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International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, Prosecutor v. Furundzija,(10
December 1998), Case No. IT-95-17/I-T, Paragraph 148.
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ul/Psf] lj/n} kfOG5 . dxf;lGw nfu" ePsf] @) jif{ otf ;ldltn] dxf;lGwsf] wf/f
@) adf]lhd !$! kIf /fi6dWo] hDdf % /fi6sf] dfq} hfFra'em e|d0f u/]sf] 5 .5
oftgf lj?4sf] dxf;lGwf/f l;kmfl/; ul/Psf y'k}| pkfo tyf oftgf lj?4sf]
;ldltsf sfdsf afah'b\ oftgf tyf cGo cdfgjLo Jojxf/sf] c;/ oBlk
sfod 5 . t;y{, /fi6xn] k|yfut -s:6d/L_ cGt/f{li6o sfg'g tyf dxf;lGwdf
hgfPsf] k|lta4tfcg'k cfgf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ ;xof]uL x'g] Jojxfl/s ljlw
pknAw u/fpg] p2]Zon] P]lR5s cfn]v tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . o; kl/k|I] fdf, P]lR5s
cfn]vn] lj1 tyf ;+:yfut / /fli6o :t/sf clwsf/LaLr Jofjxfl/s cfwf/ /
/rgfTds ;+jfbsf nflu /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o :jtGq lj1xf/f y'gf:ynsf]
lgoldt e|d0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
oftgf;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf ljz]if k|ltj]bsn] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] cf}lrTo
lgDgfg';f/ JoVof u/]sf 5g\M
k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf hjfkmb]xLtfsf] cefjdf lk8sx 9'Ss x'g] / To:tf
PsfGt y'gf :yndf oftgf / cdfgjLo Jojxf/ lg/Gt/ x'G5g\ eGg] cg'ejsf
cfwf/df o; cfn]vsf] cf}lrTo ;fljt x'G5 . oftgf ljZjJofkL kdf ;Dk"0f{
sfg'gL Joj:yf tyf g}lts cfrf/;+lxtf cGtu{t k"0f{ kdf lgif]w ul/Psf] eP
tfklg of] ToxfF ljBdfg x'G5 hxfF oftgfsf] cfb]z lbg] ;xsdL{ tyf pRr
clwsf/Ln] o:tf cEof;nfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5g\ jf slDtdf klg n'sfpFb5g\ /
hxfF oftgf u[xx Afflx/L ;+;f/af6 cnUofOsf x'G5g\ . oftgf kLl8txsf]
of t xTof ul/G5 jf olt;Dd wDSofOPsf] x'G5 ls pgLx cfgf] cg'ej
JoQm ug{ ;d]t lxDdt ub}g{ g\ . kLl8tn] oftgfaf/] l;sfot ul/xfn] klg
pgLxnfO{ z+sf:kb ck/fwL, sfg'glj/f]wL jf cft+ssf/Lsf] gfddf PsfGtdf
cGo ;f]wvf]h klg ul/Psf] x'g;S5 t/ tL uf]Ko 5g\ .
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kl/ro
s] s] ul/of] eGg] k|dfl0ft ug{ Hofb} sl7g kb{5 . pgLxsf] ljZj;gLotfnfO{

clwsf/Lxn] ;xh} gh/cGbfh ub{5g\ . t;y{, cfk/flws rqm tf]8g\ ] Pp6}
pkfo eg]sf] ;fj{hlgs cjnf]sgsf nflu y'gf :ynx b]vfpg' / k|x/L,
;'/Iff tyf hf;";L sd{rf/Lsf] sfd ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ k|0ffnLnfO{ afXo cg'udgsf
nflu cem a9L kf/bzL{ tyf hjfkmb]xL agfpg' xf] .6
P]lR5s cfn]v k2tLsf] klxnf] :tDesf] kdf ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3+ Lo /f]syfd pk;ldltsf]
e|d0fsf] sfo{qmd /xg]5 -h;nfO{ o;kl5 cGt/f{li6o pk;ldlt jf pk;ldlt
elgg]5_ .7 o; ;Gbe{df P]lR5s cfn]vn] nfdf] ;do;Dd o:t} sfo{df cEo:t
oftgf lj?4sf] o"/f]kn
] L ;ldlt / cGt/f{li6o /]8qm; ;ldltsf] gd"gfnfO{ cjnDag
u/]sf] 5 .8
s'g} klg /fi6sf] e"efusf] ljz]if e|d0fsf nflu of] pk;ldltn] kIf /fi6sf]
:jLs[lt lng cfZos 5}g lsgeg] kIf /fi6n] P]lR5s cfn]v cg'df]bg ubf{s} avt
:jtM o:tf] clwsf/ lbPsf] x'G5 . /fi6sf] e"efudf k|jz
] ul/;s]kl5 cGt/f{li6o
pk;ldltnfO{ s'g} klg aGbLu[xsf] kx'r
F nufot :jtGq 3'dlkm/ ug{] tyf aGbLx;Fu
uf]Ko cGtjf{tf{ lng] clwsf/ x'G5 .
P]lR5s cfn]v k2tLsf] bf];f| ] :tDe cGtu{tsf] x/]s kIf /fi6sf] /fli6o /f]syfd
;+oGqn] :yfgLo txdf t'ngfof]Uo k|Tofe"ltsf ;fy ;dfg sfo{ ug]5
{ . P]lR5s
cfn]vn] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf klxrfg u/]sf] eP tfklg o;n] ;a} b]znfO{ cfgf]
kl/l:ylt cg';f/sf] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGq tof/ ug{ nrstf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
t;y{, P]lR5s cfn]vn] ljZjsf lj1xf/f cfjlws kdf ul/g]] k/LIf0fnfO{
6
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^& .
x]gx{' f];\ wf/f @ tyf P]lR5s cfn]vsf] efu @ / # .
oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ tyf ;hfo;DaGwL o'/f]lkog sldl6sf] yk
hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{'xf];\ http://www.cpt.coe.int / /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6o ;ldltsf] nflu x]g{"xf];\
http://www.icrc.org
kl/ro
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqf/f w]/} 7fpFxdf lg/Gt/ ul/g] e|d0f;Fu ;+of]hg ub{5 .
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqnfO{ gofF sfg'g k|:tfj ug{ tyf ljBdfg sfg'g jf d:of}bfdf
cfgf] ljrf/ k|:t't ug]{ clwsf/ 5 .
of] lgb]l{ zsfsf kl5Nnf cWofoxn]] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf jf dgf]gog
ug]{ qmddf /fli6o :t/df pTkGg x'g;Sg] ljleGg ;jfnaf/] sfg'gL tyf Jojxfl/s
;'emfj k|bfg ug]5
{ g\ . o; lgb]l{ zsfn] lgDg ;jfnxsf] cjnf]sg ub{5M
k|so[ fsf] kf/blz{tf tyf ;dfj]zL

p2]Zo / sfof{bz
]
:jfoQtf
;b:otfsf cfwf/
e|d0fsf] k|Tofe"lt / clwsf/
;'emfj tyf sfof{Gjog
/f]syfd ;+/rgf / /fli6o gful/s ;dfh
cGt/f{li6o :t/df /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGq
;+:yfut :jksf] rog
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@=#
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kl/ro
kf/blz{tf / ;xeflutf
;"rgf
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/fli6o ;+oGq;DaGwL lg0f{osf] k|lqmof
/fli6o ;+oGq;DaGwL
lg0f{osf] k|lqmof
wf/f #
k|To]s kIf /fi6n] oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/
jf ;hfosf] /f]syfdsf nflu /fli6o :t/df Ps jf w]/} e|d0fsf/L lgsfox
-o;kl5 /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGq_ sf] :yfkgf, lgo'lQm jf Joj:yf ug]5
{ g\ .
wf/f !&
k|To]s kIf /fi6n] of] cfn]v sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 jf cg'df]bg jf ;lDdng
u/]kl5 /fli6o :t/df oftgfsf] /f]syfd ug{ l9nf]df klg Ps jif{ leq Ps jf
w]/} :jtGq /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxsf] Joj:yf, lgo'lQm jf :yfkgf ug]5
{ g\ .9
ljs]lGb|t OsfOxn] o; cfn]vsf k|fjwfgx;Fu tfbDotf /xg] lsl;dn]
:yfkgf u/]sf ;+oGqxnfO{ ;d]t o; b:tfj]hsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu /fli6o
/f]syfd ;+oGqx dflgg] 5 .
@=! kl/ro
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu x/]s b]zsf] k|lqmof km/s x'g;Sg]
eP tfklg To:tf] ;+oGqdf s]xL tTjx eg] ;w}F ;dflji6 ul/g' kb{5 . klxnf],
k|lqmof kf/bzL{ x'gk' 5{ / To;df gful/s ;dfh -ljz]ift u};;x_ tyf cGo
;DalGwt /fli6o ;/f]sf/jfnfxnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 . bf];f| ,] k|lqmofdf ;+nUg
;a} ;xefuLnfO{ ljBdfg /fli6o e|d0fsf/L lgsfox, / b]zsf y'gf :ynaf/]
cfwf/e"t nufotsf ;DalGwt ;"rgf pknAw u/fOg' kb{5 . tnsf v08xdf oL
;femf tTjaf/] ;lj:tf/ aofg ul/g]5 .
@=@ kf/blz{tf / ;xeflutf

/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;/sf/L clwsf/L tyf
gful/s ;dfhn] o; ;+oGqnfO{ ljZj;gLo / :jfoQ lgsfosf] kdf x]g{' kb{5 .
9
wf/f @$ sf cg';f/, s'g} klg /fHoxn] cfgf] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGq jf cGt/f{li6o pk;ldlt ;DaGwdf
cfk"mn] k"/f ug'{ kg]{ bfloTjxnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ 3f]if0ffdfk{mt\ # jif{sf nflu / oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldltsf
xsdf yk @ jif{ x'g ;Sg]u/L :yug ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . /fli6o / cGt/f{li6o /f]syfd ;+oGq;DaGwL bfloTjxnfO{
/fHoxn] :yug ug]{ ;Sg] 5}gg\ .
o; p2]ZonfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ /fli6o ;+oGqsf] lgwf{/0f k|lqmof :jo+ g} ;dfj]zL /

kf/bzL{ x'gk' 5{ .
;/sf/sf] /fhgLlts g]tT[ jsf k|ltlglw tyf k|fljlws ljz]if1tf ePsf :yfoL
k|zf;gsf ;DalGwt ;b:ox -nfu" x'g] ;a} txxdfM :yfgLo, k|fGtLo /jf
/fli6o_,
/fli6o u};; tyf gful/s ;dfhsf cGo ;d"x,
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ k|lti7fg -pbfx/0fsf nflu dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u jf
cf]Da'8;
\ Dofg_,
y'gf :ynsf] e|d0fdf ;+nUg x'bF } cfPsf ;+:yf -lg/LIfssf] sfof{no, ;hfo
tf]Sg] GofofwLz, ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t tNnf] txsf e|d0f sfo{qmd nufot_,
;/sf/ tyf k|ltkIfL b'j} bnsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ljwflosf ;b:o,
sltko ;Gbe{df If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6o cGt/;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf,
o;;DaGwL 5nkmndf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ oyf;Dej Jofks kdf ;dfj]z

ul/g' kb{5 . k|:tfg laGb'sf] kdf o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg]M
gful/s ;dfhsf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;+:yf jf JolQmsf] 5gf]6 ;/sf/sf] PstkmL{

lg0f{oaf6 geO gful/s ;dfh :jo+f/f jf gful/s ;dfh;Fusf] k/fdz{df ul/g'
kb{5 . cu|kl+ Qmdf /x]sf dfgjclwsf/ u};;xsf] 5nkmn / ;xeflutf dxjk"0f{
x'G5 eg] oftgfaf6 afFrs
] fxsf nflu sfd ug]{ k'gM:yf{kg s]Gb|, aGbLsf gft]bf/sf
;+3 / y'gf :yndf sfo{/t nf]sf]ksf/L jf cf:yfdf cfwfl/t ;d"xnfO{ klg
;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 . dggLo s'/f s] 5 eg] P]lR5s cfn]vn] sf/fuf/ / k|x/L
rf}sLnfO{ dfq ;d]6g\ ] geO{ dgf]lrlsT;f;DaGwL ;+:yf / cfk|jf;L aGbL s]Gb|h:tf
cGo :ynnfO{ klg ;d]6b\ 5 .10 t;y{, ljz]ifu/L cfk|jf;L, cf>osf] vf]hLdf /x]sf
JolQm, z/0ffyL{, gfafns, dlxnf, hghflt tyf ;f+:s[lts cNk;+Vos / ckftf
10
lg/LIf0f e|d0fsf nflu v'nf /xg] :ynaf/] tn t];f| ] cWofo, v08 #=@ df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
ePsf JolQmh:tf hf]lvddf /x]sf hg;+Vofsf nflu sfo{/t ;+:yfxnfO{ klg

k|lqmofdf ;fd]n u/fOg' kb{5 .
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] vfsf tof/ kfg]{ jf rog ug]{ qmddf s'g} If]qsf cg]sf}F
/fHodf ;femf ;jfn jf r'gf}tL pTkGg x'g ;S5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf ljrf/ tyf
/0fgLltsf] ;fe]mbf/Lsf nflu If]qLo uf]nd]r ;+jfb ugf{n] cfcfg} /fli6o /f]syfd
;+oGqsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ tkm{ cl3 a9\g ;xof]u k'Ug ;Sb5 . o; k|lqmofdf If]qLo
tyf cGt/f{li6o u};; / If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6o cGt/;/sf/L lgsfosf] ;xeflutf
klg dxjk"0f{ x'g ;Sb5 .
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 ug{sf nflu o;sf] :jk / klxrfgsf]
lgwf{/0f k|lqmof kf/bzL{ x'gk' 5{ . ;/sf/n] o;sf] k|lqmof, ;xeflusf nflu cj;/ /
clGtd lg0f{o;DaGwL cfwf/, ljlw / sf/0faf/] :jtM:k"mt{ 9n] k|rf/ ug'k{ 5{ .
@=# ;"rgf
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] lgwf{/0f k|lqmof b]zdf klxn]bl] v g} y'gf :ynxsf] e|d0f
ub}{ cfPsf lgsfoxsf] tYok"0f{ ljj/0f ;"rL af6 z'? x'gk' 5{ . of] ljj/0f ;"rL
df slDtdf klg k|To]s lgsfosf lgDg kIfxsf] ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L ;dfj]z x'gk' b{5M11
sfof{lwsf/sf] If]q -To; lgsfonfO{ s'g s'g :ynsf] e|d0f ug]{ clwsf/ 5_
;+/rgf -;b:o / sd{rf/L ;+Vof, sfdsfhL :jtGqtf, sfof{no :yn_
clwsf/ tyf pGd'lQm -k"j{ ;"rgfljgf lg/LIf0f e|d0f ug],{ uf]Ko cGtjf{tf{ lng]
/ ;"rgfsf] clwsf/, cflb_
ah]6 tyf sfo{ljlw -e|d0f ;+Vof, e|d0f cjlw / ;doqmd, l/kf]l6{sf] k|sf/,
l;kmfl/;sf] :jLs[lt / sfof{Gjogsf] dfqf, sfof{Gjog ePgePsf] yfxf
kfpg] tl/sf, cflb_ .
10
11
ljBdfg lgsfosf d"n ljz]iftfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ lj:tf/k"js

{ ;3fp k'ofpg] ;fdu|L www.apt.ch/npm
df k]mnf kfg{ ;lsG5 .
;a} ;xefuLnfO{ b]zsf y'gf :ynsf] cg'dflgt ;+Vof, cfsf/ / cjl:yltsf]

cfFsng tyf P]lR5s cfn]vsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] kf7 tyf o;sf zt{xsf] JofVof
-of] lgb]l{ zsfsf] Ps k|lt_ pknAw u/fOg' k5{ .
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PkL6Lsf ;'emfj
5nkmndf ;/sf/L clwsf/L, gful/s ;dfh, /fli6 o dfgjclwsf/

;+:yfx, lg/LIf0f e|d0fdf ;+nUg lgsfo, ;f+;b / sltko cj:yfdf
If] q Lo tyf cGt/f{ l i6 o cGt/;/sf/L / u} / ;/sf/L ;+ : yf nufot
oyf;Dej ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ Jofks kdf ;dfj]z ul/g' kb{5 .
;/sf/n] k| l qmof, ;xeflusf nflu cj;/ tyf clGtd lg0f{ o ug] {
cfwf/, ljlw / sf/0f :jtM:k"mt{ 9+un] k|rf/ ug'{kb{5 .
k|lqmofsf ;xefuLnfO{ lg/LIf0f e|d0fdf ;+nUg /fli6o lgsfo, b]zsf
y'gf :ynsf] cg'dflgt ;+Vof, cfsf/ / cjl:ylt;DaGwL ljj/0f ;"rL
5s cfn]vsf] kf7 / ;f]sf] JofVof
-cyf{t\ ;j]I{ f0f / d"Nofg_ tyf P]lRR5
pkn
pknAA w u/fOg' kb{5 .
12
t];f| ] cWofo, v08 #=@ df lg/LIf0f e|d0fsf nflu v'nf /xg] :ynxaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .
b]zdf ljBdfg /fli6o ;+oGq / y'gf :yn;DaGwL tYok"0f{ ;"rgfn] ;xefuLnfO{

ljBdfg y'gf :yn / o;n] ;d]6s
] f If]q, ;d:of / P]lR5s cfn]vdf kl/eflift
/fli6o ;+oGqsf] aLrdf ePsf] vf8n yfxf kfpg / /fli6o ;+oGqsf nflu
cfjZos kg]{ ;|ft] sf] cfFsng ug{ ;3fp k'ofpF5 .12 ;xefuLnfO{ o; hfgsf/Laf6
gofF ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ls ljBdfg ;+oGqnfO{ g} dgf]gog ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ug{
;3fp k'Ug]5 .
11
12

#=# sfof{bz
]
#=$ e|d0fsf] ;doqmd
#
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz
]
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
!$
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13
wf/f !
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
o; cfn]vsf] p2]Zo :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmx /flvPsf :yfgxdf

oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ Pjd\ ;hfosf]
/f]syfd ug{ :jtGq cGt/f{li6o tyf /fli6o lgsfoxsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf x'g]
lgoldt e|d0fsf] k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
wf/f ! n] oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf P]lR5s cfn]vsf p2]Zox tyf
k|dv
' tTjxsf] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf wf/fxdf lg/LIf0f e|d0f ug]{ lgsfoxsf]
:jtGqtf, agf]6 / clwsf/xsf] ;lj:tf/ JofVof u/L o; lgb]l{ zsfsf $, % /
^ cWofodf tL s'/fxnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ wf/f ! df y'k}| cjwf/0ffx
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] kf7df cGt st}
5g\ h'g oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
k|ToIf kn] JofVof ul/Psf] 5}gM
/f]syfd e|d0fx,
h'g lgoldt kn] ul/G5g\,
h'g lg/LIf0f e|d0fsf] ;du| k|0ffnL
ffnLsf] c aGb5g\ .
o;kl5 nuQ}sf v08xdf xfdL oL tLgj6f wf/0ffxsf] ;"Id cWoog k|f/De

u5f}+{ . o; cWofosf kl5Nnf v08xdf lg/LIf0f e|d0f :ynxsf] If]q, /fli6o
lg/LIf0f e|d0f lgsfonfO{ lbOg] sfof{bz
] / To;sf lg/LIf0f e|d0fxsf] ;doqmdsf]
ljZn]if0f ul/g] 5 .
#=!=! /f]syfd e|d0f

oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]v cGtu{t ul/g] lg/LIf0f e|d0fxsf]
k|sl[ t /f]syfdd"ns x'gk' g]{ 5 . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] oL e|d0fx tnsf b'Oj{ 6f
Pscsf{nfO{ ;an t'Nofpg] dfWodxf/f oftgf jf b'Jo{jxf/sf 36gf 36\ge
' Gbf
1 4 klxn] g} ltgnfO{ /f]syfd ug{ vf]Hg' xf]M
tfhf ;"rgf k|of]u u/]/ y'gf k|0ffnLsf] :jtGq tyf lj1tfk"0f{ ljZn]if0faf6
oftgf;DaGwL /fi6;3
+ Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bssf] JofVof o; k|sf/ 5M
#
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz
]
tof/ kfl/g] lj:t[t ;'emfjxsf] cfwf/df clwsf/Lx;Fu ul/g] /rgfTds

;+jfb, /
eljiodf y'gfsf] ;+Vof a9\g] ;DefjgfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L tfhf ko{jI] f0fsf]
cfwf/df oftgf jf b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ lgif]w ug]{ o:tf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' h;n] ubf{
ck/fwLn] aGbLnfO{ 8/wfs b]vfP/ cf}krfl/s ph'/L bfo/ ug{] sfo{nfO{ ;lhn}
/f]Sg g;s"g\ .
/fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o lj1xnfO{ ljgf k"j3

{ f]if0ff s'g} klg a]nf s'g} klg y'gf
:ynsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ / sf/fuf/sf /lhi6/ tyf cGo b:tfj]hdf kx'r
F sf]
clwsf/ x'gfn] pgLxnfO{ k|To]s aGbL;Fu 5'f5'} s'/f ug]{ / oftgf kLl8txsf]
lrlsT;sLo hfFra'em ug]{ clwsf/ klg x'G5 h'g clwsf/af6 oftgfnfO{ lgif]w
ug{] bl/nf] c;/ k}bf x'G5 . To;sf] ;fy;fy} o; k|sf/sf e|d0fxaf6 :jtGq
lj1xnfO{ s}bL / aGbLdfly ul/Psf] Jojxf/ k|ToIf b]Vg] / y'gf :ynsf cfd
cj:yfsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . y'k}| ;d:of cg'ko'Qm k|0ffnLsf]
sf/0faf6 k}bf x'G5g\ h;nfO{ lgoldt ko{jI] f0ff/f ;lhn} ;'wfg{ ;lsG5 .
e|d0f ug]{ lj1xn] lgoldt kn] y'gf :ynxsf] e|d0f ubf{ k|foM ;DalGwt
clwsf/Lx;Fu /rgfTds ;+jfb k|f/De ug{ ;S5g\ h;af6 ko{jI] f0f ul/Psf
;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf ;3fp k'Ub5 .13
/f]syfdd"ns oL e|d0fx :jtGq lgsfof/f y'gf :yndf ul/g] cGo k|sf/sf
e|d0fxsf] k|of]hg tyf ljlweGbf a]Un} x'g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, y'gf :ynaflx/
/x]sf] sfof{nodf clwsf/ xgg\;DaGwL ljz]ifph'/L k|fKt ePkl5 dfq k|ltlqmofTds
e|d0f z'? x'G5 . k|ltlqmofTds e|d0faf6 ;fdfGotM ph'/Lstf{sf ljz]if ;d:of
13
oftgf;DaGwL /fi6;3
+ Lo k|ltj]bsf/f @))^ df dxf;ef;dIf k|:t't k|ltj]bg,
-!$ cui6 @))^_ cg'R5]b &@ .
UN.Doc.A/61/259
15
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
;'Nemfpg] cyjf ck/fwLnfO{ ;hfo lbgsf nflu pQm 36gfsf] 5fglag u/L
To;nfO{ clen]va4 ug]{ ul/G5 .14 aGbLvfgfsf cj:yfxdf ;'wf/ Nofpg jf
oftgfaf6 afFrs
] fxsf] k'gM:yfkg ug{sf nflu k|ToIf kn] ;]jf;'ljwfx pknAw
u/fpg ul/g] dfgjLo e|d0fx csf]{ pbfx/0f x'g\ .
csf]l{ t/, /f]syfd e|d0fx cu|lqmofzLn -k|fP] lS6e_ e|d0f x'g,\ / oL y'gf k|0ffnLsf
;a} kIfxsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ cu|ufdL / lg/Gt/ k|lqmofsf c x'g\ . /f]syfd
e|d0fx ug]{ :jtGq lj1xsf] ax'ljBfut 6f]nLn] k|ToIf kn] ko{jI] f0f u/L
y'gfdf /x]sf JolQm / sd{rf/Lx;Fu uf]Ko kn] s'/f u5{g\ . ltgn] ef}lts
;'ljwf, lgod / sfo{ljlwx tyf ;'/Iff;DaGwL s'g} klg kIf pko'Qm 5 5}g eGg]
s'/fsf] lg/LIf0f u5{g\ h;af6 eljiodf oftgf lbg] jf b'Jo{jxf/ ug]{ ;Defjgf k}bf
ug{;Sg] tTjxsf] klxrfg ug{ ;lsof];\ . To;kl5 of] ;"rgfnfO{ /fli6o, If]qLo
tyf cGt/f{li6o dfkb08 tyf pQd cEof;sf b[li6af6 d"Nofg ul/G5 / Tof]
d"Nofgsf] cfwf/df ;DalGwt clwsf/Ln] -;+:yfut, If]qLo /jf /fli6o txdf_
sfof{Gjog ug'k{ g]{ ljlzi6 / Jofjxfl/s ;'emfjx cl3 ;fl/G5 . oL ;'emfjaf6
clwsf/Lx;Fu /rgfTds ;+jfb ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ x'G5 . cg'udg 5nkmn /
e|d0fxaf6 sfof{Gjog kIf x]g{] / ;'emfjxnfO{ yk kl/dfh{g jf lj:tf/ ug]{
cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . /f]syfd e|d0f / ;+jfbsf] k|lqmofaf6 ;du| y'gf :yn, y'lgPsf
JolQm tyf /fHosf] y'gf :yn;DaGwL ;du| k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of; ul/G5 .
#=!=@ lgoldt e|d0f

lgoldt e|d0fsf] cjwf/0ffn] y'gf :yndf ;do;dodf bf]xf]ofP/ ul/g] e|d0f
eGg] a'lemG5 . oftgf tyf cGo b'Jo{jxf/ /f]syfdsf lglDt y'gf :ynxsf]
cg'udg ug]{ sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg bf]xf]ofOg] qmd Pp6f k|efjsf/L
tTj xf] . vf; y'gf :yndf 3l/3l/ ul/g] e|d0fn]M
14
16
k|ltlqmofTds lg/LIf0f e|d0fn] klg y'gf :ynxsf] kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]xLkg j[l4 u/L oftgf /f]syfddf
ck|ToIf kn] ;xof]u k'ofpg ;S5 . t/ /f]syfdnfO{ k|fylds p2]Zo agfP/ ul/g] e|d0f sfo{qmdeGbf
of] km/s x'G5 .
e|d0f 6f]nLnfO{ aGbL / clwsf/LaLr /rgfTds ;+jfb :yfkgf u/L To;nfO{
e|d0f s]jn Ps k6sd} g6'lg] ePsfn] e|d0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfP/ oftgf lj?4
/fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf zt{x k"/f ug{sf lglDt sltslt
;dodf e|d0f ug]{ eGg] k|Zg pl7xfN5 . tn v08 #=$ cGtu{t Go"gtd
;doqmd;DaGwL of] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbOPsf] 5 .
#
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz
]
sfod /fVg ;dy{ agfpF5,

;dosf] qmddf aGbLvfgfsf] cj:yf / aGbL;Fu ul/g] Jojxf/df k|ult jf
b'ul{ tsf] clen]v /fVg ;3fp k'ofpF5,
aflx/af6 lg/Gt/ e|d0f x'g] 8/n] aGbLdfly x'g] HofbtL sd ug{ d2t k'ofpF5,
cl3Nnf e|d0fdf e|d0f;DaGwL lgsfonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ JolQm;Fu abnf lnOg]
sfo{af6 aGbL / sd{rf/LnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ ;3fp k'ofpF5 .
#=!=# e|d0f k|0ffnL

oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f ! n] cGt/f{li6o tyf
/fli6o ;+oGqxf/f ul/g] e|d0fxsf] clek|fo Pp6f k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] eGg]
s'/f :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ljleGg ;+oGqxn] tfnd]n u/]/ / ;l7t jf ;dlGjt
tl/sfn] sfo{ ug'k{ 5{ eGg] hgfpF5 .
ljZjJofkL kdf o;n] cGt/f{li6o pk;ldlt / /fli6o ;+oGqaLr k|ToIf ;+jfb ug]{
clwsf/ 5 eGg] b]vfpF5 . ;fy} /fHoleq /fli6o :t/df ljleGg /fli6o ;+oGqx
lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{l;t klg o;sf] ;DaGw 5 eGg] hgfpF5 . /fHoleq o; k|sf/sf
/fli6o ;+oGqxnfO{ ;Fufn]/ Pp6f k|0ffnL agfpgsf lglDt oL ;+oGqxsf aLrdf
;~rf/ / ;dGjo u/fpg] s]xL dfWodx x'gk} 5{ h;af6 ;a} y'gf :ynxsf] e|d0f
u/L /fi6JofkL ljZn]if0f / ;'emfjx tof/ kfg]{ s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsof];\ .15
15
k|To]s /fli6o ;+oGq / cGt/f{li6o pk;ldltaLrsf] ;DaGwaf/] gjf}F cWofodf 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 . b;f}F
cWofosf] v08 !)=#=@ df Pp6} /fHo cGtu{tsf ax'n ;+oGqxaLr ;lt / ;dGjo sfod ug]{ /0fgLltxsf]
vf]htnf; ul/Psf] 5 .
17
sfof{Gjog;DaGwL sfg'gdf Pp6f To:tf] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z x'g'k5{ h;n]
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
#=!=$ PkL6Lsf ;'emfj
pQm sfg'gsf] k|of]hgsf] JofVof u/L oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf]

P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f ! sf] efiffnfO{ ;dflxt u/f];\ .
/f]syfd e|d0fx ltgsf] k|of]hg / ljlwdf cGo k|sf/sf y'gf :ynsf
e|d0fxeGbf km/s x'g\ eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ ul/g' k5{ .
/fli6o ;+oGqf/f ul/g] e|d0f k|0ffnLcGtu{t klxn] e|d0f ul/Psf y'gf
:ynxdf 3l/3l/ kms]{/ uO/xg] s'/f ;fd]n x'g'k5{ .
/fHo tyf cGt/f{li6o pk;ldlt cGtu{tsf /fli6o ;+oGqx / Ps}
/fHodf /x]sf cg]sf}F /fli6o ;+oGqxaf6 ;Rrf k|0ffnL aGg ;sf];\ eGg]
Wo]on] /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] 9fFrf tfnd]no'Qm, ;l7t jf ;dlGjt tl/sfn]
sfo{ ug{] u/L agfOg' kb{5 .

wf/f $
!= k|To]s kIf/fi6n] o; cfn]v adf]lhd wf/f @ tyf # df pNn]lvt ;+oGqnfO{
cfgf] If]qflwsf/ jf lgoGq0fdf /x]/ ;fj{hlgs clVtof/L ePsf lgsfo jf
JolQmsf] cfb]z jf pS;fx6 jf ;xdlt jf df}hb' Ldf :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt
ul/Psf jf To;f] ul/g ;lsg] JolQmx /flvg] s'g} klg :yfg -o;kl5
lx/f;tsf/fuf/_ sf] e|d0f ug{ cg'dlt lbg]5g\ . o:tf e|d0fx tL JolQmnfO{
oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ Pjd\ ;hfo lj?4
ul/g] ;'/Iff, cfjZos k/]df, ;'b9[ kfg]{ p2]Zon] ul/g]5 .
18
@= o; cfn]vsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu :jtGqtfaf6 ljd'v eGgfn] s'g} klg Goflos

jf k|zf;lgs jf cGo lgsfosf] cfb]zaf6 s;}n] cfgf] OR5f adf]lhd cfk"m
y'lgPsf] jf aGbL agfOPsf] jf lghL jf ;fj{hlgs k|sl[ tsf] :yfgdf lx/f;tdf
/flvPsf] :yfg 5f]8g\ cg'dlt gkfPsf] cj:yfnfO{ a'lemG5 .
wf/f $ sf] y'gf :yn sf] kl/efiffsf] Jofks dxTj /x]sf] x'bF f /fli6o ;+oGqsf]
sfof{bz
] sf] JofVof ug]{ sfg'gdf wf/f $-!_ df ;d]l6Psf] s'g} klg y'gf :yn
;dfj]z x'gk' 5{ / /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqnfO{ tL :ynxsf] e|d0f ug]{ clwsf/
x'gk' 5{ .
#
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz
]
#=@=! kl/ro
wf/f $-!_ sf] y'gf :yn sf] kl/efiff Jofks cy{df ul/Psf] 5 h;sf] p2]Zo
:jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxnfO{ oyf;Dej Jofks ;+/If0f k|bfg ug'{ xf] . o;
kl/efiffsf k|dv
' tTjx s] x'g\ eg] JolQmx cfgf] OR5fcg';f/ pQm :ynaf6
cGoq hfg kfpFbg} g\ / pQm y'gf s'g} g s'g} ;fj{hlgs clVtof/;Fu ufFl;Psf] x'G5 .
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vdf y'gf :yn sf] kl/efiff ubf{
;+sl' rt / lglZrt ;+:yfxdf l;ldt x'g pko'Qm 7flgPg . o;f] ubf{ e|d0f
k|0ffnLsf] If]q Psbd} ;fF3/' f] / ;Lldt x'g] lglZrt lyof] . t/ klg oftgf lj?4
/fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vn] u/]sf] y'gf :yn sf] kl/efiffsf] bfo/fleq
s]xL lglZrt :ynx t :jtM kl/g} xfN5g\ . h:tf] lsM
k|x/L rf}sLx,
k"j{ k'kI{ f s]Gb|xtxsLsftsf] nflu /flvg] sf/fuf/x,
s}b tf]lsPsf JolQmxnfO{ /flvg] sf/fuf/x,
gfafns y'gf s]Gb|x,
;Ldf If]qsf k|x/L :ynx tyf l;dfgf, cGt/f{li6o c:yfoL cf>o If]qx
tyf ljdfg:ynsf kf/jxg If]qx,
cfk|jf;g tyf z/0f vf]Hg]xsf y'gf s]Gb|x,16
16
slxn]sfxLF s] bfaL ug]{ ul/G5 eg] y'gf s]Gb|df /flvPsf ljb]zLxn] :j]R5fn] s'g} csf]{ b]zdf hfg rfx]df
pgLx ToxfF hfg :jtGq x'G5g\ . tyflk o:tf] l:yltdf y'gfdf /flvPsf JolQmx wf/f $ sf] cy{ cGtu{t
:jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fdf s'g} k|Zg} p7\bg} . UK House of Lords, A and others v.
Secretary of State for the Home Department (16 December 2004), 2004 UKHL, 56.
19
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
dgf]lrlsT;f;DaGwL ;+:yfx,
;'/Iff jf u'Ktr/ ;]jf s]Gb|x -olb ltgnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg] clwsf/ ePdf_,
;}lgs If]qflwsf/ cGtu{tsf y'gf :ynx,
k|zf;lgs y'gf :ynx,
s}bLxnfO{ :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ oftfoftsf ;fwgx -k|x/L Eofg cflb_ .
t'ngfTds kn] :ki6 oL :ynxsf] cltl/Qm wf/f $ sf] zt{cg';f/ /fli6o

;+oGqnfO{ cGo s'g} klg 7fpFsf] e|d0f ug]{ clwsf/ 5 hxfF s;}nfO{ p;sf] OR5f lj?4
;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lf/f ck|ToIf kn] g} /flvPsf] lsg gxf];\ . wf/f $ sf b'Oj{ 6f
d"n jfSof+zxdf o; k|sf/sf] y'gf :yn sf] k|sl[ tsf] j0f{g lgDgfg';f/ ul/Psf] 5M
;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lsf] If]qflwsf/ / lgoGq0fcGtu{t17 -h;n] Tof] e"efunfO{
Olt u5{ hxfF Tof] :yn cjl:yt 5_,

;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lsf] cfb]z jf pS;fx6 jf ;Ddlt jf dGh'/Lcg';f/
-h;n] Tof] dfWodnfO{ Olt u5{, h;f/f s'g} JolQmnfO{ ToxfF /flvPsf]
x'g;S5_ .
tnsf] v08df If]qflwsf/ tyf lgoGq0f ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffaf/] ;lj:tf/ s]nfOPsf]
5 . To;kl5sf] v08df pS;fx6, ;Ddlt / dGh'/L tyf jf x'g;S5 eGg]
zAbx;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;dfj]z ug's
{ f] sf/0f JofVof ul/Psf] 5 . o;f]
ug's
{ f] tfTko{ /fli6o ;+oGqf/f u}/sfg'gL y'gf tyf cglws[t y'gf :ynxnfO{
lglZrt kn] ;d]6g\ ' xf] .
#=@=@ If]qflwsf/ tyf lgoGq0f

wf/f $-!_ df pNn]v ePsf] If]qflwsf/ ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff oftgf lj?4sf]
dxf;lGw / gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o cg'aGwdf /fHosf]
20
17
k|mfG;]nL ;+:s/0fdf cln km/s zAb k|of]u u/]/ ;d]l6g] :ynxsf] Jofks z[v
\ nfdfly cem a9L hf]8
lbOPsf] 5 .
bfloTjsf] bfo/fsf] aofg ug{ klg k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .18 oL ;lGwxcGtu{t :yflkt
dfgjclwsf/ tyf oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldltn] lbPsf cledtn] P]lR5s cfn]vsf]
k|of]hgsf nflu If]qflwsf/ tyf lgoGq0f s] xf] eGg] k|i6 kfb{5g\ .
18
19
20
21
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGw, wf/f @ / !^ . !^ l8;]Da/ !(^^ sf] dxf;efsf] @@))P -@!_ k|:tfjaf6
cg'df]lbt eO{ @# dfr{ !(&^ b]lv nfu" ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o
cg'aGwsf] wf/f @-!_ .
h]= au{;{ / Pr= 8fg]lnp;sf] oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwM oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo Jojxf/
jf ;hfo lj?4sf] dxf;lGw;DaGwL xft] k'l:tsf -8f]/8R] 6M dfl6{g; lghxf]km klAn;;{, !(**_, k[= !@#
!@$ x]gx{' f];\ .
oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldlt ;+oQ
' m /fHo cd]l/sf;DaGwL lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx -!* d] @))^_, /fi6;3
+ Lo
b:tfj]h CAT/C/USA/CO/2, cg'R5]b !% / ;+oQ
' m clw/fHo;DaGwL lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx -!)
l8;]Da/ @))$_, /fi6;3+ Lo b:tfj]h CAT/C/CR/33/3, cg'R5]b $-v_ . dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltsf] cg'aGwsf
/fHo kIfxdfly cf/f]lkt ul/Psf cfd sfg'gL bfloTjsf] k|sl[ taf/] ;fdfGo l6Kk0fL #! -@^ d] @))$_,
/fi6;3
+ Lo b:tfj]h CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.13 . x]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] oftgf lj?4
/fi6;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f #@ f/f o;sf k|fjwfgxn] h]g]ef dxf;lGwx tyf
cfn]vxdf cGtlg{lxt y'gfdf /x]sf JolQmx;Dd kx'r
F lbOg'kg]{ bfloTjdfly c;/ gug]{ ljlzi6 Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/f{li6o pk;ldlt jf /fli6o ;+oGqn] kx'r
F k|fKt ug]{ ;DefjgfnfO{ cGt/f{li6o /]8qm;
;ldltnfO{ e|d0f ug{ glbg] axfgfsf kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsFbg} .
k|yfut cGt/f{li6o sfg'g tyf Jofks kn] cg'df]bg ul/Psf] ;lGwn] o; k|sf/sf :ynxnfO{ cfof]hs
/fHof/f cg'Nn+3gLo dfg]/ o:tf :ynxdf lgof]s k|dv
' sf] ;Ddltljgf s'g} klg /fi6sf k|ltlglwxn]
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
;fdfGotM /fHosf] e"efu g} To;sf] If]qflwsf/ tyf lgoGq0fcGtu{t kg]{ s'/f :jtM :ki6
5 . /fHodf btf{ ul/Psf] kfgLhxfh jf ljdfg / ;fob ;DalGwt /fHo kIfsf] dxfb]zcGtu{tsf]
kf6f]df cjl:yt ;+/rgfnfO{ oftgf lj?4 k|dv
' dxf;lGwsf] k|of]hgsf lglDt ;dfGotM
19
/fHosf] If]qflwsf/cGtu{t dflgg ;S5 . dfgjclwsf/ tyf oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldltn]
ljsl;t u/]sf] ljlwzf:q cg';f/ If]qflwsf/ tyf lgoGq0f cGtu{t /fHo kIfsf]
;fdfGo e"efu aflx/sf tL ;a} If]qx ;d]l6G5g\ h'g If]qx jf:tjdf /fHo kIfsf]
k|efjsf/L lgoGq0fcGtu{t kb{5g\, rfx] To; k|sf/sf] lgoGq0f h'g;'s} ;}lgs jf gful/s
clVtof/f/f sfod ul/Psf] lsg gxf];\ .20 pbfx/0fsf] nflu /fHo kIfsf ljb]zdf /x]sf
;}lgs cvf8fx kb{5g\ . csf]l{ t/, /fHo kIfsf] e"efudf /x]sf ljb]zL /fhb"tfjf;x
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f $ sf] If]qflwsf/ tyf
lgoGq0f ;DaGwL cjwf/0fff/f ;DejtM ;d]l6Psf 5}gg\ .21
21
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
kmf}hL ;xdlt;DaGwL ;lGwsf] ljBdfg x}l;otcGtu{t /fHo kIfsf] e"efudf

cjl:yt ljb]zL ;}lgs cvf8fxdf kx'r
F lbOg' h?/L 5 ls 5}g eGg] k|Zg emg}
c;lhnf] 5 . o;sf] pQ/ kmf}hL ;xdlt;DaGwL ;lGwsf] x}l;otsf ljlzi6
k|fjwfgxdfly lge{/ x'g] b]lvG5 h'g ;lGw ;DalGwt cvf8fsf] xsdf nfu" x'G5 .
kmf}hL ;xdlt;DaGwL ;lGwsf] x}l;otn] pQm cvf8fdflysf] If]qflwsf/ tyf lgoGq0f
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] kIf g/x]sf] ljb]zL zlQmnfO{
:ki6 kn] ;'lDkPsf] eP /fHo kIfn] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cNksfnLg b[li6n] pQm
cvf8fdf kx'r
F lbg g;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . t/ /fi6n] oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo
dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vdf x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 jf To;nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]kl5 cfgf]
cfd e"efudf hxfF JolQmx lghL :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt 5g\ tL 7fpFxdflysf]
If]qflwsf/ tyf lgoGq0f cGo /fi6xnfO{ 7]Ssfdf lbP/ bfloTjxaf6 hfgfhfg
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf]
plDsg cGt/f{li6o sfg'gn] 5"6 lbFbg} .22 o;y{ oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
P]lR5s cfn]vsf kIf /fi6xdfly /fi6sf] cfd e"efudf /x]sf y'gf :ynxdf
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] kx'r
F df afwf k'ofpg] kmf}hL ;xdltxsf] x}l;otsf]
Dofb u'lh|g] jf gjLs/0f ug]{ a]nfdf gofF ;Demf}tf ug{ x/;Dej k|of; u/]/ To;df
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ kx'r
F lbg] bkmfx ;dfj]z ug]{ bfloTj /xG5 . gofF /fi6xl;t
F sf] clwsf/
eljiodf ul/g] kmf}hL cvf8f;DaGwL ;Demf}tfdf klg k|f/Deb]lv g} kx'r
lbOg' kb{5 .
#=@=# cglws[t y'gf :ynx

