 y ( x)]dx ,

p( x) > 0 -

, q( x) 0 ( x) [a, b] .
)

y (a) = A, y (b) = B .
) , y0 ( x) V [ y ] ,
.
.
d
( p( x) y) q( x) y = ( x) . ,
dx
p ( x), q( x), ( x) ,
y (a) = A, y (b) = B y = y0 ( x) ,
.
h( x) : h(a ) = h(b) = 0
:

71

V = V [ y0 ( x) + h( x)] V [ y0 ( x)] = [ p( x)(( y0 + h) 2 y0 ) + q( x) (( y0 + h) 2 y0 ) + 2 ( x)h]dx =

2

= [2 p( x) y0 h + 2q( x) y0 h + 2 ( x) h]dx + p( x) h2 ( x) dx + q ( x)h 2 ( x)dx > 0 ,

0
a
a

 

>0

. ,
,

2 [ p ( x) y0 h + q ( x) y0 h + ( x)h]dx = 2 p( x) y0 ( x)h( x) a + 2 [( p ( x) y0 ) + q( x) y0 + ( x)] h( x)dx = 0


 

a
a
b

= 0, . . h ( a ) = h ( b ) = 0

= 0

.
, V = V [ y0 ( x) + h( x)] V [ y0 ( x)] > 0 , y = y0 ( x)
, .
a

8.5.

V [ y ] = y 3 dx

y (0) = 0 , y (a) = b

( a > 0, b > 0 ).

. y = 0 .
y = C1 x + C2 .
b
y = x .
a
b
y = x + C ,
a
b
p = .
a

2
E ( x, y, p, y) = y3 p 3 ( y p) 3 p 2 = ( y p ) ( y + 2 p )
b
y + 2 p = y + 2 . , E ( x, y, p, y)
a
y .
.
b
, , y p = > 0
a
b
( ), .. y + 2 p = y + 2 0 E ( x, y, p, y) 0
a

y = y ( x)
b
b
y = x . , y = x ,
a
a
, .

72

 8.6.

,
a

V [ y ] = ( y 2 y2 ) dx, y (0) = 0, y (a) = 0

0

a =

<

y0 ( x) 0

5
> y0 ( x) 0
4
, ,
;
) a = .
) a =

. y + y = 0 .
y = C1 sin x + C2 cos x . y (0) = 0 , y (a) = 0 , ),
) y0 ( x) 0 .

) x [0, ] , y0 ( x) 0 , ,
2
y = C sin x .

2
E ( x, y, p, y) = y 2 y2 ( y 2 p 2 ) + ( y p)2 p = ( y p ) 0
y, y , .. y0 ( x) 0 .
, , y0 ( x) 0
( ) .
5
2
)
x [0, ] , E ( x, y, p, y) = ( y p ) 0
4
y0 ( x) 0 . , V [ y 0] = 0
, y0 ( x) 0 (, )
.
1
4
n ( x) = sin x . ,
n
5
1
4x
4
4x
+ max
r , ..
cos
|| n y0 || 1 4 = max sin
4 n
4

C [0, ]
5
5
n
5
[0,
]
[0,
]

x
x
5
5

, , y0 ( x) 0 .

V [ n ] =

5
4

1
4x
sin 2
dx
2
n
5

5
4

16
4x
9
cos 2
dx =
2
25n
5
25n 2

5
4

cos 2

4x
dx > 0 = V [0] ,
5

, y0 ( x) 0 ( ) .
1
4n
n ( x) = 2 sin
x . ,
5
n
1
4nx
4
4nx
cos
+ max
r , ..
|| n y0 || 1 4 = max 2 sin

4
4
C [0, ]
5
5
x[0, ] n
x[0, ] 5n
5
5

, ,
y0 ( x) 0 .
73

, n
V [ n ] =

5
4

1
4nx
sin 2
dx
4
n
5

5
4

16
4nx
5
cos 2
dx =
2
25n
5
8

16
1
< 0 = V [0] .
4
2
n 25n

, y0 ( x) 0 .
, y0 ( x) 0
5
x [0, ] ,
4
y = C1 sin x + C2 cos x , y (0) = 0
5
5
y ( ) = 0 , x0 [0, ] . ,
4
4
y (0) = 0 , y = C sin x
5
x0 = [0, ] .
4
) a = y + y = 0 y = C sin x ,
y (0) = 0 , y ( ) = 0 , ,
. ,

y = C sin x V [ y ] = ( y 2 y2 )dx = 0 .
0

G
8.7.
y = y ( x) v ,
G
| v |= v( x, y ) = y . ,
y (a) = A y (b) = B ?

