6.

013 Content: Fundamentals and Applications

Fields, media, and boundaries Circuits Motors, generators, and MEMS Limits to computation speed Microwave communications and radar Wireless communications and waves Optical devices and communications Acoustics Prerequisites: 6.003 or 6.02+6.007 [6.002+8.02+18.02] Appendices B-E Handouts: Administration sheet, Equations Subject outline, lecture notes Prob. set 1, Objectives & Outcomes
L1-1

WHAT ARE E AND H?

Lorentz Force Law:

f = q ( E + v o H ) [Newtons]
410-7 Velocity [m/s] Charge [Coulombs]

EM fields were invented to explain forces

FindE by setting v = 0 and measuring f FindH by setting v = 0, E = 0, and measuring f (requires 2f measurements using 2v tests)

L1-2

INTEGRAL MAXWELLS EQUATIONS

Graphical Equations:
S D nda = V dv S B nda = 0 E ds = A B nda t c

Gauss Gauss

D
0

0 (statics)

Faraday
0 (statics)

E B H

H ds = A J nda + t A D nda Ampere

c

J
D = E, B = H

Constitutive relations
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EXAMPLE: SPHERICAL CHARGE

Example I. Sphere of radius R, charge density o
Spherical symmetry precludes and components for E

Solution: S D nda = V dv = Q (Gausss Law) E

r > R Er(4r2) = Q R Surface = 4r2 r
Q 2 [V/m] 4r r r < R Er(4r2) = o( 4 r 3) Er = o [V/m] 3 3

Er =

Er r 1/r2 0 R r
L1-4

oR3 Equivalently, r > R Er = 3r 2

EXAMPLE: CYLINDRICAL CHARGE

Example 2. Cylinder of radius R, charge density o

Cylindrical symmetry precludes and z components for E

Solution:

S D nda = V dv
E

(Gauss)

L R r

oR2 r > R Er(2rL) = o(R2L) Er = 2r [V/m]

r < R Er(2rL) = o(r2L) Er = Er

r
0 R 1/r

or 2

[V/m]

Surface area = 2rL

r
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HOLLOW SPHERICAL CHARGE

Example 3: Hollow sphere of inner radius Ro, charge density o
Spherical symmetry precludes and components for E

Solution: S D nda = V dv = Q (Gausss Law)

E

r > R Er(4r2) = Q Er = Ro R Surface = 4r2 r Er

Q 2 [V/m] 4r

r < Ro Er(4r2) = 0 Er = 0

[V/m]

1/r2 0 Ro R r
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Hollow cylinders also have zeroE

CYLINDRICAL CURRENT J[A/m2]

Example 4. Uniform current J z for r < R:

L

0 H ds = A J nda + t A D nda c

r R

r > R: 2r H = I = JR2 H = I/2r [A/m] r < R: 2r H = Jr2 H 1/r 0 R

H 1/r 0 Ro R o
r
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H = Jr/2 [A/m]

Example 5. Hollow current Jz :

J

Ro o

Hollow cylinders also have zero H for r < Ro o

STATIC POTENTIALS (Volts)

Example 6. Spherical charge density o, radius R:
What is the electric potential (r) [volts] for r > R? Volts = [volts/meter][meters] R E=r Q 4 r 2 (r = a) (r = b)
b

Solution:

a b = Eid r (Volts)
a

(r) = Eid r = (r)

r

Q r 2 r i d r = Q r 1 (r) = r 4 4 |r (r) = Q Volts, (r > R) 4 r Absolute potentials are defined relative to infinity: ()

0
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MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu

6.013 Electromagnetics and Applications

Spring 2009

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