;/sf/n] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cfk"mn] cflwsfl/s kn] sf/fuf/, k|x/L rf}sL jf cGo
;fj{hlgs kn] lrlgg] ;+:yfx hxfF ;fwf/0ftM j}w cfb]z cGtu{t JolQmx :jtGqtfaf6
jl~rt x'G5g\, tL :ynxsf] e|d0f ug{ lbg'dfq kof{Kt x'bF g} . /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{
cglws[t y'gf :ynx cyf{t\ y'gfsf] nflu s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Ln] cf}krfl/s
k|jz
] ug{ gkfpg] s'/f ls6fg ul/Psf] 5 . !* clk|n !(^! df lePgfdf kfl/t eO{ @$ clk|n !(^$ df
nfu" ePsf] s"6gLlts ;DaGwx;DaGwL lePgf dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @@ x]gx{' f];\ . x]gx{' f];\ Browlie, Principle
of Public International Law, 5th Edition, Oxford University Press 1998, P. 356.
22
22
lePgfdf @# d] !(^( df x:tfIf/ u/L @& hgj/L !(*) df k|yfhGo cGt/f{li6o sfg'gsf kdf nfu"
ul/Psf] ;lGwxsf] sfg'g;DaGwL lePgf dxf;lGwsf] k|fSsyg tyf wf/f @^ x]gx{' f];\ .
kn] cfb]z glbPsf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs clVtof/l;t ufFl;Psf sf/0fxaf6

JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /flvPsf] s'g} klg :yndf clgjfo{ kn] kx'r
F lbOg' k5{ .
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vdf /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ kx'r
F sf]
cfwf/ k|bfg ug{sf lglDt o:tf :ynxnfO{ ;d]6g\ ] clek|fon] wf/f $-!_ df :ki6
kn] k|s6 ePsf pS;fx6, ;Ddlt, jf dGh'/L h:tf cf}krfl/s cfb]z
sf ljsNkxaf/] ;f]rljrf/ ul/Psf] s'/f Psbd} :ki6 5 . d:of}bf k|lqmofsf]
k|f/Deb]lv g}, jf:tjdf sf]:6fl/sfn] !((! df o; P]lR5s cfn]vsf] d"n kf7
k|:tfljt u/]bl] v g} oL wf/0ffx oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s
23
cfn]vsf] c ag]sf x'g,\ / oL wf/0ffx oftgf lj?4sf] dxf;lGwsf] wf/f ! df
/x]sf] oftgfsf] kl/efiffaf6 lnOPsf x'g\ h:tf] nfU5 .
oftgf lj?4sf] dxf;lGwnfO{ kfl/t ug]{ /fi6xn] oftgf k|foM cglws[t tyf cw{
uf]Ko sfo{ xf] h;af6 ;DalGwt ;/sf/ cfk"mnfO{ cf}krfl/s kn] cnu /fVg r]i6f
u5{ eGg] s'/f l:jsf/ u5{g . To;sf/0f hfgfhfg lghL jf u}//fHo txsf
stf{xnfO{ s'g} cglws[t y'gf :yndf oftgf lbg nufP/ ;/sf/ oftgfsf]
lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5g gkfcf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] oftgf lj?4sf] dxf;lGwdf pS;fx6,
;Ddlt / dGh'/L zAbx ylkPsf x'g\ .24
To;sf/0f oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vn] s] s'/f Olt u5{
eg] y'gf :yn sf] kl/efiff cflwsfl/s y'gf :ynsf] j}w y'gf;DaGwL cflwsfl/s
cfb]z cGtu{tsf sfo{xdf dfq ;Lldt geO{ o;n] c k|sf/sf clgoldt
23
24
/fi6;3
+ Lo P]lR5s ;lGwkqsf] d:of}bf ug]{ /fi6;3
+ Lo sfo{;d"xsf] k|ltj]bg, @@ hgj/L !((!, /fi6;3
+ Lo
b:tfj]h E/CN.4/1991/66 x]gx{' f];M\ o;sf] If]qflwsf/leqsf] s'g} klg :yn hxfF ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lf/f
jf lghsf] pS;fx6 jf ;Ddlt jf dGh'/Lf/f y'gfdf /flvPsf jf /flvg ;Sg] :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt
JolQmx x'g ;S5g\ .
h]= au{/ / Pr= 8fg]lnp;, oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwM oftgf / cGo q"m/, cdfjgLo Jojxf/ jf
;hfo lj?4sf] dxf;lGwaf/] xft] k'l:tsf -8f]/8]R6M dfl6{g'; lghxf]km klAn;;{, !(**_, k[= $%$% /
!@) . ;L= Ogu]N;sf] oftgf lj?4sf] /fi6;3+ Lo ;ldltM Ps d"Nofg x]uM Sn'j/ n OG6/g];gn, @))!_,
k[= @!) / @@@@@% klg x]gx{' f];\ .
23
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
y'gfnfO{ klg ;d]65

\ .25 JolQmxnfO{ lghL :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf] x'g;Sg]
:ynxnfO{ v'n:t kn] ;d]6g\ ] wf/f $ sf] kl/efiffn] o; lgisif{nfO{ yk bl/nf]
t'NofPsf] 5 .26
o; k|sf/ oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] zt{cg';f/ k|x/L
rf}sL, sf/fuf/ jf cGo cflwsfl/s y'gf :ynafx]s /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ s;}nfO{
lghsf] OR5flj?4 ;fj{hlgs clVtof/f/f y'gf ul/Psf] cfzf ePdf To:tf
:ynxdf k'Ug kfpg] clwsf/ klg x'gk' 5{ .
o'ufG8fsf] dfgjclws/ cfof]u oftgf lj?4 /fi6;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s
cfn]vcGtu{t /fli6o ;+oGqsf kdf dgf]gog ul/Psf] geP tfklg To;n] /fli6o
sfg'gdf /x]sf] Pp6f k|fjwfgsf] pbfx/0f pknAw u/fpF5 h;n] o; k|sf/sf
e|d0fxnfO{ v'n:t kn] 7fpF lbPsf] 5 . o'ufG8f dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u P]g,
!((& sf] wf/f *-@_-!_ sf] Ps c+zdf lgDglnlvt a'bF fx /x]sf 5g\M
@=-!_ cfof]un] lgDglnlvt sfo{x ug]5
{
v= aGbLxsf cj:yfsf] d"Nofg tyf lg/LIf0f ug{] p2]Zon] sf/fuf/x tyf
y'gf :ynx jf ;DalGwt :ynxsf] e|d0f u/L ;'emfjx lbg',
u= s' g } JolQmnfO{ u} / sfg' g L kn] y' g fdf /flvPsf] cfzf ePdf
s'g} klg :yn jf ejgsf] e|d0f ug'{,
25
26
24
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s ;lGwkqsf] d:of}bf ug]{ /fi6;3
+ Lo sfo{;d"xsf] k|ltj]bg, @
l8;]Da/ !((@, /fi6;3
+ Lo b:tfj]h CN.4/1993/28, cg'R5]b #*$) klg x]g'{xf];\ .
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] d:of}bf ug]{ /fi6;3
+ Lo sfo{;d"xsf] k|ltj]bg, @
l8;] D a/ !((@, /fi6 ; + 3 Lo b:tfj] h E/CN.4/1993/28, cg' R 5] b $), /fi6 ; + 3 Lo b:tfj] h
E/CN.4/2000/58, cg'R5]b #) / /fi6;+3Lo b:tfj]h E/CN.4/2001/67, cg'R5]b $# / $% / lg/LIf0f
e|d0f ug]{ ;+oGqsf] sfof{bz
] f/f y'gfsf cglws[t jf uf]Ko :ynxnfO{ ;d]6s
] f] tYon] ltgsf] cl:tTjnfO{
j}wtf k|bfg ub}g{ , a? e|d0f ug]{ ;+oGqf/f To:tf y'gf :ynx kQf nufpg ;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ d'VotM
To:tf y'gf :ynxnfO{ lgif]w jf /f]syfd ug]{ b[li6af6 x]l/g' k5{ . x]gx{' f];,\ PkL6L cGt/f{li6o sfg'gcGtu{t
PsfGt y'gf, :jLs[ltljxLg / u'Kt y'gf -@ dfr{ @))^_ http://www.apt.ch/secret detention/Secret
Detention APT.pdf.
#
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz
]
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f $ sf] bfo/fleqsf
cglws[t y'gf :ynxdf lghL :jfldTjdf /x]sf lgjf;x jf cGo lghL :jfldTjdf
/x]sf ejgx ;dflji6 x'g ;S5g\ .27 s] s'/f ;To xf] eg] ha lghL lgjf;df
JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /flvG5 / :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ug]{ sfo{df ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L
hf]l8Psf] cfzf x'G5, ToxfF 3/ dflnssf] clwsf/ / P]lR5s cfn]vcGtu{tsf]
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ lbOPsf clwsf/aLr lvrftfgL k}bf x'G5 . t/ cGo ;Gbe{df
/fli6o sfg'gdf o; k|sf/sf ;d:ofnfO{ h;/L ;fdGh:o ul/G5 To:tf] ;Defjgf
/fli6o ;+oGqsf nflu klg pknAw x'g ;Sb5 .
/fli6o ;+oGqn] eljiodf JolQmxnfO{ y'gfdf /fVg ;lsg] u/L aGb} u/]sf ejgsf]
lg/LIf0f ug{ ;S5 .28 o; k|sf/sf 7fpFsf] e|d0faf6 /f]syfdsf nflu dxTjk"0f{
x'g] u/L ejgsf] 9fFrf jf agf]6df ;'wf/ ug'{ k/]df ;'emj ;d]t lbg ;lsG5 .
wf/f $-!_ n] ;d]6g\ ] :ynxsf] bfo/f klxn] g} cToGt} Jofks ePsfn] wf/f
$-@_ sf] k|of]hg s] xf] Tof] :ki6 5}g . jf:tjdf oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf]
P]lR5s cfn]vsf] clGtd kf7df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] wf/f $-@_ sf]:6fl/sff/f d"n
kdf k|:tfljt efiffsf] ljsNksf kdf -h'g wf/f $-!_ ce}m ;'/lIft 5_ clGtd
38Ldf NofOPsf] k|:tfj -xfnsf] wf/f $-@_ sf]:6fl/sff/f d"n kdf k|:tfljt
efiff -h'g wf/f$-@_ df ce}m ;'/lIft 5_ nfO{ cfk"mnfO{ ;'ljwfk|b x'g] u/L
s"6gLlts tl/sfn] /k'm e/]h:tf] b]lvG5 .29 s:tf] nfU5 eg] oL b'O{ wf/fsf
27
28
29
sltko /fi6xn] p7fPsf rf;f]xaf6 of] s'/f ck|ToIf kn] k'li6 x'g cfPsf] xf] . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
-!@ gf]eD] a/ @))@ df_ E/2002SR.38, cg'R5]b *& df oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
cfn]v vf]htnf; / kqmfp;DaGwL :jb]zL ;+j}wflgs aGb]hx;Fu afof] eGg] bfaL;DaGwL k|ltj]bgdf
hgfOP cg';f/ Osf];f]sdf ;+oQ
' m /fHo cd]l/sfsf k|ltlglwn] u/]sf] l6Kk0fL .
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] d:of}bf ug]{ /fi6;3
+ Lo sfo{;d"xsf k|ltj]bgxM
/fi6;3
+ Lo b:tfj]h, E/CN.4/1993/28 cg'R5]b $)M /fi6;3
+ Lo b:tfj]h, E/CN.4/200/58, cg'R5]b
#) / /fi6;3
+ Lo b:tfj]h, E/CN.4/2001/67, cg'R5]b $# / $% .
dfly rrf{ ul/Pe}mF pS;fx6, ;Ddlt / dGh'/L sf k|;x 5nkmnsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf],
d:of}bfdf !((! sf] k|f/Deb]lv g} /x]sf lyP . @))! sf] ;];gdf Nofl6g cd]l/sL b]zxsf] ;d"x
(GRULAC) n] gofF d:of}bf k|:tfljt uof] h;n] pQm efiffnfO{ hf]ufP/ klxnf] k6s /fli6o /f]syfd
25
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
k|jt{sdWo] b'jd
} f oL b'O{ wf/f ;xcl:tTjdf /x"g\ eGg] clek|fo sbflk lyPg .
JolQmnfO{ ;fj{hlgs jf lghL y'gf :yndf /flvg] s'/fsf] ;]t u/]/ wf/f $-@_
n] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ sDtLdf klg 7]SsfcGtu{t /x]sf lghL lgudxf/f jf
;/sf/sf] tk{maf6 ;~rflnt ;+:yfxdf kx'r
F x'gk} 5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt
u/]sf] 5 . wf/f $-@_ n] JolQmnfO{ :j]R5fn] pQm :yn 5f8\g cg'dlt g'xg] s'/f
u/]/ :jtGqtfsf] j~rgf;DaGwL wf/0ffsf] ;f/sf] /]vfg klg u/]sf] 5 .
wf/f $-@_ sf] clGtd c+zn] pS;fx6, ;Ddlt jf dGh'/L sf] pNn]v gul/sg
s'g} klg Goflos, k|zf;lgs jf cGo clVtof/ tk{m ;]t u/]sf] 5 . s] o;sf]
cy{ wf/f $-!_ /x] tfklg JolQmnfO{ cf}krfl/s cfb]zljgf y'gf ul/Psf :ynx
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vf/f ;d]l6Fbg} g\ eGg] xf] < o;sf]
pQ/ xf]Og eGg] x'gk' 5{ . wf/f $ nfO{ o;/L cYof{ObF f wf/f $-!_ sf] p;sf]
pS;fx6 jf ;Ddlt jf dGh'/Laf6 eGg] zAbx cy{xLg / nfu" gx'g] x'g uO{ o;sf]
glthf lg:;f/ x'g k'U5 . P]lR5s cfn]vdf ePsf] Joj:yfn] ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lsf]
cf}krfl/s cfb]z geP klg gLhsf] ;xdtLdf :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf JolQm
;d]tnfO{ ;d]65
\ eGg] d:of}bf ;ldltsf] alnof] wf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5 .30 of] wf/f
30
26
;+oGqx;DaGwL wf/0ff cl3 ;fof] . ToxL ;qdf o'/f]kn

] L o'lgogn] klg gofF d:of}bf k|:tfljt uof] h'g
d:of}bf wf/f $-!_ sf] d:of}bf efiffnfO{ lj:yflkt ug]{ vfnsf] lyof] . wf/f $-!_ sf] d:of}bf !) jif{bl] v
sfod /xsf] lyof] h'g clxn] clGtd ;+:s/0fsf] wf/f $-@_ sf] :jkdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . sfo{;d"xf/f
o'/f]k]nL o'lgogsf] k|:tfjdfly cf}krfl/s kn] slxNo} klg 5nkmn gul/Psf] dx;'; x'G5M, x]g'{xf];\
sfo{;d"xsf] k|ltj]bg E/CN.4/2001/67, cg'R5]b !% . sfo{;d"xsf] kl5Nnf] / clGtd ;];glt/ cWoIf
k|ltj]bsn] cfg} k|:tfj k|:t't ul/g\ h;df GRULAC / o'/f]kn
] L o'lgogsf d:of}bfsf tTjxsf] ldnfg
ul/Psf] lyof], x]gx{' f];\ k|ltj]bg E/CN.4/2002/78 . klxnf] k6s wf/f $ sf] clGtd :jk b]vf k/]sf] o;}
avt xf] . cWoIff/f k|:tfljt gofF ldl>t wf/f $ dfly ldxLg kn] 5nkmn gePsf] dx;'; x'G5 . Tof]
;qsf] nuQ} wf/f $-!_ / -@_ sf] s;/L ;dfof]hg ug{ ;lsPnf eGg]af/] yk 5nkmn gul/sg Tof] k|:tfj
dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u / dxf;efdf k|:t't ul/of] -/ cGttM Tof] kfl/t klg eof]_ .
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] /fi6;3+ Lo d:of}bf sfo{;d"xsf k|ltj]bgx x]gx{' f];M\
/fi6;3
+ Lo b:tfj]h, E/CN.4/1993/28, cg'R5]b #*$), E/CN.4/2000/58, cg'R5]b #) / &*,
E/CN.4/2001/67, cg'R5]b $% . lePgf dxf;lGwsf] ;lGw;DaGwL sfg'g ljifos wf/f #@ df s] pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 eg] ;lGwsf] tof/L sfo{ tyf ;lGwsf] cy{ bf]xf]/f] jf c:ki6 x'g] / To;af6 lg:;f/ jf
cg'lrt glthf lg:sg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ k"/s JofVof ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu d:of}bfdf o:tf] pkfo
ul/Psf] x'g;S5 .
#=@=$ PkL6Lsf ;'emfj

/fli6o ;+oGqsf] y'gf :yndf k'Ug kfpg] clwsf/af/] /fi6sf] sfg'gdf
Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ / To;df tL :ynxsf] kl/efiff ul/g' k5{ hxfF k'Ug
kfpg] clwsf/ /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ 5 . of] kx'r
F leq oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo
dxf;lGwsf] P] l R5s cfn] v sf] wf/f $-!_ df kl/efiff ul/Psf ;a}
;DefJo y'gf :yn kb{5g\ .
/fli6o stf{xsf] ;'lglZrttfnfO{ j[l4 ug]{ x]tn
' ] o; k|sf/sf sfg'gdf
;+:yfx jf ;+:yfsf k|sf/xsf] df]6fdf]6L ;"rL ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 .
t/ o; k|sf/sf] ;"rL ;dfj]z ul/Fbf of] ;"rL k"0f{ xf]Og eGg] s'/f :ki6
kfg's
{ f] ;fy} wf/f $-!_ sf] Jofks kl/efiff klg pknAw u/fpg' k5{ .
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cglws[t y'gf :ynxsf] e|d0f ug]{ sfof{bz
] x'gk' 5{ /
p;df o;f] ug]{ ;fdYo{ klg x'gk' 5{ . of] p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf] lglDt /fli6o
;+oGqnfO{ km/flsnf] bfo/fdf e|d0f ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ pS;fx6,
;Ddlt / dGh'/L ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffx dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\, To;sf/0f
oL wf/0ffxnfO{ /fli6o sfof{Gjogsf/L sfg'gdf ;dfj]z ul/g' k5{ .
sfof{Gjogsf/L sfg'gdf oftgf lj?4 /fi6;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s
cfn]vsf] wf/f $-@_ sf] kf7 zAbzM ckgfOg' x'Fb}g lsgeg] To;af6
cgfjZos c:ki6tf pTkGg x'g;S5 . wf/f $-@_ af6 u|x0f ug{ ;lsg]
dxTjk"0f{ wf/0ffx s] x'g\ eg] o;sf] ;xf/fn] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ lghL
txaf6 ;~rflnt :ynxsf] e|d0f ug{ / :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt x'gs
' f] cy{
;f/ kdf JolQmn] :j]R5fn] aflx/ lg:sg] 5"6 gkfpg' xf] eGg] a'g
;3fp k'U5 .
#
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz
]
$ sf] ;du| cy{sf] ;f/ klg xf] h;n] To;sf] cy{, k|of]hg sfof{Gjogsf] bfo/fnfO{
/fd|/L ;dGjo u/]sf] 5 . oftgf lj?4sf] dxf;lGwdf o;} k|sf/sf wf/0ffx
cGtlg{lxt 5g\ . wf/f $-@_ sf efiff;DaGwL ;+:s/0fxdf /x]sf dtleGgtfx
pk/ ;f]rljrf/ u/L ltgnfO{ ;+of]lht kdf /fli6o sfg'gdf ;dfj]z ug{ l;kmfl/;
ul/Psf] 5 .
27
wf/f $
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
#=# sfof{bz
]
-!_ === cfjZostf x]/L e|d0fx oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs
Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj?4 oL JolQmxsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;'b9[ t'Nofpg]
p2]Zon] ul/g' k5{ .
wf/f !(
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxnfO{ Go"gtd klg b]xfosf clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g]5M
s_ wf/f $ n] kl/eflift u/] cg';f/ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmx
/flvg] :yfgxdf pgLxnfO{ oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs
Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj?4sf] ;'/IffnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ;'b9[ t'Nofpg] p2]Zon]
tL :yfgxsf] lgoldt k/LIf0fcWoog e|d0f ug],{
v_ ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf ;fGble{s dfGotfxnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbFb} :jtGqtfaf6
jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmx k|lt ul/g] Jojxf/ Pjd\ logLxsf] cj:Yffdf ;'wf/
Nofpg] / oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf
;hfosf] /f]syfd ug]{ p2]Zon] ;DalGwt lgsfo ;dIf ;'emfjx k|:t't ug],{
u_ cl:tTjdf /x]sf tyf k|:tfljt ljwfgsf] af/]df k|:tfj tyf cjnf]sg
k|:t't ug]{ .
#=#=! e|d0fdf cfwfl/t /rgfTds ;+jfb

/fli6o ;+oGqsf e|d0fxsf] p2]Zo cGo >f]txsf ;"rgf;d]tsf] ;xof]uaf6 ;'wf/
ug{sf lglDt /fli6o ;+oGq / axfnjfnf clwsf/LxaLr /rgfTds ;+jfb ug'{ xf] .31
28
31
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f @@ . oftgf;DaGwL /fi6;3+ Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bsf/f
@))^ df dxf;efdf k|:t't k|ljb]g, /fi6;3+ Lo k|ltj]bg A/61/259 -!$ cui6 @))^, cg'R5]b &@_ x]gx{' f];\ .
o; d'2fl;t ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx vf; lgsfosf] k|zf;gsf] ;fdfGo txb]lv

lnP/ /fli6o g]tT[ jsf jl/i7td JolQmx;d]t u/L ;/sf/sf] s'g} klg txsf x'g
;S5g\ .32
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vn] s] s'/f lglb{i6 u/]sf] 5 eg]
/fli6o ;+oGqn] e|d0fx ubf{ vf; b[li6sf]0f / p2]Zo cFufNg' k5{ . h:tf] ls
cGt/f{li6o -tyf /fli6o_ sfg'gf/f lgif]w ul/g] vfnsf Jojxf/ / ;hfo lj?4
JolQmsf] :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ ;'b9[ t'Nofpg' / y'gfdf ltgdfly ul/g]
Jojxf/ tyf ToxfFsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ p2]Zo /fVg' . o; lgb]l{ zsfsf] k|of]hgsf
nflu xfdL of] sfo{nfO{ ljlzi6 kn] dfgjclwsf/ sf] cjwf/0ff eGg ;S5f}F .
e|d0fx To:tf dfWodx x'g\ h;f/f /fli6o ;+oGqn] :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt

ul/Psf JolQmx;Fu ul/g] Jojxf/sf] hfFra"em u5{ oBlk oL Psdfq dfWod eg]
xf]Ogg\ . /fli6o ;+oGqn] e|d0fsf] qmddf cfk"mn] e|d0f u/]sf] vf; :ynaf/] ;"rgf
a6'N5 . /fli6o ;+oGqn] cS;/ aGbLx;Fu lnOPsf cGtjf{tf{xaf6 klg y'gf
:yndf cfOk'Ug'eGbf klxn] cyf{t\ lu/tf/Lsf] qmddf, oftfoftsf] qmddf jf k|x/L
rf}sL33 df pgLxn] ef]Ug' k/]sf cj:yf / Jojxf/af/] klg ;"rgf k|fKt u5{ .34
csf]{ s'/f, /fli6o ;+oGqn] y'gf :ynx / :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmx;Fu
;DalGwt ljBdfg tyf k|:tfljt sfg'gxsf] ;dLIff ug]5
{ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, tL
sfg'gx cGt/f{li6o dfGotfcg'k 5g\5}gg\ ;f]sf] n]vfhf]vf ug{;S5 / tL
sfg'gx y'gf :ynsf cj:yfxdf ;'wf/ ug{ pko'Qm 5g\5}gg\ eGg] af/] ljrf/
u5{ . o; ;DaGwdf /fli6o ;+oGqsf sfdsf] ;xhLs/0f ug{sf lglDt ;/sf/n]
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cu|;lqmotf -k|fP] lS6e_ ;fy d:of}bf sfg'g k7fpg] cEof;
ug'k{ 5{ h;n] ubf{ /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ ltgsf] ljZn]if0f u/L cfgf] ljrf/ k]z ug{
32
33
34
of] lgb]l{ zsfsf] ;ftf}F cWofodf l;kmfl/;, ;+jfb / sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofaf/] ;lj:tf/ 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .
wf/f @)-3_, uf]Ko cGtjf{tf{ ug]{ clwsf/sf] Jofj:yf, tn bkmf ^=# df rrf{ ul/Psf] .
wf/f @) af/] tn v08 ^=@ df 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .
29
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
kof{Kt ;do k|fKt x'g ;sf];\ . wf/f !(-u_ cg'k /fli6o ;+oGqf/f gofF sfg'g
lgdf{0f ug{ jf ljBdfg sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug{sf lglDt k|:tfj cl3 ;fg]{ dfWod klg
x'gk' 5{ .
oL ;a} ;"rgfsf] k|of]hg y'gf :ynsf cj:yfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ / a9L cfd kn] oftgf
jf cGo b'Jo{jxf/ /f]syfdaf/] /fli6o ;+oGq / /fHosf] aLrdf lg/Gt/ kn] ;+jfb
ug'{ xf] . pQm 5nkmnnfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqf/f lg/Gt/ kn] ;'emfjx ug]{ sfo{df
kl/0ft ug]{ / ;f]sf] k|lqmof :jk clwsf/Lxaf6 sbd rflng] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt
ug'k{ 5{ . wf/f !(-v_ n] dfGotf lbPcg';f/ /fli6o ;+oGqn] cjl:ylt jf l;kmfl/;
ug]{ ljifoj:t'sf] cwf/df jf Tof] Ps jf cg]s :ynl;t ;DalGwt :yfgLo d'2f xf]
ls k|0ffnLJofkL jf /fi6JofkL d'2f xf] ;f]sf] cfwf/df /fHoleqsf leGgleGg
clwsf/Lxl;t 3l/3l/ ;+jfb ug]5
{ .
#=#=@ cGt/f{li6o dfkb08tkm{sf] k|ult

oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] k|of]hg kIf /fi6xnfO{
:jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/g] ljifox;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6o dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL
dfGotf tyf dfkb08xsf] kfngf ug]{ cj:yf k|fKt ug{ ;3fp k'ofpg' ePsfn]
/fli6o sfg'gn] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
cfn]vsf] wf/f !(-v_ cg'k /fli6o dfGotf tyf dfkb08xaf/] ljrf/ u/L
ltgnfO{ sfGof{Gjog ug{] 5"6 lbg'k5{ . sfg'g sfof{Gjog ubf{ /fli6o ;+oGqn] ;w}F
:jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmnfO{ ;a}eGbf a9L ;+/If0f k|fKt x'g] vfnsf] dfkb08
k|of]u ug'k{ 5{ .
#=#=# cltl/Qm sfof{b]z
e|d0f, l;kmfl/; / cg'udg x'bF } k'gM l;kmfl/;df k'Ug] rqm oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo
dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vcGtu{t s'g} klg /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfof{bz
] sf] k|dv
' c
aGg'k5{ . t/ ;/sf/n] cem Jofks sfof{bz
] ePsf] gofF ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug{;S5 jf
Jofks sfof{bz
] k|fKt u/]sf] s'g} klg ljBdfg lgsfonfO{ dgf]gog ug{;S5 .
3 0 o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u h:t} /fli6o ;+oGqn] klg
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, s'g} ;+:yfnfO{ oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
cfn]vcGtu{t ul/g] e|d0fxsf] cltl/Qm JolQmsf ph'/Lx cf}krfl/s kn]
bfo/ ug]{ / ltgaf/] k'kI{ f ug]{ -cfgf] e|d0fsf] qmddf cfOnfUg] ph'/Lx nufot_
sfof{bz
] lbFbf oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf p2]Zox
Jojxf/df k"/f ug]{ sfo{df Hofb} 7"nf Jojwfgx cfOnfUg ;S5g\ . /fli6o
;+oGqn] ph'/L bfo/ ug{] jf k}m;nf ug]{ d'2fsf k|ltjfbL ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx
ePdf To;af6 /fli6o ;+oGq / tL ;/sf/L clwsf/LxaLrsf] cfk;L ;xof]udf
cfwfl/t ;DaGwnfO{ sfod /fVg ufx|f] x'g;S5, h;dfly oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo
dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] /rgfTds ;+jfb lge{/ u5{ . aGbL, ;/sf/L sd{rf/L
jf cGo JolQmnfO{ cfgf] lrgf/L v'Ng] jf cfk"mn] lbPsf] ;"rgf kl5 s'g} a]nf
pbff] x'g] 8/ ePdf -h:tf] ls cleof]hg jf ;'gj' fOsf] qmddf_ /fli6o ;+oGq;Fu
s'/fsfgL ug{] ltgsf] OR5f :jtM sd x'g;S5 . JolQmut ph'/Lx s]nfpg] /
ltgsf] km:of}6{ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L axg ubf{ sfo{ef/sf] rfk a9\5 h;n] ubf{ /fli6o
;+oGqsf] /f]syfd e|d0f tyf ko{jI] f0f sfo{df ;xL tl/sfn] hf]8tf]8sf ;fy nfUg]
Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg ;S5 .
csf]l{ t/, /f]syfd e|d0fsf] qmddf k|fKt x'g] JolQmut ph'/Lxsf] glthf :jk
d'2fsf] cf}krfl/s k|lqmof z'? ug]{ Ifdtfn] clwsf/Lxdf /fli6o ;+oGqsf
l;kmfl/;xnfO{ uDeL/ kn] lng'kg]{ x'Fbf o;af6 yk Jofjxfl/s xf};nf
k|fKt x'g;S5 . o;n] e|d0f 6f]nLsf ;b:ox;Fu s'/f ubf{ cfgf] nflu s]xL g
s]xL ;sf/fTds glthf lg:sg ;Sg] /x]5 eGg] s'/faf6 aGbLxsf] cfTdljZjf;
a9\g ;S5 .
#
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz
]
clwsf/sf] Jofks z[v

\ nfnfO{ k|a4{g u5{ cyf{t JolQmsf a9L cfd vfnsf
clwsf/nfO{ k|a4{g u5{, . /fli6o ;+oGqsf sfo{xnfO{ cem Jofks sfof{bz
] ;Fu
ldnfg ubf{ To;af6 ;sf/fTds pmhf{ k|fKt x'g;S5 . t/ s'g} s'g} ldnfgxaf6
yk r'gf}tL / hf]lvdx k}bf x'G5g\ eg] s'g} s'g} ldnfgxrflxF ;w}F cg'ko'Qm
x'G5g\ .
31
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
dWodfu{ klg ;Dej x'g;S5M h:tf] ls /fli6o ljz]if1tfk|fKt /f]syfd ;+oGqnfO{

oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] s'g} k|fjwfgn] klg ;DalGwt clwsf/L;dIf
k|:t't ul/g] ;'emfjxdf ph'/L x]g{] s'g} klg j}w ;+:yfnfO{ jf cleof]hsnfO{ vf;
JolQmsf] d'2fsf] 5fglag ug{sf lglDt l;kmfl/; ug{df /f]s nufpFbg} .35
/fHonfO{ ;+oQ
' m sfof{bz
] af6 cfOnfUg] ;d:ofx tyf k|fKt x'g] kmfObfxaf/]
xf]l;of/L;fy ;f]rljrf/ u/]/ s'g} Ps ;+:yfn] /fli6o ;+oGq / JolQmut ph'/L x]g{]
d~r b'js
} f] sfd ug{;S5 eGg] nfu]df tL sfo{xaLr cfGtl/s leGgtfsf] :ki6
/]vf sf]g{' -cf}krfl/s kn] ljeflht k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf, ef}lts kn] cnu
sfof{no, cnucnu sd{rf/L / clen]v /fVg] k|0ffnL cflb_ h?/L x'g5
] . o;f]
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vcGtu{t ul/g]
ug's
{ f] p2]Zo oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
e|d0fsfnLg ;+jfbxsf] cGo sfof{bz
] ;Fu ;Demf}tf gul/g] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt
t'Nofpg' xf] . csf]{ s'/f, e|d0fxsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ sfof{non] JolQmut
ph'/Lx x]]g]{ lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ sfof{nonfO{ ;+jfbsf b'O{kIfaLr ePsf]
;Ddltcg';f/ vf; JolQmut d'2fsf] cnUu} 5fglag ug]{ sfo{sf] cg'udg ul/of];\
egL l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Qm5 .
hxfF ;/sf/n] /f]syfd e|d0f;DaGwL sfof{bz
] nfO{ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxsf
dfgjclwsf/xsf] k|a4{g ug]{ sfo{df s]lGb|t gx'g] sfof{bz
] ;Fu 5f;ld; u5{
ToxfF cem uDeL/ sl7gfOx k}bf x'g ;S5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, slxn]sfxLF
k|zf;lgs lg/LIf0f ug]{ lgsfoxnfO{ ;/sf/L lgb]z
{ g ljk/Lt sfo{ ug]{ ;+:yfljz]ifsf]
cfly{s sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"Nofg ug]{ jf aGbLx efUg] hf]lvdnfO{ 36fpg ;'/Iff;DaGwL
s7f]/ pkfoxnfO{ k|a4{g ug]{ nufotsf lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkOG5 . ;/sf/n] oL
cfk;df afg;Sg] vfnsf leGgleGg lxtxsf aLrdf ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{
pkfox kQf nufpg' k5{ eg] /fli6o ;+oGqn] rflxF wf/f $ / !( n] sfof{bz
]
32
35
5}6f}F cWofodf xfdL s] b]Vg]5f}F eg] o; k|sf/sf dfldnfxdf /fli6o ;+oGqn] 5fglag ug]{ clwsf/Lx;Fu
s] slt ;"rgf afF8r'8F ug]{ xf] ;f] s'/f cGtjf{tf{ lnOg] JolQmxsf] ;Ddltsf] txdf e/ kg]{ 5 .
lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd ;w}F g} :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxsf] dfgjclwsf/nfO{

k|a4{g ug]{ b[li6af6 sfd ug'k{ 5{ .
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
o;y{ /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf]
sfof{bz
] ;Fu aflemg ;Sg] vfnsf yk sfof{bz
] x lbOg' x'bF g} . pbfx/0fsf] nflu,
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ To;sf] sfof{bz
] sf] Ps csf kdf ah]6df pNn]v ul/Psf
] , sf/0f
nIox k"/f ug{sf nflu vr{ 36fpg] lhDd]jf/L ;'lDkg' cg'lrt x'g5
o;af6 :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxsf cj:yfdf k|lts"n c;n kg{;S5 .
To;}u/L, ;+:yfxn] ltgsf cfly{s nIox k"/f u/]sf 5g\5}gg\ ;f]sf] d"Nofg
ug]{ lhDd]jf/L;d]t Ps;fy axg ug's
{ f] sf/0f /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ vlr{nf] t/
;'wf/sf nflu cfjZos k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ g;lsg] s'/f unt dx;'; x'g' x'g5
] .36
#=#=$ PkL6Lsf ;'emfj

/fli6 o ;+ o GqnfO{ dfgjclwsf/ cjwf/0ff df cfwfl/t b[ l i6sf] 0 f
cFufNg] sfof{bz
] lbOg' k5{ . o;sf] p2]Zo oftgf jf cGo b'Jo{jxf/ tyf
:jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxsf] ;+/If0f ul/g] sfo{nfO{ ;'b9[ t'Nofpg' /
ltgsf cj:yfxdf ;'wf/ ug'{ /xG5 .
;/sf/n] d:of}bf sfg'gx l6Kk0fLsf nflu /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ k7fpg]
cu|lqmofzLn cEof; ug'{k5{ . /fli6o ;+oGq gofF sfg'g agfpg] jf
ljBdfg sfg'g ;+zf]wg ug]{ k|:tfjx k|:t't ug{ ;dy{ x'gk' 5{ .
sfof{Gjogsf/L sfg'gn] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ aGbLxsf] clwstd ;+/If0f
x'g] dfkb08 k|of]u u/L /fli6o dfGotfxsf] cltl/Qm cGt/f{li6o sfg'g
tyf dfkb08xaf/] ;f]rljrf/ ug{] clwsf/ lbg'k5{, / o;sf] nflu
p;nfO{ :ki6 zAbdf clwsf/;DkGg agfpg' k5{ .
36
lg/LIf0f;DaGwL cGo sfof{bz

] x;Fu :jtGq lg/LIf0f e|d0f sfo{sf] ;Demf}tf ug]{ sfo{af6 pTkGg x'g]
sl7gfO;DaGwL lrGtfxsf] kl/0ffd:jk ;+oQ
' m clw/fHon] cS6f]a/ @))^ sf] lg0f{oaf6 dxf/fgLsf]
sf/fuf/;DaGwL ljBdfg k|dv
' lg/LIfssf] sfof{nonfO{ -h;nfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqdf dgf]go ul/g] 5_ cg]sf}F
kmf}hbf/L Gofo;DaGwL lg/LIf0ffno;Fu ufEg] of]hgfnfO{ ab/ ul/lbof] .
33
/fli6o ;+oGqsf kdf dgf]gog ul/Psf] ;+:yfn] kfpg] sfof{bz

] oftgf
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
lj?4 /fi6;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vdf aofg ul/Psf] eGbf

Jofks x'g;S5 .
Pp6} ;+:yfn] /fli6o ;+oGq / JolQmut ph'/Lx x]g{] d~r b'js
} f kdf
sfd ug' { k g] { ePdf oftgf lj?4 /fi6 ; + 3 Lo dxf;lGwsf] P] l R5s
cfn]vcGtu{tsf /f]syfdsf/L sfo{xsf] cGo sfof{b]zx;Fu ;Demf}tf
x'g gkfcf];\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ b'Oy{ /L sfo{nfO{ cfGtl/s kn]
cnu ug]{ s8f Joj:yf ug'{ h?/L 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, o;df ;fdfGotM
cf} k rfl/s kn] ljeflht k| z f;lgs ;+ / rgf, ef} l ts kn] cnu
sfof{nox, cnu sd{rf/Lx, clen]v /fVg] cnu k|0ffnL cflb kb{5g\ .
] nfO{ vr{ 36fpg] jf aGbL
/fli6o ;+oGqn] /f]syfd e|d0f;DaGwL sfof{bz
efUg] hf]lvd 36fpg] h:tf d"ntM :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxsf]
dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{;Fu c;DalGwt sfof{b]znfO{ 5f;ld;
kfg'{ x'bF g} .
#=$ e|d0fsf] ;doqmd

#=$=! kl/ro
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] zt{cg';f/ /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{
ljleGg >f]txaf6 k|fKt x'g] hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df vf; y'gf :ynxsf] s] slt
;dodf e|d0f ug]{ eGg] s'/f lgwf] ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . ;fdfGotM cfjZos clwsf/n]
;';lHht :jtGq lj1xsf] dgUu] ;+Voff/f pko'Qm tl/sfn] e|d0fsf] ;~rfng
ul/g] 5 eGg] cg'dfg ubf{ hlt l56f]l56f] e|d0f uof], e|d0f sfo{qmd Tolt g}
k|efjsf/L x'G5 .
jf:tjdf, clwsf+z 36gfsf] xsdf /fli6o ;+oGqn] ;~rfng ug{;Sg] e|d0fsf] ;+Vof
/fHof/f o;nfO{ 5'fOg] cfly{s tyf dfgjLo >f]t;fwgdfly lge{/ ub{5 .37
34
37
tn rf}yf] cWofo v08 $=^ df /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] cfly{s :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ ltgnfO{ cy{ 5'fOg]
pko'Qm k|lqmofxaf/] 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .
of] s'/f ;fdfGotM oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf zt{x
k"/f ug{sf lglDt /fli6o ;+oGqn] ug'k{ g]{ e|d0fxsf] ;doqmd tyf nDafO;DaGwL
s]xL kl/sNkgfdf cfwfl/t 5 .
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
o; v08df oL ;Lldt k|of]hgxsf nflu cg'dfgx to ug]{ / k|:tfljt

cfly{sdfgjLo >f]t;fwgxsf] ljlgof]hgsf] d"Nofgdf ;3fp k'ofpg]
dfu{bz{gx k|:t't ul/Psf 5g\ .38 xfdL klxn] leGgleGg k|sf/sf e|d0fxdfly
b[li6 lbg]5f},F To;kl5 vf;vf; y'gf :ynsf] e|d0fqmdnfO{ l56f] jf l9nf] u/fpg]
sf/0fxdfly ;d]t b[li6 lbFb} leGgleGg k|sf/sf y'gf :ynxsf] rrf{ ug]5
{ f}F .
#=$=@ e|d0fsf k|sf/

#=$=@=! ldl>t sfo{qmd
/f]syfd e|d0fxsf] k|efjsf/L sfo{qmddf ;3g k|sl[ tsf cfjlws e|d0fx /
cln 5f]6f tby{ e|d0fx 5f;ld; ePsf x'G5g\ . s'g} vf; y'gf :ynsf]
e|d0fxsf] Go"gtd ;doqmd e|d0fsf] k|sf/, e|d0f ul/g] :ynxsf] k|sf/, pQm
:ynsf] cl3Nnf] e|d0faf6 lg:s]sf vf]hx tyf pQm :yn;DaGwL ;"rgfsf cGo
e/kbf{ u}/;/sf/L >f]txdfly lge{/ ug]{ 5 . ;fdfGotM, a9L uDeL/ ;d:of
ePsf eg]/ lrlgPsf :ynxdf a9L l56f] ;doqmddf e|d0f ug]{ nIo /flvg'
h?/L x'G5 .
' lg/LIfssf e|d0fx ;3g tyf tby{ k|sf/sf
a]nfot / j]N;sf sf/fuf/sf k|dv
5f;ld;] e|d0f sfo{qmdx ;~rfng ug{sf lglDt agfOPsf] /fli6o e|d0f
lgsfosf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] -h;nfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqdf dgf]gog ul/g] 5_ .39 k|dv
'
38
39
o; v08df pknAw u/fOPsf] dfu{bz{g PkL6Lsf af/a/f agf{y / O:y/ :sfpk]mnau{/sf] lj1tfdf
cfwfl/t 5 .
o;;DaGwL yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]gx{' f];,\ !* cu:t @))^ df k|:t't http://inspectorates, homeoffice.
gov.uk/ hmiprisons/ s] s'/fsf] x]Ssf /xf];\ eg] o; sfof{nosf] sfof{bz
] oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo
dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s ;lGwkqdf kl/efiff ul/Pe}mF ;a} y'gf :ynxdf nfu" x'bF g} . ;+oQ
' m clw/fHosf cGo
:ynx /fli6o ;+oGqsf kdf dgf]gog ul/g] ljleGg ;+:yfxn] ;d]6g\ ] 5g\ .
35
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
lg/LIfs / kfFrj6f 6f]nL ePsf] pgsf] sd{rf/Lu0fn] k|To]s sf/fuf/df sDtLdf

klg kfFr jif{df Ps k6s k"j3
{ f]lift ;3g lg/LIf0f sfo{ ;~rfng u5{ . o;
k|sf/sf] 3f]lift e|d0f k"/f ug{ k'/} kfFr lbg nfU5 . lg/LIf0ffnon] aLraLrdf
klxrfg ul/Psf ;d:ofsf] uDeL/tfsf] cfwf/df ljleGg nDafO / ;+Vof ePsf
c3f]lift cg'udg e|d0fx ;~rfng u5{ . pRr hf]lvd ePsf :yndf 3f]lift
e|d0fx ul/G5 h'g e|d0f kfFr lbgsf x'G5g\ . cGo :ynxdf 5f]6f c3f]lift
e|d0f ul/G5 h'g e|d0f b'Ob{ l] v rf/ lbgsf x'G5g\ .
sltko ljBdfg /fli6o lgsfoxn] vf; u/]/ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t Hofb} l56f]
;doqmddf y'gf :ynxsf] e|d0f ug]{ :jo+;j] L sfo{qmddfk{mt\ lg/Gt/ cg'udg
ug]{ u5{g\ . o; k|sf/sf e|d0fx ;a}eGbf l56f] ;doqmddf x'g] x'gfn] ;fwf/0ftof
tL lgsfoxn] o:tf e|d0f u5{g\ h;nfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqn] k"/f ug'k{ g]{ oftgf lj?4
/fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf cGo zt{x k"/f ug{ ufx|f] ePsf] x'G5 .
To;sf/0f o:tf lgsfoxn] ;fdfGotM /fli6o ;+oGqsf] cf}krfl/s csf kdf
geO{ To;sf] ;"rgfsf] >f]tsf kdf sfo{ u5{g\ .
tnsf] v08df k|To]s k|sf/sf] e|d0faf/] kfn}kfnf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
#=$=@=@ ;3g e|d0f