. , (a, y (a )) (b, y (b))

1 + y 2
ds
=
dx V [ y ] .
y = y ( x) , t =
v( x, y ) a
y
a
, V [ y ]
y (a) = A , y (b) = B .
d
Fy Fy = Fy Fyy y Fyy y = 0 .
dx
d

y ,
( F yFy ) = 0 ,
dx
1 + y 2
cos t
y
1
y=
,

y
=
= C1 .

y = tg t ,
C1
y
y 1 + y 2 y 1 + y 2
b

dy
cos t dt
sin t
= ctg t dy =
,
x=
+ C2 . t,
y
C1
C1
1
( x C2 ) 2 + y 2 = 2 , .. .
C1
, - ,
(a, A) (b, B) . ,
y (a) = A , y (b) = B .
dx =

74

8.1

V [ y ] = yydx .
a
b

8.2

V [ y ] = ( x + y )dx .
a
b

8.3

V [ y ] = ( y 2 y2 )dx .
a

8.4

V [ y ] = y sin y dx .
0

(
):
1

8.5

V [ y ] = e x y 2 + y2 dx
2

8.6

V [ y ] = e y y2 dx

y (0) = 0, y (1) = ln 4 .

x3
V [ y ] = 2 dx
y
1

y (1) = 1, y (2) = 4 .

y (0) = 1, y (1) = e .

0
2

8.7

8.8

V [ y] =
0
1

8.9

dx
y

y (0) = 0, y (a) = b (a > 0, b > 0) .

V [ y ] = (1 + x) y2 dx

y (0) = 0, y (1) = 1 .

8.10

V [ y ] = ( y 2 y2 )dx
0
2

8.11

V [ y] =

y(1 + x

y)dx

y (0) = 1, y ( ) = 1 .
2
y (1) = 1, y (2) = 4 .

1
1

8.12

V [ y ] = ( y3 + y2 )dx

y (1) = 1, y (1) = 3 .

V [ y ] = ( xy4 2 yy3 ) dx

y (1) = 0, y (2) = 1 .

V [ y ] = (1 e y )dx

y (0) = 0, y (a) = b (a > 0) .

1
2

8.13

1
a

8.14

1 + y 2

dx,
V [ y ] =
<a<b< .
x
2
2
a
, ( 1, ch 1) (1, ch 1) , ,
Ox .
b

8.15
8.16

75

8.1

V = ( yh + yh)dx
a
b

8.2

V = h( x)dx

( y = h( x)) .

( y = h( x)) .

8.3

V = 2 ( yh yh)dx

( y = h( x)) .

8.4

V = ( y cos y h + sin y h)dx

( y = h( x)) .

8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9

y ( x) = e x ( ) .
y ( x) = 2 ln( x + 1) ( ) .
y ( x) = x 2 .
b
y ( x) = x .
a
ln( x + 1)
y ( x) =
( ) .
ln 2
y ( x) = sin x + cos x ( ) .

8.10
8.11 .
8.12 y ( x ) = 2 x + 1 .

y ( x) = x 1 .
b
a
8.14 y ( x ) = x :
| b |<
;
a
2
a
a
| b |>
- ;
| b |=
- .
2
2
2
2
2
8.15 x + ( y C1 ) = C2 .
8.16 y ( x ) = ch x .
8.13

76

 9
. .

x1

V [ y ] = F ( x, y, y) dx , y ( x) C (1) [a, b] ,
x0

A( x0, y0 ) B ( x1, y1 )
y = ( x), y = ( x), y0 = ( x0 ), y1 = ( x1 ) .

: y ( x) C (1) [a, b] ,
y = ( x) y = ( x) , ,
V [ y ] . , x0 x1
, .
. , y = y ( x)
x1

V [ y ] = F ( x, y, y) dx

y ( x) C (1) [a, b] ,

x0

y = ( x), y = ( x), , :
1)
y = y ( x) V [ y ] (
),
2)
A( x0 , y0 ) , B ( x1 , y1 ) y = y ( x) y = ( x)
y = ( x)
[ F + ( y ) Fy ] x = x0 = 0,
[ F + ( y ) Fy ] x = x1 = 0.

y , y .
- C1 , C2
x0 , x1 ( ) -

y ( x0 ) = ( x0 ), y ( x1 ) = ( x1 ) .
1. ( )
y = x0 (.. = 0 ),
A( x0 , y0 ) [ F yFy ]x = x0 = 0 .