;3g e|d0fsf] nIo y'gf k|0ffnLsf] lj:t[t ljZn]if0f k|:t't ug'{ xf], / pQm ljZn]if0fsf]
p2]ZorflxF eljiodf oftgf jf q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ -y'gfsf
Go"g:t/Lo cj:yff/f ;d]t_ k}bf ug]{ ufF7L sf/0fxsf] klxrfg u/L tL sf/0fxnfO{
Jofjxfl/s tyf cfbzf{Tds txdf ;Daf]wg ug]{ ;'emfjx tof/ kfg'{ xf] .
PkL6Lsf] y'gf :ynxsf] cg'udgM Ps Jofjxfl/s lgb]l{ zsf gfds k|sfzgdf
k|efjsf/L e|d0fsf] qmddf s] ul/g' k5{ eGg] s'/fsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 .40 k|To]s
36
40
lgb]l{ zsfsf] nflu x]gx{' f];\ www.apt.ch
aGbLx
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%) b]lv (( ;Dd ePdf e|d0f sDtLdf klg b'O{ lbgsf] x'gk' 5{ .
!)) b]lv @(( ;Dd ePdf e|d0f sDtLdf klg tLg lbgsf] x'gk' 5{ .
#)) eGbf w]/} ePdf e|d0f sDtLdf klg rf/ lbgsf] x'gk' 5{ .
#
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz
]
;3g e|d0fdf w]/} aGbLx;Fu cGtjf{tf{ ul/g' k5{ . o;y{ o; k|sf/sf] e|d0f
y'gfdf /x]sf JolQmxsf] ;+Vof x]/L sDtLdf klg Psb]lv tLg lbg;Dd rNg;S5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, sf/fuf/xsf] ;3g e|d0fsf] ts{;t cfFsng ug{sf lglDt
lgDglnlvt dfu{bz{gxsf] kfngf ul/g' h?/L 5M
k|x/L rf}sLxsf] ;3g e|d0fctu{t ;fdfGotM vf; If]qsf cg]s k|x/L rf}sLxnfO{
;d]6g\ ] ul/G5 . To;sf/0f o; sfo{sf] nflu Go"gtd cg]s lbgsf] ;do cfjZos
x'g cfpF5 .
;3g e|d0fxsf] nflu ;DalGwt y'gf :ynsf] kl/j]z a'g cfjZos kg]{ Ifdtf
/ 1fg ePsf lj1xsf] ax'ljBfut 6f]nL h?/L x'G5 [x]gx{' f];\ oftgf lj?4
/fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f !*-@_]41 PkL6Lsf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/
;3g e|d0f 6f]nLdf sDtLdf klg tLghgf lj1x x'gk' 5{ .
#=$=@=# tby{ e|d0f

tby{ e|d0fx ;3g e|d0fxsf] aLr aLrdf x'g] u5{g\ . oL e|d0fsf] p2]Zo ;3g
e|d0f 6f]nLf/f ul/Psf l;kmfl/;xsf] cg'udg ug{' / aGbLx abnfsf] lzsf/
gxf]pg\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ xf] . e|d0fsf] lg?T;fxgsf/L c;/ kg]{
;DefjgfnfO{ 5Ngsf lglDt o:tf e|d0fx k"j{ ;"rgfljgf g} ul/g' k5{ . To;sf/0f
o:tf e|d0fx ;doqmddf cke{m6 ul/g' k5{ . /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ s'g} klg a]nf s'g}
klg y'gf :ynsf] e|d0f -k"j{ ;"rgfljgf tn v08 ^=!=# df o;;DaGwL rrf{
41
tn kfFrf}F cWofodf /fli6o ;+oGqsf] agf]6af/] ;lj:tf/ rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
37
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
ul/Psf] 5_ ug]{ clwsf/ t o;} 5Fb5

} . tby{ e|d0f klg k"jf{gd
' fg gul/Psf s'g}
36gfk|lt k|ltlqmof hgfpg] 9n] -h:tf] ls y'gf :yndf x'g] d[To', bf cflb_ cyjf
s'g} vf; ljifosf] 5fglag ug]{ clek|fon] ug{ ;lsG5 .
cS;/ tby{ e|d0fx ;3g e|d0fxeGbf 5f]6f x'g] x'bF f ;;gf e|d0f 6f]nLxn]
o:tf e|d0f ug{ ;S5g\ . PkL6Lsf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ /fli6o ;+oGqn] e|d0fdf latfpg]
s'n ;dosf] sl/a Ps ltxfO{ ;do tby{ e|d0fdf nufpg' k5{ .
#=$=@=$ lg/Gt/ cg'udg

lg/Gt/ ul/g] e|d0fxsf] p2]Zo y'gf :yndf lbglbg} -jf em08}h;f] lbglbg}_
aflxl/ofxsf] pkl:ylt v8f u/L clwsf/L / sd{rf/LxnfO{ b'Jo{jxf/ ug{ dgfxL
ug',{ y'gf :ynnfO{ a9L dfgjLo agfpg ;3fp k'ofpg' / l/xfOkl5 aGbLx
;dfhdf k'gM 3'nldn x'g] ;Defjgf a9fpg' xf] . slxn]sfxLF oL e|d0fstf{xn]
dWo:ystf{sf] e"ldsf v]n/] vf;vf; aGbLxsf ;d:of xn ug{ ;3fp k'ofpF5g\ .
lg/Gt/ e|d0f ug]{ lgsfox lg/Gt/ kn] pknAw xf]pg\ eGgfvflt/ To:tf
lgsfoxdf cS;/ u}/lj1 :jo+;j] sx /x]sf x'G5g\ hf] klxn]bl] v g} y'gf :yn
glhs a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .
ljZn]if0ffTds k|ltj]bgxsf] d:of}bf gul/sg / cf}krfl/s l;kmfl/;x gul/sg
s]jn lg/Gt/ kn] e|d0fdfq u/]/ /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfof{bz
] k"/f x'bF g} [x]gx{' f];\
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f !(-v_ / -u_] . lg/Gt/
e|d0f sfo{qmdsf] dfqfn] ubf{ oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf
lj1tf, :jtGqtf, ;'ljwf / pGd'lQmx h:tf zt{x k"/f ug{sf lglDt rflxg] >f]t
;fwg tyf sfg'gL vfsf pknAw u/fpg /fHonfO{ cS;/ cK7f/f] x'G5 .
To;sf/0f lg/Gt/ e|d0f;DaGwL of]hgfnfO{ ;fdfGotM /fli6o ;+oGqsf] cf}krfl/s

csf kdf :jLsf/ ug{' pko'Qm geP klg o:tf of]hgfx /fli6o ;+oGqsf] ;3g
/ tby{ sfo{qmdsf] k"/ssf kdf eg] Hofb} pkof]uL x'g ;S5g\ . oL sfo{qmdn]
3 8 a9L l56f]l56f] s'gs'g :ynsf] e|d0f ug],{ e|d0fsf] qmddf s] s:tf k|Zg ;f]Wg] /
s'gs'g s'/fsf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ eGg] lgwf] ug{ ;3fp k'ofpg] x'gfn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf
nflu aflx/L ;"rgfsf] >f]tsf kdf oL ljz]if dxTjk"0f{ x'g ;S5g\ .
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
/fli6o ;+oGqn] ;3g e|d0fkl5 u/]sf l;kmfl/;xsf] sfof{Gjog gx'Gh]nsf] nflu

cfGtl/s pkfosf kdf lg/Gt/ e|d0fnfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ klg ;S5 . lg/Gt/
e|d0fn] ;d'bfo / aGbLaLr ;DaGw;"q sfod u/L y'gf :ynxsf] tgfj 36fP/
/fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfdsf] cfwf/df /rgfTds ;+jfbsf] bl/nf] hu a;fNg klg
;3fp k'ofpg ;S5 .
#=$=# lj leGg y'gf :ynsf] e|d0fsf] ;doqmd

s'g} s'g} y'gf :ynxdf :jefjtM b'Jo{jxf/sf] hf]lvd a9L x'g] x'Fbf To:tf
:ynxdf cf};t sDtLdf klg jif{sf] Ps k6s ;3g e|d0f -aLraLrdf tby{
e|d0fxsf] lg/Gt/tf x'g] ;Defjgf t 5Fb5
} _ ug'{ h?/L x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu,
;d:ofxsf] klxrfg ePsf k|x/L rf}sLxdf,
txsLsftsf] nflu k]ml/ y'gfdf k7fOg] / k'j{ k'kI{ f y'gf :ynxdf,
ljz]if hf]lvddf k/]sf ;d"xxsf] 3'Or
F f] ePsf :ynxdf,
oftgf tyf cGo b'Jo{jxf/ /f]syfd ug]{ b[li6af6 k|x/L rf}sLx ljz]if dxTjk"0f{
:yn x'g\ . sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/LxnfO{ k|x/L rf}sLxsf aGbLx;DaGwL
;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ sfo{n] ;fob ;a}eGbf a9L 6fpsf] b'vfpF5 . ToxfF aGbLx cfpg]
qmd cS;/ Hofb} pRr x'G5 . ToxfF /flvg] aGbLx cToGt} c:yfoL k|sl[ tsf x'g]
x'bF f ToxfFsf cj:yfxdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu lbuf] jf ;l7t bafa kg]{ ;Defjgf
sd}dfq x'G5 . w]/h
} ;f] b]zdf k|x/L rf}sLxsf] s'n ;+Vof Hofb} w]/} x'g] x'bF f /fli6o
;+oGqnfO{ ;a} k|x/L rf}sLdf jif{df Ps k6s e|d0f ug{ ufx|f] x'g;S5 . To;sf/0f
PkL6Lsf] l;kmfl/;cg';f/ /fli6o ;+oGqnn] ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ePsf] k|To]s
k|x/L rf}sLLdf sDtLdf klg jif{sf] Ps k6s ;3g e|d0f / aLraLrdf tby{
e|d0fx ug'k{ 5{ . ;fy} jif{sf] aLraLrdf ckem{6 tl/sfn] 5flgPsf cGo k|x/L
39
rf}sLxdf ;3g tyf tby{ ed0fx klg ul//xg' k5{ .
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
k"j{ k'kI{ f y'gf :ynx tyf xsLsftsf nflu aGbLnfO{ lkmtf{ k7fOg] :ynxdf
l56f]l56f] ul/g] e|d0fx pQm :ynxdf x'g;Sg] oftgfnfO{ /f]syfd ug]{ b[li6af6
t dxTjk"0f{ x'G5g\ g}, txsLsftsf nflu lkmtf{ k7fOg] aGbLx a;]/ cfPsf k|x/L
rf}sLx x'gfn] ToxfFsf] cj:yf / Jojxf/af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{sf lglDt klg clt
dxTjk"0f{ :yn x'g ;S5g\ . /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ b]zsf ;of}F jf xhf/f}F k|x/L rf}sLdWo]
s'gs'g rf}sLsf] e|d0f ug]{ eGg] lgwf] ug{ Tof] ;"rgf clt h?/L x'G5 . o;y{
JolQmxnfO{ txsLsftsf nflu lkmtf{ k7fOg] :ynx / k"j{ k'kI{ f y'gf s]Gb|xdf
sDtLdf klg jif{sf] Ps k6s e|d0f ug}k{ 5{ . aLraLrdf tby{ e|d0fx ug]{
;Defjgf t o;} 5Fb5
} .
ljz]if hf]lvddf /x]sf aGbLxsf] 3'Or
F f] ePsf :ynxdf klg jif{sf] sDtLdf Ps
k6s ;3g e|d0f ug'k{ 5{ -aLraLrdf tby{ e|d0fx ug]{ ;Defjgf t o;} 5Fb5
} _.
;fwf/0ftof o:tf :ynxdf a;fOF ;/]sfx, dlxnf, gfafns, dgf]/f]uL, /fli6o,
hghftLo, wfld{s jf eflifs cNk;+Vosx, cflbjf;Lx jf ckfxsf] ;fFRrL
g} 3'Or
F f] x'g] ljz]if k|sf/sf s]Gb| jf :ynx kb{5g\ . o; k|sf/sf dflg;xn]
;fdgf ug'k{ g]{ hf]lvd k|ToIf e]befj x'g;S5, cyjf oL ;d"xxsf ;b:onfO{
cfgf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{ h] h:tf ljz]if pkfoxsf] vfFrf] k5{ tL
s'/fx pknAw gePsf] x'g;S5 .42
cfbz{sf s'/f ug]{ xf] eg] cGo k|sf/sf y'gf :ynx -pbfx/0fsf] nflu
sf/fuf/;d]t_ sf] sDtLdf klg jif{sf] Ps k6s e|d0f ug'k{ 5{ . t/ k|:yfg ljGb'sf
kdf b]zdf ePsf oL cGo y'gf :ynxsf] cf};t sDtLdf k|To]s tLg jif{df Ps
k6s ;3g e|d0f ug'k{ 5{ . aLraLrdf tby{ e|d0fx ug]{ ;Defjgf t o;} 5Fb5
} .
oL cGo k|sf/sf y'gf :ynxsf] e|d0fsf] jf:tljs ;doqmdsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{
qmddf /fli6o ;+oGqn] vf;vf; y'gf :yndf c;/ kfg]{ ljleGg tTjxaf/] ljrf/
40
42
pbfx/0fsf] nflu dfgjclwsf/ ;ldlt, x]g'{xf];\, Hamilton v. Jamaica, Communication

616/1995,UN. Doc. CCPR/C/66/D/616/1995 -@* h'nfO{ !(((_, cg'R5]b *=@ .
No.
o; k|sf/sf] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df oftgf jf cGo b'Jo{jxf/h:tf uDeL/ ;d:ofx

ePsf] hfgsf/L jf cfzf ePsf cyjf b]zsf cGo y'gf :ynxsf] bfFhf]df y'gf
:ynsf] cj:yf g/fd|f] ePsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsf 7fpFxsf] klg sDtLdf jif{sf]
Ps k6s ;3g e|d0f ug'k{ 5{, tL y'gf :ynxsf] k|sf/ rfx] h:tf];s
' } xf];\ .
aLraLrdf tby{ e|d0fx ug]{ ;Defjgf t 5Fb5
} . oftgf;DaGwL /fi6;3
+ Lo ljz]if
k|ltj]bssf] egfO s] 5 eg] /fli6o ;+oGqn] s]xL dlxgfsf] ;doqmddf / sltko
;Gbe{df t cem 5f]6f] ;doqmddf 7"nf jf a9L ljjfbf:kb y'gf :ynxsf] e|d0f
ug'k{ 5{ .43
#
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz
]
ug'{ h?/L 5 . oL :ynxdf ul/g] e|d0fsf] ;doqmd lgwf{/0f ug{sf] lglDt /fli6o
;+oGqn] ljleGg >f]taf6 ;ng u/]sf] ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f ug'k{ 5{ -h:tf] ls
cl3Nnf e|d0fx, klxn] pQm :yndf ePsf aGbLx;Fu lnOPsf cGtjf{tf{x,
cg';Gwfg, ;dfrf/ l/kf]6x{ cflb_ .
cGo y'gf :ynxsf] xsdf e|d0fsf] ;doqmddf l9nfO ug{ ;lsg] s]xL ts{;t
kxn'x x'g ;S5g\, h:tf] lsM
cGo :yfgLo e|d0f lgsfoxf/f ul/g] lg/Gt/ ko{jI] f0f -/fli6o ;+oGq :jo+n]
xf]Og_ h'g cy{k0" f{ ;fljt ePsf] 5, / h;df /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ vf; y'gf
:ynxaf/] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] Ifdtf / bfloTj 5, cyjf
/fli6o ;+oGqsf] cl3Nnf] ;3g e|d0faf6 s'g} y'gf :yndf uDeL/ ;d:of jf
oftgf jf b'Jo{jxf/sf] hf]lvd gePsf], y'gf :ynsf] cj:yf /fd|f] ePsf] /
To;n] ;/sf/L clwsf/Lxaf6 pbfx/0fLo ;xof]u kfO/x]sf] hfgsf/L ePdf .
o; k|sf/sf ;Lldt kl/l:yltxdf, vf; u/]/ ;d:ofx ePsf] hfgsf/L ePsf
k|x/L rf}sLx, txsLsftsf] nflu lkmtf{ k7fOg] :yn jf k"j{ k'kI{ f y'gf s]Gb|x,
43
oftgf;DaGwL /fi6;3+ Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bsf/f @))^ df dxf;efnfO{ lbPsf] k|ltj]bg, /fi6;3+ Lo b:tfj]h,
A /61/259 -!$ cui6 @))^_, cg'R5]b &! .
41
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

]
ljz]if u/]/ lgD5/f ;d"xxsf] 3'Or

F f] ePsf :ynx cyjf uDeL/ ;d:of ePsf]
hfgsf/L k|fKt hfgsf/L ePsf jf cfzf ul/Psf :ynxafx]s cGo vf;
:ynxdf ul/g] ;3g e|d0faLrsf] ;doqmdnfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqn] nDAofpg] lgwf]
ug{ ;S5 . s:t} kl/l:yltdf klg cflwsfl/s y'gf :yndf ul/g] ;3g e|d0fsf]
;doqmdnfO{ a9Ldf kfFr jif{eGbf k/ ;fg'{ x'bF g} .
csf]{ s'/f, vf;vf; y'gf :ynx ef}uf]lns b[li6n] Psnf;] 7fpFdf 5g\ jf /fli6o
;+oGqsf cfly{s, aGbf]a:tL;DaGwL >f]t;fwgx / dfgjLo >f]t;fwgx ;Lldt
5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ e|d0f ug}k{ g]{ y'gf :ynxdf sd e|d0f ug]{ s'/fsf] cf}lrTo l;4
ug{sf lglDt /fHon] pkof]u ug]{ s'/f oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
cfn]vn] ;f]rs
] } 5}g . l;4fGttM /fli6o ;+oGqn] cfgf e|d0fxdfk{mt\ lghL
:jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxnfO{ k|bfg ug]{ ;+/If0f y'gf :yn /x]sf] If]qsf
cfwf/df km/skm/s x'g' x'bF g} . b;f}F cWofodf xfdL /fHosf ef}uf]lns b[li6n]
5l/Psf y'gf :ynxsf] r'gf}tLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{] dfWodsf kdf /fli6o ;+oGqsf
sfo{qmdxsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug]{ ;Defjgfaf/] ljrf/ ug]5
{ f}F .
#=$=$ PkL6Lsf ;'emfj

/fli6o ;+oGqn] ug]{ e|d0fsf] ;doqmdsf] cfFsng Pp6f sfo{qmddf cwfl/t
x'g'k5{ h;dfM
nfdf ;3g e|d0fxnfO{ -sDtLdf klg tLghgf lj1xsf] ax'ljBfut
42
e|d0f 6f]nLn] Psb]lv rf/ lbg;Dd ug]{ e|d0f_ 5f]6f tby{ e|d0fx;Fu
-cln ;fgf 6f]nLxn] aLrdf ug{;Sg] e|d0f_ tfnd]n u/fOG5,
/fli6o ;+oGqsf] e|d0fsf] s'n ;dosf] sl/a Ps ltxfO{ ;do tby{
e|d0fxsf nflu 5'fOG5,
tn pNn]v ul/Psf] dxnleqsf] k|To]s :yndf cf};t sDtLdf klg jif{sf]
Ps k6s ;3g e|d0f ul/G5, / aLraLrdf tby{ e|d0fx eO/xg]
;Defjgf /xG5M
#
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz
]
;d:ofxsf] hfgsf/L ePsf k| x /L rf} s Lx / xr' j f tl/sfn]

5flgg] cGo k|x/L rf}sLx,
aGbLnfO{ txsLsftsf nflu lkmtf{ k7fOg] :yn jf k"j{ k'kI{ f s]Gb|x,
ljz]if u/]/ lgD5/f ;d"xxsf] 3'OFrf] nfu]sf :ynx,
oftgf jf cGo b'Jo{jxf/;DaGwL uDeL/ ;d:ofx ePsf] hfgsf/L
kfOPsf jf cfzf ul/Psf cGo :ync jf b]zsf cGo y'gf
:ynxsf] t'ngfdf v/fa cj:yfx ePsf] hfgsf/L kfOPsf cGo
:ynx,
cGo k|To]s :yndf cf};t sDtLdf tLg jif{df Ps k6s ;3g e|d0f
ul/G5 -aLraLrdf tby{ e|d0fx ul/G5_, t/ Tof]eGbf 5f]6f] ;doqmddf

ul/g' /fd|f] xf],
s'g} klg cflwsfl/s y'gf :yndf sDtLdf klg kfFr jif{df Ps k6s ;3g
e|d0f ul/G5, clg of] nfdf] ;doqmddf k|f;ls ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df tby{
e|d0fx ul/G5,
y'gf :yn Psnf;] 7fpFdf x'gfsf] sf/0faf6 jf /fHof/f /fli6o ;+oGqdfly
yf]kl/g] cfly{s, aGbf]a:tL;DaGwL >f]t;fwg jf dfgjLo ;fwg>f]tsf]
;Lldttfsf] cfwf/df e|d0fsf] cfjZostf kg]{ s'g} klg y'gf :ynsf]
e| d 0f gul/g] s' / fnfO{ oftgf lj?4 /fi6 ; + 3 Lo dxf;lGwsf] P] l R5s
cfn]vn] :jLsf/ ub}{g .
43
12
$=!
$=@
$=#
$=$
$=%
$=^
$=&
kl/ro
:jfoQtfsf cfwf/
:jtGq ;b:o / sd{rf/L
lgo'lQm k|lqmof
ljz]ifflwsf/ / pGd'lQm
cfly{s :jfoQtf
PkL6Lsf ;'emfj
$
:jfoQtf
:jfoQtf
$^
$&
$*
%)
%@
%^
%(
45
wf/f !*
!= kIf /fi6xn] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxsf] sfo{ut :jtGqtf tyf logsf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug]5
{ g\ . -===_
$= /fHoxn] /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] :yfkgf ug]{ qmddf dfgjclwsf/sf] k|j4{g
/ ;+/If0f ug]{ /fli6o ;+:yfxsf] x}l;ot;DaGwL dfGotfaf/] plrt kn]
ljrf/ k'ofpg' kg]5
{ -k]l/; l;4fGtx_ .
:jfoQtf
$=! kl/ro
/fli6o ;+oGqx ;fFRrL g} :jtGq gePsf] v08df ltgn] ug]{ e|d0f oftgf jf cGo
b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L 9n] /f]syfd ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f
!*-!_ /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] sfdsfhL :jtGqtfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ /fHon] sbdx
rfNg'kg]{ zt{;DaGwL d'Vo k|fjwfg xf] .
wf/f !*-$_ n] ;+oQ' m /fi6;3+ sf dfgjclwsf/sf] k|j4{g / ;+/If0f ug]{ /fli6o ;+:yfxsf]
x}l;ot;DaGwL dfGotfx nfO{ Olt u5{ -oL dfGotfxnfO{ k]l/; l;4fGt klg elgG5_,
h'g dfGotfdf o; k|sf/sf ;+:yfxsf] :jtGqtfsf] /Iff ug]{ sbdx yk lj:tf/k"js
{
44
;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . t/ k]l/; l;4fGtx klxn] Jofks sfof{bz
] k|fKt dfgjclwsf/
;+:yfxsf] -cyf{t\ dfgjclwsf/ cfof]uxsf]_ k|of]hgsf lglDt tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] .
To;sf/0f pQm dfGotfsf sltko kIfx oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s
cfn]vsf] clek|fo;Fu d]n vfFbg} g\ . /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] kf7df c
o;sf sltko dfGotfxsf] ;f a9L lj:t[t k|fjwfgx /flvPsf 5g\ .
o;kl5sf] v08df o;sf] sfdsfhL :jtGqtfsf ljleGg kIfxsf] hfFra"em ul/g] 5 .45
44
45
46
dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g ug]{ /fli6o ;+:yfxsf] x}l;ot tyf sfo{;DaGwL dfGotfx, @)
l8;]Da/ !((# sf] /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;efsf] k|:tfj A/Res/48/134(Annex) -k]l/; l;4fGtx_ .
dfgjclwsf/ k|sfzgsf nflu dfgjclwsf/ gLlt tyf pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o kl/ifb\sf]
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nofg -h]ge] f, @))%_ tyf dfgjclwsf/ k]zfut k|lzIf0f
z[v
\ nfxsf] /fi6;3+ Lo s]Gb| gDa/ $, /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxM dfgjclwsf/sf] k|j4{g tyf ;+/If0fsf
nflu /fli6o ;+:yfxsf] :yfkgf tyf ;'b9[ Ls/0f;DaGwL xft] k'l:tsf -h]g] e
] f,!((%_ klg x]gx{' f];\ .
$=@ :jfoQtfsf cfwf/

k]l/; l;4fGt
:jfoQtf
s @ /fli6o ;+:yfxnfO{ oyf;Dej Jofks sfof{bz

] lbg'kg]{ 5, h'g
sfof{b]zsf] lgwf{/0f To;sf] ;+/rgf / sfo{If]q ls6fg u/L :ki6 kn]
;+jw} flgs jf sfg'gL b[li6af6} ug'k{ g]{ 5 .
sfo{sf/L ;/sf/nfO{ :j]R5fn] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ lj36g jf lj:yfkg ug]{ jf

To;sf] sfof{bz
] , ;+/rgf / clwsf/ kl/jt{g ug]{ sfg'gL clVtof/ ePdf To;sf]
:jtGqtfdf Iflt k'Ug] 5 . sfo{sf/Ldf o:tf] clVtof/sf] cEof; ug]{ clek|fo
gePsf] v08df klg of] s'/f ;To x'g cfpF5 lsgeg] pQm ;+oGqsf] lgD5/f]kgfn]
g} To;sf] :jtGqtfnfO{ lgif]w u5{ . o;y{ To:tf] ;+jw} flgs jf sfg'gL k|fjwfgsf
cfwf/df /fli6o ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ h;df lgo'lQmsf] k|lqmof, sfof{jlw,
sfof{bz
] , clwsf/, cfly{s aGbf]a:t tyf bfloTjsf] k|sl[ th:tf vf;vf; dxTjk"0f{
s'/fxsf] aofg ul/Psf] xf];\ .46 ;fdfGo sfg'gsf] ;f ;+jw} flgs cfwf/df g}
:jtGqtf lbOg'sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] ;fdfGotM ;fdfGo sfg'gL cfwf/eGbf ;+jw} flgs
cfwf/ a9L pko'Qm x'G5 .47
o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] /fli6o ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ sfg'gn] of] ;+:yf jf o;sf
;b:oxnfO{ s'g} dGqfno jf ;/sf/sf] dGqL, dGqLd08n jf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\,
/fi6klt jf k|wfgdGqLsf] lgoGq0f cGtu{t /fVg' x'bF g} . /fli6o ;+oGqsf] cl:tTj,
sfof{bz
] jf clwsf/x kl/jt{g ug]{ ;fdYo{ ePsf] Psdfq k|flwsf/ ljwflosf
:jo+ g} x'gk' 5{ .48 dGqLx tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lxn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf
46
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] d"Nofg, k[= !@!$ / /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] xft] k'l:tsf,
P]hg, k[= !)!! x]gx{' f];\ .
47
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] d"Nofg, k[= !# x]gx{' f];\ .
48
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] d"Nofg, P]hg, k[= !@!$ tyf /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] xft]
k'l:tsf, P]hg, k[= !)!! x]gx{' f];\ .
47
:jfoQtf
gfpFdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If kn] lgb]z

{ g hf/L ug{ gkfpg] s'/f sfg'gf/f ls6fg
ul/g'k5{ .49
$=# :jtGq ;b:o / sd{rf/L

/fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:ox JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut kn] /fHosf clwsf/Lxaf6
:jtGq /x]sf lj1x x'gk' 5{ .
;fdfGotM /fli6o ;+oGqxdf To:tf JolQmx ;dfj]z x'g' x'bF g} hf] xfn kmf}hbf/L
Gofo k|0ffnLsf ;lqmo kbx cf]u6]/ a;]sf 5g\ -jf To:tf kbaf6 5f]6f] labfdf
a;]sf 5g\_ . of] s'/f lqmofzLn cleof]Qmf jf cleof]hgsf/L ;fj{hlgs k|lt/Iff
clwsf/Lsf]] xsdf t nfu" x'G5 g}, ;hfosf] k}m;nf;DaGwL ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ GofofwLzx
tyf cGo GofofwLzxsf xsdf klg nfu" x'G5 .50 hxfF /fli6o ;+oGqsf] ;b:o
s}bLaGbL, s}bLaGbLxsf] ju{, ;+:yf jf clwsf/Lsf ;DaGwdf Ps;fy cg]sf}F
e"ldsf lgjf{x ul//x]sf] x'G5 ToxfF lxtxsf] k|Zgdf jf:tljs jf slNkt Gx
x'g] k|an ;Defjgf /xG5 .51
lgZro g} /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:ox JolQmut kn] sfo{sf/L ;/sf/af6 s'g
cy{df :jtGq x'gk' 5{ eg] sfo{sf/L ;/sf/sf g]tT[ jbfoL /fhgLlts JolQmTjx;Fu
jf sfg'g nfu" ug]{ sd{rf/L;Fu pgLxsf] JolQmut ;DaGw cyf{t\ /fhgLlts
akmfbf/L, 3lgi6 ldqtf jf k'/fgf] k]zfut ;DaGw x'g' x'bF g} . To:tf] ;DaGw ePdf
k|:tfljt ;b:on] jf:tjdf lgikIf 9n] sfd u/] tfklg p;nfO{ k"jf{ux| L b[li6n]
x]l/of] eg] To;af6 /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfddf g/fd|f] c;/ kg{;S5 .
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ cfk}mF n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf dfkb08xsf] cfwf/df
cfgf sd{rf/Lx lgo'Qm ug]{ clwsf/ x'gk' 5{ .52 dfgjclwsf/ gLlt;DaGwL
49
50
48
51
52
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] d"Nofg, P]hg, k[= !@ x]gx{' f];\ .

Goflos lg/LIf0ffnosf] l:ylt;DaGwL lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu tn b;f}F cWofosf] v08 !)=@=^ x]gx{' f];\ .
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] d"Nofg, P]hg, k[= !@!$ x]gx{' f];\ .
P]hg, k[= !# .
$
:jfoQtf
cGt/f{li6o kl/ifb\ tyf dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qmsf] /fi6;3+ Lo sfof{nosf] sygcg';f/

/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf sd{rf/Lx nf]s;]jfsf zfvfxaf6 :jtM
;?jf ug'{' jf v6fpg' x'bF g} .53 /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ :jtGqtfnfO{
;'lglZrt ug{sf lglDt To;nfO{ aflx/L k]m/abn ljgf cfgf k|lqmofut lgodx
agfpg] k"0f{ clwsf/ x'gk' 5{ .54
k]l/; l;4fGtn] Olt u/]cg';f/ ;fdfGotM /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxdf ;+;b
/ ;/sf/L ljefu sf k|ltlglwxnfO{ ;fd]n u/fpg ;lsG5 . t/ oftgf lj?4
/fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] ;Gbe{df eg] /fli6o ;+oGqdf ;Qfl;g
bnsf ;b:o /x]sf ;f+;bxnfO{ jf cGo ;/sf/L k|ltlglwxnfO{ -/fhgLlts
txaf6 xf];\ jf ljefuLo txaf6_ ;fd]n u/fpg' cg'lrt x'g5
] , rfx] To:tf] ;fd]nL
k/fdz{sf/L x}l;otsf] dfq lsg gxf];\ . klxnf] s'/f, oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo
dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vdf /fli6o ;+oGq / /fHosf clwsf/Lxn] /fli6o
;+oGqsf ;'emfjx sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DefJo pkfoxsf] vf]hL ug{ cfk;df ;+jfb
z'? ug'k{ g]{ s'/f pNn]v 5 .55 To;avt ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx :jo+ g} ;'emfjx
tof/ kfg]{ 5nkmn / dGygdf ;xefuL aGg] s'/f lgZro g} ;f]lrPsf] lyPg . bf];f| ]
s'/f, /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfd;Fu aGbLxsf ;+jb] gzLn aofgx ;d]tsf uf]Ko
;"rgf ufFl;P/ cfpF5g\ h;nfO{ oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
cfn]vsf] wf/f @!-@_ n] ;/sf/af6 uf]Ko /fVg kfOg] clwsf/ ls6fg u/]sf] 5 .
oL dfGotfx / /fli6o ;+oGqsf ljlzi6 sfo{x cGo k|sf/sf a9L ;fdfGo
dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfsf sfo{eGbf Psbd} km/s x'g] s'/fn] /fli6o ;+oGqdf s'g} klg
x}l;otdf ;/sf/L k|ltlglwxsf] pkl:yltnfO{ lgif]w u/]sf 5g\ .
53
54
55
P]hg, k[= !# .
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] xft] k'l:tsf, P]hg, k[= !!, cg'R5]b &! x]gx{' f];\ .
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f @@ .
49
$=$ lgo'lQm k|lqmof
k]l/; l;4fGt
:jfoQtf
v # ;+:yfsf ;b:oxsf] nflu l:y/ k|sl[ tsf] sfof{bz

] nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{,
pgLxsf] lgo'lQm Pp6f cflwsfl/s P]gf/f ug'k{ g]{ 5, h'g P]gn] sfof{bz
] sf]
:ki6 cjlw ls6fg ug]5
{ , o;sf] cefjdf jf:tljs :jtGqtf x'g ;Sb}g .
;+:yfsf] ;b:o ax'n k|sl[ tsf] x'g] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ul/Pdf of] sfof{bz
]
gjLs/0f ug{ ldNg] vfnsf] x'g5
] .
;b:ox lgo'Qm ug]{ pko'Qm sfg'gL sfo{ljlwn] :jtGqtfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{
sfo{df ljz]if dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 . /fli6o ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug]{ sfg'gf/f
lgDglnlvt a'bF fx kl/eflift x'gk' 5{M
lgo'lQmsf] ljlw,
lgo'lQmsf] dfkb08,
lgo'lQmsf] cjlw,
pGd'lQm / clwsf/x,
vf/]hL / k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL sfo{ljlw .
s;nfO{ lgo'lQm ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ;/sf/sf] sfo{sf/L cf/f k|ToIf kn] ul/g'
x'bF g} oBlk Pp6f cnu lgsfof/f ;f/e"t lg0f{o ul/;s]kl5 /fi6 k|dv
' n] cf}krfl/s
kn] lgo'lQm ug]{ s'/fnfO{ o;n] lgif]w ub}g{ .56 lgo'lQm;DaGwL k|lqmof u}/;/sf/L,
;fdflhs tyf k]zfut ;7g, ljZjljBfno / cGo lj1x h:tf Jofks gful/s
;dfhsf ljljw ;d"xsf] k/fdz{ jf k|ToIf ;+nUgtf;DaGwL sfof{bz
] sf] Joj:yf
x'gk' 5{ . Pp6f ;Defjgf oL ;d'bfosf k|ltlglwx ;fd]n x'g] u/L Pp6f ljz]if
lgo'lQm 6f]nL u7g ug'{ xf] . ;+;bLo ;ldltsf] g]t[Tjdf k/fdz{sf/L k|lqmof
50
56
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] d"Nofg, P]hg, k[= !$ .
dfgjclwsf/ gLlt;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o kl/ifb\ tyf /fi6;3+ Lo pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non]

s] s'/f ;'emfPsf 5g\ eg] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL clwsf+z ;+:yfxsf nflu kfFr
jif{sf] sfof{jlw pko'Qm x'G5 h'g cjlwdf ;b:ox k|efjsf/L x'g ;S5g\ t/
eljiosf] /f]huf/Lsf] ;Defjgf;DaGwL lrGtfaf6 plt;fx|f] lk/f]lnPsf x'bF g} g\ .58
csf]{ pbfx/0f s] xf] eg] ch]l{ G6gfsf] oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
cfn]vsf] d:of}bf sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfg'gn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf k|To]s b; ;b:osf
nflu yk rf/ jif{ gjLs/0f ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
$
:jfoQtf
ckgfpg' csf]{ ;Defjgf xf] -oBlk of] k|lqmof ;+;b / sfo{sf/L ;/sf/sf] aLrdf
k|efjsf/L ;+:yfut tyf /fhgLlts k[ys\tf ePsf] v08df dfq ;Gtf]ifhgs
x'g5
] _ .57 sltko kl/l:yltdf :jtGq Goflos lgo'lQm;DaGwL cfof]usf] g]tT[ jdf
k/fdz{sf/L k|lqmof ckgfpg' klg Pp6f ljsNk x'g;S5 .
;a}sf] sfof{jlw ;dfKt x'g] ldlt Ps} k6s gkg]{ Joj:yf ldnfpFbf ;b:oxsf]
lg/Gt/tf ;'lglZrt x'G5 . o:tf] Joj:yfaf6 ;a} ;b:osf] sfof{jlw Ps} k6s
;dfKt x'g uO{ ;a} ;b:o gofF x'g] cj:yfaf6 hf]lug ;S5g\ . cGt/f{li6o pk;ldltdf
;b:oxsf] sfof{jlw ;dfKt x'g] ldlt km/s km/s kfl/g'sf] sf/0f oxL g} xf] .
lglZrt sfo{sfnsf] aLrdf s'g} klg JolQmdf cfgf] sfo{sfn ;'/lIft 5 eGg]
efjgf bl/nf] x'G5 . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:oxn] /fli6o
;+oGqsf] ;b:osf] 7"nf] ax'dtsf] dtbfgsf cfwf/df -;fob tLg rf}yfO{_ cyjf
;+;bsf] To:tf] dtbfgsf cfwf/df -hxfF /fli6o ;+oGqsf Psfw ;b:odfq x'G5g\_
cyjf h3Go b'/frf/ u/]sf] k'li6 x'g uPdf dfq kbRo"t x'g' kg]5
{ .
57
58
P]hg .
P]hg, k[= !@ .
51
$=% ljz]ifflwsf/ / pGd'lQm
wf/f #%
:jfoQtf
/f]syfd pk;ldlt tyf /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf ;b:oxnfO{ pgLxn] ug]{

sfdsf] :jtGq cEof; ug{ cfjZos ljz]ifflwsf/ tyf pGd'lQm k|bfg ul/g]5 .
-===_
wf/f @!
@= /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ uf]Ko ;"rgf ;ng ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ul/g] 5 . -===_
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f #% n] /fli6o ;+oGqxnfO{
cfgf sfd sf/jfxLx :jtGq kn] ug{sf] lglDt cfjZos kg]{ clwsf/ /
pGd'lQm k|bfg ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf cGt/f{li6o pk;ldlt59 sf]
+ Lo dxf;lGw60 sf] v08 @@
xsdf nfu" x'g] clwsf/ tyf pGd'lQm;DaGwL /fi6;3
/ @# n] k|To]s /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:osf] o; k|sf/sf clwsf/ tyf pGd'lQmsf]
xsdf gd"gfsf] kdf sfo{ ug'k{ 5{ . o;df lgDglnlvt a'bF fx kb{5g\M
/fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:oxsf] sfo{sfn tyf /fli6o ;+oGqsf sfo{ljlw ;DaGwdfM
lghL lu/tf/L jf y'gf tyf lghL ;/;fdfg hkmt ul/gaf6 5"6,

sfuhkq tyf b:tfj]hxsf] htL jf lgu/fgLaf6 5"6,
;~rf/df x:tIf]k ul/gaf6 5"6,
59
60
52
dxf;efn] !# k]ma|c
' /L !($^ df kfl/t u/L !) k]ma|c
' /L !($( b]lv nfu" ePsf] ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf] ;'ljwf
/ pGd'lQm;DaGwL dxf;lGw .
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] bf];f| ] jfSo o; k|s/ 5M, ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf] !#
k]ma|c
' /L !($^ sf] clwsf/ tyf 5"6x;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] v08 @@ df lglb{i6 ul/Pcg';f/ /f]syfd;DaGwL
pk;ldltsf ;b:oxnfO{ clwsf/ / 5"6x lbg'kg]{ 5 . pQm clwsf/ / 5"6x pQm dxf;lGwsf] v08 @#
sf] clwgdf /xg]5g\ .
;b:otf cjlw / To;kl5M
/fli6o ;+oGqsf sfd st{Jox k"/f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf af]lnPsf jf n]lvPsf

s'/f jf ul/Psf sfdxdfly sfg'gL sf/sfxL ul/gaf6 5"6 .
:jfoQtf
oL clwsf/ / pGd'lQm /fli6o ;+oGqsf] k|To]s ;b:osf] xsdf clgjfo{ kn] nfu"
x'gk' g]{ 5 . t/ oL clwsf/ / pGd'lQmsf] clek|fo /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:osf] lghL
kmfObf geO{ pQm ;+:yfsf] :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ePsf] x'gfn] ljz]if kl/l:yltdf
:ki6 ax'dtsf] cledt -b'O{ ltxfO{ jf tLg rf}yfO{_ f/f JolQm ljz]ifn] kfPsf] 5"6
/2 ug{ ;lsg] 5 .
r]s klAns l8k]m08;{ ckm /fO{6;

\ n] dgf]ggo u/]sf] r]s /fli6o ;+oGqn] /fli6o
sfg'gsf] Ps k|f;ls pbfx/0f pknAw u/fPsf] 5M
8]k6' Lxsf] ;ef cyf{t\ ;+;bsf] :jLs[ltljgf clwsf/ k|lt/Ifs lj?4 kmf}hbf/L
sf/jfxL z'? ug{ kfOg] 5}g . 8]k6' Lxsf] ;efn] :jLs[lt lbg OGsf/ u/]sf]
v08df clwsf/ k|lt/Ifs lj?4 lghsf] sfo{sfnleq o; k|sf/sf] sf/jfxL
ug{ c;Dej x'g5
] .61
sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePkl5 klg pGd'lQm hf/L /xg] pbfx/0fx klg 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu, cfgf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ -s}bLxnfO{ e]6g\ ] sfo{;d]t_ qmddf ul/Psf
61
clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs k|lt/Ifs;DaGwL r]s sfg'g -#$(!(((_ #*!@))% adf]lhd ;+zf]wg eO{
! hgj/L @))^ df nfu" eof], &-!_ . http://www.ochrance.cz u0ftlGqs O:tf]lgofsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!$%M u0ftGqsf /fi6kltsf] k|:tfj / To;dfly l/lusf]u' cyf{t\ ;+;bsf ;b:oxsf] ax'dtsf] cfwf/df
dfq sfg'gL rfG;n/ -/fli6o ;+oGqsf] kdf dgf]gog ul/g] JolQm_ lj?4 kmf}hbf/L cleof]u nufOg] 5 .
kf]Nof08sf] ;+l+ jwfgsf] wf/f @!! n] gful/s clwsf/ cfo'QmnfO{ kf]Nof08sf] /fli6o ;+oGqsf] k|dv
' aGg]
JolQmnfO{_ ;+;bsf] k"j{ ;Ddltljgf g t kmf}hbf/L cleof]u nufOg] 5 g t :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt g} ul/g]
5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;n] cfo'QmnfO{ s'g} bf]ifafkt kqmfp u/L pko'Qm sfg'gL sf/jfxL rnfpg
y'gfdf /fVg' h?/L ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s g t kqmfp ul/g] 5 g t y'gfdf /flvg]} 5 egL yk Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} o:tf] dfldnf cfOk/]df ;+;bsf dfz{nnfO{ tTsfn hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{ 5 / dfz{nn]
tTsfn l/xfOsf] cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5g\ .
53
:jfoQtf
sfdsfh / e"nr'sxnfO{ lnP/ cGt/f{li6o /]8qm; ;ldltsf] k|ltlglw d08nsf

;b:ox hf] :yfgLo /fi6sf gful/s x'G5g\, ltgLxn] k|ltlglw d08nsf] sfd
5f8]kl5 klg lghL lu/tf/L jf y'gf nufot s'g} klg k|sf/sf] sfg'gL jf
k|zf;lgs k|lqmofaf6 / ;fIfLsf] kdf 8flsg] jf k|df0f k]z ug'k{ g]{ s'/faf6 5"6
kfpF5g\ .62
hxfF;Dd /fli6o ;+oGq jf To;sf JolQm ;b:o;Fu /x]sf] ;"rgf ;+/If0fsf] k|Zg 5,
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f @! n] wf/f #% df
pNn]v ul/Psf cfd clwsf/ / pGd'lQmnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . /fli6o sfg'gcGtu{t
clwsf/;DkGg agfOPsf] ;"rgfsf] e]b vf]Ng sfo{sf/L tyf Goflos clwsf/Lx
nufot s;}n] klg afWo u/fpg ;Sb}gg\ . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] /fHon] wf/f
@! cg';f/ /fli6o ;+oGqsf] dftxt /x]sf] uf]Ko ;"rgf sfg'gn] tnf; jf hkmt
ug{ jf vf]Ng afWo gu/fpg] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ h?/L 5 . To;sf/0f o;
k|sf/sf] sfg'g ljBdfg geP kmf}hbf/L, lghfdlt jf k|zf;lgs sfg'gdf /fli6o
;+oGqsf] ;"rgfsf] tnf;L, hkmtL gul/g] ckjfbhGo Joj:yf ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f @! df aofg ul/Psf]
clwsf/n] k|s6 kn] o:tf] ckjfbsf] rrf{ u/]sf] 5}g . /fHosf uf]Kotfx
;DaGwdf /fli6o sfg'gcGtu{t ;fdfGotM sfo{sf/L ;/sf/nfO{ lbOg] clwsf/
;a}eGbf bl/nf] clwsf/ xf], h'g uf]Kotf x/]s b[li6n] ;'/lIft x'G5 . /fli6o
sfg'gcGtu{t csf]{ ;a}eGbf bl/nf] / ;a}eGbf cfd clwsf/ jlsnu|fxs;DaGwL
clwsf/ xf] . o; ;Gbe{df Hofb} ;Lldt ckjfbxnfO{ dfq 5"6 lbg] ul/G5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, s'g} GofofwLznfO{ jlsnf/f s]jn cfgf] u|fxsnfO{ ck/fw ug{
;xof]u ug]{ p2]Zon] tof/ kfl/Psf] b:tfj]h x]g{] clwsf/ x'g;S5, cyjf lj/n
kl/l:yltdf cleo'Qmn] kmf}hbf/L cleof]hg lj?4 ;kmntf;fy cfgf] k|lt/Iff ug]{
62
54
cGt/f{li6o /]8qm; ;ldltsf] ;xdltsf lglDt k|:tfljt dfkb08sf] wf/f !)-!!_ . ufaf]/ /f]gf, cGt/f{li6o
/]8qm; ;ldltsf] ;fIfL aSg' gkg]{ clwsf/M sfo{df uf]Kotf -@)@)_, /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6o ;dLIff c
*$%, k[= @)&@!( . Go"lhNof08sf] clVtof/ b'?kof]u P]g !(&% klg x]gx{' f];\ .
;Defjgf ePsf] ;"rgfsf] Psdfq >f]t ToxL xf] eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft u/]df GofofwLznfO{
To:tf] clwsf/ x'g;S5 .63
:jfoQtf
l;4fGttM oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf cfwf/df /fli6o
;+oGqf/f e|d0fsf] qmddf ul/Psf ko{jI] f0fx tyf lnOPsf cGtjf{tf{xaf6
;ng ul/Psf] uf]Ko ;"rgf;Fu ;DalGwt clwsf/dfly s'g} klg k|sf/sf] c\sz
'
nufpg' x'bF g} . /fli6o ;+oGqn] k|efjsf/L 9n] sfd ug{ kfcf];\ eGg] x]tn
' ] o;n]
cGtjf{tf{ lng] JolQmxnfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ lbOg] ;"rgf kl5 uP/ v'Ng] 5}gg\
eGg] ljZjf; lbnfpg' k5{ . /fli6o ;+oGqn] ;ng u/]sf] ;"rgfdf ck/fw;DaGwL
hfgsf/L xf]nf ls eg]/ ;/sf/L clwsf/LxnfO{ 6'qm\ ofpg] x]tn
' ] jlsnxnfO{
To:tf] ;"rgfsf] lzsf/ ug{ lbOFbf wf/f @! sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL dfGotfdf l56f] /
uDeL/ kn] x|f; cfpg ;S5 . /fli6o ;+oGqsf] d"n k|of]hg cf/f]lkt b'Jo{jxf/af/]
;"rgf ;ng u/L To;sf] k|of]u ug'{ ePsf]n] ;/sf/L clwsf/Lxn] sfg'g nfu"
ug]{ lgx'd
F f Psbd} ;lhnf];uF /fli6o ;+oGqsf clwsf/ tyf uf]kgLotf e ug{
;S5g\ .
clwsf/sf ;Gbe{df Wofg lbg'kg]{ csf]{ d'2f ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] JolQmsf]
e"ldsf xf] . jlsnu|fxs clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf cS;/ s] elgG5 eg] of] clwsf/
jlsnsf] xf]Og, u|xssf] xf], To;sf/0f u|fxsn] v'nf lbnn] ;"rgf vf]Ng] ;xdlt
hgfPdf jlsn To; s'/fsf] ljkIfdf eP klg u|fxsn] Tof] clwsf/ kl/Tofu ug{
;S5 . t/ /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfo{ tyf :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxsf] :jefjtM
lgD5/f] cj:yfaf/] ljrf/ ubf{ s] s'/f :ki6 x'g cfpF5 eg] of] jlsnu|fxs
clwsf/nfO{ oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] ;Gbe{l;t
5f;ld; u/]/ x]g{ ldNb}g . wf/f @!-@_ cg';f/ /fli6o ;+oGqn] ;DalGwt JolQmsf]
dGh'/Lljgf lghL ;"rgf vf]Ng gkfpg] Joj:yf x'bF fx'bF } klg o;sf] cy{ s'g} JolQmn]
cfk"maf/]sf] ;"rgf s'g} t];f| ] kIf;Fu vf]Ng /fli6o ;+oGqsf] d'v tfSg'k5{ eGg]
63
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, cf/= e;];

{ DofsSn/, -@))!_ cfOP;;Lcf/ $$% -Sofgf8fsf] ;jf]R{ r cbfnt_ x]gx{' f];\ .
55
:jfoQtf
xf]Og . o:tf] dfldnfdf ;"rgf vf]Ngsf] nflu /fli6o ;+oGq tyf JolQm b'j} dGh'/
x'gk' 5{ .
clwsf/;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs k|lt/Ifsaf/] r]s sfg'gsf] wf/f & n] /fli6o sfof{Gjogsf]
Pp6f pbfx/0f k|:t't u/]sf] 5M
-$_ kmf}hbf/L sfo{ljlwxk|lt lhDd]jf/ lgsfox nufot /fHocGtu{tsf
k|zf;lgs lgsfoxnfO{ k|lt/Ifssf kmfonx x]g]{ jf sfg'gL cfwf/df
k|lt/Ifssf] :jLs[ltaf6 dfq o:tf kmfon lng] clwsf/ lbOPsf] 5 . k|lt/Ifsn]
] .
:jLs[lt glbPdf r]Da/sf 8]k6' Lxsf cWoIfsf] :jLs[lt cfjZos x'g5
cGtdf, /fli6o ;+oGqsf] kdf dgf]gog ul/Psf] lgsfon] Ps} ;dodf s'g} vf;
kLl8tsf] kIfdf jf vf; pNn+3gsf/Lsf] lj?4 cleof]hg jf k'kI{ f ug]{ ePdf
To;af6 pTkGg x'g] ;d:ofxn] uf]Kotf / clwsf/;DaGwL d'2fdf yk x|f;
cfpF5 .64 o; k|sf/sf ;'gj' fOxnfO{ jfbL / cf/f]lkt pNn+3gsf/Lsf nflu
lgikIf agfpg ;fdfGotM cfjZos kg]{ uf]Ko s'/fx vf]lnFbf /fli6o ;+oGqsf
e|d0f / cGtjf{tf{xsf] nflu rflxg] ;xof]uuf]Kotfdf 7"nf] x|f; cfpF5 .
tn 5}6f}F cWofosf] v08 ^=@ df wf/f @! / uf]Ko ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f tyf lghL
tYofnfO{ csf]{ sf]0faf6 s]nfOg] 5 .
$=^ cfly{s :jfoQtf

wf/f !*
-===_
#= /fHo kIfn] /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ >f]t
;fwgx pknAw u/fpg' kg]5
{ . -===_
56
64
o; ljifodfly t];f| ] cWofodf ;lj:tf/ rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
k]l/; l;4fGt
$
:jfoQtf
v @ /fli6o ;+:yfnfO{ cfgf] lqmofsnfkx ;xh kn] ;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm

k"jf{wf/ vf;u/L kof{Kt sf]if k|fKt x'g5
] . o;/L sf]if k|fKt ug's
{ f] p2]Zo cfkmg}
sd{rf/L / ejgsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;dy{ xf];\ eGg] xf], h;n] ubf{ ;/sf/af6 :jtGq
/xg / o;sf] :jtGqtf k|efljt ug{ ;Sg] cfly{s lgoGq0fdf g/xg' x'g5
] .
wf/f !*-#_ n] kIf /fi6xnfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos
>f]t;fwgx pknAw u/fpg st{Joa4 t'NofpF5 . k]l/; l;4fGtcg';f/ cfly{s
:jtGqtf Ps cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] . o:tf] :jtGqtfljgf /fli6o ;+oGq g t
sfdsfhL :jfoQtfsf] cEof; ug{ ;dy{ x'G5 g t :jtGq kn] lg0f{o ug{ g}
:jtGq x'G5 . To;sf/0f /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] :jtGqtfsf] yk ;+/If0f ug{sf lglDt
sfof{Gjogsf/L sfg'gdf cfly{s Joj:yfsf] >f]t / k|sl[ tsf] ls6fg ul/g'k5{ .65
sfg'gn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf] jflif{s cfly{s ljlgof]hg k|lqmofsf] ;fy} pQm k|lqmof
sfo{sf/L ;/sf/sf] k|ToIf lgoGq0fdf x'g' gx'g] s'/fsf] klg ls6fgL ug{k' 5{ .
dfgjclwsf/ gLlt;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o kl/ifb\ tyf /fi6;+3Lo dfgjclwsf/
pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf nflu Pp6f k|lqmof
;'emfPsf] 5 h'g k|lqmof /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] nflu klg sfdnfUbf] x'g;S5 .66
/fli6o ;+oGqn] cfk}mF cfgf] ah]6sf] d:of}bf ug]5
{
To;kl5 pQm ah]6cGtu{t dfu ul/g] s'n /sdsf] Aoxf]/f dtbfgsf lglDt
;+;bdf k]z ul/g] 5

/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ ;+;bn] ljlgof]hg u/]sf] /sdleq /x]/ s'gs'g a'bF fdf slt
vr{ ug]{ egL lgwf] ug]{ clwsf/ x'g5
] .
65
66
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] xft] k'l:tsf, P]hg, cg'R5]b &$ .

/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] d"Nofg, P]hg, k[= !# / /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfxsf] xft] k'l:tsf,
P]hg, k[= !! .
57
:jfoQtf
dfgjclwsf/ gLlt;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o kl/ifb\ tyf /fi6;+3Lo dfgjclwsf/

pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{non] /fli6o ;+oGqsf] ah]6 s'g} dGqfnosf] 7"nf] ah]6sf] Pp6f
;fgf] lx:;fdfq x'g' gx'g] s'/f cf}NF ofPsf] 5 . lgoldt kn] ul/g] ;fj{hlgs
l/kf]l6{ tyf jif{ lbgdf u/fOg] :jtGq n]vf k/LIf0ff/f cfly{s hafkmb]xLtfsf]
lgjf{x ul/g] 5 .
/fli6o ;+oGqn] slt /sdsf] lglDt cg'/f]w ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f s;/L ug{
;Snf < /fli6o ;+oGqn] klxnf] ah]6;DaGwL cg'/f]w k|:t't ug'c
{ l3 k|f/lDes
cjlwsf nflu of] ;+:yfnfO{ slt /sd cfjZos knf{ eg]/ ;/sf/n] s;/L
cfFsng ug{ ;Snf < oftgf lj?4 /fi6;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf]
zt{cg';f/ k|To]s /fHo kIfn] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9n] cfgf sfo{x
;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] u/L >f]t;fwg pknAw u/fpg' k5{ . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg]
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ k|fKt x'g cfpg] cfly{s tyf dfgjLo >f]t;fwgaf6 pQm
;+oGqnfO{ dfly t];f| ] cWofosf] v08 #=$ df aofg ul/Psf] dfkb08 ;'xfpFbf] x'g]
u/L ljleGg ;do qmddf ;a} y'gf :ynsf] e|d0f ug{ ;Dej x'gk' 5{ .
o;y{ /fli6o ;+oGqsf] ah]6 lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{ ljleGg b]zsf] ljlzi6tfcg';f/
lgDglnlvt a'bF fxdf lge{/ ug]{ 5M
y'gf :ynxsf] ;+Vof,

y'gf :ynxsf] k|sf/,
aGbLxsf] hg3gTj -k|To]s :yndf aGbLsf] ;+Vof_,
e|d0fdf hfFbf to ug'{ kg]{ b"/L .
sltslt ;dodf e|d0f ug]{ xf] To;sf] k"jf{gd

' fgsf] cfwf/df ah]6 agfpFbf
;fdfGotM /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] / sltko cj:yfdf aflx/sf lj1xsf]
cfjZostf x'G5, / e|d0f ug'c
{ l3 -tof/Lsf] nflu_ / e|d0fkl5 -l/kf]6x{ sf]
ljZn]if0f / d:of}bfsf] nflu_ yk ;do cfjZos x'G5 eGg]af/] ljrf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 .
58
$
:jfoQtf
ljzfn ef}uf]lns If]q ePsf y'gf :ynx 6f9f6f9f;Dd 5l/P/ /x]sf b]zxn]
/fli6o ;+oGqsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] k"/ssf kdf 7fpF7fpFdf zfvf sfof{nox
jf cg]s /fli6o ;+oGqx :yfkgf u/]/, /jf leGgleGg If]qdf pk6f]nL /fVg
k'Ug] u/L /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:ox w]/} / ljljw vfnsf x'g] s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]/
/fli6o ;+oGqsf] ah]6df e|d0f vr{ 36fpg ;S5g\ .67 tyflk b]zel/sf ;a} /fli6o
;+oGqsf k|ltlglwxsf] cfjlws a}7ssf nflu ah]6 t cfjZos kg]{ g} 5 oBlk
b"/;~rf/ jf cGo ;fwgxsf] ;xf/fn] oL vr{x 36fpg ;lsG5 .
$=& PkL6Lsf ;'emfj

/fli6 o ;+ o Gqdf lgo' l Qmsf] k| l qmof / dfkb08, sfof{ j lw, sfof{ b ] z ,
67
;fdYo{ , cfly{ s Joj:yf, pGd' l Qm / clwsf/x tyf vf/] h L /

k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL sfo{ljlwx nufot k|d'v tTjxsf] aofg ;dfj]z
ul/g] ;+j}wflgs jf sfg'gL lgb]{lzsfdf cfwfl/t x'g'kg]{ 5 .
sfo{sf/L ;/sf/sf] s'g} ;b:o jf ;b:oxnfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ :j]R5fn]
lj36g ug]{ jf o;sf] sfof{bz
] , agf]6 jf o;sf clwsf/x x]/k]m/ ug]{
clVtof/ x'g' x'b}g .
sfg'gf/f dGqL tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs clwsf/Lxn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf
g'{
gfddf k|ToIf / ck|ToIf kn] lgb]z
{ g hf/L ug{ gkfpg] :ki6 Joj:yf uug'
kb{5 .
sfg'gf/f /fli6o ;+oGqsf k|To]s ;b:o JolQmut jf ;+:yfut kn]
/fHosf lgsfob]lv :jtGq /x]sf] lj1 x'gk' g]{ Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .
;QfzLg bn, ;/sf/sf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjsf k|ltlglw tyf ;/sf/L
ljefusf k|ltlglwsf kdf /x]sf ;f+;bx dtflwsf/ ljgfsf] x}l;otdf
klg /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:o aGg of]Uo x'g' x'Fb}g .
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ pm cfk}Fmn] dfq lgwf{/0f ug]{ of]Uotf tyf dfkb08sf
cfwf/df cfgf sd{rf/Lx 5fGg] jf lgo'lQm ug]{ clVtof/L x'g' kb{ 5 .
tn b;f}F cWofodf /fli6o ;+oGqsf] ;7gfTds ;+/rgfsf ljsNkxaf/] ;lj:tf/ rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
59
:jfoQtf
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ sfo{ljlw;DaGwL lgodxsf] th'{df ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/
60
x'g]5 .
lgo'lQm;DaGwL sfo{ljlwdf gful/s ;dfh;
] /xg'
;dfh;FFu k/fdz{ lng] sfof{bz
kg]{5 .
s fg'gn] kf
kfFF r jif{sf] lglZrt sfof{jlw tf]Sg'kb{ 5 . sfof{jlwsf] aLrdf
s'g} klg ;b:onfO{ x6fpg' kg]{ eP /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:oxsf] Jofks
ax'dt jf ;+;bsf] Jofks ax'dtn] dfq x6fpg ;Sg] Joj:yf ug'k{ g]{ 5 .
lg/Gt/tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{sf lglDt leGgleGg sfof{jlw x'g] k|0ffnL
sfod ug'{ kb{5 .
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ sfg'gf/f lu/tf/ ul/g] jf y'gfdf /flvg] jf dfn;fdfg,
b:tfj]h, ;"rgf cflb hkmt ul/g] jf ltgdfly lgu/fgL /flvg] sfo{af6
pGd'lQm kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;fy} /fli6o ;+oGqsf bfloTjx k"/f ug]{
qmddf ul/Psf sfdnfO{ lnP/ sfg' g L sf/jfxL gul/g] u/L :yfoL
pGd'lQm kfpg] clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{ 5 .
sfg'gf/f /fli6o ;+oGqsf] dftxtdf /x]sf] ;"rgf -;/sf/, Gofokflnsf,
gful/s jf ;7g_ s;}nfO{ klg lbg' gkg]{ s7f]/ Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .
sfof{Gjog;DaGwL sfg'gdf /fli6o ;+oGqsf] jflif{s ah]6 ljlgof]hg
k|lqmofnufot o;sf] cfly{s Joj:yfsf] >f]t / k|s[ltsf] ls6fg ul/g'
k5{ . ;+;bn] sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf] k|ToIf cg'/f]wsf cfwf/df /fli6o
;+oGqsf] jflif{s ah]6 :jLs[t ug'k{ 5{ . To;kl5 /fli6o ;+oGqn] sfo{sf/L
;/sf/sf clwsf/Lxsf] k"j{ :jLs[ltljgf g} ah]6sf] /sd vr{ ug{ ;Sg]
Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
%=! lj1tf
%=@ n}ls ;Gt'ng tyf hflto /
cNk;+Vossf] k|ltlglwTj
%=# PkL6Lsf ;'emfj
%
;b:otf
;b:otf
^@
^#
^%
61
wf/f !*
;b:otf
%=! lj1tf
-===_
@= /fHo kIfn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf lj1xdf cfjZos Ifdtf jf k]zfut 1fg
x'gk' g]{ s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{sf lglDt cfjZos sbd rfNg'kg]{ 5 . -===_
/fli6o ;+oGq k|efjsf/L x'gsf lglDt o;sf ;b:ox ;/sf/, Gofokflnsf tyf
y'gf :ynsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ clwsf/Lxaf6 :jtGq x'g' dfq kof{Kt x'bF g} .
wf/f !* df /fli6o ;+oGqsf] k|To]s ;b:o;Fu ;fGble{s lj1tf x'gk' g]{ / ;du|
/fli6o ;+oGqdf k]zfut 1fgsf ljleGg If]qxsf] ljljwtf tyf ;Gt'ng x'gk' g]{
s'/f ls6fg ul/Psf] 5 . oftgf;DaGwL /fi6;3
+ Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bssf] egfOcg';f/
of] /fli6o ;+oGqdf leGgleGg k]zfsf ;b:oxsf] ;d x'g] s'/fnfO{ /fHo
kIfxn] ;'lglZrt ug'{ clt dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] .68 To;sf/0f /fHoxn]
sfof{Gjog;DaGwL sfg'gdf lj1xsf] pko'Qm z[v
\ nfsf] klxrfg ug]{ tyf ;Gt'ngsf]
k|ZgnfO{ dfGotf lbg]af/] ljrf/ ug'k{ 5{ .
/fli6o ;+oGqdf lgDglnlvt Ifdtfx tyf k[i7e"ldxsf] ;lDd>0f x'gk' 5{M
jlsnx -ljz]if u/]/ /fli6o jf cGt/f{li6o dfgjclwsf/, kmf}hbf/L sfg'g, z/0ffyL{
62
68
tyf z/0f;DaGwL sfg'g / sltko ;Gbe{df dfgjLo sfg'gsf] lj1tf ePsf_,

lrlsT;sx -ljlwlj1fg km/]lG;s ljz]if1x;d]t_,
dgf]j1
} flgs tyf dgf]lrlsT;sx,
k|x/L, sf/fuf/ k|zf;g tyf dgf]lrlsT;f;DaGwL ;+:yfxdf k]zfut cg'ej
xfl;n u/]sf JolQmx,
u};;sf k|ltlglwx,
oftgf;DaGwL /fi6;3+ Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bsf/f @))^ df dxf;ef;dIf k|:t't k|ltj]bg, /fi6;3+ Lo b:tfj]h .
A/61/259 -!$ cu:t @))^_, cg'R5]b &) .
y'gf :yn e|d0f ug]{ sfo{df cg'ejk|fKt JolQmx,

ljz]if hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d"xx h:tf] ls a;fOF ;/]sfx, dlxnf, cflbjf;L
%
;b:otf
/ /fli6o, hghftLo, wfld{s jf eflifs cNk;+Vosx_,

dfgjzf:qLx,
;fdflhs sfo{stf{x .
a]nfavt aflx/sf lj1xnfO{ ;+nUg u/fP/ /fli6o ;+oGqsf] cg'ejnfO{ ;d[4
agfpg ;lsG5 . To:tf lj1x ;+nUg u/fpg / tL lj1xnfO{ -/ /fli6o
;+oGqsf lgoldt sd{rf/L_ /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:oxsf e|d0fdf ;l/s u/fpg
sfg'gf/f v'n:t kn] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cg'dlt lbOg' k5{ . t/ /fli6o ;+oGqsf
;b:ox g} clGtd lg0f{ostf{ x'gfn] aflx/sf lj1xsf] ;+nUgtfn] o; ;+oGqdf
oy]i6 dfqfdf lj1 dtflwsf/L ;b:o x'gk' g]{ s'/fnfO{ Go"gLs/0f eg] ug'{ x'bF g} .
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] ;f]rfO s] 5 eg] l:yltdf
;'wf/ Nofpgsf] lglDt /fli6o ;+oGqn] 7f8f] cx|gv6g ug]{ z}nL cFnfUg'sf] ;f
l;kmfl/; tyf cg'gok"0f{ ;+jfbsf] k|lqmoff/f sfd ug'k{ 5{ . To;sf/0f, g}lts
zlQm / ;dfhleqsf] cfb/efj /fli6o ;+oGqsf k|efjsf/L ;b:osf nflu cfjZos
kg]{ cGo Ifdtfx x'g\ . ;b:oxn] oftgf tyf b'Jo{jxf/ /f]syfd ug{ / y'gf
:ynxsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg lghL k|lta4tf klg k|bz{g ug'k{ 5{ .
%=@ n}ls ;Gt'ng tyf hflto / cNk;+Vossf] k|ltlglwTj

wf/f !*
@ -===_ pgLxn] n}ls ;Gt'ng tyf b]zsf hghflt / cNk;+Vos ;d"xxsf]
plrt k|ltlglwTjsf] nflu k|of; ug'k{ g]{ 5 . -===_
wf/f !* df k|s6 ul/Psf] dfGotf lsg dxTjk"0f{ 5 eg] of] -;fj{hlgs ;+:yfxdf
;dfgtfnfO{ a9fjf lbg] sfo{_ cfkFm} df Pp6f ;fWo xf] . t/ /fli6o ;+oGq;Fu 6 3
;b:otf
k|efjsf/L l;kmfl/;x ug{sf] nflu rflxg] ;"rgf ;ng ug]{ 1fg / Ifdtf x'gk' g]{
s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ klg cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ 5 .
;dfhleqsf ljleGg ;d"xsf ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s tyf ef}lts cfjZostfxk|ltsf]
;+jb] gzLntf / tL ;d"x;DaGwL tfhf 1fgn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:oxnfO{ pQm
;d"xsf aGbLxsf cfjZostf k"/f ug{ cfk"m ;kmn jf c;kmn eO/x]sf] s'/f
a'g ;dy{ t'NofpF5 . o;y{ /fli6o ;+oGqdf x'g] n}ls ;Gt'ng / hghflt,
cNk;+Vos ;d"x tyf ckfxsf] k|ltlglwTjn] o;sf] sfof{bz
] a9L k|efjsf/L
9n] k"/f ug{ ;3fp k'ofpF5 . /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:oxn] cGtjf{tf{ lnOg]
dflg;x;Fu ;f]em} s'/f ug{ ;s]sf] v08df ;fwf/0ftof ltgn] /fd|f] ;"rgf k|fKt
ug{;Sg] x'gfn] o; ;+oGqsf ;b:oxdf eflifs Ifdtfsf] ljljwtf x'g' klg
dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] -/fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:oxdf x'g] eflifs ljljwtfn] bf]ef;]xdfly
e/ kbf{ Joxf]g{' kg]{ vr{ / c;'ljwfnfO{ 36fpg klg ;3fp k'ofpF5_ .
aGbL / s}bLxnfO{ cToGt} cGt/ ljifoxdf km/s lnsf JolQmxl;t s'/f
ubf{ x'g] ;xh jf c;xh cg'el" tsf] tx km/s km/s x'g;S5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu,
dlxnf aGbL;Fu dlxnfn] cGtjf{tf{ lnFbf p;n] of}ghGo lx+;f jf b'Jo{jxf/af/] lgs}
g} v'n/] s'/f ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}u/L vf; hghflt jf cNk;+Vos
;d"xsf ;b:oxnfO{ cfg} ;d"xsf] dflg;;Fu y'gf :yndf cfk"mk|lt ul/g] Jojxf/af/]
s'/f ug{ a9L ;xh x'G5 . t/ cfk"meGbf csf]{ ;d"xsf] dflg;;Fu s'/f ubf{ To:tf]
s'/f ug'd
{ f p;sf] dg;fo s] xf]nf eg]/ :jefjtM cfzf pTkGg x'G5 .
oL sf/0fxn] ubf{ wf/f !* df k|s6 ul/Psf] p2]ZonfO{ 3/]n' sfof{Gjogsf/L
sfg'gdf / /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:ox lgo'Qm ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;dflxt ug'k{ 5{ .
64
%=# PkL6Lsf ;'emfj

sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfg'gf/f /fli6o ;+oGqsf] ;b:odf jlsn, lrlsT;s,
%
;b:otf
dgf]j}1flgs / dgf]lrlsT;s, k|x/L, sf/fuf/ k|zf;g tyf dgf]lrlsT;f

;DaGwL ;+:yfxdf cg'ej cfh{g u/]sf JolQm, u};;sf k|ltlglw, y'gf
:ynsf] e|d0f;DaGwL cg'ejk|fKt JolQm, vf; u/]/ hf]lvddf /x]sf
;d"xx;Fu sfd u/]sf] cg'ej ePsf JolQm, dfgjzf:qL tyf ;fdflhs
sfo{stf{x nufot ;fGble{s lj1tfsf] ;lDd>0f u/fOg] sfof{b]zsf]
Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ .
nfO{ -/ /fli6o ;+oGqsf
To:tf lj1x ;+nUg u/fpg / tL lj1x
lj1x
lgoldt sd{rf/L_ /fli6o ;+oGqsf e|d0fdf ;l/s u/fpg sfg'gf/f
v'n:t kn] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cg'dlt lbOg' k5{ .
sfg'gf/f /fli6o ;+oGqsf] ;b:odf ckf JolQmnufot hghflt /
cNk;+Vos ;d"xxsf] n}ls ;Gt'ng tyf plrt k|ltlglwTj sfod x'g]
p2]Zo lgwf{l/t ul/g' k5{ .
65
12
^=!
^=@
^=#
^=$
^=%
y'gfsf ;a} If]qdf kx'r

F
;"rgfdf kx'r
F
JolQmk|ltsf] kx'r
F
aGbL, sd{rf/L tyf cGosf] ;'/Iff
PkL6Lsf ;'emfj
^*
&#
&%
&&
&(
^
e|d0f;DaGwL k|Tofe"lt / clwsf/
e|d0f;DaGwL k|Tofe"lt
/ clwsf/
67
wf/f @)
^=! y'gfsf ;a} If]qdf kx'r

F
/fli6o ;+oGqxnfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfo{bz

] lgjf{x ug{ ;an agfpg] p2]Zon] kIf
/fi6xn] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ug]5
{ g\M
s_ lx/f;tsf/fuf/df :jtGtqfaf6 jl~rt u/L /flvPsf JolQmxsf]
;+Vof;fy} To:tf 7fpFxsf] ;+Vof tyf cjl:ylt;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgf;Dd
kx'r
F k|bfg ug],{
-===_
u_ aGbLy'gj' f /flvg] ;Dk"0f{ :yfgx tyf ;f];uF ;DalGwt ;+/rgf Pjd\
;'ljwf;Ddsf] kx'r
F k|bfg ug],{
-===_
_ cfk"mn] e|d0f ug{ tyf cGtjf{tf{ lng rfx]sf] :yfg tyf JolQm 5gf]6sf]
:jtGqtf lbg], -===_
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vcGtu{t y'gf :ynx sf]
kl/efiffsf] Jofks bfo/f tyf o; k|sf/sf :ynx /fli6o ;+oGqsf] e|d0fsf
lglDt v'nf /xg' kg]{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostfaf/] dfly t];f| ] cWofodf JofVof ul/Psf]
5 . oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f @) df /fli6o
;+oGqn] oL :ynsf] e|d0f ug{] cfwf/e"t clwsf/nfO{ yk ;'lglZrttf / clwsf/
k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
^=!=! y'gfsf h'g;'s} :yfgsf] kx'r

F
wf/f @)-u_ cg';f/ /fHosf clwsf/Lxn] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ s'g} klg y'gf :ynsf
;a} efudf kx'r
F lbg' h?/L 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu, cfjf;, PsfGt sf]7f, cfFug,
Jofofd ug]{ 7fpF, efG;fsf]7f, sfo{zfnf, z}lIfs :yn, lrlsT;f;DaGwL :yn,
;/;kmfO;DaGwL :yn tyf sd{rf/Lsf cfjf; sIf kb{5g\ . /fli6o ;+oGqn] y'gf
:ynleqsf ;a} If]qsf] e|d0f u/]/ y'gf :ynsf] cj:yf tyf :jtGqtf jl~rt
6 8 JolQmx;Fu ul/g] Jojxf/sf] ;du| t:jL/ k|fKt ug{;S5 .
hxfF;Dd kx'Frsf] clwsf/df ckjfb rfxg]] s'/f 5, oftgf lj?4 /fi6;+3Lo

dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vn] o;af/] :ki6 JofVof u/]sf] 5 -pbfx/0fsf] nflu, wf/f
!$-@_ nfO{ cGt/f{li6o pk;ldltsf] xf/fxf/L /fv]/ x]gx{' f];_\ . oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo
dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf] y'gf :ynsf s'g} klg efusf] e|d0f
ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf] ckjfb pknAw u/fPsf] 5}g . To:tf] ckjfb ;'/Iffsf]
cfwf/df ;d]t pknAw x'bF g} . /fli6o sfg'gdf y'gf :ynsf] s'g} klg efu s'g} klg
sf/0fn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf] lg/LIf0faf6 slxNo} klg n'sfpg gkfOg] s'/f :ki6 kfl/g'
k5{ .
^
/fli6o ;+oGqn] y'gf :ynsf] ;Dk"0f{ efudf lxF8/] y'gfu[x, ef}lts ;'/Iffsf] k|aGw,
y'gfu[xsf] agf]6 tyf :jtGqtf jl~rt JolQmxsf] b}lgs hLjgdf dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Ng] cGo ;+/rgfut tTjxsf] cjnf]sg ug]5
{ . kx'r
F sf] k"0f{ ;'lglZrttfn]
clwsf/LxnfO{ vf; aGbLxnfO{ y'gfsf] ;flas ynf]af6 cGoq n'sfP/ /fli6o
;+oGqsf cfFvf 5Ng glbg] s'/fdf klg ;3fp k'ofpF5 .
^=!=@ e|d0fsf nflu :yfgsf] rog

wf/f @)-_ df /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cfk"mn] e|d0f ug{] :ynxsf] 5gf]6 ug]{ clwsf/
x'gk' g]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . wf/f @)-s_ cg'k /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ k|To]s y'gf
:yndf /flvPsf :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxsf] ;+Vofsf] ;fy} o:tf :ynxsf]
;+Vof tyf cjl:yltaf/] 7Ls / cWofjlws ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ s'/f oftgf
lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] Pp6f zt{ x'gfsf] sf/0f oxL g} xf] .
F kfpg] clwsf/sf]
To;sf/0f sfof{Gjog ug{ to ul/g] sfg'gf/f of] ;"rgfdf kx'r
:ki6 Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ . Jojxf/df of] ;"rgfsf] ;fy} u};; tyf ldl8of;DaGwL
>f]txaf6 kfpg] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df dfq /fli6o ;+oGq of] ;"rgfsf] ljZn]if0f u/L
e|d0fsf k|efjsf/L sfo{qmdx agfpg ;dy{ x'g5
] .
^=!=# cfsl:ds e|d0f
cfsl:ds e|d0fx oftgf tyf cGo b'Jo{jxf/nfO{ k|efjsf/L kn] /f]syfd ug{
pkof]uL x'g] b]lvPdf /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ ljgf k"j{ ;"rgf To:tf e|d0f ug]{ clwsf/ 6 9
x'gk' g]{ s'/f t o;} :ki6 5 . hxfF;Dd cln nfdf ;3g e|d0fsf] s'/f 5, clwsf/LxnfO{
k"j{ ;"rgf lbFbf To:tf e|d0fx a9L kmnbfoL x'g ;S5g\ . t/ /fli6o ;+oGqn] 5f]6f
cfsl:ds e|d0fx u/]/ dfq y'gf :ynsf] b}lgs oyfy{sf] jf:tljs / ljZj;gLo
cj:yf yfxf kfpg ;S5 . oftgf tyf b'Jo{jxf/ /f]syfd ug{] ;r]tgsf/L pkfosf
kdf klg /fli6o ;+oGqn] cfsl:ds e|d0fx ug'{ cfjZos x'g cfpF5 .
+ Lo ljz]if
ljleGg b]zsf] bf}8fxfsf] qmddf y'gf :ynxsf] e|d0f klg ug]{ /fi6;3
k|ltj]bsn] o; s'/fnfO{ o;/L k|:t't u/]sf 5g\M
cfsl:ds e|d0fsf] p2]Zo ljz]if k|ltj]bsn] y'gf :ynleqsf ljleGg efusf]
cj:yfsf] ;s];Dd jf:tljs t:jL/ k|fKt ug]{ p2]ZonfO{ ;'lglZrt t'Nofpg'
xf] . s'g :ynsf] e|d0f ug{ / s;nfO{ e]6g\ rfxg] eGg] s'/fsf] klxn] g} 3f]if0ff
ubf{ ljBdfg kl/l:yltnfO{ 9fs5f]k jf x]/k]m/ ug]{ jf y'gfdf /x]sf JolQmxnfO{
st} ;fg],{ wDsfpg] jf k|ltj]bs;Fu e]6g\ glbg] hf]lvd /xG5 . of] ljz]if
k|ltj]bsn] ;fdgf ug'k{ g]{ b'ef{Uok"0f{ oyfy{ xf] . jf:tjdf s'g} :yndf k|jz
] ug{
cfwf 306fdfq l9nf] x'bF f klg o; k|sf/sf 36gfx 36]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .69
wf/f @) n] oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vdf cGtlg{lxt /fli6o
/f]syfd ;+oGqf/f cfsl:ds e|d0f ug{ kfOg] clwsf/;DaGwL lgisif{nfO{ hf]8
lbPsf] 5 . /fli6o /f]syfd ;oGqsf] e|d0f ug]{ clVtof/;DaGwL wf/f @) cGt/f{li6o
;ldltsf] e|d0f ug]{ clVtof/;Fu lgs} g} ldNbf]hN' bf] 5 . o;df dxTjk"0f{ leGgtf
Pp6} dfq 5 . wf/f !$-@_ df /fHof/f pk;ldltsf] vf; y'gf :ynsf] e|d0fk|lt
/fHon] cfklQ hgfpg kfpg] ckjfbhGo tyf ;Lldt cfwf/xsf] rrf{ ul/Psf]
5 -h:tf] ls /fli6o k|lt/Iff, ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff, k|fs[lts k|sf]k jf e|d0f ul/g]
:yndf ljBdfg uDeL/ c:tJo:ttf;DaGwL cfwf/x_ . t/ wf/f !$ cg';f/
o:tf kl/l:yltdf hgfOg] cfklQ klg c:yfoLdfq x'g;S5 . o;af6 lg:sg]
70
69
oftgf;DaGwL /fi6;3+ Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bsf/f @))^ df dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u;dIf k|:t't k|ltj]bg, /fi6;3+ Lo
b:tfj]h E/CN.4/2006/6 -@# l8;]Da/ @))%_, cg'R5]b @$ .
ts{;t lgisif{ s] xf] eg] s'g} klg ;/sf/nfO{ s:t} kl/l:yltdf klg /fli6o
;+oGqf/f ul/g] s'g} klg e|d0fk|lt c:yfoL kn] cfkQL hgfpg] clwsf/ 5}g .
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ /ft jf lbg s'g} klg a]nf kx'r
F sf] clwsf/ 5 .
@))^ df oftgf lj?4 /fi6;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]v nfu" ug]{
sfo{qmdnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ /fi6;3

+ Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bsn] eg]sf 5g\, kIf
/fi6x /fli6o txdf oftgf /f]syfd ug{sf lglDt Ps jf cg]s :jtGq /fli6o
;+oGqxnfO{ ;a} y'gf :ynsf] cfsl:ds e|d0f ug{ lbg ;xdt ePsf
5g\ .70
@))^ df ;+oQ
' m clw/fHosf] ;+;bsf] dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltn] ;/sf/f/f k|s6
ul/Psf] ;xdltsf] pNn]v ub}{ oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
cfn]vcGtu{t /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfdsf nflu cfsl:ds e|d0fsf] clwsf/
dxTjk"0f{ /Iffsjr xf] eGg] :ki6f]lQm k|s6 uof] .71
@))% df oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo ;ldltf/f oftgf lj?4sf] dxf;lGwcGtu{t
cNaflgofsf] klxnf] cfjlws k|ltj]bgsf] hfFr ug]{ qmddf oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo
dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] vfsfcGtu{t /x]/ k|x/L rf}sLxsf] e|d0f ug]{
d'2f p7f] . cNaflgofn] @))# df oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf]
P]lR5s cfn]vnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] lyof] . ;ldltsf ;b:o 8f= /f;d';g] n]
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vnfO{ ;lGble{t ub}{ :jtGq
lj1xsf] sfdnfO{ ;fFRrL g} k|efjsf/L agfpgsf lglDt o; k|sf/sf
e|d0fx lgoldt kaf6 x'gk' 5{, / tL cfsl:ds x'gk' 5{ eGg] s'/fdf :ki6;Fu
70
71
b:tfj]h A/6/259 -!$ cu:6 @))^_, cg'R5]b ^* / &% klg x]g'{xf];\ .
;+oQ
' m clw/fHosf] ;+;bsf] ;+oQ
' m dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltf/f @))%@))^ sf] ;];gdf k|:t't @) cf}F
k|ltj]bg, @@ d] @))^, k[= !&@) .
;DalGwt ;/sf/ tyf lj1 ;d"xsf] lgisif{ s] 5 eg] k|efjsf/L /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{
cfsl:ds e|d0f ug]{ clwsf/ x'gk} 5{M
71
hf]8 lbP .72 o; a'bF fnfO{ lnP/ k"0f{ ;ldltn] cfgf lgisif{ / l;kmfl/;xdf
cleof]hgsf/L ;fj{hlgs k|lt/Iff clwsf/Lsf] sfof{non] lgoldt / cfsl:ds
kn] k|x/L rf}sLxsf] e|d0f gu/]sf] ljifodf lrGtf k|s6 ub}{ cNaflgofn]
cleof]hgsf/L ;fj{hlgs k|lt/Iff clwsf/L tyf cGo :jtGq lgsfoxnfO{
lgoldt / cfsl:ds kn] k|x/L rf}sLxsf] e|d0f ug{ lbg'k5{ eGg] ;'emfj
lbof] .73
oftgf;DaGwL /fi6;3
+ Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bsn] l8;]Da/ @))% sf] cfgf] k|ltj]bgdf
y'gf :ynsf cfgf e|d0fxdf nfu" x'g] dfkb08x / P]lR5s cfn]vsf
dfkb08xsf aLrdf ;dfgtf ePsf] s'/f cf}NF ofpFb} eg]sf 5g\, y'gf :ynxsf]
hfFra"em ug]{ :jtGqtfdf k"j{ :f"rgf lbP/ jf k"j{ ;"rgfljgf :jtGqtf jl~rt
JolQmx /flvPsf s'g} klg 7fpFdf s'g} /f]s6f]sljgf hfg kfOg] s'/f :jtMl;4
5 .74 pgn] hf]8 lbFb} eg]sf5g\, sltko cj:yfdf p;n] clwsf/LxnfO{
cfk"mn] e|d0f ug{ rfx]sf 7fpFxaf/] hgfp lbg ;Sg] eP tfklg ;a} :ynsf]
kx'r
F eGg] kbfjnLdf cGtlg{lxt cfzo s] xf] eg] p;n] k"j{ ;"rgf lbP/ jf
glbP/} klg e|d0f ug{;S5 .75
@))^ df r]s u0ftGqn] /f]syfd e|d0f ug]{ clwsf/LnfO{ ljgf ;"rgf y'gf
jf lx/f;t :ynxsf ;a} If]qxdf k|jz
] ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ lbg] Joj:yf ub}{
cleof]hgsf/L ;fj{hlgs k|lt/Iff clwsf/L;DaGwL sfg'g ;+zf]wg u/]kl5
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vnfO{ cg'df]bg uof] .76
72
73
74
75
72
76
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