2. (, )
x = x1 (.. = ),
, x = x1
Fy

x = x1

=0 .

77

9.1. ,
V [ y] =

x0 = B[ y ]

A( x, y ) 1 + y2 dx

A( x, y ) 0
, .
F + ( y) Fy = 0 x = x0 = B[ y ]
A( x, y ) y
A( x, y ) (1 + y)
A( x, y ) 1 + y2 + ( y)
= 0
= 0 .
2
1 + y
1 + y 2

1
, .
( x0 )
, .

A( x, y ) 0 ,

1 + y

x = x0

= 0 y( x0 ) =

x1

9.2.

V [ y] =
0

1 + y 2
dx
y

y (0) = 0 , ( x1 , y1 )
y = x 5 .
. F ( x, y, y) =

1 + y 2
.
y

F yFy = C ,

1 + y 2
y
y
=C ,
y
y 1 + y 2

..

Cy 1 + y2 =1 .

y = tg t .

y = C1 cos t , dx =

dy
C sin t dt
= 1
= C1 cos t dt ,
y
tg t

x = C1 sin t + C2 .
2

t, ( x C2 ) 2 + y 2 = C1
. y (0) = 0 C1 = C2 = C ( x C ) 2 + y 2 = C 2 .
C ,
( 9.1) y = y ( x)
( x C ) 2 + y 2 = C 2 y = x 5 ( x1 , y1 ) .
( x) = x 5, = 1 , 1 + y

x = x1

= 0 y

x = x1

= 1 .

, yy = C x .
( x1 , y1 ) N
y ( x1 ) N
y( x1 ) = C x1 , y1 = C x1 y1 = x1 5 ,
y1

= 1

C = 5 y = 10 x x 2 .
. .
y = x 5 ( x C ) 2 + y 2 = C 2
, (C , 0) . ,
y = x 5 , .. C = 5 .
78

 9.3.
, 2 y + 2 x + 3 = 0
2
x = 2 y , , .

1 2
3
x - , y = ( x) x 2
2
. ( x1 , y1 ) , ..
1 2
3
y1 = x1 , ( x2 , y2 ) - , .. y2 = x2 . y = y ( x) ,
2
2
( x1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 ) ,

. : y = ( x)

x2

V [ y ] = 1 + y2 dx .

x1

x2

V [ y ] = 1 + y2 dx

x1

y ( x1 ) = y1 = ( x1 ) , y ( x2 ) = y2 = ( x2 ) .
y = 0 y ( x) = x + .
,
( x1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 ) :
1

y1 = x1 + ,
y1 = x12

y( x1 )
( x1 ) y( x1 )]
=
0
1 + y2 ( x1 ) + [
N N 1 + y 2 ( x )

= x1
=
1
3

y2 = x2 + ,
y2 = x2

y( x2 )
1 + y2 ( x2 ) + [ ( x2 ) y( x2 )]
=
N N 1 + y 2 ( x ) 0

=1
=
2
F + ( ' y ') Fy ' = 0 ,
F ( x, y, y) = 1 + y2 , ( x1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 ) . ,
y( x1,2 ) ( x1,2 ) + 1 = 0 .

x1 = 1,

3
x2 = ,
2

1
y1 = ,
2

y2 = 0

3
y ( x) = x + .
2
. l =

x2

x1

1 + y dx =
2

1 + 1 dx =

1
2

.
.

79

9.4.

V [ y ] = ( y2 y 2 ) dx y (0) = 1

( x =
.

x =

).

: Fy

y ( x) = sin x + cos x .

x=

y + y = 0

y (0) = 1,

= 2 y x = = 0 .
4

( )
,

y = 0
4

9.1

V [ y ] = y2 dx

y (0) = 0, y ( ) = 1 .

9.2

V [ y ] = y2 dx

y (0) = 0, y ( ) =

2
.
1

y (0) = 0, y ( ) =

9.3

V [ y ] = 1 + y2 dx
0

9.4

V [ y ] = ( y2 + x 2 )dx

y (0) = 0, y ( ) = 1 .