+ Lo ;ldltsf] !) d] @))% df cfof]lht ^$( cf}F a}7ssf] clen]v, /fi6;3
+ Lo
b:tfj]h, CAT/C/SR.649 -!( d] @))%_, cg'R5]b @^ .
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo ;ldltsf] cNaflgof;DaGwL k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgsf lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx, /fi6;3+ Lo
b:tfj]h, CAT/CO/34/ALB -d] @))%_, cg'R5]b &-!_ / *-!_ . ax/fOg;DaGwL k|f/lDes k|ltj]bgsf
lgisif{ / ;'emfjx klg x]g'{xf];\, /fi6;+3Lo b:tfj]h, CAT/C/CR/34/BHR -@! h"g @))%_, cg'R5]b
^-`_, &-5_ / ( klg x]g'{xf];\ . >Lnf;DaGwL bf];|f] cfjlws k|ltj]bgsf lgisif{ / ;'emfjx, /fi6;+3Lo
b:tfj]h, CAT/C/LKA/CO/2 -!% l8;]Da/ @))%_, cg'R5]b !! / !*-v_ klg x]g'{xf];\ .
b:tfj]h E/CN.4/2006/6 -@# l8;]Da/ @))%_, cg'R5]b @@ / @# .
P]hg, cg'R5]b @$ .
#*!@))% df ;+zf]wg eO{ ! hgj/L @))^ df nfu" ePsf] cleof]hgsf/L ;fj{hlgs k|lt/Iff
clwsf/L;DaGwL r]s sfg'g . http//www.ocrance.cz
^=@ ;"rgfdf kx'r

F
wf/f @)
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxnfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfof{bz
] lgjf{x ug{ ;an agfpg]
p2]Zon] kIf /fi6xn] b]xfo adf]lhd ug]5
{ g\M
s_ wf/f $ n] lglb{i6 u/]cg';f/ lx/f;tsf/fuf/df :jtGtqfaf6 jl~rt
u/L /flvPsf JolQmxsf] ;+Vof;fy} To:tf 7fpFxsf] ;+Vof tyf cjl:ylt;Fu
;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgf;Dd kx'r
F k|bfg ug],{
v_ tL JolQmxk|lt ul/g] Jojxf/ Pjd\ pgLxsf] aGbL cj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt
;Dk"0f{ ;"rgfdf kx'r
F lbg], -===_
^
u0ftGq sf]l/ofsf] /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u /fli6o ;+oGqsf kdf dgf]gog

ug{sf nflu ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] Pp6f ;+:yf xf] . o;sf] aGb} u/]sf] sfg'gdf cfo'Qm
/jf lj1 e|d0f 6f]nLnfO{ To;n] e|d0f ug{ kfpg] clwsf/;DaGwL kl/rokq
b]vfPkl5 tTsfn y'gf jf lx/f;t :yndf kx'r
F lbOg' kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .77
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ wf/f @)-s_ cGtu{t k|fKt x'g] aGbLxsf] ;+Vof / cjl:ylt tyf
y'gf :ynx;DaGwL ;"rgf pQm ;+oGqf/f e|d0f sfo{qmd agfpgsf] nflu clt
cfjZos 5 . wf/f @)-v_ n] ;d]6g\ ] ;"rgfsf] z[v
\ nf Hofb} Jofks 5 h;df
JolQmsf] :jf:Yo;DaGwL clen]v, ef]hgsf] cj:yf, ;/;kmfOsf] Joj:yf,
sfo{tflnsfx -;]n, Jofofd, leqaflx/sf] sfddf latfPsf] ;do;d]tsf
clen]vx_, cfTdxTof x'g glbg] Joj:yf, cg'zf;g;DaGwL clen]v cflb kb{5g\ .
77
u0ftGq sf]l/ofsf] /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ P]g, wf/f @$-#_ . x]Ssf /xf];\ ls o; wf/fsf cGo efux oftgf
lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] efjgf;Fu afe]msf 5g\ h;df aGbLx;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lng]
a]nf pQm :ynsf sd{rf/Lx pkl:yt x'g ;Sg]5g\ elgPsf] 5 .
73
wf/f @!
-===_
@= /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqaf6 ;lnt uf]Ko ;"rgfnfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt
x'g5
] . ;DalGwt JolQmsf] k|i6 ;xdlt a]u/ s;}sf] klg JolQmut ljj/0f
;fj{hlgs ul/g] 5}g .
/fli6o ;+oGq cfgf sfdsfhx ug{ ;dy{ x'gsf nflu To;n] vf;vf; aGbLxaf/]
ljlzi6 tyf Hofb} ;+jb] gzLn ;"rgfdf ;d]t kx'r
F kfpg' kg]{ s'/f :jtM:ki6 5 .
;fob o;sf] ;a}eGbf :ki6 pbfx/0f :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;"rgf x'g;S5 . ;Defjgf s]
klg 5 eg] /fli6o ;+oGqn] y'gf :yndf cGo JolQmxaf/] cyf{t\ sd{rf/Lx jf
u};;sf ;b:oxaf/] k|fKt ug]{ ;"rgf klg k]zfut k|sl[ tsf] geP/ JolQmut
k|sl[ tsf] x'g;5 . sof}F b]zdf ;dfGotof o; k|sf/sf] ;a} ;"rgf uf]Kotfsf]
;+/If0f ug]{ sfg'gcGtu{t uf]Ko /fVg] Joj:yf 5 jf To:tf] Joj:yf x'gk' 5{ .
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vn] of] ;"rgfdf /fli6o ;+oGqn]
kx'r
F kfpg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] x'gfn] lghL ;"rgf ;+/If0fsf] lgldt /fHoxn] s'g}
klg ljBdfg sfg'gsf] ;dLIff ug'{ / cfjZos ePdf /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ pQm ;"rgf
k|fKt ug{ / k|of]u ug{ lbgsf] lglDt sfg'g klg agfpg' k5{ . sltko cj:yfdf
;fj{hlgs lgsfoxdf ljBdfg ckjfbxn] /fli6o ;+oGqn] ug]{ sfdnfO{
;d]l6;s]sf x'g ;S5g\ . cGo cj:yfdf rflxF /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ o; k|sf/sf lghL
;"rgfsf] ;ng, k|of]u / ;+/If0f ug{ ;dy{jfg t'Nofpg gofF ljz]if sfg'g agfOg'
k5{ .
74
/fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfdaf6 JolQmxsf uf]Kotf;DaGwL clwsf/xsf] pNn+3g

gxf];\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ / /fli6o ;+oGq;dIf ;a} JolQmx v'n/] k|:t't x'g ;s"g\ eGg]
s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f
@! cg';f/ /fli6o ;+oGqn] lghL ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f ug'{ h?/L 5 -dfly v08 $=%
/ tn v08 ^=# x]gx{' f];_\ .
^=# JolQmk|ltsf] kx'r

F
wf/f @)
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t/ JolQmljz]ifn] k|s6 kd} ;Ddlt lbPsf] cj:yfdf /fli6o ;+oGqn] ;"rgf vf]Ng
kfpg] sfg'g agfpg' klg Psbd} h?/L 5 . /fli6o ;+oGq / ;DalGwt JolQm b'jy} /L
;"rgf vf]Ng ;xdt ePsf] cj:yfdf ;/sf/nfO{ lghL uf]Kotfsf] clwsf/ h:tf]
cfn\sfl/s kbfjnL k|of]u u/]/ ;"rgfnfO{ 5]Sg] 5"6 x'g' x'bF g} . /fli6o ;+oGqf/f
cGtjf{tf{ lnOPsf] JolQmn] p;nfO{ cleof]hgstf{sxfF jf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL
Gofofnodf cfgf] ph'/L k]z ug{ cg'/f]w u/]sf] cj:yfdf klg ;/sf/nfO{ To;df
c\sz
' nufpg] 5"6 x'g' x'bF g} .78 /fli6o ;+oGqdf lghL ;"rgfaf6 k|fKt x'g cfpg]
;du| ;"rgf tyf lghL ;"rgfnfO{ ;fFRrL g} c1ft /flvg] u/L cGo s'g} klg
k|f;ls ;"rgf k|sflzt ug{;Sg] c6n Ifdtf x'gk' 5{ .
k|:t't oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf kIf /fi6n] /fli6o
;+oGqxnfO{ ltgsf] sfof{bz
] k"/f ug{ ;dy{jfg\ agfpgsf] lglDt lgDglnlvt
clwsf/x lbg'kg]{ 5M
-===_
3_ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmx tyf /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqn]
cfk"mn] vf]hs
] f] ;"rgf lbg;S5 egL ljZjf; ul/Psf JolQmx;Fu bf]efif]sf]
cfjZostf k/]df afx]s cGo JolQmsf] cg'kl:yltdf uf]Ko cGtjf{tf{ lng]
cj;/ k|bfg ug],{
_ cfk"mn] e|d0f ug{ tyf cGtjf{tf{ lng rfx]sf] :yfg tyf JolQm 5gf]6sf]
:jtGqtf lbg],
-===_
wf/f @)-3_ n] /fli6o ;+oGqxnfO{ cfk"mn] 5fg]sf JolQmx;Fu uf]Ko kn]
cGtjf{tf{ lng] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . /fli6o ;+oGqn] kLl8txs} d'vaf6 ltgsf s'/f
78
/fli6o ;+oGq;DaGwL ;'emfjxaf/] v08 & x]gx{' f];\ .
75
;'g/] y'gf :ynxsf] l:yltsf] a9L kl/k"0f{ t:jL/ k|fKt u/f];\ eGg] s'/fnfO{
;'lglZrt ug{sf lglDt o; k|fjwfgsf] Hofb} 7"nf] dxTj 5 .
:jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxnfO{ abnf lnOPnf ls eGg] plt ;fx|f] 8/ gdfgLsg
lbn vf]n/] cfgf s'/f eGg 5"6 lbgsf lglDt cGtjf{tf{x uf]Ko kn] ul/g' clt
h?/L 5 . oftgf;DaGwL /fi6;3
+ Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bssf] egfO s] 5 eg] sf/fuf/sf]
s'g} klg clwsf/Ln] gb]Vg] jf g;'Gg] u/L aGbLxsf] cGtjf{tf{ lng] clwsf/
/f]syfd e|d0fxsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] .79 pgL eG5g\, cGoyf ;TotYo
;"rgf k|fKt ug{sf] lglDt lg/LIf0f 6f]nLdfly x'gk' g]{ aGbLxsf] clt h?/L ljZjf;sf]
;[hgf x'g} ;Sb}g .80
o;y{ sfof{Gjogsf/L sfg'gn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf clwsf/Lx, aGbLx jf cGo s'g}
JolQmn] ug]{ lrof] jf lgu/fgLljgf aGbL tyf c JolQmxsf] cGtjf{tf{ lng kfpg]
clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbg'k5{ . o; k|sf/sf] lrof] jf lgu/fgL sl8s8fp kn] lgw]if
ul/g' k5{ . e|d0f 6f]nLn] ;'/Iffsf] sf/0fn] kx/]bf/xn] ;'Gg] t/ pgLxn] gb]Vg] u/L
cGtjf{tf{ lng ljz]if cg'/f]w u/]sf] cj:yf o;sf] Psdfq ckjfb x'gk' 5{ .81
e|d0f 6f]nLnfO{ cGtjf{tf{sf] lglDt clwsf/Lxn] 5gf]6 u/]sf 7fpFx :jLsf/ ug{
nufpg' x'bF g} . o;nfO{ cfk"mn] pko'Qm nfUg] s'g} klg kof{Kt ;'/lIft 7fpF 5gf]6
ug]{ :jtGqtf x'gk' 5{ .82 s'g} y'gf :ynsf sd{rf/Lxn] /fli6o lgoGq0f ;+oGqsf
79
80
81
82
76
oftgf;DaGwL /fi6;3+ Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bssf] k|ltj]bg, /fi6;3+ Lo b:tfj]h A/61/259 -!$ cu:6 @))^_,
cg'R5]b &# .
cg'R5]b &# .
PkL6Lsf] y'gf :ynxsf] cg'udgM Ps Jofjxfl/s lgb]l{ zsf -h]ge
] f, @))$_, k[= *) x]gx{' f];\ .
PkL6Lsf] y'gf :ynxsf] cg'udgM Ps Jofjxfl/s lgb]{lzsf, P]hg, k[= *) x]g'{xf];\ . 7fpFsf] 5gf]6n]
:jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmsf] dgf]efjgfdfly k|efj kfb{5 . aGbLsf b[li6df e|d0f stf{x h'g 7fpFdf
-pbfx/0fsf] nflu k|zf;lgs sfof{nox_ y'gf :nysf sd{rf/L h:tf b]lvG5g\ To:tf 7fpFdf cGtjf{tf{
lng' x'Fb}g . e|d0fstf{xn] s;}n] n's]/ s'/f ;'Gg gkfpg] 7fpFsf] 5gf]6 ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . To:tf ;Defljt
7fpFxdf aGbL a;f]af; ug]{ cfjf;, cfuGt'sx a:g] sf]7fx, cfFugx / k':tsfnox kb{5g\ .
oftgf;DaGwL /fi6;3+ Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bsn] /fli6o lgoGq0f ;+oGqxf/f aGbLxsf]

;Ddlt lnP/ :jtGq kn] pgLxsf] k"0f{ :jf:Yo k/LIff ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgfsf]
dxTjdfly klg hf]8 lbPsf 5g\ .84
^=$ aGbL, sd{rf/L tyf cGosf] ;'/Iff

wf/f @!
!= s'g} klg lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] s'g} JolQm ljz]if jf ;+3;+:yfn]] /fli6o
/f]syfd ;+oGq;Fu ;Dks{ u/]sf] jf p;sf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;To jf c;To s'g}
;"rgf pknAw u/fPsf] cfwf/df dfq sf/jfxL ug{ s'g} cfb]z lbg] 5}gg\,
To;f] ug{ cg'dlt lbg] 5}g| g\ tyf To;f] u/]df ;xg ug]{ 5}gg\ ;fy} oL JolQm
jf ;+:yfk|lt s'g} k"jf{ux| /fVg] 5}gg\ . -===_
^
;b:oxsf] lghL ;'/Iffsf] s'/f p7fP/ cGtjf{tf{ glngf];\ eg]sf] v08df To:tf]
;Nnfxaf/] xf]l;of/L;fy ljrf/ ug'k{ 5{ . tyflk, /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:oxnfO{
cfgf] lghL ;'/Iffdfly cfOnfUg ;Sg] s'g} klg hf]lvd :jLsfo{ nfu]df pgLxnfO{
cGtjf{tf{ lng] clwsf/ x'g5
] .83
k|To]s y'g' j' f, y'gf s]Gb|df sfo{/t kbflwsf/L, gful/s ;dfhsf ;b:o, tyf cGo
hf] sf]xLn] /fli6o ;+oGq;Fu df}lvs jf lnlvt kdf s'/fsfgL u/L ;xh Pjd\
v'nf cg'el" t ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 .
k|ydt, -dfly v08 $=% / ^=@ df rrf{ eP e}mF _ k|To]s JolQmn] cfk"mn] atfPsf]
s'/f /fli6o ;+oGqafx]s c s;}nfO{ klg yfxf x'bF g} eGg] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu
83
PkL6Lsf] y'gf :ynxsf] cg'udgM Ps Jofjxfl/s lgb]l{ zsf, P]hg, k[= *! x]gx{' f];\ . o; k|sf/sf] lgodsf]
cg';/0f ug's
{ f] sf/0f s] xf] eg] e|d0fstf{xsf] lghL ;'/Iff;DaGwL lrGtfxnfO{ pgLxnfO{ aGbLsxfF
k'Ug glbg] afxfgfsf] kdf ;lhn} k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
84
cg'R5]b &# / &% .
77
x/;Dej pkfo cjnDag ul/G5 eGg]df ljZj:t x'gk' b{5 . o;sf] cy{ lgh
JolQmsf] k|:6 ;xdlt g/x];Dd ;+oGqn] ;"rgfsf] ;|ft] sf] kdf To:tf JolQmsf]
gfd pNn]v x'bF g} ;fy} To;/L cfPsf] ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug'{ x'bF g} eGg] klg xf] .
bf];f| ] d'Vo s'/f eg]sf] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ JolQm ;xof]u u/]s} cfwf/df
lnOg] k|lt;f]w lj?4 ;'/lIft 5 eg]/ hfgsf/ /xg' kb{5 . o;/L, ;f] ;+oGq;Fu
s'/fsfgL u/]s} sf/0fn] jf ;+oGqnfO{ lbPsf] ;"rgfs} cfwf/dff pgLx gsf/fTds
kl/0ffd x'g] s'g} klg sfo{af6 kLl8t agfOg' x'bF g} . wf/f @! n] Joj:yf u/]sf]
;'/Iff k|fjwfgnfO{ oftgf lj?4sf] dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] sfof{GjognfO{
;'lglZrt t'Nofpg ;f] cfn]v sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfg'gdf ;dfj]z ul/g' k5{ .
/fli6o ;+oGqn] ;Dks{ ug]{ JolQmx dWo] y'gj' fx g} x/ lsl;dsf] k|lt;f]wsf]
hf]lvddf x'G5g\ . oBlk To:tf] ;+oGqnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ jf ;'rgf k|bfg ug]{
kbflwsf/Ldf klg cg'zf;gsf] sf/jfxLdf kg]{ jf cGo k]zfut gsf/fTds c;/sf]
l;sf/ x'gk' g]{ 8/ /xG5 . cfgf ;xsdL{x jf cfkm"eGbf dflyNnf] bhf{df /x]sf
kbflwsf/L klg d'l5g] ePdf o:tf] 8/ ;[hgf x'g hfG5 . /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ ;xof]u
u/]sf] kl/0ffd :jk y'gj' fxnfO{ ;]jf k'ofpg] jf nuftf/ kdf lx/f;t
cg'u' dg ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf Pjd\ gful/s ;dfhsf ;b:oxsf] kx'r
F jf
x}l;otnfO{ c:jLsf/ ul/g ;Sg] x'bF f pgLxsf] sfdsf] klg ;'/Iff ul/g' kb{5 .
/fHosf lgsfo jf s;}n] lbPsf] e"m7f] ;"rgfnfO{ klg ;'/Iffsf] bfo/fleq kfl/g'
k5{, cGoyf wf/f @! adf]lhd k|bfg ug{ vf]lhPsf] ;'/Iff cgfjZos eg]/ x6fpg]
;Defjgf /xG5 . oBlk s] tYo k|:6 5 eg] wf/f @! sf] cf;o eg] /fHosf
lgsfoxsf] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ lbUe|ldt agfpg ;fy} ;f] ;+oGqsf] sfd sf/jfxLdf
x:tIf]k ug]{ u/]sf] sfdsf] bfloTjaf6 /fHonfO{ hf]ufpg' xf]Og . pbfx/0fsf] nflu
sf/fuf/sf Joj:yfksn] sf/fuf/df s'g} y'gj' fsf] d"To' jf p;k|ltsf] b'Jo{jxf/
af/]sf] ;"rgf hfgLhfgL n'sfPsf] cj:yfdf wf/f @! n] lgh Joj:yfksnfO{ ;'/Iff
k|bfg u/]sf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] eP klg P]lR5s cfn]vaf6 lg;[t x'g] cGt/f{li6o
7 8 bfloTjsf] To; lsl;dsf] uDeL/ pNn+3gsf] nflu /fHo g} hjfkmb]xL x'g' kb{5 .
^=% PkL6Lsf ;'emfj

P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f @) df Joj:yf ul/Psf] clVtof/L tyf wf/f @!
n] to u/]sf] ;'/Iff Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfg'gdf k|ToIf kdf

;dfj]Zf ul/g' kb{5, /fli6o sfg'g cGtu{t ;+/lIft JolQmx / /fli6o
;+oGqn] nfu" u/fpg ;Sg] x'gk' 5{ .
To:tf] sfg'gn] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ k"j{ ;"rgfljgf g} lx/f;t e|d0f ug{ ;Sg]
clwsf/sf] k|:6 Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .
/fi6n] JolQmut ;"rgfsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ ljBdfg sfg'gnfO{ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L
P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f @) cGtu{t /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ tL ;a} ;"rgf;Ddsf]
kx'r
F nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 .
/fli6o ;+oGqn] k|fKt u/]sf] JolQmut ;"rgf gLhsf] ;xdtLljgf ;fj{hlgs
ul/g' x'bF g} . tyflk /fli6o ;+oGqn] k|fKt u/]sf] ;"rgf tyf cGo JolQmut
ljj/0fnfO{ ;du| kdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ eg] sfg'gn] ;'lglZrt
ug'{ kb{5 .
sfg'gn] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqnfO{ y'gj' f jf cGo kbflwsf/Lsf] lgu/fgL
jf lrof]rrf]{ljgf g} aGbLsf] cGtjf{tf{ lng kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf
lbg' kb{5 . e|d0f ug]{ 6f]nLsf] ljzif cg'/f]wdf cGtjf{tf{ g;'lgg] t/
;'/Iffsf] sf/0f ;'/IffsdL{n] b]Vg ;Sg] :yndf cGtjf{tf{ lnOg] Joj:yf
ug{ ;lsg] ckjfbafx]s cGo s'g} klg k|sf/sf] lrof]rrf]{ jf lgu/fgLdf
s8f k|ltaGw nufpg' kb{5 .
e|d0f ug]{ 6f]nLnfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfoxn] 5gf]6 ul/lbPsf] :yfgdf g}
cGtjf{tf{ lng afWo kfl/g' x'Fb}g / 6f]nLn] kof{Kt ;'/Iff ePsf] h'g;'s}
:yfg 5gf]6 ug{ kfpg' kb{5 .
^
jf:tjdf ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ Lo oftgf lj?4sf] dxf;lGwn] oftgf jf cGo b'Jo{jxf/nfO{
9fs5f]k ug]{ ;Ddsf] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/Lsf] sfdnfO{ s;'/ s/f/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf
of] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f @! n] o:tf :jtGq kmf}hbf/L bfloTjsf ljifonfO{
g;d]6g\ ] eGg] x'bF g} .
79
/fli6o ;+oGqsf] 6f]nLsf] JolQmut ;'/Iffsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ lx/f;tsf
80
kbflwsf/Ln] cGtjf{tf{ lng cj/f]w ;[hgf u/]sf] v08df klg 6f]nLsf]

;b:on] cfk"mk|lt cfOkg]{ s'g} hf]lvd p7fpg tof/ eP pgLxnfO{
cGtjf{tf{sf] qmd cl3 a9fpg] clwsf/ k|fKt x'g'kb{5 .

&=@ k|ltj]bg
&=# PkL6Lsf ;'emfj
*@
*^
*&
&
&
/fli6o ;+oGqsf ;'emfj / sfof{Gjog
/fli6o ;+oGqsf ;'emfj

/ sfof{Gjog
81
&
wf/f !(

-===_
-v_ ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmx k|lt ul/g] Jojxf/ Pjd\ logLxsf] cj:Yffdf ;'wf/
Nofpg] / oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf
;hfosf] /f]syfd ug]{ p2]Zon] ;DalGwt lgsfo ;dIf ;'emfjx k|:t't ug],{
wf/f @@
;DalGwt kIf /fi6sf ;Ifd lgsfoxn] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqaf6 k|fKt
;'emfjxsf] cWoog ug]5
{ g\ / ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cjnDag ug{
;lsg] ;Defljt pkfox af/]df ;+oGq;Fu k/fdz{ ug]5
{ g\ .
/fli6o ;+oGqxsf] sfof{b]z lx/f;t e|d0f dfq geO{ o; If]qdf cfjZos
;'wf/sf] nflu pko{Q
' m lgsfox ;dIf l;kmfl/; k|:t't ug'{ klg xf] . Jojxfl/s
Pjd\ ljz]if1 ;Nnfx tyf cjnf]sgaf6 tof/ kfl/Psf To:tf l;kmfl/;xnfO{
/fi6n] ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ Lo oftgf lj?4sf] dxf;lGw tyf cGo cGt/f{li6o ;lGw jf
k|yfut sfg'gdfkm{t\ pTkGg x'g] bfloTjnfO{ /fd|f;
] uF k"/f ug]{ df}sfsf] kdf lng
;S5 . Jojxf/tM tL l;kmfl/;x pk/ /rgfTds ;+jfbdf k|jz
] ug{ tyf ltgsf]
l;kmfl/;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ /fHosf lgsfoxnfO{ bl/nf] pT;fx ldNg ;Sb5 .
82
of] pT;fxnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ wf/f @@ n] :yfgLo tyf /fli6o :t/sf ljleGg
y'gf s]Gb| jf /fHosf lgsfoxn] l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf /fli6o ;+oGq;Fu
;lqmotf;fy 5nkmn ug'{ kg]{ cGt/f{li6o bfloTj ;[hgf ub{5 . ;/sf/n] o;
bfloTjsf] ;b\ljZjf; ;lxt ug]{ kl/kfngfdf g} of] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] p2]Zo
xfl;n x'G5 . of] dte]bdf geO{ ;xsfo{df cfwfl/t 5 . o;} sf/0fn] :yfgLo
o; k|lqmofnfO{ ;3fp k'ofpg /fli6o ;+oGqsf] e|d0f 6f]nLn] cfgf] e|d0faf6

k|fKt k|f/lDes kl/0ffdxsf] af/]df ;DalGwt lgsfoxnfO{ oyflz3| hfgsf/L
u/fpg klg PkL6Ln] ;Nnfx lbG5 . o;n] cljnDa ;'emfj lbg / ;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu
/rgfTds sfo{;j+ fb :yfkgf ug{ tL ;+oGqx ;Ifd x'g5
] g\ . k|To]s e|d0fkZrft\
e|d0f ul/Psf] lx/f;tdf k|ToIf kdf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx;Fu s'/fsfgL ug'k{ b{5 .
e|d0fkl5 lnlvt kq jf k|ltj]bgdfk{mt\ k[i7kf]if0f u/fpg' kb{5 . o:tf] k|ltj]bgn]
;'emfj sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;+oGq / ;/sf/sf :yfgLo, If]qLo tyf /fli6o
txsf kbflwsf/Lx;Fu ul/g] /rgfTds k/fdz{sf] cfwf/ tof/ kfb{5 . To;kl5
tL :yfgxdf ul/g] e|d0fsf] qmddf cl3Nnf]k6s ul/Psf ;'emfjx k"0f{ sfof{Gjog
eP gePsf] n]vfhf]vf ug's
{ f] ;fy} c gofF ljifo p7]sf] eP ;f] sf] ;d]t klxrfg
ug'{ kb{5 .
P]lR5s cfn]vn] ljz]if l;kmfl/;sf nflu ;fGble{s;DalGwt lgsfo s'gs'g
x'g ;S5g eg]/ lgwf{/0f ug]{ clVtof/L /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ g} lbOPsf] 5 . cl3 g}
rrf{ ul/P e}mF Jojxfl/s ;dfwfg vf]lhPsf jf :yfgLo txdf lgwf{/0f ul/g' kg]{
vfnsf ljifonfO{ s'g} vf; ;+:yf;dIf k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . ;du| k|0ffnL pk/
/fli6o txdf g} lg0f{o lng' kg]{ ePdf jf sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ug'{ kg]{ ljifox
;/sf/L ;+/rgfsf] dflyNnf lgsfox tk{m lgb]l{ zt x'g' cfjZos x'G5 h;af6
sfof{Gjogsf] o'lQm;t ck]Iff ug{ ;lsof];\ . o;/L l;kmfl/; k|fKt ug]{ lgsfo
l;kmfl/; pk/ k|ltlqmof lbg g;Sg] jf cfk"m To:tf l;kmfl/;x sfof{Gjog ug{
;Ifd lgsfo gePdf To:tf] ug]{ bfloTj ePsf] cGo ;Ifd lgsfosf] klxrfg u/L
k|fKt l;kmfl/;df sf/jfxLsf nflu cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg] /fli6o sfg'gn] lglb{i6 u/]
adf]lhdsf] k/:k/ ;DalGwt st{Jo ePsf] x'gk' b{5 .
&
kbflwsf/Lxn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfdnfO{ ulDe/tfk"js

{ lng'kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{
cem k|:6 kfg{ P]lR5s cfn]v sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfg'gdf ;DalGwt :yfgLo jf /fli6o
kbflwsf/Lxn] ;+oGqsf] ;'emfj pk/ dgg\ ug]{ Pjd\ ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu
;f] ;+oGq;Fu ;+jfb ug'{ kg]{ bfloTjnfO{ k|:6 Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .
83
&
e|d0fsf] qmddf /fli6o ;+oGqn] JolQmut d'2f x]g{' kg]{ jf JolQmut ph'/L klg ;'Gg'
kg]{ x'G5 -e|d0f ul/Psf] :yfgdf jf cGo :yfgdf ePsf Jojxf/sf af/]df_ h;df
cg';Gwfg, hfx]/L, cleof]hg jf ;+oGqsf] ;fdfGo /f]syfd sfof{bz
] eGbf aflx/sf
sfd x'g;S5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf cleof]hgstf{sf] sfof{no jf JolQmut ph'/L
pk/ cfjZos sf/jfxL ug{;Sg] If]qflwsf/ ePsf] s'g} /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yf
;fGble{s;DalGwt lgsfo x'g ;S5 / To:tf] JolQmut ph'/Ldf To; lgsfon]
cg';Gwfg u/f];\ eGg] l;kmfl/; ug{ ;lsG5 . oL cj:yfxdf klg lghL ;"rgf
;fj{hlgs ug{ ul/Psf] lgif]w k|oQ
' m g} x'G5, ph'/Lstf{sf] ;xdlt kfPkl5 dfq
lghsf] ph'/L Pjd\ ;DalGwt ;"rgf c? s;}nfO{ lbg ;lsG5 .
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ dha't agfpg Joj:yf ul/Psf] sfg'gn] ;f] ;+oGqnfO{ ;Ifd
kbflwsf/Laf6 k|ltlqmof k|fKt ug]{ tyf ;+jfb yfngL ug]{ ;dofjlw to ug{ kfpg]
clVtof/L lbg' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs;DaGwL r]s u0ftGqsf]
sfg'gn] s'g} dfgjclwsf/ /Ifsn] lx/f;t e|d0f u/L ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lx
;dIf cfgf ;'emfjx /flv;s]sf] cj:yfdf tL kbflwsf/Lxsf] k|ltlqmof
cfO;Sg' kg]{ ;do;Ldf tf]Sg ;S5 .85 o;/L to ul/Psf] ;doleq s'g} k|ltlqmof
k|fKt geP jf cjnDag ul/Psf pkfox kof{Kt geP clwsf/ /Ifsn] lhDd]jf/
kbflwsf/Lsf] o; af/]df ;DalGwt dflyNnf] bhf{sf clwsf/L, ;/sf/ jf gfd;d]t
pNn]v u/L ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf klg ;f] sfg'n] u/]sf] 5 .86 oxfF s] pNn]v
ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 eg] /fli6o ;+oGqn] lbg] ;'emfj jf k|ltj]bg o;sf] clGtd nIo
xf]Og g t o;n] ;ng u/]sf ;"rgfsf] k|of]u o;n] dfq} ug{ ;S5 eGg] xf] .87
klxnf], e|d0fsf] cGt/fndf /fli6o ;+oGqn] cGo ljlwaf6 ;'emfjxsf] sfof{Gjog
;DaGwdf cg'udg ug'{ kb{5 . -o:tf ljlwxdf clwsf/Lx;Fu kqfrf/ jf y'gf
85
86
84
87
dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs;DaGwL r]s sfg'g, bkmf @!-s_ .

dfgjclwsf/ /Ifs;DaGwL r]s sfg'g, bkmf @!-s_ / @)-@_ .
k|efjsf/L ;'emfj tyf cg'udgaf/] lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]gx{' f];\ dlg6l/ k|f;
] ;
] ckm l86]G;gM c
k|flS6sn ufO8 -h]ge] f @))$_ .
:ynxdf af/Daf/ e|d0f ug]{ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx;Fusf] ;+rf/df e/ kb{5 ._

/fli6o ;+oGqn] y'gf :yndf sfd ug]{ JolQmxsf nflu tflnd uf]i7L ;~rfng ug]{
af/] ljrf/ ug{ ;Sb5 .
t]>f], s'g} Ps y'gf :ynsf] e|d0faf6 ;lnt hfgsf/LnfO{ k|0ffnLut tyf ljifout
k|ltj]bg jf ;'emfjx ljsl;t ug{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o; k|lqmofn] /fli6o
;oGqnfO{ P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f !(-u_ df Jofj:yf eP adf]lhd ljBdfg jf gofF
sfg'g ;DaGwdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ jf ;'wf/sf] nflu k|:tfj k|l] ift ug{ d2t ug{
;S5 .
bf]>f], y'gf :yndf e|d0f ug]{ lznlznfdf /fli6o ;+oGqn] pQm y'gf :yn Nofpg'
klxn] aGbLxn] ef]Ug' k/]sf Jofjxf/ tyf k"j{ y'gf :ynsf] cj:yfsf] af/]df
hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu k|x/L rf}sLsf] cj:yf / ToxfF
y'lgPsf aGbLx k|lt ul/g] Jojxf/ GofoLs lx/f;t -hxfF JolQm Ps} :yfgdf cln
nfdf] ;do;Dd /xG5 / p cfk"mnfO{ k|x/L lx/f;tdf eGbf sd hf]lvddf /x]sf]
dx;'; ub{5_ sf] e|d0fsf avt hfgsf/Ldf cfpF5g\ . eljiodf s'g y'gf :ynsf]
e|d0f ug]{ / e|d0fsf avt s:tf ;jfnxdf s]lGb|t /xg] eGg] lglZrt ug{ /fli6o
;oGqn] o:tf hfgsf/Lsf] k|of]u ug'k{ 5{ .
&
rf}yf], sd} dfqfdf x'g] cGt/f{li6o pk;ldltsf] e|d0f k"j{ ;ldltnfO{ e|d0f ug{
nfluPsf] b]zsf] y'gf :yn af/]df /fd|f] hfgsf/L x'g cfjZos 5 . o:tf]
hfgsf/L dWo] s]xL ;/sf/n] klg pknAw u/fpg ;S5 . tyfkL, cGt/f{li6o
pk;ldltnfO{ p;n] e|d0f ug]{ vf; :yfg af/]df pb]Zod"ns 9n] of]hgf agfpg
;DalGwt b]zsf] /fli6o ;+oGqn] lgoldt kdf ;"rgf pknAw u/fP/ ;xof]u
k'ofpg' kb{5 .
85
&
wf/f @#
&=@ k|ltj]bg
o; cfn]vsf kIf /fi6xn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|sflzt /

ljt/0f ug]5
{ g\ .
:jtGqtfaf6 ljd'v JolQmxk|lt ul/g] Jojxf/ tyf y'gf :ynsf] lbuf] ;'wf/nfO{
;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu /fli6o ;+oGqxn] cfgf lgisif{af/] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ /
ltgsf] k|;f/ ug{ ;Ifd x'g} kb{5 .88 /ffli6o ;+oGq;Fu cfgf jflif{s k|ltj]bgxdf
jf s'g} e|d0f k|ltj]bgdf jf 5'} ljz]if bflvnf jf k|ltj]bgdf ljBdfg sfg'g jf
d:of}bf sfg'g ;DaGwdf k|:tfj tyf cjnf]sg k|:t't ug]{ Ifdtf x'g' kb{5 .89 wf/f
@# n] /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg kIf /fi6 cfk}mn] k|sfzg u/L k|;f/ ug]5
{
eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . t/ o; Jofj:yfn] /fli6o ;+oGqn] cfk}m :jtGq
kdf cfgf jflif{s k|ltj]bgx k|sfzg tyf k|;f/ ug{ rfx]df aGb]h nufPsf]
5}g .
P]lR5s cfn]vdf ePsf s'g} klg s'/fn] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cGo k|ltj]bgx,
vf;u/L s'g} Ps :yfgsf] e|d0faf/]sf] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug]{ lg0f{o ug{ /f]s
nufPsf] 5}g . pbfx/0fsf nflu ljleGg ;+:yfx ;DaGwdf p7]sf ;jfnxn]
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ ljifout k|ltj]bg k|sflzt ug{ pT;flxt ug{ ;S5 . o:tf
k|ltj]bgxn] ;DalGwt JolQmsf] k|:6 l:js[ltljgf ljj/0f ;+nUg gug]{ eP tfklg
JoflQmut ljj/0faf6 k|fKt ;du| tyf a]gfd] ljj/0fx ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sb5g\ .90
88
86
89
90
y'gf :ynsf] e|d0fdf cfwfl/t k|ltj]bg tof/L ;DaGwL pTs[i6 cEof; af/]df lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu
dlg6l/ k|f];]; ckm l86]G;gM c k|flS6sn ufO8 -h]ge
] f, @))$_ k[= *%*(_ .
wf/f !(- u_ klg x]gx{' f];\ .
dfly $=%, ^=@, tyf ^=$ klg x'gx{ f];\ .
&=#
PkL6Lsf ;'emfj
Vff; :yfgLo tyf /fli6o kbflwsf/Ln] k|fKt l;kmfl/;x pk/ ljrf/ ug]{
&
Pjd\ tL l;kmfl/;x sfof{Gjog ug]{ /fli6o ;+oGq;Fu 5nkmn ug'{ kg]{

bfloTjnfO{ sfg'gdf k|:6;Fu pNn]v ul/g' kb{5 .
cfgf l;kmfl/;x ;a}eGbf a9L ;DalGwt lgsfo;dIf k|:t't ug{ kfpg]
clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ ;/sf/L txsf lgsfosf]
5gf]6 ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf lbOg' kb{5 . To:tf] lgsfo JolQmut tj/n]
zfl;t ePsf] klg x'g ;S5 jf /fli6o g]tT[ jsf] jl/i7 tx klg x'g ;S5
h;n] l;kmfl/; Pjd\ cGo kqfrf/ ug{ ;Sb5 .
l;kmfl/; Pjd\ cGo kqfrf/ k|fKt ug]{ lgsfon] l;kmfl/; pk/ k|ltlqmof
lbg ;Sg] jf cfk"m To:tf l;kmfl/;x sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Ifd lgsfo
gePdf /fli6o sfg'gn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k/:k/ ;DalGwt st{Jo / bfloTj
;d]t ePsf] ;Ifd lgsfosf] klxrfg u/L k|fKt l;kmfl/;df sf/jfxL ug{
n]vL k7fpg ;S5 .
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ dha"t agfpg] sfg'gn] ;f] ;+oGqnfO{ ;Ifd kbflwsf/Laf6
k|ltlqmof k|fKt x'g' kg]{ tyf ;+jfb yfngLsf] ;dofjlw to ug{ kfpg]
clVtof/L lbg' kb{5 .
87
12
*
/fli6o ;+oGq / gful/s ;dfh
/fli6o ;+oGq /
gful/s ;dfh
89
k|f/Dedf rrf{ ul/Pe}mF , /fli6o ;+oGq ljZj;gLo, e/f];fof]Uo / k|efjsf/L xf];\

eGgfsf nflu /fli6o ;+oGq lgwf{/0f k|lqmofdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx / gful/s
;dfhsf ;b:oxnfO{ ;fd]n u/fOg' kb{5 . efu !) df rrf{ ePe}Fm s]xL
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx cfk}mF klg /fli6o ;+oGqsf] c aGb5g\ . t/ w]/} cj:yfdf
afXo 5fgljg tyf /fli6o ;+oGqsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ hjfkmb]xL >f]t x'g' g} u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfxn]] /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;DaGwdf lgjf{x ug]{ klxnf] e"ldsf xf] .
dfgjclwsf/sf] If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfxn] vf;u/L :jtGqtfaf6 ljd'v ePsf
JolQmxsf] lxt /Iff ug]{ sfo{df g]tT[ j u/]sf x'G5g\ . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx tyf
gful/s ;dfhsf cGo ;7gx aGbLxnfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf ;]jf k|bfg ug]{
sfo{df b}lgs kdf klxn]af6} y'gf :yndf ;+nUg ePsf x'g;S5g\ . sltko
cj:yfdf t ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{df /x]sf] pgLxsf] lg/Gt/sf] ;+nUgtfn] ;d|u
ljZn]if0f jf To; :yfgsf] cfnf]rgfTds k|efjsf/L afXo >f]t aGgdf sl7gfO{
pTkGg u5{ . tyflk, pgLxsf] b}lgs pkl:ytL /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cfgf] e|d0fsf]
sfo{qmdnfO{ p2]Zod"ns 9n] of]hgf ug{ tyf cfgf] tby{ e|d0fdf b]vfkg]{
g;f]lrPsf] kl/l:yltnfO{ rfF8f] ;fdgf ug{ ;3fpgsf nflu rflxg] ;"rgfsf] pTs[i6
>f]t x'g;S5g\ . o:tf] ;"rgfn] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cfk"mn]] s'g} :yndf ug]{ e|d0fsf]
qmddf ;a}eGbf a9L rf;f]sf] ljifodf s]lGb|t x'g jf e|d0fnfO{ pknlAwd"ns
agfpg ;xof]u ug{;S5 .
e|d0fsf] cGt/fndf cfgf ;'emfjx s'g xb;Dd nfu" eO/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f
lgwf{/0f ug{ klg /fli6o ;+oGqsf nflu o:tf ;+:yfx? ;"rgfsf dxTjk"0f{ >f]t x'g
;S5g\ . dfly efu ^ df rrf{ ul/Pe}mF , /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cfk"mn] /f]hs
] f], u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx nufot hf] s;};uF klg uf]Ko s'/fsfgL ug]{ clwsf/ 5 / s'g} klg JolQm
jf ;+:yfnfO{ k|Tofqmd0fsf] 8/ljgf /fli6o ;+oGq;Fu uf]Ko s'/fsfgL ;~rf/ ug]{
clwsf/ 5 .
cfgf] jsfnt tyf ;xfotf sfo{dfkm{t\ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxn] aGbLxsf] pRrtxsf]

9 0 ljZjf; cfh{g u/]sf x'g ;S5g\ . To:tf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxn] pko'Qm 7fg]df
/fli6o ;+oGqsf] cl:tTj, x'g nfu]sf e|d0f / /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfof{bz

] tyf
sfo{zn
} L af/] aGbLx dfem ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ / /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ ;"rgf k|bfg
ug{ aGbLxnfO{ k|fT] ;lxt u/]/ /fli6o ;+oGqsf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4 ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
s]xL u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx /fli6o ;+oGqs} sfo{sf] cjnf]sg, ljZn]if0f tyf k[i7kf]if0fsf
dxTjk"0f{ >f]t x'G5g\ . /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ ;/sf/ tyf Gofofnoaf6 k"0f{ :jtGqtf
k|bfg ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostfsf] cy{ oL ;+:yfx /fli6o ;+oGqsf] hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu
cg'ko'Qm >f]t x'g\ . s]xL b]zxdf Joj:yflksf / sfo{kflnsf Jofjxfl/s /
/fhgLlts kdf cfwf/e"t kn] Ps csf{af6 leGg x'b'F g} g\ . t;y{, /fli6o
;+oGqsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug{ gful/s ;dfh tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf]
e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . gful/s ;dfhn] ;+oGqn] u/]sf sfd tyf o;sf] k|efjsf]
cg'udg / ;fj{hlgs jf JolQmut kdf ljZn]if0f u/]/ ;f] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{
;S5g\ .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx Pjd\ gful/s ;dfhn] hgr]tgf hufP/ ;/sf/dfly kfg]{