9.5

V [ y] =
0

1 + y 2
dx
y

y (0) = 1, y ( ) = 1 .

9.6

M 0 ( 1,5) x = y .

9.7

M 0 (1, 0) 4 x + 9 y = 36 .

9.8

y = x x y = 5 .

9.9

x + y = 4 x + y = 1 .

:
2

9.10

V [ y ] = (2 xy + y2 )dx

y (0) = 0 .

V [ y ] = (2 y + 6 y + y2 )dx

y (0) = 0 .

0
1

9.11

0
1

9.12

V [ y ] = (2 yy + y2 )dx .
0

80

9.13

V [ y ] = (4 y 2 + y2 + 2 y cos x)dx .
0
2

9.14

V [ y ] = (2 y + yy + x 2 y2 )dx .
1
2

9.15

V [ y ] = (2 y yy + x 2 y2 )dx
1

9.1

y ( x) = 2 x,

= 1.

9.2

y ( x) = 4 x,

9.3

y ( x) =

9.4

9.5

y ( x) = 1 + 2 x x 2 ,

= 2.

9.6

2 30 .
4
,
5

y ( x) = 2 x 2 .

9.7

x
,
2

1
.
2

=62.

19 2
,

8
9.9 2 2 1 .
x3
9.10 y ( x ) =
2x .
6
9.11 y ( x ) = 3 x .
9.12 y ( x ) 0 .
9.8

y ( x) = x +

3
.
4

1 2 ch 2 x
y ( x) =
+ cos x .
5 sh

x 4 + ln 4
9.14 y ( x ) = ln
6.
4
x
2 + ln x
9.15 y ( x ) = x + 1 +
.
ln 2
9.13

81

 10
.
. .

,
, .
b

V [ y, z ] = F ( x, y, z , y, z )dx
a

y (a) = y0 , y (b) = y1 ,
z ( a ) = z0 ,

z (b) = z1 .

y ( x), z ( x) C (1) [a, b] , ,

( x, y, z , y, z ) = 0 , ,
V [ y, z ] .
.
( x, y, z ) = 0 (.. )
, ( x, y, z , y, z ) = 0 ( )
.

2)

( ).

y ( x), z ( x) V [ y, z ]
, ;
F , ;

3)

y ( x) z ( x) z + y 0 .

1)

( x) , y ( x), z ( x)

b

H ( x, y, z, y, z) dx ,

H F ( x, y, z , y, z ) + ( x) ( x, y, z , y, z)

(,

).
1. ( ) 3)
.
2. ,
- ,
. ,
V.
. ,
.
, :

82

y ( x) C (1) [a, b]

V [ y ] = F ( x, y, y)dx ,

y (a) = y0 , y (b) = y1

a
b

J [ y ] = G ( x, y, y)dx = l , l - .
a

z ( x) = G ( x, y, y)dx . , z (a) = 0, z (b) = l , z = G ( x, y, y) .

a

, :
b

V [ y ] = F ( x, y, y)dx ,

y (a) = y0 , y (b) = y1 , z (a ) = 0, z (b) = l

( x, y, z , y, z ) z + G ( x, y, y) = 0 ( z
).
1)
2)
3)

( ).
y(x) V [ y ]
,
F ,
y ( x) J [ y ] .
, y(x)
b

H ( x, y, y)dx ,

H F ( x, y, y) + G ( x, y, y) .

- J [ y ] , G y

y(x)

d
G y = 0 , ..
dx

H ( x, y, y)dx

d
Fy
Fy = 0 V [ y ] .
dx

10.1.

V [ y ] = [ p( x) y2 + q( x) y 2 ] dx
a

J [ y ] = ( x) y 2 dx = 1 ,

y (a) = 0 ,

y (b) = 0 ,

p( x) , q( x) ( x)
( x ) > 0, p ( x ) > 0 , q( x) 0 .

[a, b] ,

F ( x, y, y) = p( x) y2 + q ( x) y 2 ,
G ( x, y, y) = ( x) y 2 , H ( x, y, y) = p( x) y2 + q ( x) y 2 + ( x) y 2 ,

83

V [ y ] + J [ y ] = [ p( x) y2 + q ( x) y 2 + ( x) y 2 ] dx .

d
[ p ( x) y] q( x) y ( x) y = 0 y (a) = 0 ,
dx
y (b) = 0 , , y ( x) 0 , , ,

( x) y

dx = 1 .