/fhgLlts bafa klg /fli6o ;+oGq;Fu /rgfTds ;+jfb ug{ / o;n] k|:t't u/]sf
l;kmfl/; sfof{Gjog ug{ ;/sf/nfO{ pT;flxt ug]{ Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] .
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxn] y'gf :ynxsf] lg/Gt/ e|d0f u/]/ /fli6o ;+oGqn] k|:t't
u/]sf ;'emfjxsf] sfof{Gjog eP gePsf] cg'udg ug{ ;S5g\ . tL ;+:yfxn]
lg/Gt/ e|d0fsf] qmddf k|fKt ug]{ ;"rgf /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ pknAw u/fO/x]df
;+oGqsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf clej[l4 x'G5 .
sltko d'ns
' xdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxn] lx/f;t e|d0fsf] cfg} sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ul//x]sf 5g\ . oftgf lj?4|sf] dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]v Pjd\ o;af6 zfl;t
x'g] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ lbOg] e"ldsfn] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] ;dfgfGt/ kdf ug]{
u/]sf] lx/f;t e|d0fsf] sfdnfO{ lj:yflkt ug'{ x'bF g} . P]lR5s cfn]v oftgf
lj?4sf] dxf;lGw cGtu{t oftgf /f]syfd ug{ kg]{ kIf /fi6sf] bfloTj dWo] Ps
xf] eGg] s'/f dfly klg 5nkmn ul/;lsPsf] 5 . u}/;/sf/L tj/af6 x'g] lx/f;t
e|d0f oftgf /f]syfdsf] Ps pko'Qm ljlw xf] h'g /fli6o ;+oGq :yfkgf ePkZrft\ 9 1
klg hfl//xg' kb{5 .91 P]lR5s cfn]vsf] k|:tfjgfn] g} /f]syfdd"ns e|d0fsf]

dxTjnfO{ cfTd;fy u/]sf] xFb' f s'g} kIf /fi6df :jtGq kn] ul//x]sf] lx/f;t
cg'udgsf] sfdnfO{ o; cfn]vsf] k|of]u u/L lg?T;flxt ug]{ k|of;sf] oftgf
lj?4sf] ;ldltn] cfnf]rgf ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
cGTodf, e|d0fsf] qmddf JolQmut ;xfotf dfu ug]{ JolQmxnfO{ plrt ;xof]u
k|bfg ug]{ s'/fdf ;Ifd x'gsf nflu :jtGqtfaf6 ljd'v JolQmxnfO{ ;xfotf,
;dy{g jf ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxaf/] k"0f{ / kl5Nnf] hfgsf/L
/fli6o ;+oGqn] lglZrt kdf /fv]sf] x'gk' b{5 . :jtGqtfaf6 ljd'v JolQm;Fusf]
cGtjf{tf{sf] z'?d} /fli6o ;+oGqsf] e|d0f 6f]nLn] cfgf] e"ldsf s] x'g,] cGtjf{tf{
lnOPsf] JolQmnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u ug]{ jf gug]{ s'/f v'n:t kdf atfpg cfjZos
5 . /fli6o ;+oGqsf JolQmx cfjZotfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ jf:tjd} k|ToIf ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf;dIf pkof]uL l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Ifd ePdfq pgLxn] ;+oGqnfO{
;"rgf lbg ;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
91
92
pbfx/0fsf] nflu @))$ df ch]l{ G6gfsf] cfjlws k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldltn] lx/f;tdf
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] kx'Fr ;DaGwdf ;"rgf dfu u/]sf] lyof] hasL ch]{lG6gfn] of] cfn]v cg'df]bg u/L
/fli6o ;+oGq :yfkgf ug]{ k|lqmof ;d]t z'? ul/;s]sf] lyof] . UN DOC. CAT/C/SR.622 -@@ gf]eD] a/
@))$_, cg'R5]b $( .
(
cGt/f{li6o :t/df /fli6o ;+oGq
cGt/f{li6o :t/df
/fli6o ;+oGq
93
wf/f @)

] lgjf{x ug{ ;an agfpg]
p2]Zon] kIf /fi6xn] b]xfo adf]lhd ug]5
{ g\M
-===_
-r_ /f]syfd pk;ldlt;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg], o;nfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg] / pk;ldlt;Fu
e]63f6 ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ .
olb P]lR5s cfn]vsf] e|d0fxsf] ljZjKofkL k|0ffnLsf] cjwf/0fnfO{ k"0f{ sfof{Gjog
ug]{ xf] eg] /fli6o ;+oGqn] cGt/f{li6o :t/df g} cGtlq{mof ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . /fHon]
/fli6o ;+oGqx tyf cGt/f{li6o pk;ldltaLr k|ToIf Pjd\ uf]Ko ;Dks{ ug{ kfpg]
cg'dlt lbg'k5{ eGg] k|fjwfg /fv]/ P]lR5s cfn]vn] of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ k|:6 kdf
dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . k|ToIf Pjd\ uf]Ko ;Dks{ b'j} tkm{af6 x'g;S5 / cGt/f{li6o
pk;ldtLn] o; sfo{df ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ng]5 eGg] ;f]r /flvPsf] 5 .
wf/f !!
94
o; pk;ldltn]M
-===_
v_ /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxsf] ;DaGwdfM
c_ oL ;+oGqxsf] :yfkgfy{ kIf /fi6xnfO{ ;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{ Pjd\ ;xof]u
ug]5
{ ,
c_ Ifdtf clej[l4 Pjd\ ;'b9[ Ls/0f ug{ /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxnfO{ k|ToIf
Pjd\ cfjZos k/]df uf]Ko tj/n] ;d]t ;Dks{ ug]{ tyf tflnd Pjd\ cGo
k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug]5
{ ,
cf_ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxnfO{ oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfoaf6 ;'/Iff lbg] p2]Zon] tL ;+oGqxnfO{ ;'b9[
kfg]{ cfjZostf tyf >f]t ;fwgsf] d"Nofgdf ;Nnfx tyf ;xof]u k|bfg ug]5
{ ,
O_ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxnfO{ oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfoaf6 hf]ufpg /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxsf] Ifdtf
/ sfof{lwsf/nfO{ ;zQm agfpg kIf /fi6x ;dIf l;kmfl/; k|:t't ug]5
{ ,
wf/f !@
oL wf/fxn] /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o lgsfoxnfO{ oftgf tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf cGo

kxnfO{ /f]syfd ug]{ ljlw / /0fgLltx ;f/e"t kn] cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;dy{
agfpF5g\ . To;sf/0f pk;ldlt / /fli6o ;+oGqxn] cfjZostfcg';f/ 5'f5'}
e]63f6 u/L cfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ . /fli6o ;+oGqxn] cfcfgf k|ltj]bg /
cGo s'g} ;"rgf cfk;df cfbfgk|bfg u/L cGt/f{li6o ;+oGq;dIf k7fpg ;S5g\ .
(
/f]syfd pk;ldltnfO{ wf/f !! d'tfljs lbOPsf] sfof{lwsf/ ;DkGg ug{ ;an

t'Nofpgsf nflu kIf /fi6xn] lgDgfg';f/ ug]5
{ g\M
-===_
u_ /f]syfd pk;ldlt / /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqx aLr ;DaGw :yflkt ug{
pT;flxt ug{ Pjd\ To;nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug],{
-===_
pk;ldltf/f /fHosf /fli6o ;+oGqx;DaGwL kIfxnfO{ ;xof]u tyf ;Nnfx

pknAw u/fpg] ;Defjgf of] ;DaGwsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ cfofd xf] . To;sf/0f
pk;ldltnfO{ wf/f @ cg';f/ oftgf tyf b'Jo{jxf/sf cGo :jkxnfO{ /f]syfd
ug{] IfdtfnfO{ bl/nf] agfpg] p2]Zon] /fli6o ;+oGqx :yfkgf ug]a{ f/] kIf
/fi6;dIf l;kmfl/;x ug{] sfof{bz
] k|fKt 5 .
pk;ldltn] /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{ b[li6n] ltgnfO{ k|ToIf kn] tflnd
/ k|fljlws ;xof]u lbg klg ;S5 . pk;ldltn] tL ;+oGqxnfO{ :jtGqtf jl~rt
JolQmxsf] ;+/If0f sfo{df ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu cfjZostfx / cfjZos ;fwgxsf]
d"Nofg ug{] ;Nnfx lbg / ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 .
/fi6n] ljleGg /fi6sf /fli6o ;+oGqxaLrsf] cGtlq{mofnfO{ 5"6 lbg' / To;sf]
nflu ;xhLs/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
95
PkL6Lsf ;' e mfj
96
/fli6o ;+oGqxnfO{ cGt/f{li6o pk;ldlt;Fu uf]Ko jf v'nf kn] ;"rgf
cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g' kb5{ .

/fHoxn] ljleGg b]zsf /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] aLrdf ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{
sfo{nfO{ 5"6 lbg' / ;f]sf] nflu ;xhLs/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
!)=! kl/ro
!)=# ax'kIfLo ;+oGq
(*
((
!!#
!)
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)
;f7lgs :j?ksf]
rog
97
wf/f !&
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)
k|To]s kIf /fi6n] of] cfn]v sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 jf cg'df]bg jf ;lDdng

u/]kl5 /fli6o :t/df oftgfsf] /f]syfd ug{ l9nf]df klg Ps jif{ leq Ps jf
w]/} :jtGq /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxsf] Joj:yf, lgo'lQm jf :yfkgf ug]5
{ g\ .
ljs]lGb|t OsfOxn] o; cfn]vsf k|fjwfgx;Fu tfbDotf /xg] lsl;dn]
:yfkgf u/]sf ;+oGqxnfO{ ;d]t o; b:tfj]hsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu /fli6o
/f]syfd ;+oGqx dflgg] 5 .
!)=! kl/ro
P]lR5s cfn]vn] /fli6o ;+oGqxsf nflu ljlzi6 ;7gfTds :jksf] l;kmfl/;
ub}g{ . k|To]s /fi6n] :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt u/L, ljljw lj1;lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]
/ cfjZos clwsf/x lbg] zt{df cfgf] /fhgLlts / ef}uf]lns ;Gbe{ cg'sn
" sf]
;+/rgfsf] 5gf]6 ug{ ;S5 .
gofF lgsfosf] 9fFrf tyf ljBdfg lgsfosf] dgf]gogl;t tyf l;} d'ns
' sf nflu
k|of]u ul/g] Pp6} PsLs[t ;+oGq jf ljleGg If]qxsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] cg]s
;+oGqx jf ;+:yfsf k|sf/xsf cfcfg} ljz]if kmfObf jf a]kmfObfx x'G5g\ .
t/ oLdWo] s'g} klg tl/sf cfk}mF df cGo tl/sfxeGbf >]i7 eg] x'Fbg} . gofF
;+oGqx cyf{t\ ljBdfg ;+oGqx 5gf]6 ubf{ / Pp6} /fHosf nflu Psn jf
ax'n /fli6o ;+oGqsf] 5gf]6 ubf{ p7\g] k|Zgxaf/] kl5Nnf v08xdf 5nkmn
ul/Psf] 5 .
;a} ;Gbe{df x]Ssf /fVg'kg]{ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] /fli6o ;+oGqsf] ;+/rgf
h:tf];s
' } lsg gxf];\ To; ;+/rgfsf JolQm ;b:ox :jo+ /f]syfd e|d0fx
ug]{ sfo{df JolQmut kn] :jtGq / k|efjsf/L gePsf] v08df Tof] k|efjsf/L
x'g ;Sb}g .
98
k|To]s /fli6o ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ug'k{ g]{ kIfx o; k|sf/ 5g\M

gofF ;+oGq :yfkgf ubf{ Tof] oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
!)
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)=@=! k'g/fjnf]sg
l;4fGttM lgdf{0f ul/Psf] /fli6o ;+oGq ;dfg k|sl[ tsf] ePdf Tof] oftgf lj?4
/fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] cg'df]bgkl5 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] gofF lgsfo
xf];\ jf s'g} ljBdfg ;+oGqf/f oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
cfn]vsf lhDd]jf/Lx k"/f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/of];\ To;af6 s]xL km/s kb}g{ . t/
Jojxf/tM b]z ljz]ifdf of] jf Tof] tl/sfsf cfg} kmfObf / a]kmfObfx x'G5g\ .
cfn]vsf zt{x;Fu ldNbf]hN' bf] xf];\ eGg] p2]Zon] To;n] k|fKt ug]{ sfof{bz
] ,
:jtGqtf, k|i6 kl/eflift / e|d0f ug]{ / k/fdz{ lbg] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt x'g'
kb{5 .
s] gofF ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ubf{ To;af6 ljBdfg ;+oGqsf sfdsf] gSsn
x'G5 < csf]l{ t/, ljBdfg lgsfoxn] oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf]
P]lR5s cfn]vdf hgfOPcg';f/ y'gf :ynx g;d]l6g] ePdf oftgf lj?4
/fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vn] ;d]6g\ ] ;a} :ynxdf kx'r
F x'g]
vfnsf] gofF lgsfosf] lgdf{0f u/L Tof] cefj k"/f ug{ ;lhnf] xf]nf <
s] s'g} ljBdfg lgsfodf gofF ;+/rgfn] eGbf a9L ljZj;gLotf k|fKt ug]{ vfnsf]
;+:yfut k/Dk/f / k|lti7f 5 < cyjf ls jf:tljstf To;sf] ljk/Lt 5 <
ljBdfg lgsfodf sfd ug]{ k|rlnt cEof;x s] s:tf 5g\ < y'gfdf /x]sf]
JolQm, ;fj{hlgs clwsf/L / cfd hgtfn] To;sf] e"ldsfnfO{ -k|efjsf/L jf
ck|efjsf/L_ s:tf] kdf x]g{] u/]sf] 5 < s] To;n] o;cl3 oftgf lj?4
/fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vcGtu{t /fli6o ;+oGqn] ug]{ sfo{;Fu
afg] vfnsf] s'g} km/s sfof{bz
] jf sfo{ljlwsf] cEof; u/]sf] 5 <
ljBdfg lgsfosf] 9fFrf tof/ kfbf{ gful/s ;dfh -vf; u/]/ oftgf, b'Jo{jxf/
/ y'gfsf cj:yfxsf] If]qdf sfo{/t u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx_ nfO{ pQm k|lqmofdf
99
v'nf kn] ;dfj]z ul/Psf] lyof] <
s] ljBdfg lgsfodf /fli6o ;+oGqsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ ax'ljBfut lj1tf
/ cfjZos ljljwtf klxn]b] l] v g} sfod 5 < 5}g eg] s] To; lgsfodf lj1tf
jf ljljwtf yKg ;lsG5 ls To;sf] nflu gofF lgsfos} lgdf{0f ug'k{ 5{ <
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)
ljBdfg lgsfonfO{ cg'df]bg ubf{ ;w}F To;n] k|fKt ug]{ sfof{bz

] , To;sf] If]qflwsf/,
:jtGqtf, ;b:otf, clVtof/ / hdfgtxsf] ;fjwfgLk"0f{ / Jofks ;dLIff ug'{
h?/L x'G5 h;n] ubf{ To;af6 oftgf lj?4 /fi6;+3Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s
cfn]vsf zt{x k"/f ug{ ;lsof];
] \ . k|foM w]/} cj:yfdf sfg'gL ;+zf]wg jf yk
>f]t;fwg jf b'jd
} fk{mt\ s]xL g s]xL kl/jt{g ug'{ h?/L x'G5 .92
o; ;Gbe{df /fHon] s'g} ljBdfg /fli6o lg/LIf0f lgsfonfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqsf kdf
cg'df]bg ubf{ pQm lgsfof/f oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vdf
pNn]v ePcg';f/ ul/g] s'g} klg y'gf :yn sf] lg/LIf0f e|d0fnfO{ oftgf lj?4
/fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] lg/LIf0f e|d0f dflgg]
s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ h?/L 5 . Pp6f cg'dflgt pbfx/0faf/] ljrf/ u/f}MF
;d'bfosf] Pp6f :jo+;]jL ;d"xn] s}bLxnfO{ pgLx l/xf ePkl5 a9L
k|efjsf/L 9n] ;dfhdf 3'nldn x'gsf] nflu aflx/L ;+;f/sf] ;Dks{df /xg
xf};nf lbg] p2]Zon] klxn] g} e]l6;s]sf] 5 . pQm ;d"xnfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqsf
kdf dgf]gog ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} :jo+;j] s Pp6f s}bLnfO{ k':ts lbg hfg]
qmddf csf]{ la/fdL s}bLnfO{ e]6\g k'U5 . To; :jo+;]jsn] Tof] s}bLsf]
d]l8sn /]s8{ x]g{ dfUbf clwsf/Lx lbg OGsf/ u5{g\ . csL{ :jo+;l] jsfn]
;femf sIffdf Pshgf s}bL;Fu s'/fsfgL ug]{ qmddf lgod tf]8g\ ] s}bLnfO{
92
100
v08 !)=#=! df s] s'/fsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 eg] /fHon] ax'n k|sl[ tsf] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf]
v08df k|To]s /fli6o ;+oGqn] oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf zt{x clgjfo{ kn]
k"/f ug'k{ 5{ . vf; u/]/ s'g} y'gf :ynsf] lg/LIf0f e|d0f cGo s'g} lgsfon] geO{ pQm /fli6o ;+oGqn] dfq
ug]{ xf] eg] Pp6f tTjn] :jtGqtf;DaGwL zt{x k"/f u5{, csf]n
{ ] lj1tf;DaGwL zt{x k"/f u5{, csf]n
{ ]
;"rgfsf] xs;DaGwL zt{ k"/f u5{ cflbdfq eGg' kof{Kt x'g5
] g} .
h]nleqsf] ;]ndf PSn} /flvPsf] s'/f yfxf kfpFl5g\ . Tof] s}bL;Fu tTsfn}
PSn} s'/f ug{ kfpFmeGbf clwsf/Lx pgsf] cg'/f]wnfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{g\ .
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
o:tf cj:yfsf xsdf /fHon] pQm :jo+;j] s jf:tjdf oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo
dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]v sf] lg/LIf0f e|d0f gu/L To;avt csf]{ s'g} k'/fgf]
sfof{bz
] k"/f ub}{ lyof], To;sf/0f pm oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
cfn]vsf lnlvt zt{x kfngf ug'k{ g]{ cj:yfdf lyPg eg]/ plDsg kfpFbg} .93
/fHo;Fu ltgnfO{ nfu" ug]{ jf gug]{ thlahL clwsf/ ePsf] v08df wf/f !* b]lv
@@ ;Dd oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vf/f /fli6o ;+oGqsf
lgldQ th'd
{ f ul/Psf] x}l;ot / clwsf/xsf] k|Tofe"lt x'g ;Sb}g .
!)
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vf/f th'd{ f ul/Pcg';f/ ;a} y'gf
:ynxsf] /f]syfd e|d0f ug]{ :jtGq vfnsf ljlzi6 ;+oGqx yf]/} b]zdf dfq
ljBdfg x'G5g\ . t/ sltko b]zdf ljBdfg /fli6o lgsfoxnfO{ eg] s]xL jf ;a} y'gf
:ynxdf ljleGg k|sf/sf lg/LIf0f e|d0f ug]{ sfof{bz
] klxn]bl] v g} k|fKt ePsf] x'G5 .
sltko ljBdfg lg/LIf0f e|d0f;DaGwL lgsfoxdf oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf]
P]lR5s cfn]v cGtu{t aGg] /fli6o ;+oGqsf cTofjZos tTjxsf] cefj x'G5 .
o;sf] cy{ ltgn] cj:yfxdf ;'wf/ Nofpg /fli6o ;+oGqsf] k"/ssf kdf cfg}
9n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eGg] xf]Og . t/ ltgnfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqsf kdf
dgf]gog ug'{ eg] plrt x'bF g} . pbfx/0fsf nfluM
y'gf :ynxk|lt lhDd]jf/ dGqfno jf ljefusf cfGtl/s k|zf;lgs lg/LIf0f
OsfO{x,94
93
94
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f @)-s_-v_-u_ / -3_ klg x]gx{' f];\ .
y'gf :ynsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ dGqfno jf ljefusf] cfGtl/s OsfO{n] oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf]
P]lR5s cfn]v, wf/f !, !&, !*-!_, !*-$_ sf :jtGqtf;DaGwL zt{x k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu dfly
rf}yf] cWofo x]gx{' f];\ . jfN6/ ;'lG6\u/sf] y'gf :ynsf] lg/LIf0f e|d0fM 5flgPsf /fli6o ;+:yfxaf6
l;lsPsf kf7x / ltgsf k|rngxsf] /fli6o lg/LIf0f e|d0f;DaGwL ;+oGqxM lsQfx tyf d"Nofg
-PkL6LM h]g]ef @))#_, k[= &^&& x]g'{xf];\ .
101
y'gf :ynxsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ dGqfno jf ljefuf/f :jljj]sn] x6fpg
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)
jf lgb]l{ zt ug{ ;Sg] afXo sf/fuf/ lg/LIf0f s]Gb|x .95

;f+;bxsf ;ldltx,96
cleof]hssf] sfof{no,97
csf]l{ t/, sltko klxn]bl] v g} ljBdfg lgsfoxdf ;fdfGotM oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo
dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]v cGtu{t /fli6o ;+oGqsf] kdf dgf]gog x'g] ;Defjgf
/xG5 oBlk k|foM sfg"gL, dfgjLo / cfly{s >f]t;fwgx tyf sfd ug]{ k|rngxnfO{
;+zf]wg ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf lgsfoxdf lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M
95
96
102
97
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]ux,

;fj{hlgs k|lt/Ifssf sfof{nox,
u}/;/sf/L ;u7gx -u};;x_,
:jtGq afXo sf/fuf/ lg/LIf0ffnox -y'gf :yxsf] ;~rfngsf] lhDd]jf/L
axg ug]{ dGqfnof/f :jljj]sn] gx6fOg]_ .
y'gf :ynsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ dGqfno jf ljefuf/f :jljj]sn] x6fpg] bfloTjn] oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo
dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vf wf/f !, !&, !*-!_, !*-$_ sf] :jtGqtf;DaGwL zt{x k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g . o;sf
nflu dfly rf}yf] cWofo x]gx{' f];\ . ;'lG6\u/n] cf}NF ofPcg';f/ o;k|sf/sf ;+oGqxsf sfof{bz
] xdf
-cg'zf;g jf cfly{s lgoGq0fh:tf_ cGo k|of]hgx 5f;ld; x'g;Sg] x'gfn] logn] ljz'4 dfgjclwsf/jfbL
b[li6af6 cfgf] ko{jI] f0fsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng g;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . ;'lG6\u/, P]hg, k[= &**! x]gx{' f];\ .
clwsf+z dfldnfxdf o;k|sf/sf ;ldltxsf ;b:ox ;QfzLg bnsf jf k|ltkIfL bnsf ;b:ox
x'g5
] g\ . To;sf/0f o;k|sf/sf] ;ldltn] oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf :jtGqtf;DaGwL
zt{x s;/L k"/f unf{ Tof] eGg ufx|f] 5 . o:tf ;ldltxdf lg/Gt/tf klg Pp6f ;d:of x'g;S5 lsgeg]
r'gfjsf] ;dodf ;a} ;b:ox Ps;fy kl/jt{g x'g ;S5g\ . /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfo{df k]zfut lj1tfsf]
kmfF6df cfjZos kg]{ ;Gt'ng lg/Gt/ kn] sfod ug{df o:tf ;ldltxn] e]mNg'kg]{ Jojwfgaf/] ;'lG6\u/,
k[= *%*^ klg x]gx{' f];\ . pgn] o:tf ;ldltxdf /fhgLlts/0f x'g;S5 / lg/LIf0f e|d0fsf] lgoldttfdf
klg afwf kg{;S5 eGg] s
' /' f cf}NF ofPsf 5g\ . t/ s'g} JolQm ;f+;b sfo{sf/L ;/sf/af6 ;fFRrL g} :jtGq
5 eg] pgn] a9L Jofks bfo/fdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] ;b:osf kdf sfd ug{
;Dej x'g5
] .
cleof]hssf] sfof{nodf :jefjtM oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]v cGtu{tsf] /fli6o
;+oGqsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ :jtGqtf / ljz]if tl/sfsf] cefj x'g;S5 .
vf;vf; GofoLs sfof{nox,

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t :jtGqkn] lg/LIf0f e|d0f ug]{ ;+:yfx .
o;kl5sf v08xdf oL ;Defljt /fli6o ;+oGqsf k|To]s sf]6Lxaf/] ljrf/

ul/g] 5 .
!)
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
c sltko k|sf/sf klxn]bl] v g} ljBdfg lgsfox ;fdfGotM /fli6o ;+oGqsf kdf

dgf]gog x'g pko'Qm x'bg} , t/ sltko ;Gbe{df cfwf/e"t kn] kl/jt{g u/]/ ltgnfO{
oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]vsf zt{x k"/f ug]{ /fli6o ;+oGqdf
kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . o; cGtu{t lgDglnlvt pbfx/0f kb{5g\M
!)=@=@ /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u98

lgs} cl3b]lv sfo{sf/L ;/sf/af6 :jtGq eO{ sLlt{dfg sfod u/]sf y'k}| /fli6o
dfgjclwsf/ cfof]uxn] cfgf b]zdf P]lR5s cfn]v nfu" x'g] k|yd jif{xdf
cfTdljZjf; hufpgdf ;3fp k'ofpg ;S5g\ . t/ s] s'/fsf] x]Ssf /fVg' h?/L
5 eg] h'g ;+:yf ;/sf/nfO{ ;fdfGo gLlt lgod agfpg ;xof]u ug]{
-h:tf] ls /fhgLlt1x jf ;/sf/L ljefusf k|ltlglwxsf] pkl:ylt x'g_] Tof]
/fli6o ;+oGq aGgsf nflu pko'Qm gx'g ;S5 h'g ;+oGqn] vf;vf; aGbLx;DaGwL
cToGt} ;+jb] gzLn ;"rgfnfO{ ;DxfNg' / To;af/] 5nkmn ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 .99
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u;Fu ljifoj:t' k|ltsf] dfgjclwsf/ s]lGb|t b[li6sf]0f
;lxtsf] nfdf] cg'ej / lj1tf klg x'g ;S5 . s'gs
} g' } dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] t
aGbLu[xxdf e|d0f ul/;s]sf klg x'G5g\ . tyflk oxfFg/] dgg\ of]Uo s'/f rflxF s]
5 eg] JolQmut cf/]fk / u'gf;fx ;'Gg ljleGg aGbLu[xx hfg' / P]lR5s
cfn]vdf Joj:yf eP cg'ksf] /f]syfd e|d0fsf] sfo{qmddf leGgtf 5 .
98
99
;'lG6\u/, P]hg, k[= *@*% klg x]gx{' f];\ .

dfly v08 $=# sf] 5nkmn x]g'{xf];\ .
103
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)
P]lR5s cfn]vf/f ;[lht bfloTjx k"/f ug]u{ /L k'0f{kdf s]lGb|t / af/Daf/sf

/f]syfd e|d0fsf sfo{qmdx ug]{ sfof{bz
] k|fKt /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf]
;fdfGo p2]Zosf lgDtL aGbLu[xxdf ul/g] 5fgljg e|d0fxsf a[xt\ cg'ejx
To; b]zsf aGbLu[xsf] cj:yfaf/]df hfgsf/L lbg pkof]uL l;4 x'G5g\ . t/
;+/If0f ;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpgsf] nflu sfg"gdf kl/jt{g tyf tflndsf]
cfjZostf x'G5 . cfGtl/s ;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g klg cfjZos x'g ;S5 / cltl/Qm
dfgjLo / cfly{s ;+;fwgxsf] cfjZostf klg ;w}F eO{ g} /xG5 .
dfly pNn]v ul/P h:t}, P]lR5s cfn]v cg'ksf] e|d0f sfo{ / To:tf e|d0faf6
kfOPsf d'2fxsf] cw{ GofoLs lgsfosf] kdf /xg] /fli6o ;+oGq jf cbfnt
;dIf ul/g] cleof]hg / ;'gj' fO{nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf 5f;ld; ul/bf uDeL/ ;d:ofx
pTkGg x'g ;S5g\ .100 h'g ;/sf/L clwsf/Lxsf] /fli6o ;+oGq;Fusf] ;xof]uL
;DaGwdf P]lR5s cfn]vdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhdsf] e|d0f lge{/ ub{5, ltg}
clwsf/LxnfO{ /fli6o ;+oGq ;dIf x'g] cleof]hg / lg0f{osf] eflubf/ x'g]
Joj:yf ul/Fbf ;f] ;xof]uL ;DaGw sfod /flv/xg d'lZsn kb{5 . ;fy}, cleof]hg
jf ;'gj' fO{ x'bF fsf avt cfk"mn] /fli6o ;+oGq ;dIf JoQm u/]sf ;"rgfsf ;fy}
cfgf] klxrfgsf] v'nf;f x'g ;Sg] 7fg]df JolQm ljz]ifn] klg v'n]/ cfgf
efjgfnfO{ k|:t't ug{ lxrlsrfpg] x'G5 . sfdsf] rfk / h?/L JolQmut ph'/Lxn]
ubf{ /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfo{af]em a9\g uO{ /fli6o ;+oGqsf] /f]syfd e|d0f;DaGwL
;zQm sfo{qmd ;'rf? /fVg] IfdtfnfO{ gfz ug{ ;S5 .
sltko /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]ux;Fu ljljw k]zfut lj1x pknAw x'g
;S5g\ oBlk k|fo oL cfof]uxdf sfgg'jQ
] fxsf] afx'Notf /xg uO{ cGo If]qsf]
lj1tfsf] cefj v8\lsG5 -h:t} cf}ifwL lj1fg, k|x/L k|zf;g cflb_ .
104 100 dfly v08 $ sf] $=# x]g'{xf];\ .
cDa'8;
\ Dofg / ;fj{hlgs k|lt/Ifssf sfo{nox;Fu Jojl:yt /f]syfd e|d0f;DaGwL
cufl8 b]lvg} k|fKt cg'ejsf] :t/ km/s km/s x'g ;S5 . o:tf sfo{nox
JolQmut u'gf;fxsf ;DaGwdf sfo{ ug{ jf s'g} jif{df ePsf] vf; /fi6JofkL
;jfndf s]lGb|t x'g / To;kl5 cfpg] jif{xdf gofF ljifodf sfo{ ug{df a9L
cEo:t x'G5g\ . /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] h:t} clen]v tof/ ug{ jf JolQmut
ph'/Laf/] 5fgljg ug{sf nflu s}bdf /x]sf ph'/stf{nfO{ e]6g\ ] sfo{df cl3b]lvsf]
cg'ej rfn' Jojl:yt /f]syfd e|d0f ;~rfngsf] kof{Kt tof/Ldf vf;} kfGtl/t
x'Fb}g .
!)
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)=@=# cDAo'8;
\ Dofg / ;/sf/L k|lt/Ifssf] sfof{no 101
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u e}Fm, cDa'8\;Dofg / ;fj{hlgs k|lt/Ifssf
sfof{noxnfO{ klg :jflwgtfsf] k|Tofe'lt k|fKt ePsf] x'G5 . vf;u/L Tof]
cj:yfdf hxfF o:tf sfo{noxsf sfof{bz
] x /fHosf] ;+ljwfg jf nfdf] ;+jw} flgs
k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ .
/fli6o ;+oGqsf kdf v8f ul/Psf cDa'8\;Dofg / ;fj{hlgs k|lt/Ifssf]

sfof{noxn] dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] h:t} Ps} ;dodf /rgfTds ;+jfb,
/f]syfd e|d0f, To:tf e|d0faf6 k|fKt vf; d'2fsf] k}/jL ug'{ kg]{ ;Defjgfn]
;d:of ;[hgf ug{ ;S5 . o:tf] sfo{ o:tf ph'/L ;'gj' fO{ ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf]
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]un] ug]{ sfo{eGbf sd ;zQm x'g ;Sg] ePtf klg o;df
sfo{ ljefhgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{nosf] cfGtl/s k'g;{/+ rgf cfjZos x'g
;S5 .
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]usf h:t} cDa'8;
\ Dofg / ;fj{hlgs k|lt/Ifssf sfo{nosf
klg cToGt} a[xt\ sfo{bz
] x'G5g\ . ltgLx;Fu P]lR5s cfn]v cg'ksf] /f]syfd
e|Df0f;DaGwL ph'/L k|0ffnL plrt 9n] ;~rfng ug]{ ;Lldt cj:yfdf dfq
cl3af6} kof{Kt cfly{s dfgjLo ;+;fwg pknAw ePsf x'G5g\ . o:tf] sfo{nonfO{
101
;lG6\u/ P]hg k[= *@*% .
105
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)
106
k"0f{ /fli6o ;+oGqsf] kdf v8f ug]{ /fi6xn] ;fdfGotM yk ;+;fwg k|bfg ug{
cfjZos x'G5 .
sfo{nosf] k|sl[ tn] o;df cGttM Ps dfq kbflwsf/L -k|foM sfg'gL clwjQmf_ /xg]
hgfpF5 hf] lg0f{ostf{ /xG5 . Ps dfq ;b:o /xg] xf] eg] ;b:osf nflu cfjZos
;Dk"0f{ Joj;flos of]Uotf k|fKt ug{ :jfefjtM sl7g x'G5 . cjZo klg cDa'8;
\ Dofg
jf ;fj{hlgs k|lt/Ifs dftxtdf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf ljleGg k|sf/sf sd{rf/L /xg
;Sg] ePtf klg vf; If]qsf cfjZos lj1x -h:tf] d]l8sn ljz]if1_ sf] cefj
km]l/ klg /xG5 . h'g;'s} cj:yfdf klg ;fy} ljz]if1 sd{rf/L jf cfjlws kdf
lgo'Qm aflx/L ljz]if1df lge{/ /xg'eGbf /fli6o ;+oGqsf ;b:o cfk}m;Fu ;DalGwt
of]Uotf /xg' ;w}F jfG5gLo x'G5 . o;f] ePdf ;'emfjxsf] u'0f:t/ tyf c;/ ;'wf/
tkm{ pGd'v /xG5 .
cDa'8;
\ Dofgsf sfo{nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] sfo{ljlw tyf pgLxn] ;'emfj lbg ;Sg]
clwsf/sf] If]q /fi6 lkR5] km/s km/s x'G5g\ . cufl8 rrf{ ul/P em},F P]lR5s
cfn]vdf /fli6o ;+oGqn] j}wflgstf jf lgikIftf dfq} geO{ y'gf :ynsf] ;'wf/ /
JolQmxsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ p2]Zon] Jofjxfl/s jf gLltut cy{df cfgf sfo{x ug'{
kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . vf;u/L sfof{ljlwut tyf sfg'gL k|lt/Iff;DaGwL sfg'gL
k|sl[ tsf] ;jfn p7] klg o:tf ;jfnx d'Nofg ul/g' kg]{ a[xt\ kIfx / xfl;n
ul/g' kg]{ a[xt\ p2]Zoxsf ;fgf] c+zdfq x'g\ . a?, /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfo{
;DaGwdf p7\g] ljifox eg]sf gLltut k|Zgx Jff k|fljlws :jksf cGo
k|Zgx x'g\ . k/Dk/fut kdf s'g} vf; k|zf;sLo sfo{ ;Dkfbg ubf{ plrt
sfof{ljlw kfngf jf :jR5tfsf] dfkb08 k"/f uof] u/]g eGg] lglZrt ug]{ h:tf
sfg'gL k|sl[ tsf lhDd]jf/L lgefO{ cfPsf ;+:yfxsf nflu P]lR5s cfn]vsf
gLltut tyf k| f ljlws z} n LnfO{ cjnDag ug{ ufx| f ] x' g ;S5 . o:Tff
z}nLDff ;/sf/ tyf ljwfoLsfsf gLltut ;jfnxdf l6Kk0fL ug]{ tyf ;DejtM
ljwfoLsfnfO{ sfg'gx lgdf{0f ug{, ;+zf]wg ug{ jf sfg'g vf/]h ug]{ k|:tfj ug]{
sfo{x kb{5g\ .
!)=@=$ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf 102

s'g} klg /fi6df dfgjclwsf/sf] b[li6sf]0fk|lt ;a}eGbf alnof] k|lta4tf ToxfFsf]
gful/s ;dfh, ljz]ifu/L u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] x'G5 . u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx
cgf}krfl/s tj/n] eP klg oftgf /f]syfd e|d0fsf] ;fy} sf/fuf/ Pjd\ cGo y'gf
:ynxsf] e|d0fdf ;+nUg /x]sf x'G5g\ / o:tf] sfddf k"0f{tf Nofpg sfg'g;Ddt
tj/n] :yfkgf ePsf cf}krfl/s lgsfosf] :yfkgf x'ge
' Gbf w]/} cufl8b]lv pgLx
oL lqmofsnfkdf ;lqmo /x]sf] kfOG5 . kl/efiffn] g} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx sfo{sf/L
lgsfoaf6 ;+/rgfut;f7lgs ?kdf :jtGq x'G5g\ . sltko d'ns
' df u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfxsf oL kIfnfO{ d"Nofg u/]/ pgLxnfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqsf] cf}krfl/s
csf] kdf klg ;dfj]z ul/G5 . oBlk u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] k|fKt ug]{ :jtGqtfsf]
dfqf oyfy{tfdf ;dfg gx'g klg ;S5 / ;fdfGotM eljiodf o;sf] sfg'gL
k|Tofe"lt gx'g klg ;S5 . ;dfGotM u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] y'gf :yn;Dd k"0f{ kx'r
F
x'g] clwsf/nfO{ sfg'gn] ;d]6]sf] x'Fb}g . ;/sf/L kbflwsf/Lxn] u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfxn] lbPsf ;'emfjxnfO{ c sfg'gL lgsfon] lbPsf ;'emfj ;/x uDeL/
kdf glng klg ;S5g\ .
!)
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
y'gf :yndf sfo{/t sd{rf/L tyf y'gj' fx klg klxn]bl] v sfg'gL k|sl[ tsf sfo{
;Dkfbg ul//x]sf ;+:yfxn] P]lR5s cfn]v cGtu{tsf gofF e'ldsf / gf}nf] 9sf
sfo{df cndndf kg{ ;S5g\ . km]l/, b]z} lkR5] cDa'8;
\ Dofgxn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{
z}nL, Oltxf; tyf sfg'gL k[i7e'ldxdf leGgtf x'g] x'gfn] JoQm ul/Psf s'/fx
nfu" x'g jf gx'g ;S5g\ .
oL / o:Tff cGo sf/0fxsf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn] cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt cltl/Qm

clVtof/L / clwsf/sf] :jfut ug{ ;S5g\ -;DejtM cfly{s >f]t klg_ hxfF
sfof{Gjog ug{ to ul/Psf] sfg'gn] s'g} u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ Ps sfg'gL clVtof/
k|fKt /fli6o ;+oGq agfpF5 . o;afx]s To:tf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfnfO{ cfly{s >f]t
;fy} pQ/bfloTj klg yK5 . t/ nrstfsf] cefjsf sf/0f oL ;+:yfxn] oL ;a}
102
;lG6\u/ P]hg k[= **() .
107
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)
s'/fxnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ ufx|f] klg x'g ;S5 . P]lR5s cfn]vf/f cjnDag ul/Psf]
k/:k/ ;xof]uL ;+jfbsf] b[li6sf]0f klg sltko u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfsf] nflu cK7f/f]
nfUg ;S5 . csf]{ tkm{ lg/Gt/ kdf ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf ;]jf k|bfos
;+:yfxn] -;DejtM tL ;+:yfx leq} cfgf] sfof{no vf]nL_ of] cj:yfnfO{
c;lhnf] dfGg ;S5g\ lsgeg] pgLxnfO{ cfk"mn] lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsfdf t'?Gt
] .
kl/jt{g ug{ jf ax'cfoflds e"ldsf lgefpg sl7g x'g5
h'g;'s} cj:yf klg dfly cg'R5]b @ df pNn]v ul/P h:t}, /fli6o dfgjclwsf/jfbL
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxnfO{ /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] af/]df lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;b}j
;+nUg u/fpg' kb{5 . cg'R5]b * df elgP h:t} /fli6o ;+oGq ;lqmo ePkl5
u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxsf] tkm{af6 ;+oGqs} xf/fxf/Ldf ug'k{ g]{ cGo e"ldsf klg /xg]
5g\ . ;fy}, /fli6o ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxn] e|d0f;d]t u/L hf/L
/fv]sf] y'gf :yn cg'udgsf] sfo{afx]s ug]{ cfwf/ x'g ;Sb}g .
!)=@=% :jfoQ afXo sf/fuf/ lg/LIfssf] sfof{no

/fli6o ;+oGqx ;Fu;Fu} :jtGq afXo aGbLu[x lg/LIf0ffnoxn] klg dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5g\ . obL To:tf lgsfoxn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf] kdf sfd ug]{
xf] eg] o;sf sfof{bz
] sf] xf]lzof/Lk"js
{ k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ k5{ ;fy} o;nfO{ cem
lj:t[t agfOg' kb{5 tfls P]lR5s cfn]vn] kl/eflift u/] cg'k o;sf] kx'r
F ;a}
y'gf :yn;Dd k'uf];\ . P]lR5s cfn]v cGtu{t k"0f{ kn] :jtGq x'gsf nflu ljleGg
cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx nfu" x'G5g\, -h:t}, sfg'gL dfGotfsf] cfwf/, /fd|f]
cfr/0f /xFbf;Ddsf] kbfjlwsf] ;'/Iff_ h'g tL 7fpFxdf klxNo} ePsf jf gePsf
klg x'g ;Sb5g\ .
108
s]xL afXo y'gf :yn lg/LIf0ffnoxsf] ldl>t sfof{bz

] x'G5M P]lR5s cfn]vsf]
h:Tff] dfgjclwsf/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;+:yfxsf] k'g/fjnf]sg dfq ug]{ -oftgf
Pjd\ cGo b'Jo{jxf/sf] /f]syfd, dfgjLo cj:yfx_ dfq geP/ ;+:yfxn]
;/sf/L ah]6 / n]vf;DaGwL p2]Zox xfl;n eP gePsf], kmf}hbf/L Gofo
k|0ffnLn] oy]i6 ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"t u/] gu/]sf] tyf k|efjsf/L ;hfo lbP
glbPsf] ;d]t n]vfhf]vf ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . /fli6o ;+oGqsf To:tf sfof{bz
] x P]lR5s
cfn]vn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] bfo/f;Fu d]n vfFbg} g\ .103
P]lR5s cfn]vsf] z'?cft y'gf :ynx Afflx/L cjnf]sgsf] nflu v'nf ug'{ tyf
ljleGg If]qsf lj1xf/f ljljw ljifodf ljZn]if0f ug{ kfpg] ljrf/af6 ePsf]
lyof]M 36gf 3l6;s]kl5 ul/g] cbfntL sf/jfxL Pjd\ sfg'gL 1fg dfq geP/
lrlsT;sLo, j}1flgs, tyf ;fdflhs lj1tf ;lxtsf] /f]syfd cjwf/0ff . ;+:yfsf]
kdf Gofokflnsfsf] k|sl[ t :jefj}n] sfg'gL b[li6sf]0f tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg] x'G5 /
;fwf/0ftof /f]syfd nflu gLlt tyf cEof; ug'e
{ Gbf 36gf 3l6;s]kl5 lg0f{o
lbg'df s]lGb|t x'G5 . To;}n] GofoLs sfof{nonfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqsf] kdf dgf]gog
ubf{ P]lR5s cfn]vsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ lgs} cK7f/f] kl/:ylt cfpG5 .
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)=@=^ GofoLs sfof{no