-, ..
yn ( x) n < 0 .
yn ( x) [a, b]

p( x) yn ( x) yn ( x) a p ( x) yn2 dx q( x) yn2 dx = n ( x) yn2 dx , .. V [ y ]


 

a
a
a



=0
b

=1

V [ yn ( x)] = n .
,
( x) yn ( x) -;
n
V [ y ] .

10.2.
.

. Ox ,
b

V [ y ] = y 2 dx
a

2 y dx = S ,

y (a) = A , y (b) = B .

V [ y ] = ( y 2 + y ) dx ,
a

2 y + = 0 , y ( x) =

2
.. .

, A = B =

(b a ) = S ,

10.3. x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ,
(a, 0, 0) (0, a, h) , ,
.
.

L :{x = x(t ), y = y (t ), z = z (t )} ,

l = V [ x, y, z ] = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dt .

.
84

V [ x, y, z ] = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dt

( x, y, z ) x 2 + y 2 a 2 = 0
x( ) = a,

x( ) = 0,

y ( ) = 0,
y ( ) = a,

z ( ) = 0
.
z( ) = h
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + (t )( x 2 + y 2 a 2 ) dt ,

d
x
=0
2 (t ) x
2
dt x + y 2 + z 2

d
y

=0.
2 (t ) y
2
2
2
dt



+
+
x
y
z

d
z

=0
dt x 2 + y 2 + z 2

t - ,
(a, 0, 0) , x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
x = 2 (t ) x


y = 2 (t ) y .


z=0
z = C , | C |< 1 .
, x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ,
xx + yy + x 2 + y 2 = 0 , xx + yy = z 2 1 = C 2 1 .


=1 z 2

C 2 1
.
, C 2 1 = 2 (t ) ( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 (t ) =

 

a2
2
=a

, | C |< 1 , .. C 2 1 < 0 ,
x(t ) = A1 sin t + A2 cos t , y (t ) = B1 sin t + B2 cos t , z (t ) = Ct + C1 -
1 C2
( =
).
a2

:
x(0) = a, y (0) = 0, z (0) = 0
.

x(l ) = 0, y (l ) = a, z (l ) = h

t=0

x(t ) = a cos t , y (t ) = a sin t , z (t ) = Ct ;

x(t ) = a cos

2l

t , y (t ) = a sin

2l

x2 + y 2 = a2

t = l

h
t , z (t ) = t .
2l
l
85

h
cos l = 0, sin l = 1, C = ,
l

 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 ,
2

a h
a
2
,
+ = 1 , l = h +
. ,
2
2l l
(a, 0, 0) (0, a, h) ,
2

a
x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , l = h 2 +
.
2
. :
"" , (a, 0)
a
"" ,
h ,
2
a
l = h 2 +

2
.

10.4. 15 x 7 y + z = 22 ,

A(1, 1, 0) B (2,1, 1) , ,
.
.

L :{x = x(t ), y = y (t ), z = z (t )} , 0 t , .
B

l = V [ x, y, z ] = dl = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dt .

V [ x, y, z ] = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dt

( x, y, z ) 15 x 7 y + z 22 = 0
x(0) = 1,

x( ) = 2,

y (0) = 1,
y ( ) = 1,

z (0) = 0
.
z ( ) = 1
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + (t )(15 x 7 y + z 22) dt ,

d
x
=0
15 (t )
2
dt x + y 2 + z 2

d
y

=0.
7 (t )
2
2
2
dt



x
y
z
+
+

z
(t ) d
=0
dt x 2 + y 2 + z 2

t -
, A , x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 = l ,
: 
x = 15 (t ), 
y = 7 (t ), 
z = (t ) .

86

 15 x 7 y + z = 22 ,
15
x 7 
y + 
z = 0 , , , (t ) = 0 .



x = y = z = 0 , .
A(1, 1, 0) , ..
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 ,
1
2
1
x(t ) = 1 +
t , y (t ) = 1 +
t , z (t ) =
t , B (2,1, 1) (.. t = )
6
6
6
: l = = 6 .