P]lR5s cfn]vsf] k|:tfjgfsf] clGtd cg'R5]bdf /f]syfd ;+oGqx oftgf /f]syfdsf
nflu u}/GofoLs dfWod dfq x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f
of] P]lR5s cfn]v kfl/t ubf{ /fHosf GofoLs lgsfoxnfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqsf nflu
;Defljt pDd]bj\ f/ lgsfosf] kdf ;f]lrPsf lyPgg\ .
!)
k|:tfjgfdf pNn]lvt u}/GofoLs dfWod eGg] kbfjnLn] /fli6o ;+oGqx Gofokflnsf

Pjd\ sfo{kflnsfaf6 :jtGq lgsfox eGg] ;d]t a'emfpF5 . ;Gbe{df of] -lgsfo_
;+oGq P]lR5s cfn]vsf] dftxtdf Gofokflnsf] xsdf o;}n] ;+:yfsf] kdf
clwsf+z aGbLx -d'Vo u/]/ ck/fwLx_ sf af/]df leGb} e'ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ u5{
h;df ljz]if b[li6sf]0f / cjwf/0f h'g P]lR5s cfn]vf/f /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{
lgb]l{ zt ul/Psf] x'G5 df leGgtf cfpg ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu /fli6o /f]syfd
103
;+oQ
' m clw/fHosf] ;+;bsf] dfgjclwsf/ ;ldltsf] @))%@))^ ;qsf] la;f}F k|ltj]bgdf klg o;k|sf/sf
rf;f]x JoQm ul/Psf 5g\ . @@ d] @))^, k[= !&@) . dfly v08 # sf] #=#=# df klg o;af/]] rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 .
109
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)
;+oGqsf] lj:tfl/t gLlt x'G5 h;dWo] l;kmfl/;x klg kg]{ u5{g,\ h'g /fli6o
sfg'geGbf cufl8 klg x'g ;S5g\ -h:t}, aGbLxsf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf]
nflu sfg'gdf d"n ;'wf/ tyf gofF sfg'g cyjf gLltsf] lgdf{0f cflb . of]
dxTjk"0f{ gLlt cyf{t\ jsfnt k|foM u/]/ ;+:yfsf] kdf Gofokflnsfsf] gLlt;Fu
d]n vfFbg} .
cGTodf P]lR5s cfn]v cGtu{t /x]sf /fli6o ;+oGqsf] d'Vo kIf uf]klgotf,
:jtGqtf / cfk}mn] k}m;nf cyf{t\ lg0f{o glbg' xf] h;sf] p2]Zo aGbLu[xxdf
clwsf/Lx / aGbLxaLr v'nf jftfj/0fnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug'{ xf] hxfF pgLxn]
;TotYo lgle{s eP/ JoQm ug{ ;s'g\ . of] cjwf/0ff P]lR5s cfn]vsf] k|:tfjfgfsf]
!(-3_ / wf/f @! df kl/jlt{t ePsf] 5 -o;sf aGbLx;Fu JolQmut cGtjf{tf{ lng]
clwsf/ x'G5 cflb_ . hxfF GofofwLzn] d'2fsf] ;'gj' fO{ u5{g\ -zfob l56f] y'gfd'Qm ug]{
cg'zf;gsf] sf/jfxL tyf cGo sfof{Gjogsf] ljifo x]g{] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf 5g\_ To:tf
GofofwLzn] cGtjf{tf{ lnFbf aGbLn] cfgf ;a} s'/f jf aGbLu[xsf] cj:yfaf/] v'n/]
gatfpg ;S5g\ . o:tf sfo{xn] ubf{ s}bLn] cfgf Jolerf/ / u/]sf b'isfo{xsf]
af/]df atfpg rfxFbg} g\ . aGbLu[xsf sd{rf/Lx klg GofoLs clwsf/LnfO{ k|bfg
ul/Psf] ;"rgfsf cfwf/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg gx'g] s'/fdf ljZjf; u5{g\ .
tL ;a} pko'Q
{ m sf/0fxn] GofoLs sfof{nox hf] Gofo k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ / ;hfo
7Ls tl/sfn] sfof{Gjog u/fpgdf pQ/bfoL x'G5g\ / cbfntsf] tkm{af6
aGbLu[xxsf] lg/LIf0f u5{g\ / ljleGg GofoLs sfo{x ;Dkfbg ug]{ x'bF f ltgLx
;fwf/0ftof /fli6o ;+oGqsf] OsfO{sf] kdf sfd ug{ Tolt pko'Qm x'bF g} g\ .
110
h] xf];\ blIf0f clk|msfdf aGbLu[xsf] GofoLs lg/LIf0ffnon] GofoLs ;+:yfsf]

r'gf}tLk"0f{ pbfx/0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . h;df ;f] ;+:yfnfO{ ;jn t'Nofpg] sfg'g
;'wf/fTds ;]jf P]g !((* sf k|fjwfgxn] oL dWo] s]xL rf;f]xnfO{ ;Daf]wg
ug{ ;S5g\ . ;f] P]gsf] cg'R5]b *^ cg';f/ lg/LIf0f ug]{ GofofwLzn] p;sf] sfo{
cjlwe/ lg/LIf0f ug]{ afx]s cGo GofoLs sfo{xdf ;+nUg x'gx' bF' g} eGg] s'/f
Olt u5{ . cg'R5]b *%-!_ n] ljz]if u/]/ lg/LIf0f ug]{ GofofwLzsf] :jtGqtfsf]
!)=@=& ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t :jtGq cjnf]sgstf{

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t e|d0f of]hgfn] cl3af6} y'gf :yndf e|d0f ul//x]sf :jtGq
;+:yfsf nflu csf]{ r'gf}tL k|:t't ub{5 . o;y{ o:tf] lgsfo /fli6o /f]syfd
;+oGqdf dgf]lgt x'g pko'Qm pDd]bj\ f/ b]lvG5 .
P]lR5s cfn]vsf]] wf/f !*-@_ n] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] ;b:o ljz]if1 x'g' kg]{
tyf p;Fu Jofj;flos 1fg x'g' kg]{ k|:6 Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|foM ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t e|d0f of]hgfx t'ngfTds kdf 5f]6f] ;dosf] k|lzIf0f jf tflnd lnO{
sfd ;'? ug]{ u}/ ljz]if1xk|lt v'nf /xG5g\ . o:tf lglZrt Jofj;flos 1fg /
bIftf gePsf :jo+;j] LxnfO{ a[xt\ kdf :jLsfl/g'sf] kmfObf of] 5 ls e|d0fxn]
w]/} y'gf :ynxnfO{ ;d]6g\ ;Sg'sf ;fy} o:tf e|d0fx af/Daf/ kdf ug{
;lsG5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd o:tf sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g] lglZrt JolQmxn]
cGttM pNn]Vo Jofjxfl/s lj1tf k|fKt ub{5g\ . ;du|df s'/f ubf{ o:tf of]hgfx
ljBdfg :jkdf /xFbf P]lR5s cfn]vdf Joj:yf ePsf /fli6o ;+oGqsf] d'Vo
zt{sf kdf /x]sf Jofj;flos 1fg / lj1tf h:tf tTjxsf] ;w}F sld/xG5 .
!)
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
-afFsL Gofokflnsfaf6 :jtGqtf_ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . lg/LIf0f ug]{ GofofwLzdfly

aGbLx;Fusf] e]63f6kl5 pgLxsf] pkrf/sf] k|ltj]bg, aGbLu[xsf] cj:Yff cflbsf]
k|ltj]bg a'emfpg] lhDd]jf/L x'G5, lghn] cGo cg'zf;g;DaGwL jf cbfntL x}l;otdf
;hfo k}m;nf;Fu s'g} rf;f] /fVg' x'bF g} , [cg'R5]b *%-@_] .
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t e|d0f of]hgfnfO{ /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf kdf k|:tfj ubf{
P]lR5s cfn]v cg'ksf ;a} :yfg / JolQm;Ddsf] kxFr
' , s'g y'gf :ynsf] e|d0f ug]{
eGg] rog ug{ kfpg] :jtGqtf / ;Dk"0f{ hfgsf/L;Dd kx'r
F kfpg] clwsf/ nufotsf
x/]s e|d0f stf{nfO{ k|fKt x'g] clwsf/ / ;'/Iffx ;'lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 . ;d'bfodf
cfwfl/t e|d0f of]hgfx ;fdfGotM ;du| k|0ffnL ljZn]if0f tyf ;'emfjx Kf|bfg ug]{
u/L lgwf{l/t ul/Fbg} . o;y{ sfg'gcg';f/ cf}krfl/s ljwflosL k|:tfj jf l6Kk0fL
k|:t't ug]{ clwsf/ o:tf of]hgfxnfO{ gx'g ;S5 . tTsfnsf nflu JolQm ;b:oxnfO{
111
P]lR5s cfn]v cg'ksf ;'ljwf tyf pGd'lQm k|fKt gx'g ;S5 .
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)
ljBdfg ;d'bfo e|d0f of]hgf / P]lR5s cfn]v d'tfljs /fli6o ;+oGqn] k"/f ug'{
kg]{ zt{x aLrsf] leGgtfxnfO{ ljwflosL cfwf/, k|zf;sLo Joj:yf, sfo{zn
} L
tyf ;+;fwg txdf kl/jt{g u/L ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf kl/jt{gx ubf{,
vf;u/L ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t :jtGq e|d0f of]hgfdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu ;DalGwt
Jofj;foLs of]UotfnfO{ k"j{ zt{sf kdf lnFbf o;n] ;fdfGotM o:tf of]hgfdf
;xefuL x'g ;Sg] JolQmxsf] ;+VofnfO{ :jf} 36fOlbG5 . h;sf/0f a[xt\ kdf
y'gf :ynnfO{ ;d]6g\ ' kg]{ tyf af/Daf/ e|d0f ul/g' kg]{ of]hgfsf k|yd nIox g}
cfwf/e"t kdf k|efljt x'G5g\ .
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t :jtGq e|d0f of]hgfx ;fdfGotM /fli6o ;+oGqsf c+z jf k"0f{
;+oGqsf] kdf dgf]lgt x'g pko'Qm geP tfklg logLx /fli6o ;+oGq;Fu cfk;L
k[i7kf]if0f o'Qm ;DaGw /fvL sfo{ ug]{ k"/s t/ 5'} ;+oGqx x'g\ . ;d'bfo e|d0f
stf{x afXo hfgsf/Lsf pTs[i6 >f]t tyf afXo lgu/fgLsf ;~hfn x'g ;S5g\
h;n] /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ cfgf Jofj;flos 1fg, lj1tf / sfg'gL clwsf/xnfO{
p2]Zod"ns tyf r':t 9n] nlIft ug{ ;3fpF5g\ . o:tf of]hgfxsf] :yfkgf /
;~rfngnfO{ x/]s /fi6df ;zQm kdf k|fT] ;flxt ul/g' k5{ t/ P]lR5s cfn]v
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqs} kdf eg] xf]Og .
!)=@=* PkL6Lsf ;'emfj

/fi6xn] ljBdfg ;+oGqnfO{ g} dgf]gog ug]{ jf k"0f{ kn] gofF ;+oGqx
;[hgf ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] 5g\ . s'g} klg 9fFrf lglxt / ljZjJofkL
kdf csf]{eGbf pTs[i6 5}g .
ljBdfg ;+oGqnfO{ g} k|of]u ug]{ jf gofF ;+oGq ;[hgf ug]{ eGg] lgwf{/0f
ug]{ k|lqmofdf gful/s ;dfhnfO{ ;+nUg u/fOg' k5{ .
ljBdfg ;+/rgfnfO{ dgf]gog ug'{ k"j{ P]lR5s cfn]vsf zt{ k"0f{ kfngf
x'g,] sfg'gdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg x'g] tyf cfjZos ;+;fwg j[l4 x'g] s'/f
;'lglZrt ug{ ;/sf/ tyf gful/s ;dfhn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf] sfof{b]z,
If]qflwsf/, :jtGqtf, clwsf/ tyf k|Tofe"ltxsf] ;fjwfgL k"js
{ lj:t[t
112
ljj]rgf ug'{ k5{ .
!)=# ax'kIfLo ;+oGq
cGt{/fli6o sfg"g cg';f/ cfGtl/s sfo{ljefhgsf] lgx'd

+ f ;lGwdf ePsf s'/fx/
nfu" gug]{ 5'6 eg] x'b+ g} rfx] Tof] lnlvt ;+ljwfg cGtu{t g} ul/Psf] lsg gxf];\
of] s'/fnfO{ P]lR5s k|nv
] n] -s'g} ckjfb / aGb]h ljgf /fHosf ;j} 7fpFdf nfu"
x'G5_ elg k|:6 kf/]sf] 5 .104
!)
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)=#=!= ef}uf]lns jf ljifout cfwf/

;+3Lo /fHoxsf nflu ax';V+ os ;+oGqx x'g' ] k"jf{gd
' fg ul/Psf] lyof] hxfF
ef}uf]lns kdf kl/eflift / ljs]lGb|t cxnfO{ /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxsf]
kdf dg]flgt ug{ ;lsof];\ . tyflk wf/f !& n] kIf /fi6nfO{ bfloTj / ljifout
cfwf/df sfo{ ljefhg ul/ ax';V+ os ;+oGqnfO{ kl/eflift ug{ 5'6 lbPsf] 5 .
cGt{/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;lGwx?sf] Jofks cg'df]bg k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf]

nflu ljs]lGb|st[ /fi6x?n] ljz]if lsl;dsf] r'gf}tx? ef]Ug' kb{5 eGg] oyfy{ dgg
ug'{ kb{5 . /fli6o ;+oGqsf] kl/kfng ug{ ljs]lGb|st[ ?kdf ;+/rgf :yfkgf ug{
P]lR5s cfn]vn] lbPsf] k|i6 5'6n] To:tf r'gf}lt ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] pkfo klg k|bfu
u/]sf] 5 .105
t/ cGt/f{li6o dfgjclwsf/ ;lGwxsf] ljZjJofkL cg'df]bg cjwf/0fcg'k
ax';V+ os ;+oGqsf] k"/f / k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ljs]lGb|t /fHoxn]
Jojxf/df ePsf r'gf}tLxsf] dgg\ ug{ cfjZos 5 . t/ To:tf /fli6o /f]syfd
;+oGqsf] OsfO{sf kdf :yflkt P]lR5s cfn]v cGtu{tsf ljs]lGb|t /fHoxn]
To:tf r'gf}tLx a'emL ;dfwfg k|bfg ub{5g\ .106
104
leogf sGe]G;g cg b n ckm l6l6h, wf/f @& x]g'{xf];\ .

P]lR5s cfn]v wf/f @( .
106
P]lR5s cfn]v wf/f !& .
105
113
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)
/fHosf] ;+jw} flgs ;+/rgf / cGo /fhgLlts tyf ef}uf]lns If]qsf cfwf/df
PsLs[t ;+3Lo c cyjf ax';V+ os csf] k|lqmof cg'k Pp6f ;+3Lo /fHosf]
/fli6o ;+oGq x'g ;S5 .107 /fli6o ;+oGqsf kdf PsLs[t ;+3Lo cdf lgDg
s'/fx ;dfj]z x'G5g\M
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqnfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] dfq sfg'g agfO{ lgo'Qm ub{5 .
;+ljwfg k|bQ clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L sfo{ ug{ If]qLo / s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/f/f
k|zf;sLo kn] afF8kmfF6 ul/Psf] ;+oGq ;[hgf ub}{ /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqnfO{
sfg'g agfO{ lgo'Qm ub{5g\ .
;+3Lo /fHodf ax';V+ os cxnfO{ /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] ?kdf :yfkgf ubf{
cfjZos ;+:yfut ;+/rgfx lgDg x'g ;Sb5g\M
If]q / ljifoj:t'sf] If]qflwsf/ tf]Sgsf] nflu s]Gb|Lo / If]qLo ;/sf/n] sfg'g
agfO{ 5'} /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGq lgo'lQm ub{5g\ .

;Dk"0f{ If]qx / ljifoj:t'x ;d]6g
\ ] u/L s]Gb|Lo / /fHo ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg
cg';f/ ;+u;+u} /fli6o ;+oGq :yfkgf ug{ ;Sb5g\ .108
Pp6f /fHo cyjf ;+3Lo /fHon] ef}uf]lns cfwf/df eGbf ljifout cfwf/df w]/} /fli6o
;+oGqx agfpg] lg0f{o ug{ ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s'g} klg /fHodf klxn] g} k"0f{
ksf] ;+oGqn] dgf]lrlsT;fnosf] e|d0f ul//x]sf] 5 eg] To;n] cfgf] sfo{ rfn" /fVg
;S5 / ;/sf/n] cGo lx/f;txsf nflu cGo /fli6o ;+oGqx tof/ ug{ ;Sb5 .
107
114
;+3Lo / cGo ljs]lGb|t /fHoxsf] P]lR5s cfn]v cg'df]bg / sfof{Gjog;DaGwL lj:t[t hfgsf/Lsf nflu
PkL6Lsf] sfo{kq OlDNkd]G6];g ckm b cA;ng k|f6] f]sn 6' b sGe];g Pu]G:6 6r{/ P08 cb/ q'mon,
Ogx'dg c/ l8u|]l8 l66\d]G6 c/ klg:d]G6 -cf]kLSof6_ Og km]8/n P08 cb/ l8;]G6nfOh\8 :6]6 -h'g
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108
pbfx/0fsf] nflu x/]s k|fGtLo ;/sf/n] of] 5'} ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf ug{ / o;sf] clwsf/to ug{ ;S5g\, x/]s
;+oGqn] Ps jf PseGbf a9L ;b:o /fli6o ;+oGqdf dgf]gog ug{ ;Qm5g\, / Pst[t kdf olb /fli6o
;+oGqn] ;a} If]qdf sfo{ ug{ ;Sb5 .
!)
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
/fi6n] 5'} jf cf+lzs kdf Pscsf{df hf]lN7Psf] ljifout sfo{bz

] ;lxtsf
PseGbf a9L /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqx agfpFbf klg o:tf pk/fli6o /f]syfd
;+oGqxn] P]lR5s cfn]vsf zt{x k"/f ug'{ g} kb{5 . of] vf;u/L s]xL y'gf
:ynx Pp6f pk/fli6o ;+oGqn] dfq e|d0f ug]{ / cn] ug{ gldNg] Joj:yf /flvFbf
dxTjk"0f{ ;jfn x'g hfG5 . oBlk Pp6f lgsfon] :jtGqtf ;DaGwL zt{ k"/f gu/]
klg, csf{;uF cfjZos lj1tf geP klg / csf];
{ uF cfk"mn] e|d0f u/]sf ;a} :ynsf]
e|d0f ug]{ clwsf/ geP klg ;du| P]lR5s cfn]vsf zt{x of] jf Tof] lgsfon] k"/f
u/]sf 5g\ / To;}n] ;+oQ
' m kdf oL lgsfoxn] cfjZos zt{ k"/f u/]s} 5g\ egL
/fi6n] eGg ;Sb}g . tfls{s kdf eGg' kbf{ P]lR5s cfn]v cg'ksf ;a} zt{ k"/f
u/]sf] lgsfon] e|d0f ug]{ clwsf/ gkfPsf] s'g} y'gf :yn 5 eg] klg s;}n] of]
sdhf]/LnfO{ k"/f ug{ csf]{ lgsfosf] ljz]iftfnfO{ Olt ug{ ;Sb}g .
PseGbf a9L /fli6o ;+oGqx v8f ug]{ /fHo kIfn] aGbLx :jtGqtfaf6 ljd'v
x'g ;Sg] y'gf :yndf Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L /fli6o ;+oGqxf/f e|d0f ul/g'kg]{
ljifodfly ljrf/ k'ofpg' k5{ . t;y{ hxfF /fHon] PseGbf a9L ;+oGqx nfu"
ub{5, ToxfF ljz]ifu/L o:tf ;+oGqxsf] ldl>t sfo{bz
] /fHoleqsf ;Dk"0f{ :yfgnfO{
;d]6g\ ] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{ kb{5 / o;sf] cy{ ;fdfGotM y'gfs} kdf k|of]u gul/g]
t/ ;/sf/L ;+nUgtfdf s;}nfO{ jf:tljstfdf y'gfdf /flvg] :yfg e|d0f ug]{
clwsf/ slDtdf Pp6f /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqnfO{ k|bfg ul/g' k5{ eGg] xf] .109
/fli6o ;+oGq / To;sf] If]q leqsf] ax';V+ os 5'} ;+:yfxaLrdf ljifout /
If]qut cfwf/df bfloTjxsf] afF8kmfF6 ug'{' P]lR5s cfn]v adf]lhd pQm /fi6sf]
c;Lldt :jljj]s xf]Og, o;sf s]xL Joj:yfx pRrtxsf] ljR5]bg;Fu d]nvfg]
lsl;dsf 5}gg\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f @) n] k|To]s /fli6o
;'/Iff ;+oGqnfO{ p;n] rfx]sf] 7fpFsf] e|d0f ug]{ :jtGqtfsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g' kg]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . obL /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ Pp6f dfq y'gj' f :ynsf] nflu dfGotf
109
v08 # sf] #=@=# / ^ sf] ^=! x]gx{' f];\ .
115
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)
jf cg'dlt lbPdf /fHon] wf/f @)-3_ sf] bfloTjnfO{ k|efj glbPsf] x'G5 / To;n]
/fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ e|d0f ug]{ 7fpFsf] 5gf]6sf] :jtGqtf lbFbg} .
w]/} h:tf] cj:yfdf h'g b]zn] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] sfof{Gjog u/L ax';V+ os /fli6o
;+oGqxnfO{ dgf]gog u5{ To:tf] cj:yfdf s]xL :jksf] ;+of]hgsf] cfjZostf
x'g5
] . ;f] ;+of]hg csf] cfjZostf / k|sl[ tsf] af/]df of] lgb]l{ zsfsf] csf]{
efudf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
!)=#=@ Psktf / ;xsfo{

!)=#=@=! r'gf}tLx
ax';V+ os /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf ;a} cj:yfxdf JolQmxnfO{
:jtGqtfaf6 ljd'v u/fO{ /flvg] jf /fVg ;lsg] :yfgxsf] e|d0fnfO{ slDtdf Pp6f
/fli6o ;+oGqn] ;d]6g\ ;Sg] ;'lglZrttf ul/g' cfjZos x'G5, ;fy} k|To]s e|d0f ug]{
;+oGq;Fu lj1tf /xg] tyf P]lR5s cfn]v adf]lhdsf] clwsf/ tyf k|Toe"ltx
pknAw x'g] ;fy} ;du| of]hgf k|zf;sLo b[li6n] Jojl:yt ug{ ;lsg] / o;n]
k|efjsf/L / Psk kl/0ffd k|fKt ug]{ s'/f ;'lgZrt ug{ klg cfjZos 5 .
ljz]ifu/L Pp6} y'gf :yn tyf To:t} k|sf/sf] y'gf :yndf w]/} /fli6o ;+oGqxsf]
e|d0f eof] eg] To;af6 cfpg] ;'emfj / 7x/df Psktf sfod ug{ ufx|f] x'G5, h;n]
ubf{ JolQmnfO{ klg ;d:of x'ghfG5, h'g /fli6o ;+oGqn] arfpm ug]{ ;f]rs
] f] lyof] .
o;af6 ;'emfj sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/L / /fli6o ;+oGq cfk}mnfO{ klg ;d:of kg{
hfG5 .
cufl8 rrf{ ul/P em},+ /fli6o ;+oGqxn] Pp6f k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ 5g\ eGg]
Joj:yf P]lR5s cfn]vdf ul/Psf] 5 .110 /fli6o ;+oGqxsf]] ;du|tfn] jf:tljs
kdf k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf] nflu s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf] /fi6JofkL ;+of]hg
116
110
dfly v08 # sf] #=! x]g'{xf];\ .
!)
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
cfjZo x'G5 . pbf/0fsf] nflu sfg'g ;DaGwdf cjnf]sg / k|:tfj k|:t't ug'{
/fli6o ;+oGqsf] e"ldsf dWo] Ps xf] -wf/f !(u_ . ljwflosL ;efsf] If]qflwsf/
leq /lx sfo{/t ;+oGqxdf k|0ffnLut tyf If]qut ljZn]if0fnfO{ k|/] Lt ug]{ s'g}
g s'g} ;fwg x'g' kb{5 . /fli6o ;+oGqx / cGt/f{li6o pk;ldlt ;fy;fy} ldn]/
ljZjJofkL k|0ffnL lgdf{0f x'G5 . o;y{ /fli6o ;+oGqx cGt/f{li6o pk;ldltsf
nflu ;"rgfsf dxTjk"0f{ >f]t x'g] 5g\ / oL pk;ldtLxsf /fli6o ;+oGqsf]
;Gbe{df lglZrt ljZjJofkL sfo{x x'g5
] g\ . of] e"ldsfsf] nflu h]ge
] f l:yt
pk;ldlt / x/]s /fi6sf] /fli6o ;+oGqxsf] aLr ;+of]hg / ;"rgfsf] cfjZostf
/xG5 .111 ;fy} P]lR5s cfn]vsf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cGt{/fli6o pk;ldlt;Fu
;du| ;"rgf k7fpg /fHo ;Ifd x'g' k5{ .112
oL ;a} sf/0fxn] ubf{ ljBdfg ;+/rgfxsf] clt lkmtnf] sfo{df ljZjf; ug]{
xf] eg] P]lR5s cfn]vsf] zt{x;Fu tfnd]n x'g sl7g x'G5 . o;y{ /fli6o :t/df
s'g} g s'g} :jksf] ;+of]hg cfjZos kb{5 .
!)=#=@=@ 5gf]6
oL sl7gfO{xnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ y'k}| ;DefJo pkfox 5g\ . Pp6f ljsNk ljs]lGb|t
sfd ug{ ;Sg] Pst[t Pp6} /fli6o ;+oGq x'g ;Sb5 . k|zf;lgs lx;fan] PsLs[t
/fli6o ;+oGq agfP klg b]zel/ e|d0f ubf{ nfUg] vr{ sd ug]{ lx;fan] ljleGg
If]qdf sfof{no / ;b:ox /fVg klg ;lsG5 .113 o;n] Psbd} s]Gb|Ls[t Psn
gd"gfsf] /fli6o ;+oGq / sfd} ug{ cK7f/f] lx;fan] 5'f5'} agfOPsf ;+oGqxaLrsf]
111
P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f !!-v_, !@-u_ tyf @)-r_ x]gx{' f];\ . ;fy} dfly cWofo ( ;d]t x]gx{' f];\ .
P]lR5s cfn]vsf] wf/f !@-v_ x]gx{' f];\ .
113
;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ leq o; cjwf/0ffnfO{ dfGotf lbO{Psf] 5 -lk|G;LkN; l/n]l6 6' b :6f6; P08 km\;lg
ckm g];gn OG:6LRo";G;\ km/ k|f6] S] ;g P08 k|fd] f];g ckm Xo"dg /fO{6;
\ -b k]l/; lk|lG;kN;\_, dxf;efsf]
@) l8;]Da/ !((# sf] k|:tfj A/RES/48/134 -cg'R5]b_ n] x/]s /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yfn] cfgf
;b:o dWo]af6 cfjZostfcg';f/ sfo{bn agfpg ;Sg], cfgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ If]qLo / :yfgLo zfvf
vf]Ng kfpg] clwsf/ 5 eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . cfn]vsf] wf/f !* n] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGq agfpFbf k]l/;
l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 eGg] lglb{i6 ub{5 .
112
117
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
!)
;Demf}tfsf] ;Defjgfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . ljleGg gd"gfsf /fli6o ;+oGq /

k|zf;lgs lx;fan] PsLs[t /fli6o ;+oGqdf s;sf] a9L pkof]lutf 5 eGg] s'/f
/fi6n] ;fjwfgLk"js
{ ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu :yfgLo e|d0f lgsfo -oBlk Tof] P]lR5s cfn]v cGtu{t dgf]gog
ul/Psf] 5}g _ h;n] of] tl/sfsf] cjnDag u/]sf] 5 Tof] cli6og P8\efO{h/L af]8{
xf] . of] af]8n
{ ] ljz]ifu/L dfgjclwsf/sf] dfkb08 sfod ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|x/Lsf
sfdxsf] d"Nofg ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] 5 . cfgf] ;b:o cjlwdf ^ ;b:oLo
e|d0f ;ldltn] cli6og cbfntxsf] If]qLo ;+/rgfs} cfwf/fdf ^ ;b:oLo
lj1xsf] e|d0f ;ldltsf] u7g u/]sf] 5 .114 To;}u/L ch]l{ G6gfsf] P]lR5s cfn]v
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|:tfljt P]gsf] d:of}bfn] lhNnfxdf ljs]lGb|t lx;fan]
k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L !) ;b:oLo /fli6o ;+oGqsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 .
ljleGg k|sf/sf /fli6o ;+oGq sfof{Gjogdf b]zsf nflu csf]{ gd"gf eg]sf]
;+of]hgsf nflu Ps s]Gb|Lo ;+oGq :yfkgf ug'{ xf] . o:tf] ;+of]hg ug]{ lgsfonfO{
ljleGg ;+oGqxn] e|d0f ubf{ ckgfpg] tl/sf, logn] ug]{ l;kmfl/;df Ps ktf
/ /fd|f] k|of]unfO{ a9fjf lbg] jf xf};nf lbg] sfof{bz
] lbOg' kb{5 . o;n] P]lR5s
cfn]vdf ePsf] /fli6o ;+oGq / cGt/f{li6o pk;ldltxsf] aLrdf k|efjsf/L /
r':t ;+jfb x'g' kg]{ zt{sf] kfngf ug{ klg d2t ub{5 .115
;+of]hgsf] nflu :yflkt s]Gb|Lo lgsfonfO{ ;fdfGotM /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ x'g] :jfoQtf,
clwsf/ / cGo ;'ljwf pknAw x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu b]zJofkL kdf /x]sf
;"rgf ;/sf/af6 lng kfpg] clwsf/ -:jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxsf] ;+Vof,
y'gf :ynxsf] ;+Vof / :yn cflb_ .116
114
118
115
http:\\www.menschenrechtsbeirat.at
P]lR5s cfn]v, wf/f !@-u_ / @)-r_ .

116
P]hgsf] wf/f @)-s_ x]gx{' f];\ .
x]g'{xf];\ .
P]lR5s cfn]vsf] sfof{Gjog ug{ agfOPsf] Go'lhNof08sf] sfg'gn] klxnfb]lv g}

sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf :yfgLo e|d0f lgsfodf -s]xL 7fpFdf gofF lgsfo ;d]t_ yk]/
lge{/ /xg k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o;n] /fli6o :t/sf] s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf] cjwf/0ff -Tof]
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u x'g ;Sb5_ k|:tfj klg u/]sf] 5 . /fli6o ;+oGqn]
;/sf/nfO{ u/]sf] ;'emfj, /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ g} ;'emfjx lbg] b'O{ k|sf/sf sfdsf]
;+of]hg s]Gb|Lo ;+oGqn] ug]{ 5 . o;y{ Go"lhNof08e/L 5l/P/ /x]sf y'gf :ynxsf]
;d:ofsf ;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg / ;'emfj tof/ kfg',{ ljleGg ;+oGqn] tof/ k/]sf
k|ltj]bgsf] ;+of]hg ug]{ / o:tf k|ltj]bgsf] ljZn]if0f u/L ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf
;jfndf /fli6o ;+oGqnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg] sfd s]Gb|Lo ;+oGqn] ug]{ 5 .117
!)
;f7lgs :j?ksf] rog
hxfF o:tf /fli6o ;+oGq lglZrt 7fpF jf k|sl[ tsf lgsfoxsf] nflu dgf]gog
ul/Psf x'G5g\ . s]Gb|Lo ;+oGqsf] :yfkgfn] /fli6o ;+oGqsf] cgflws[t :yfgdf
y'gfdf /flvPsf JolQm;Dd kx'r
F x'gk' g]{ zt{nfO{ kfngf jf ;Daf]wg ug]{ pkfo
x'g;S5 .
!)=#=# PkL6Lsf ;'emfj

ljleGg If]q tyf ljifout lx;fan] kl/eflift ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+oGq
/fi6n] 5fGg ;Sb5g\ .
t/ Ps jf csf]{ /fli6o ;+oGqn] y'gfdf /x]sf :yfgxsf] -cgf}krfl/s
:yfg ;d]t_ e|d0f ug{ ;Sg] x'g' kb{5 .
7"nf] ef}uf]lns If]q / 5l/P/ /x]sf y'gf :ynx ePsf b]zn] ef}uf]lns
lx;fan] ljs]lGb|s[t -pbfx/0fsf] nflu zfvf sfof{no :yfkgf u/]/_ t/
k|zf;lgs lx;fan] PsLs[t Psn /fli6o ;+/rgf, ljljw ;+/rgfsf]
ljsNksf] kdf u|x0f ug{ ;Sb5g\ .
117
Go"lhNof08df P]lR5s cfn]vsf] sfof{Gjog / pQm sfg'gdf PkL6Lsf] wf/0ff http://www.apt.ch/un/opcat/

newzelan.shtml df x]g'{xf];\ .
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of] lgb]l{ zsf n]lv/xFbf, oftgf lj?4sf] dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]v xfn;fn} dfq
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . t/ cGt/f{li6o /f]syfd pk;ldltn] ce}m cfgf] sfd
z'? ul/;s]sf] 5}g . o;sf kIf /fi6xn] ;j{ky| d s]xL dlxgf leq} /fli6o
/f]syfd ;+oGq :yfkgf ul/;Sg' kg]{ x'G5, t/ tL ;+oGqsf] k|:6 :f+/rgf, ltgnfO{
lbOg] clVtof/L tyf agfj6sf] sf/0fn] s]xL b]zxn] dfq o; af/]df cfgf]
clGtd lg0f{o lng ;s]sf 5g\ . sltko d'ns
' df P]lR5s cfn]vnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{
jf gug]{ tyf slxn] ug]{ eGg] ljifosf] Ps jf /fli6o ;+oGqsf] af/]df 5nkmn
rln/x]5 . o;/L ljZje/L g} /fli6o txdf lx/f;t e|d0f aflx/L lgsfonfO{ v'nf
ug]{ tyf o;sf] :jtGq lj1 e|d0fsf/L ;+oGqjf6 ljZn]if0f x'g lbg] ljifodf Ps
ce"tk"0f{ t/ b]lvPsf] 5 .
k|To]s d'ns
' df :yfkgf x'g] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGq ;f] d'ns
' sf] vf; cfGtl/s
kl/l:yltsf] ;Gbe{df cfwfl/t x'g5
] . csf]t{ km{ o;sf] k|lqmof Pjd\ pknlAw
dfkgsf] eg] vfF6L kdf cGt/f{li6o g} x'G5 h'g o; P]lR5s cfn]vsf] k|fjwfg,
tyf /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6o ;ldlt, oftgf /f]syfdsf] nflu o'/f]k]nL ;ldlt,
oftgf;DaGwL ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ Lo ljz]if k|ltj]bs tyf o:t} cGo lgsfoxsf]
Jojxfl/s cg'ejdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . o;/L x]bf{ P]lR5s cfn]vsf k|fjwfg tyf cGo
uf}0f >f]tx tn pNn]v ul/Psf ljifosf cltl/Qm /fli6o ;+oGqsf d'Vo kIfnfO{
dfu{ lgb]z
{ ug]{ pj{/ ;|ft] x'gM\
k|lqmof
p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz
]
:jtGqtf
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e|d0f;DaGwL k|Tofe"lt tyf clwsf/x
;'emfj tyf ltgsf] sfof{Gjog
/fli6o ;+oGq / cGo /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o lgsfoaLrsf] ;DaGw /
;f7flgs;+:yfut :jk
122 ;'emfj tyf ltgsf] sfof{Gjog
!!
lgisif{
o;f] eP tfklg :yfgLo lgsfoxsf nflu cGt/f{li6o vfsf 6f9fsf] clglZrt /

ckf/bzL{ j:t' b]lvG5 . /fli6o :t/df o; cfn]vsf k|fjwfg nfu" ug]{ lgsfoxn]
cjZoDefjL kdf o; cfn]vsf d:of}bfsf/xn] ljrf/ ug'{ gk/]sf] o:tf
ljlZfi6 k|Zgxsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 h;sf] hjfkm cfn]vsf k|fjwfgxdf klg
:ki6 kdf kfOFbg} . cGttM /fHoxnfO{ /fli6o ;+oGqx ;DaGwdf ;Nnfx tyf
;'emfj lbg ;Sg] sfof{bz
] sf ;fy} ;+oGqx;Fusf] k|ToIf ;Dks{dfkm{t\ /f]syfd
pk;ldltn] /fli6o ;/f]sf/jfnfxnfO{ cGt/f{li6o vfsf;Fu hf]8g\ ' k5{ ;fy;fy}
of] pk;ldltn] cfgf] sfo{zn
} L ljsf; ug{ tyf cfgf e|d0fsf sfo{qmdnfO{
;DkGg ug]{ sfo{df cfpFbf lbgdf pNn]vgLo sfo{ ;fdgf ug]{ 5 .
pkn]vsf] k|:tfjgfdf plNnlvt nIoxsf] cWoog u/L of] lgb]l{ zsf tof/ ug{
z'? ul/of] . cfh xfdL hxfF cfOk'us
] f 5f},F ToxfFaf6 x]bf{ oL nIoxnfO{ cfTd;fy
ug]{ /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] k|0ffnL ljsl;t ug'{ eg]sf] jiff}F{ ;do nfUg] ljZjJofkL /
/fli6o k|lqmof xf] eGg] k|:6 ePsf] 5 . o; pkn]vsf nIo k|fKt ug{ a[xt\
cGt/f{li6o k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf k|efjsf/L /fli6o ;+oGqx cfjZos x'G5g\ . of]
lgb]l{ zsfnfO{ cGt/f{li6o 9fFrf tyf :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx aLrsf] ;Defljt b'/L
aLrdf ;Dks{ :yfkgfsf] klxnf] k|of;sf] kdf lnOPsf] lyof] . tyflk, of] lgb]l{ zsf
xfd|f] j]j;fO6df pknAw x'g] yk ;fdu|Ldfkm{t\ jf P]lR5s cfn]vsf clwsf/L;Fu+ sf]
;f]emf] ;Dks{dfkm{t\ hf/L /fVg ;lsg] ;+jfbsf] z'?cft xf] . /rgfTds / v'Nnf
;+jfb /fli6o ;+oGqsf] dgf]gog / :yfkgfsf avt plQg} dxTjk"0f{ 5 / pTs[i6
9n] oftgf / cGo ;a} :jksf q"m/ cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jofjxf/ jf
;hfo /f]syfd ug]{ sfo{df :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx;Fu ;+jfbdf /xg PkL6L tTk/
/x]sf] 5 .
123
12
cg';r" L
c!
P]lR5s cfn]v
oftgf tyf cGo q"m/,

cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs
Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj?4sf]
dxf;lGwsf] P]lR5s cfn]v
125
P]lR5s cfn]v
c!
dxf;efsf] %& cf}F a}7sf/f k|:tfj g+ %&!(( af6 !* l8;]Da/ @))@ df u|x0f
ul/Psf] @@ h'g @))^ b]lv nfu" ePsf] k|:tfjgf o; cfn]vsf kIf /fi6x, oftgf
tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lgif]lwt 5g\ tyf
o:tf Jojxf/n] dfgjclwsf/sf] uDeL/ pNn+3g u5{g\ eGg] k'gM lgZro ub},{
oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj?4sf]
dxf;lGw -o;kl5 dxf;lGw elgPsf]_ n] lglb{i6 u/]sf p2]Zox xfl;n ug]{ tyf
:jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmxnfO{ oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo Pjd\
ckdfghgs Jojxf/af6 ;'/lIft /fVg ce}m cGo pkfox cfjZos 5g\ eGg]
s'/fdf ljZj:t x'bF ,}
dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @ tyf !^ n] k|To]s kIf/fi6nfO{ cfgf] If]qflwsf/df /x]sf] e"
efudf oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfosf]
/f]syfd ug{ k|efjsf/L pkfox cjnDag ug{ afWo t'NofPsf] 5 eGg] :d/0f ub},{
tL wf/fx sfof{Gjog ug]{ k|dv
' lhDd]jf/L kIf/fi6xdf g} /x]sf] ;fy} :jtGqtfaf6
jl~rt ePsf JolQmxsf] ;'/Iff ;'b9[ kfg]{ Pjd\ ltgLxsf] dfgjclwsf/sf] k"0f{
cfb/ ug'{ ;a}sf] ;femf bfloTj ePsf] tyf cGt/f{li6o sfof{Gjog lgsfosf
sfo{x /fli6o pkfoxsf kl/k"/s x'G5g\, ;fy} ltgnfO{ ;zQm agfpF5g\ eGg]
lglZrt ub},{
oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfosf] k|efjsf/L
/f]syfdsf] nflu lzIff nufot ljwflosL, k|zf;lgs, Goflos tyf cGo pkfoxsf]
;du| h?/tnfO{ :d/0f ub},{
126
dfgjclwsf/ ljZj ;Dd]ngn] oftgf pGd"ng ug{ ;a}eGbf klxn] o;sf] /f]syfddf
Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{ k5{ egL b[9tfk"js
{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] tyf lx/f;tsf/fuf/xdf
lgoldt e|d0f ug{ oftgf /f]syfd k|0ffnL :yfkgfsf] p2]Zo af]ss
] f] dxf;lGwsf]
lgDgfg';f/ ;xdt ePsf 5g\M
c!
P]lR5s cfn]v
P]lR5s cfn]vnfO{ cg'df]bg ug{ cfXjfg u/]sf] ;DeFmb}, y'gj' fs}bL /flvPsf
:yfgxsf] lgoldt e|d0f ug]{ lg/f]wfTds k|sl[ tsf] u}/Goflos ;+oGqdfk{mt\ klg
:jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmnfO{ oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj?4sf ;'/Iff ;'b9[ agfpg ;lsG5 eGg]df
ljZj:t x'bF ,}
efu !
;fdfGo l;4fGtx
wf/f !
o; cfn]vsf] p2]Zo :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf dflg;x /flvPsf :yfgxdf
oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfosf] /f]syfd ug{
:jtGq cGt/f{li6o tyf /fli6o lgsfoxsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf x'g] lgoldt e|d0fsf]
k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug'{ /x]sf] 5 .
wf/f @
!= oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldltsf] dftxtdf x'g] u/L Ps oftgf tyf cGo q"m/,
cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo /f]syfd pk;ldlt -o;kl5
/f]syfd pk;ldlt elgPsf]_ sf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 / To; pk;ldltn] o;}
cfn]vdf tf]lsP adf]lhdsf sfo{x ug]5
{ .
@= /f]syfd pk;ldltn] ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo a8fkqsf] kl/j[Qleq /x]/ cfgf
sfo{x ug's
{ f ;fy} ToxfF pNn]lvt p2]Zo Pjd\ l;4fGtx nufot :jtGqtfaf6
jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmxnfO{ ul/g] Jojxf/sf ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ Lo dfGotfxaf6
pk;ldlt lgb]l{ zt x'g5
] .
#= uf]Kotf, lgikIftf, 5gf]6 /lxttf, ljZj Jofkstf tyf j:t'k/stfsf
l;4fGtxaf6 klg /f]syfd pk;ldlt lgb]l{ zt x'g5
] .
127
P]lR5s cfn]v
c!
$= of] cfn]v sfof{Gjog ug{ /f]syfd pk;ldlt / kIf/fi6xn] Ps cfk;df