.
, ,
,
15 x 7 y + z = 22 - , ,
, .
10.5. ( ). ,
G G
u : | u |= u = const ,
,
G
G
v | v |= v < u .
. , Ox .
x = x(t ), y = y (t ) ,
G
G G
V {x (t ), y (t )} = u + v
( x v) 2 + y 2 = u 2 .
,
T
1
S [ x, y ] = ( xy yx ) dt ( x v) 2 + y 2 u 2 = 0 .
20
: x(0) = x(T ) = x0 , y (0) = y (T ) = y0 , ..
( ).
T
1

L[ x, y ] = ( xy yx ) + (t ) ( ( x v) 2 + y 2 u 2 ) dt
2

0
1
d 1

2 y dt 2 y + 2 (t )( x v) = 0

1
d
1

x
x + 2 (t ) y = 0
2
dt 2

y 2 (t )( x v) = C1
.

x + 2 (t ) y = C2
, ..
( x0 , y0 ) , C1 = C2 = 0 ,

y = 2 (t )( x v)

.
x = 2 (t ) y

( x v) 2 + y 2 u 2 = 0

87

, (t ) ,
yy

x v =
u 2 x2
u2 y2
x dx

2


=
,
(
x
v
)
. , =
, y 2 = 2

,
x
2
2
2
x +y
x +y
y dy
( x v) 2 + y 2 u 2 = 0
x

dx
+y
dy
x +y
2

dx
v 2
+y=
x + y2 ,
dy
u

d
x2 + y 2 .
dy

x2 + y2 =

v
y + C
u

v
< 1 ,
u

Ox , .. .

10.1

V [ y ] =

F ( x, y, y) dx
a

:
1

) V [ y ] =

2
y dx ,

y dx = 3 ,

y dx = 1,

) V [ y ] = ( y + x ) dx ,
2

0
1

y dx ,

( y y ) dx = 12 ,

0
1

y (0) = 0, y ( ) = 0 ;

0
1

) V [ y ] =

y (0) = 1, y (1) = 6 ;

0
1

V [ y ] = y2 dx ,

y dx = 1,

y (0) = 0, y (1) =

xy dx = 1 ,

y (0) = 0, y (1) = 0 .

10.2

V [ y, z ] =

F ( x, y, z, y, z) dx
a

:
1

) V [ y, z ] = ( y + z )dx ,
2

y2 + z2 = 1,

y (0) = 1, y (1) = 0, z (0) = 0, z (1) = 1 ;

1

) V [ y, z ] = ( y + z + x ) dx ,
2

y 2 z + 3x = 0 ,

y (0) = 2, y (1) = 1, z (0) = 1, z (1) = 2 ;

1

) V [ y , z ] = ( y + z + 1) dx ,
2

y + z = 2x2 ,

y (0) = 0, y (1) = 2, z (0) = 0, z (1) = 0 ;

88

1
;
4

) V [ y, z ] = ( y + z y z + cos x ) dx ,
2

y z = 2sin x ,

y (0) = 1, y = 1, z (0) = 1, z = 1 .
2
2
b

10.3

V [ y, z ] =

F ( x, y, z, y, z) dx
a

:
1

y z = 0 ,

) V [ y , z ] = ( y + 2 z + z ) dx ,
2

1
y (0) = 2, y (1) = , z (0) = 1, z (1) = 0 ;
e
1

y z = 0 ,

) V [ y, z ] = ( y + z )dx ,
2

y (0) = 0, y (1) = 1, z (0) = 1, z (1) = 0 ;

y = z cos x ,

) V [ y, z ] = ( y z ) dx ,
2

y (0) = 0, y ( ) = 0, z (0) = 0, z ( ) =

) V [ y, z ] =

(y

4 x 2 z 2 ) dx ,

z = 2 y 4 xz ,

10.1

) y ( x ) = 3 x + 2 x + 1 ;
2

) yk ( x ) =

sin kx, k ` ;

x x2
;
2 4
y ( x) = 60 x 3 96 x 2 + 36 x .
x
x
y ( x) = cos
, z ( x) = sin
;
2
2
y ( x ) = 2 x,
z ( x) = 1 + x ;
2
y ( x ) = x + x,
z ( x) = x 2 x
y ( x) = cos x + sin x,
z ( x) = cos x sin x .

) y ( x ) =
)
10.2

)
)
)
)

10.3

) y ( x ) = ( x 2)e ,
) ;

x
sin x,
2
) y ( x ) = sin 2 x,
) y ( x ) =

z ( x) = (1 x)e x ;
1
(sin x x cos x) ;
2
z ( x) = cos 2 x + 2 x sin 2 x .
z ( x) =

89

z (0) = 0,

z =1.
4