;xof]u ug]5
{ g\ .
wf/f #
k|To]s kIf/fi6n] oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf
;hfosf] /f]syfdsf] nflu /fli6o :t/df Ps jf w]/} e|d0fsf/L lgsfox -o;kl5
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGq elgPsf]_ sf] :yfkgf, lgo'lQm jf Joj:yf ug]5
{ g\ .
wf/f $
!= k|To]s kIf/fi6n] o; cfn]v adf]lhd wf/f @ tyf # df pNn]lvt ;+oGqnfO{
cfgf] If]qflwsf/ jf lgoGq0fdf /x]/ ;fj{hlgs clVtof/L ePsf lgsfo jf
JolQmsf] cfb]z jf pS;fx6 jf ;xdlt jf df}hb' Ldf :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt
ul/Psf jf To;f] ul/g ;lsg] JolQmx /flvg] s'g} klg :yfg -o;kl5
lx/f;tsf/fuf/ elgPsf]_ sf] e|d0f ug{ cg'dlt lbg]5g\ . o:tf e|d0fx tL
JolQmnfO{ oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo
lj?4 ul/g] ;'/Iff, cfjZos k/]df, ;'b9[ kfg]{ p2]Zon] ul/g]5 .
@= o; cfn]vsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu :jtGqtfaf6 ljd'v eGgfn] s'g} klg Goflos jf
k|zf;lgs jf cGo lgsfosf] cfb]zaf6 s;}n] cfgf] OR5f adf]lhd cfk"m
y'lgPsf] jf aGbL agfOPsf] jf lghL jf ;fj{hlgs k|sl[ tsf] :yfgdf lx/f;tdf
/flvPsf] :yfg 5f]8g\ cg'dlt gkfPsf] cj:yfnfO{ a'lemG5 .
128
efu @
/f]syfd pk;ldlt
wf/f ^
!= k|To]s kIf/fi6n] o; wf/fsf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd wf/f % df pNn]v eP
d'tflassf] of]Uotf xfl;n u/]sf / cfjZostf;Fu d]n vfg] b'O{ hgf;Ddsf]
gfd k|:tfljt ug{ ;Sg]5g\ / To;f] ubf{ Tof] /fi6n] k|:tfljt JolQmsf]
of]Uotfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg' kg]5
{ .
@= -s_ k|:tfj ul/Psf JolQmx o; cfn]vsf] s'g} Ps kIf/fi6sf gful/s
x'gk' g]5
{ .
v_ gfd k|:tfj ul/Psf JolQmx dWo] s'g} Pshgf kIf/fi6sf] gful/s
x'gk' g]5
{ .
c!
P]lR5s cfn]v
wf/f %
!= of] /f]syfd pk;ldlt b; ;b:oLo x'g5
] . o; cfn]vnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ jf
o;df ;lDdng ug]{ /fi6xsf] ;+Vof krf; k'uk] l5 eg] o; pk;ldltsf
;b:osf] ;+Vof kRrL; x'g5
] .
@= of] /f]syfd pk;ldltsf ;b:ox pRr g}lts rl/q ePsf, Gofo k|zf;g
ljz]ifu/L ck/fw sfg'g, sf/fuf/ jf k|x/L k|zf;g jf :jtGqtfaf6 ljd'v
kfl/Psf JolQmx k|ltsf] Jojxf/;Fu ;Da4 ljljw If]q;Fu sfd u/L pRr
Joj;flos bIftf cfh{g u/]sf JolQmx dWo]af6 r'lgg]5g\ .
#= o; /f]syfd pk;ldltsf] agfj6df kIf/fi6xsf] ef}uf]lns lx;fan] ;dGoflos
ljt/0f tyf ljljw ;Eotf Pjd\ sfg'gL k|0ffnLsf] k|ltlglwTj pk/ plrt Wofg
k'ofOg]5 .
$= o; agfj6df ;dfgtf Pjd\ clje]bsf l;4fGtxdf cfwfl/t eO{ ;Gt'lnt
n}ls k|ltlglwTjnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbOg]5 .
%= o; pk;ldltdf Pp6} kIf/fi6sf b'O{ ;b:ox -Ps eGbf a9L_ /xg] 5}gg\ .
^= pk;ldltsf ;b:oxn] JolQmut Ifdtfsf cfwf/df sfd ug]5
{ g\, sfddf
:jtGq Pjd\ lgikIf /xg]5g\ tyf pk;ldltdf bIftfk"js
{ sfd ug{ pknAwx'g5
] g\ .
129
P]lR5s cfn]v
c!
130
-u_ Pp6f kIf/fi6sf b'Oe

{ Gbf a9L JolQmx k|:tfljt x'g] 5}gg\ .
-3_ s'g} Ps kIf/fi6n] csf]{ kIf/fi6sf] JolQmnfO{ k|:tfljt ug'{ kbf{ ;DalGwt
kIf/fi6sf] ;xdlt lng'kg]5
{ .
#= kIf/fi6xsf] a}7s x'g] ldlteGbf % dlxgf cufj}, h'g cjlwleq lgjf{rg
;DkGg x'g5
] , ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf dxf;lrjn] kIf/fi6xnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L tLg
dlxgfleq g} cfgf pDd]bjf/sf] dgf]gog blvnf ug{ Ps kq k7fpg]5g\ .
o;/L dgf]gog ul/Psf JolQmxsf] gfdfjnL ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf dxf;lrjn]
dgf]gog ug]{ /fi6sf] gfd ;lxt j0ff{gq' md cg';f/ k]z ug]5
{ g\ .
wf/f &
!= ;f] /f]syfd pk;ldltsf ;b:ox lgDg adf]lhsf] k|lqmofaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g5
] g\M
-s_ k|:tfljt JolQm o; cfn]vsf] wf/f % df pNn]v eP cg';f/sf cfjZostf,
;Ldfleq k/]gk/]sf] ljifonfO{ k|dv
' tfsf ;fy ljrf/ ul/g]5 .
-v_ k|f/lDes lgjf{rg of] cfn]v sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] ^ dlxgfleq ;DkGg
eO;Sg]5 .
-u_ kIf/fi6xn] uf]Ko dtbfgdfk{mt\ /f]syfd pk;ldltsf ;b:oxsf] rog
ug]5
{ g\ .
-3_ ;f] /f]syfd pk;ldltsf ;b:oxsf] lgjf{rg ;+oQ' m /fi6;3+ sf dxf;lrjn]
cw{jflif{s kdf cfXjfg ul/g] kIf/fi6xsf] a}7saf6 ul/g]5 . To:tf]
a}7s a:g b'O{ ltxfO{ kIf /fi6xsf] pkl:yltnfO{ u0fk"/s ;+Vof dflgg]5
/ a}7sdf pkl:yt eO{ dtbfg u/]sf /fi6x dWo]af6 ;jf{lws Pjd\
cTolws dt k|fKt ug]{ JolQm pk;ldltsf] ;b:odf lgjf{lrt x'g5
] g\ .
@= lgjf{rg k|lqmofsf] bf}/fg Pp6} kIf/fi6sf b'O{ gful/s pk;ldltsf] ;b:o aGg
of]Uo ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] tL b'O{ JolQmx dWo] a9L dt kfpg] JolQm
{ . tL b'O{ JolQmn] k|fKt u/]sf] dt a/fa/
pk;ldltsf] ;b:o eO{ sfd ug]5
ePsf] cj:yfdf eg] lgDgfg';f/sf] k|lqmof k|oQ
' m x'g5
] M
-s_ pQm kIf/fi6sf] tk{maf6 Pshgf dfqsf] dgf]gog k/]sf] /x]5 eg], To;/L
dgf]gogdf k/]sf] JolQm /f]syfd pk;ldltsf] ;b:o eO{ sfd ug]5
{ .
wf/f *
/f]syfd pk;ldltsf] s'g} ;b:osf] d[To' ePdf jf lghn] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbPdf,
jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] pk;ldltsf] ;b:osf] kdf sfo{ ug{ c;dy{ ePdf pQm
;b:onfO{ dgf]gog ug]{ kIf/fi6n] o; cfn]vsf] wf/f % df pNn]lvt k|fjwfg Pjd\
pk;ldltdf ljljw If]q / ljwfdf bIftf cfh{g u/]sf JolQmxsf] plrt ;Gt'ng
;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ u/L csf]{ of]Uo JolQmsf] dgf]gog ug]{5 . To;/L dgf]gog
ul/Psf] JolQm kIf/fi6xsf] csf]{ a}7s;Ddsf nflu pk;ldltsf] ;b:o eO{ sfd
ug]5
{ / lghsf] ;b:otf ;f] a}7sdf ax'dt kIf/fi6xaf6 cg'df]bgsf nflu k|:t't
ul/g]5 . ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf dxf;lrjn] k|:tfljt lgo'lQmsf] ;"rgf lbPsf] ^ xKtf
leq kIf/fi6x dWo] cfwf jf ;f] eGbf a9Ln] ;f] k|:tfjdf c;xdlt JoQm gu/]df
k|:tfj :jLs[t ePsf] dflgg]5 .
c!
P]lR5s cfn]v
-v_ olb tL b'j} pDd]bjf/ Pp6} kIf/fi6sf gful/s /x]5g\ eg] tL dWo]af6 Ps
;b:o lgjf{lrt ug{ 5'} uf]Ko dtbfgsf] k|lqmof nfu" x'g5
] .
-u_ olb tL b'j} pDd]bjf/ cfk"m gful/s ePsf] kIf/fi6af6 dgf]gogdf k/]sf
/x]5g\ eg] klg tL dWo]af6 Ps ;b:o lgjf{lrt ug]{ 5'} uf]Ko dtbfgsf]
k|lqmof nfu" x'g5
] .
wf/f (
/f]syfd pk;ldltsf ;b:ox rf/ jif]{ cjlwsf nflu lgjf{lrt x'g5
] g\ . k'gM
dgf]gogdf k/]df pgLx k'gM lgjf{lrt x'g of]Uo dflgg]5g\ . klxnf] lgjf{rgaf6
5flgPsf ;b:oxdWo] cfwf ;b:osf] kbfjlw b'O{ jif{ kl5 ;dfKt x'g5
] . o;/L
kbfjlw ;dfKt x'g] ;b:osf] gfd klxnf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eP nuQ} wf/f &-!_-3_
adf]lhdsf a}7ssf cWoIfn] uf]nf k|yff/f to ug]5
{ g\ .
wf/f !)
!= /f]syfd pk;ldltn] b'O{ jif]{ sfo{sfn x'g] u/L cfgf clws[txsf] rog
ug]5
{ . pgLx k'gM lgo'Qm x'g ;Sg]5g\ .
131
P]lR5s cfn]v
c!
132
@= pk;ldltn] sfo{ ;Dkfbg sfo{ljlwsf lgodx cfk}m agfpg]5 . cGo s'/fxsf

cltl/Qm tL lgodx b]xfo adf]lhd pNn]v x'g5
] M
-s_ cfwf ;b:o ;+Vofdf Ps ylkPkl5 u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'Ug]5,
-v_ pk;ldltsf lg0f{ox a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:o ;+Vofsf] ax'dtaf6 lnOg]5g\,
-u_ pk;ldltsf] a}7s uf]Ko kdf a:g]5 .
#= o; /f]syfd pk;ldltsf] k|f/lDes a}7s ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3+ sf dxf;lrjn] cfXjfg
ug]5
{ g\ . o;kl5 eg] pk;ldlt cfk}mF n] to u/]sf] sfo{ljlw ut lgodx
adf]lhd a}7s a:g]5 . of] pk;ldlt tyf oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldltn] ;Fu;Fu}
h;f] jif{sf] sDtLdf Ps k6s a}7s ;q ;DkGg ug]5
{ g\ .
efu #
/f]syfd pk;ldltsf] sfof{bz
]
c!
P]lR5s cfn]v
wf/f !!
o; pk;ldltn]M
-s_ wf/f $ df pNn]v eP cg';f/sf :yfgxsf] e|d0f u/L :jtGqtfaf6
jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmxnfO{ oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfoaf6 hf]ufpg ;DalGwt kIf/fi6nfO{ ;'emfj
lbg]5,
-v_ /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxsf] ;DaGwdfM
-c_ oL ;+oGqxsf] :yfkgfy{ kIf/fi6xnfO{ ;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{ Pjd\
;xof]u ug]5
{ ,
-cf_Ifdtf clej[l4 Pjd\ ;'b9[ Ls/0f ug{ /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxnfO{
k|ToIf Pjd\ cfjZos k/]df uf]Ko tj/n] ;d]t ;Dks{ ug]{ tyf tflnd
{ ,
Pjd\ cGo k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug]5
-O_ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxnfO{ oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo
jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfoaf6 ;'/Iff lbg] p2]Zon] tL
;+oGqxnfO{ ;'b9[ kfg]{ cfjZostf tyf >f]t ;fwgsf] d"Nofgdf
;Nnfx tyf ;xof]u k|bfg ug]5
{ ,
-O{_ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxnfO{ oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo
jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfoaf6 hf]ufpg /fli6o /f]syfd
;+oGqxsf] Ifdtf / sfof{lwsf/nfO{ ;zQm agfpg kIf/fi6x
;dIf l;kmfl/; k|:t't ug]5
{ ,
-u_ ;fdfGotM oftgfsf] /f]syfdsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ JolQmnfO{ oftgf tyf cGo
q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfoaf6 hf]ufpg sfo{/t
;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ ;Da4 lgsfo tyf ;+oGqxsf ;fy} cGo cGt/f{li6o,
If]qLo / /fli6o ;+3;+:yfxnfO{ ;xof]u ug]5
{ .
133
P]lR5s cfn]v
c!
wf/f !@
/f]syfd pk;ldltnfO{ wf/f !! d'tfljs lbOPsf] sfof{lwsf/ ;DkGg ug{ ;an
t'Nofpgsf nflu kIf/fi6xn] lgDgfg';f/ ug]5
{ g\M
-s_ /f]syfd pk;ldltnfO{ cfgf] e"efudf ;Tsf/ ug]{ / p;nfO{ o;cfn]vsf]
wf/f $ df pNn]v ul/P adf]lhdsf lx/f;tsf/fuf/;Dd sf] kx'r
F nfO{
k|Tofe"t ug],{
-v_ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQmxnfO{ oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj?4 lbOg] ;'/IffnfO{ ;'b9[ t'Nofpg
cfjZos Pjd\ cjnDag ug'{ kg]{ pkfosf] d"Nofg ug{ /f]syfd pk;ldltn]
dfUg ;Sg] ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg],
-u_ /f]syfd pk;ldlt / /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqx aLr ;DaGw :yflkt ug{
pT;flxt ug{ Pjd\ To;nfO{ ;xhLs/0f ug],{
-3_ /f]syfd pk;ldltn] lbPsf l;kmfl/;, ;Nnfxsf] cWoog u/L o;sf]
sfof{Gjogsf ;Defljt pkfosf af/]df pk;ldlt;Fu ;+jfb, k/fdz{
ug]{ .
wf/f !#
!= /f]syfd pk;ldltn] wf/f !! df :yflkt cfgf] sfof{bz
] ;DkGg ug{ ;'?df
uf]nfk|yff/f kIf/fi6xsf] e|d0fsf] sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug]5
{ .
@= k/fdz{kl5 pk;ldltn] kIf/fi6xnfO{ cfgf] e|d0f sfo{qmdaf/] ;"rLt ug]5
{
tfls pk;ldltsf] e|d0fsf] nflu cfjZos Jojxfl/s Joj:yfkg oyfzL3|
x'g;sf];\ .
#= To:tf] e|d0f pk;ldltsf sDtLdf klg b'O{ ;b:on] ug]5
{ g\ . cfjZos k/]sf]
] f] If]q
avt eg] pk;ldltsf e|d0fsf/L ;b:oxnfO{ o; cfn]vn] ;d]6s
Pjd\ ljifodf cg'ej tyf ulx/f] bSvn /fVg] ljz]if1xn] ;fy lbg]5g\ hf]
kIf/fi6x, ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ Lo dfgjclwsf/ pRrfo'Qm tyf ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ Lo
ck/fw /f]syfd s]Gb|af6 k|:tfljt u/] adf]lhd tof/ kfl/Psf] JolQmxsf]
;"rLaf6 5flgg] 5g\ . To:tf] ;"rL tof/ ubf{ ;DalGwt kIf/fi6xn] a9Ldf
134
kfFrhgf ljz]if1sf] gfd dfq l;kmfl/; ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . e|d0f ul/g] kIf
wf/f !$
!= o; cfn]vsf kIf/fi6x pk;ldltnfO{ k|fKt sfof{bz
] ;DkGg ug{ ;an
agpg] p2]Zon] lgDgfg';f/ k|Tofe"lt lbg]5g\M
-s_ wf/f $ n] kl/eflift u/] d'tfljs lx/f;tsf/fuf/df :jtGqtfaf6
jl~rt u/L /flvPsf JolQmsf] ;+Vof ;fy} To:tf 7fpFxsf] ;+Vof tyf
cjl:ylt;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgf;Dd a]/f]s6f]s kx'r
F ,
-v_ tL JolQmx k|lt ul/g] Jojxf/ Pjd\ pgLxsf] aGbL cj:Yff;Fu ;/f]sf/
F ,
/x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;"rgf;Dd a]/f]s6f]s kx'r
-u_ b]xfosf] pkwf/f -@_ ;Fu ;DalGwt x'gu] /L aGbL /flvg] :yfgx tyf
;f];uF ;DalGwt ;+/rgf Pjd\ ;'ljwfx;Ddsf] a]/f]s6f]s kx'r
F ,
-3_ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmx tyf pk;ldltn] cfk"mn] vf]hs
] f]
;"rgf lbg ;S5 egL ljZjf; ul/Psf JolQm;Fu bf]efif]sf] cfjZostf k/]
afx]s cGo JolQmsf] u}/ df}hb' Ldf uf]Ko cGtjf{tf{ lng] cj;/,
-_ pk;ldltn] cfk"mn] e|d0f ug{ tyf cGtjf{tf{ lng rfx]sf] :yfg tyf JolQm
5gf]6sf] :jtGqtf .
@= /fli6o ;'/Iff, ;fj{hlgs ;'/Iff, k|fs[lts cfktljkb jf e|d0f ug]{ elgPsf]
:yfgdf JofKt uDeL/ cJoj:Yffsf] sf/0f c:yfoL kdf e|d0f :ylut ug'{ kg]{
tTsfnLg tyf afWosf/L cj:yfdf eg] s'g} ljz]if lx/f;tsf/fuf/sf] e|d0fdf
c;xdlt hgfpg ;lsg]5 . ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff u/L To:tf] cj:yf sfod
/x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ eg] ;DalGwt kIf/fi6n] k|:tfljt e|d0fdf c;xdltsf]
cfwf/ dfGg kfpg] 5}g .
c!
P]lR5s cfn]v
/fi6xn] e|d0f bndf s'g} ljz]if ljz]if1, JolQmsf] ;dfj]z pk/ lj/f]w
hgfpg ;Sg]5 / To;f] ePdf pk;ldltn] csf]{ ljz]if1nfO{ e|d0f bndf
;dfj]z ug]5
{ .
$= pk;ldltn] pko'Qm 7fg]sf] v08df p;n] cfgf] k|To]s lgoldt e|d0fkl5
5f]6f] ;dfofjlwsf] kmnf]ck e|d0fsf] k|:tfj ug{ ;Sg]5 .
135
P]lR5s cfn]v
c!
136
wf/f !%
s'g} klg lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] s'g} JolQm ljz]if jf ;+3;+:yfn] pk;ldlt;+uF
;~rf/ ;Dks{ u/]sf] jf p;sf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;To jf c;To s'g} ;"rgf pknAw
u/fPsf] cfwf/df dfq sf/jfxL ug{ s'g} cfb]z lbg]5g} g\, To;sf] sfof{Gjog ug{]
5}gg\, To;f] ug{ cg'dlt lbg] 5}gg\ Pjd\ To;f] u/]df ;xg ug]{ 5}gg\ ;fy} tL JolQm
jf ;+3;+:yfk|lt s'g} k"jf{ux| /fVg] 5}gg\ .
wf/f !^
!= /f]syfd pk;ldltn] cfgf ;'emfj Pjd\ cjnf]sgx ;DalGwt kIf/fi6
;dIf uf]Ko kdf k|:t't ug]5
{ , / ;fGble{stf x]/L /fli6o /f]syfd pk;ldltnfO{
;d]t of] pknAw u/fOg]5 .
@= pk;ldltn] ;DalGwt kIf/fi6n] cg'/f]w u/] adf]lhd To; kIf/fi6sf] s'g}
l6Kk0fL eP ;f] ;lxt cfgf] sfdsf] k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug]5
{ . olb ;/f]sf/jfnf
kIf/fi6n] ;f] k|ltj]bgsf] cf+lzs k|sfzg u/]df pk;ldltn] ;f] b:tfj]hsf]
afFsL, cf+lzs jf k"0f{ kf7 ;fj{hlgs ug]5
{ . oBlk, ;DalGwt JolQmsf] k|:6
;xdlt j]u/ s'g} klg k|sf/sf JolQmut ljj/0f eg] ;fj{hlgs ul/g]5g} .
#= /f]syfd pk;ldltn] cfgf lqmofsnfksf] ;fj{hlgs jflif{s k|ltj]bg oftgf
lj?4sf] ;ldlt ;dIf k|:t't ug]5
{ .
$= olb s'g} kIf/fi6n] wf/f !@ tyf !$ cg';f/ /f]syfd pk;ldltnfO{ ;xof]u
ug{ c:jLsf/ u/]df jf pk;ldltn] k|:t't u/]sf ;'emfjxsf] cfwf/df df}hb' f
cj:yfdf ;'wf/sf nflu cfjZos kxn gu/]df pk;ldltsf] cg'/f]wdf cfgf
;b:oxsf] ax'dt lg0f{on] ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf/fi6nfO{ cfgf] b[li6sf]0f /fVg]
cj;/ lbO{ oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldltn] ;DalGwt ljifoj:t' pk/ ;fj{hlgs
dGtJo lbg jf pk;ldltsf] ;DalGwt k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;Sg]5 .
efu $
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqx
c!
P]lR5s cfn]v
wf/f !&
k|To]s kIf/fi6n] of] cfn]v sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 jf cg'df]bg jf ;lDdng u/]kl5
/fli6o :t/df oftgfsf] /f]syfd ug{ l9nf]df klg Ps jif{ leq Ps jf w]/} :jtGq
/fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxsf] Joj:yf, lgo'lQm jf :yfkgf ug]5
{ g\ . ljs]lGb|t OsfOxn]
o; cfn]vsf k|fjwfgx;Fu tfbDotf /xg] lsl;dn] :yfkgf u/]sf ;+oGqxnfO{
;d]t o; b:tfj]hsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxdflgg] 5 .
wf/f !*
!= kIf/fi6xn] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxsf] sfo{ut :jtGqtf tyf logsf
kbflwsf/Lxsf] :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt k|bfg ug]5
{ g\ .
@= kIf/fi6xn] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxdf /xL sfd ug]{ ljz]if1xdfcfjZos
Ifdtf tyf Joj;flos 1fg ePsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos pkfoxsf]
cjnDag ug]5
{ g\ . pgLxn] n}ls ;Gt'ng ;fy} d'ns
' df /x]sf hftLo Pjd\
cNk;+Vos ;d"xxsf] kof{Kt k|ltlglwTjsf] nflu k|of; ug]5
{ g\ .
#= kIf/fi6xn] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxsf] sfo{sf nflu cfjZos >f]t ;fwg
pknAw u/fpg] 5g\ .
$= /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqxsf] :yfkgf ubf{ kIf/fi6xn] dfgjclwsf/sf] k|j4{g
tyf ;'/Iff ug]{ x}l;ot /fVg] /fli6o dfgjclwsf/ ;+:yf ;Da4 l;4fGtx
pk/ klg plrt Wofg lbg]5g\ .
wf/f !(
-s_ wf/f $ n] kl/eflift u/] cg';f/ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmx
/flvg] :yfgxdf pgLxnfO{ oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf
ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf ;hfo lj?4sf] ;' / IffnfO{ cfjZostf
cg';f/ ;'b9[ t'Nofpg] p2]Zon] tL :yfgxsf] lgoldt k/LIf0fcWoog
e|d0f ug],{
137
P]lR5s cfn]v
c!
v_ ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmx k|lt ul/g] Jojxf/ Pjd\ logLxsf] cj:Yffdf
;'wf/ Nofpg] / oftgf tyf cGo q"m/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/
jf ;hfosf] /f]syfd ug]{ p2]Zon] ;DalGwt lgsfo ;dIf ;'emfjx
k|:t't ug],{
u_ cl:tTjdf /x]sf tyf k|:tfljt ljwfgsf] af/]df k|:tfj tyf cjnf]sg
k|:t't ug]{ .
wf/f @)
] lgjf{x ug{ ;an agfpg] p2]Zon]
kIf/fi6xn] b]xfo adf]lhd ug]5
{ g\M
-s_ lx/f;tsf/fuf/df :jtGtqfaf6 jl~rt u/L /flvPsf JolQmxsf]
;+Vof;fy} To:tf 7fpFxsf] ;+Vof tyf cjl:ylt;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{
;"rgf;Dd kx'r
F k|bfg ug],{
-v_ tL JolQmxk|lt ul/g] Jojxf/ Pjd\ pgLxsf] aGbL cj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt
;Dk"0f{ ;"rgfdf kx'r
F lbg],
-u_ aGbLy'gj' f /flvg] ;Dk"0f{ :yfgx tyf ;f];uF ;DalGwt ;+/rgf Pjd\
;'ljwf;Ddsf] kx'r
F k|bfg ug],{
-3_ :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmx tyf /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqn]
cfk"mn] vf]hs
] f] ;"rgf lbg;S5 egL ljZjf; ul/Psf JolQmx;Fu bf]efif]sf]
cfjZostf k/]df afx]s cGo JolQmsf] u}/ df}hb' Ldf uf]Ko cGtjf{tf{ lng]
cj;/ k|bfg ug],{
-_ cfk"mn] e|d0f ug{ tyf cGtjf{tf{ lng rfx]sf] :yfg tyf JolQm 5gf]6sf]
:jtGqtf lbg],
-r_ /f]syfd pk;ldlt;Fu ;Dks{ /fVg], o;nfO{ ;"rgf k7fpg] / pk;ldlt;Fu
e]63f6 ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ .
138
c!
P]lR5s cfn]v
wf/f @!
!= s'g} klg lgsfo jf kbflwsf/Ln] s'g} JolQm ljz]if jf ;+3;+:yfn]] /fli6o
/f]syfd ;+oGq;Fu ;Dks{ u/]sf] jf p;sf k|ltlglwnfO{ ;To jf c;To s'g}
;"rgf pknAw u/fPsf] cfwf/df dfq sf/jfxL ug{ s'g} cfb]z lbg] 5}gg\,
To;f]ug{ cg'dlt lbg] 5}g| g\ tyf To;f] u/]df ;xg ug]{ 5}gg\ ;fy} oL JolQm
jf ;+:yfk|lt s'g} k'jf{ux| /fVg] 5}gg\ .
@= /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqaf6 ;lnt uf]Ko ;"rgfnfO{ ljz]ifflwsf/ k|fKt x'g5
] .
;DalGwt JolQmsf] k|:6 ;xdlt j]u/ s;}sf] klg JolQmut ljj/0f ;fj{hlgs
ul/g] 5}g .
wf/f @@
;DalGwt kIf/fi6sf ;Ifd lgsfoxn] /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjxsf]
cWoog ug]5
{ g\ / ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] ;Defljt
pkfox af/]df ;+oGq;Fu k/fdz{ ug]5
{ g\ .
wf/f @#
o; cfn]vsf kIf/fi6x /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|sflzt /
ljt/0f ug]{ lhDdf lnG5g\ .
139
efu %
3f]if0ff
P]lR5s cfn]v
c! wf/f @$
140
!= cg'df]bg kZrft\ kIf/fi6xn] Ps 3f]if0ff u/L o; cfn]vsf] efu # jf $ sf

bfloTjx l9nf] u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg] hfgsf/L lbg ;Sg]5g\ .
@= o:tf] l9nfO clwstd tLg jif{;Ddsf] nflu dfGo x'g5
] . ;/f]sf/jfnf kIf/fi6n]
k|ltlglwTj hgfO{ ;s] kZrft\ tyf /f]syfd pk;ldlt;Fu k/fdz{ kZrft\
oftgf lj?4sf] ;ldltn] of] cjlwnfO{ c b'O{ jif{;Dd nDAofpg ;Sg]5 .
efu ^
cfly{s Joj:yf
c!
P]lR5s cfn]v
wf/f @%
!= of] cfn]v sfof{Gjog ug{ /f]syfd pk;ldltn] ug]{ Joosf] ef/ ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3+ n]
axg ug]5
{ .
@= o; cfn]v cGtu{tsf] /f]syfd pk;ldltnfO{ cfgf] sfd sf/jfxL
k|efjsf/Lkdf ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos dfgj;|ft] tyf ;'ljwfx ;+oQ' m /fi6;3+ sf
dxf;lrjn] pknAw u/fpg] 5g\ .
wf/f @^
!= ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ Lo dxf;efsf ;fGble{s sfo{ljlw cg';f/ ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ s}
cfly{s k|zf;g lgodfjnL tyf cGo lgsfoaf6 zfl;t x'g] u/L /f]syfd
pk;ldltsf l;kmfl/;x sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqnfO{
z}lIfs sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{ ;xfotf k'ofpg] p2]Zon] Ps oftgf /f]syfd
sf]ifsf] :yfkgf x'g5
] .
@= ;f] /f]syfd sf]if ;/sf/, cGt/;/sf/L Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L ;+3;+:yfx / cGo
JolQmut tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfoxn] k'ofpg] :j]lR5s of]ubfgaf6 ;~rflnt
x'g]5 .
141
efu &
clGtd k|fjwfgx
P]lR5s cfn]v
c! wf/f @&
!= dxf;lGw cg'df]bg u/]sf] s'g} klg /fi6nfO{ of] cfn]vdf x:tfIf/ ug{ v'Nnf
ul/Psf] 5 .
@= dxf;lGw cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] jf o;df ;lDdng hgfO;s]sf] /fi6n] of]
cfn]v cg'df]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 . cg'df]bg u/]sf] sfuhftx ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf
dxf;lrj ;dIf bflvnf ug'k{ g]5
{ .
#= dxf;lGw cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf jf o;df ;lDdng hgfO;s]sf /fi6xn] o;
cfn]vdf ;lDdng hgfpg ;Sg]5g\ .
$= ;lDdng hgfPsf] sfuhft ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf dxf;lrj ;dIf bflvnf u/]kl5
;f] nfu" ePsf] dflgg]5 .
%= ;+oQ' m /fi6;3+ sf dxf;lrjn] cfk"m ;dIf bflvnf ePsf cg'df]bg jf ;lDdngsf
sfuhftsf] af/]df of] cfn]vdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ jf :jLs[lt hgfpg] ;a} /fi6nfO{
;"lrt ug]5
{ g\ .
wf/f @*
!= aL;j6f /fi6n] cg'df]bg jf ;lDdng u/]sf] sfuhft ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf
dxf;lrj ;dIf bflvnf u/]sf] tL;f}F lbgaf6 of] cfn]v sfof{Gjogdf cfpg]5 .
@= ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3+ sf dxf;lrj ;dIf of] cfn]v cg'df]bg jf ;lDdng ug]{ aL;f}F
/fi6n] ;f]sf] sfuhft k]z u/]kZrft\ of] cfn]vsf] cg'df]bg ;lDdng ug]{ /fi6sf]
] .
xsdf cg'df]bg jf ;lDdng u/]sf] tL;f}+F lbgaf6 of] cfn]v nfu" x'g5
wf/f @(
o; cfn]vsf k|jwfgx ;+3Lo /fHosf ;a} e"efudf a]/f]s6f]s Pjd\ Psgf;n]
nfu" x'g] 5g\ .
wf/f #)
142 of] cfn]v -cg'df]bg ug{_ s'g} zt{ /flvg] 5}g .
wf/f #@
!@ cui6 !($( sf h]ge
] f dxf;lGwx tyf ltgsf * h'g !(&& sf cltl/Qm
cfn]vxsf] kIf/fi6 ag]sf] cfwf/af6 ;[lht bfloTj axg ug{ o; cfn]vsf s'g}
klg k|fjwfgn] kIf/fi6xnfO{ c;/ k'ofpg] 5}gg\, g t cGt/f{li6o sfg'gn]
g;d]6s
] f] cj:yfdf ;d]t /]8qm;sf] cGt/f{li6o ;ldltnfO{ y'gj' faGbL /flvPsf]
:yfgxsf] e|d0f clVtof/L lbg afwf k'ofPsf] g} dflgg]5 .
wf/f ##
!= o; cfn]vsf] ;b:otf TofUg rfxg] s'gk} lg kIf/fi6n] s'g} klg avt ;+oQ
' m
/fi6;3
+ sf dxf;lrjnfO{ lnlvt hfgsf/L lbO{ cfgf] ;b:otf TofUg ;Sg]5g\ .
/fi6;+3Lo dxf;lrjn] o;sf] hfgsf/L dxf;lGw tyf o; cfn]vsf
kIf/fi6xnfO{ lbg]5g\ . dxf;lrjn] o;/L ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltn] Ps jif{kl5
;b:otf Tofu]sf] dflgg]5 .
@= ;b:otf kl/Tofu ug]{ /fi6n] ;b:otf nfu" x'g] ldlt cufj} cfk"m o; cfn]vsf]
kIf/fi6 ePaf6 pTkGg x'g] bfloTj adf]lhd ug'{ kg]{ sfd jf ljBdfg
cj:yfaf6 jf /f]syfd pk;ldltn] ;f] kIf/fi6dfly s'g} sf/jfxL ug]{ lg0f{o
x'g ;Sg] cj:yfaf6 pGd'lQm kfpg] 5}g, g t /f]syfd pk;ldltn] ljrf/
ul//x]sf] s'g} ljifodf ;b:otf kl/Tofun] of] nfu" x'gk' j" { s'g} k"jf{ux| L c;/
k'ofpg]5 .
#= ;b:otf kl/Tofu nfu" ePkl5 /f]syfd pk;ldltn] kl/Tofu ug]{ /fi6;uF
;DalGwt s'g} klg gofF ljifodf ljrf/ ug]{ 5}g .
c!
P]lR5s cfn]v
wf/f #!
o; cfn]vsf s'g} klg k|fjwfgn] kIf /fi6nfO{ s'g} klg If]qLo dxf;lGwaf6 lgM;[t
eO{ y'gj' faGbL /flvg] :yfgxsf] e|d0f ug]{ k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{k' g]{ bfloTjnfO{
c;/ kfg]{ 5}g . /f]syfd pk;ldlt / If]qLo Joj:yf cg'?k :yfkgf ePsf To:tf
lgsfox cfgf sfddf x'g ;Sg] gSsn x6fpg tyf o; cfn]vsf p2]Zoxsf]
k|a4{g ug{ Ps cfk;df k/fdz{ Pj+ ;xof]u ug{ pT;flxt x'g5
] g\ .
143
P]lR5s cfn]v
c!
wf/f #$
!= s'g} klg kIf/fi6n] o; cfn]v pk/ ;+zf]wg k|:tfj ug{ ;Sg]5g\ / To:tf]
k|:tfj ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf dxf;lrj ;dIf k]z ul/g]5 . dxf;lrjn] k|:tfljt
;+zf]wg ;lxt o:tf k|:tfjdf kIf/fi6xsf] ;Dd]ng rfxG5g\ jf rfxb}gg\
;f]sf] hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg cg'/f]w ub}{ o; cfn]vsf kIf/fi6;uF kqfrf/
ug]5
{ g\ . o;/L kqfrf/ ul/Psf] rf/ dlxgfleq sDtLdf klg Ps ltxfO{
' m /fi6;3
+ sf]
kIf/fi6xn] ;Dd]ng ul/g' kg]{ hgfp lbPdf dxf;lrjn] ;+oQ
k|rlnt lgodsf] cwLgdf /xL ;Dd]ngsf] cfXjfg ug]5
{ g\ . ;Dd]ngdf pkl:ylt
eO{ dtbfg u/]sf kIf/fi6xdf b'O{ ltxfO{sf] ax'dtn] s'g} ;+zf]wg k|:tfj
cg'df]bg u/]df ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf dxf;lrjn] cg'df]lbt k|:tfj :jLs[ltsf
nflu ;a} kIf/fi6 ;dIf k7fpg] 5g\ .
@= o; wf/fsf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd cg'df]bg ul/Psf] ;+zf]wg o; cfn]vsf b'O{
ltxfO{ kIf/fi6xn] cfcfgf] ;+jw} flgs k|lqmof d'tfljs :jLs[t u/]kl5
sfof{Gjogdf cfpg]5 .
#= ;+zf]wg sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 ;f] ;+zf]wg :jLsf/ ug]{ kIf/fi6xn] ;+zf]lwt
cfn]vaf6 tyf cGo kIf/fi6x o;} cfn]vsf k|fjwfgx tyf cfk"mn] :jLsf/
u/]sf s'g} cl3Nnf ;+zf]wgaf6 afFlwg]5g\ .
wf/f #%
/f]syfd pk;ldlt tyf /fli6o /f]syfd ;+oGqsf ;b:oxnfO{ pgLxn] ug]{
sfdsf] :jtGq cEof; ug{ cfjZos ljz]ifflwsf/ tyf pGd'lQm k|bfg ul/g]5 .
/f]syfd pk;ldltsf ;b:oxnfO{ !# k]ma|'c/L !($^ sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6;+3Lo
ljz]ifflwsf/ tyf pGd'lQm dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @# df pNn]lvt k|fjwfg;Fu ;DalGwt
x'g] u/L ;f]xL dxf;lGwsf] wf/f @@ n] kl/eflift u/]sf ljz]ifflwsf/ tyf pGd'lQm
k|fKt x'g5
] g\ .
144
wf/f #&
!= c/aL, lrlgofF, c+uh
|] L, k|m] Gr, /l;og tyf :k]lg; efiffdf tof/ kfl/Psf
o;cfn]vsf k"0f{ kf7 ;dfg kn] dfGo x'g5
] g\ / oL ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf
dxf;lrj ;dIf bflvn /xg]5g\ .
c!
P]lR5s cfn]v
wf/f #^
s'g} kIf/fi6sf] e|d0f ubf{ pk;ldltsf ;b:oxn] o; cfn]vsf k|fjwfg tyf
p2]Zox ;fy} cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt ljz]ifflwsf/ tyf pGd'lQm ;d]t k|lt k"jf{ux| L geO{M
-s_ e|d0f ul/Psf] /fi6sf] lgodsfg'gnfO{ cfb/ ug]5
{ g\
-v_ cfgf lgikIf Pj+ cGt/f{li6o k|sl[ tsf st{Jo;Fu d]n gvfg] s'g} klg sfd
jf lqmofsnfkaf6 6f9f /xg]5g\ .
gf]6M dfgjclwsf/ ;lGw cg'udg ;dGjo ;ldlt -Prcf/6LPd;L;L_, oftgf

lj?4sf] dxf;lGw;DaGwL pk;ldltf/f ul/Psf] cgf}krfl/s cg'jfb .
145
12
-k]l/; l;4fGtx?_
cg';r" L
c@
k]l/; l;4fGt
/fli6o dfgjclwsf/DaGwL
/fli6o ;+:yfx?sf] x}l;ot
lgwf{/0f l;4fGtx?
147
lg0f{o$*!#$
*% cf}F k"0f{ a}7s
@) l8;]Da/
k]l/; l;4fGt
c@
dfgjclwsf/sf] k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] nflu /fli6o ;+:yfx

dxf;ef
dxf;ef,,
dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf k|a4{gsf nflu /fli6o ;+:yfx;+uF ;DalGwt lg0f{ox,
vf;u/L $ l8;]Da/ !(*^ sf] lg0f{o $! / !@(, !& l8;]Da/ !((! sf] lg0f{o $^
/ !@$ / dfgjclwsf/ cfof]u;DaGwL !) dfr{ !(*& sf] lg0f{o !(*& / $),
!) dfr{ !((* sf] lg0f{o !(** / &@, & dfr{ !(*( sf] lg0f{o !(*( / %@, &
dfr{ !(() sf] lg0f{o !(() / &#, % dfr{ !((! sf] lg0f{o !((! / @& / # dfr{
!((@ sf] lg0f{o !((@ / %$ sf] k'gM :d/0f ub}{ tyf ( dfr{ !((# sf] cfof]u
lg0f{o !((# / %% nfO{ Wofg lbFb,}
dfgjclwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfsf] ;Ddfg tyf kfngfsf] k|a4{g ug{
dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff, dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o cg'aGwx
Tfyf cGo cGt/f{li6o b:tfj]hxsf] dxTjnfO{ hf]8 lbFb,}
cGt/f{li6o dfgjclwsf/ sfg'gsf] dfkb08sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] k|Tofe"t
ug{ /fli6o :t/df cfjZos k|aGwxsf] ljsf; ug'k{ g]{ s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' kg]{
:jLsf/ ub},{
/fli6o :t/sf ;+:yfxn] dfgjclwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfxsf] k|a4{g tyf
;+/If0f / tL clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfxaf/] hgr]tgf ljsf; tyf clej[l4 ug]s
{ fo{df
v]Ng ;Sg] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf dfly ljZj:t x'bF ,}
148
;+oQ' m /fi6;3+ n] ;"rgf tyf cg'ejxsf] cfbfgk|bfg u/L s]Gb|Lo ;7g (clearing
house) sf] kdf sfd u/L /fli6o ;+:yfxsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{df
ljz]if e"ldsf (catalytic role) v]Ng;Sg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub},{
k]l/; l;4fGt
Dfxf;efsf]] lg0f{o ## / $^ f/f ldlt !$ l8;]Da/ !(&* df cg'df]bg ePsf]

dfgjclwsf/ k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0fsf nflu /fli6o tyf :yfgLo ;+:yfxsf]] ;+/rgf
tyf ;~rfng ;DaGwL dfu{lgb]z
{ g af/] dgg\ ub{,} 6'lg;df @ b]lv ^ gf]eD] a/
!((@ df ;DkGg ePsf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ngn] clk|msfsf] nflu
cfof]hgf u/]sf] If]qLo a}7s, ;]g hf]z df !* b]lv @@ hgj/L !((# df ;DkGg
Nofl6g cd]l/sf tyf Sof/]laogsf] nflu cfof]hgf ul/Psf] If]qLo a}7s, a}s
+ sdf
@( dfr{ b]lv @ clk|n !((# df ;DkGg Pl;ofsf] nflu cfof]hgf ul/Psf] If]qLo
a}7s, cf]6fjfdf #) ;]K6]Da/ b]lv @ cS6f]a/ !((@ df ;DkGg /fli6odfgjclwsf/
;+:yfx ;DaGwL sdgj]Ny sfo{zfnf / hfsftf{df @^ b]lv @* hgj/L !((# df
;DkGg Pl;of k|zfGt If]qsf] nflu cfof]hgf ul/Psf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL d'2fx
ljifos sfo{zfnfx f/f /fli6o ;+:yfxsf] ljsf; tyf ;jnLs/0fsf] nflu
;+;f/el/ g} b]lvPsf] a9\bf] ?lr cleJoQm ePsf] tyf xfn;fn} ljleGg kIf
/fi6xn] dfgjclwsf/sf] k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] nflu /fli6o ;+:Yffxsf] :yfkgf
ug{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf lg0f{oxdf klg of] s'/f k|:6 ePsf] s'/fnfO{ :jfut ub}{ leogf
3f]if0ff tyf sfo{of]hgfdf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ngn] dfgjclwsf/sf]
k|a4{g tyf ;+If0fsf] nflu /fli6o ;+:yfxn] ljz]iftM ;Ifd clwsf/Lx nfO{
k/fdz{ ;Nnfx lbg], dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf] pkrf/ lbg] / dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL
;"rgf ;Dk|i] f0f ug]{ tyf dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL lzIff lbg] sfo{df v]ns
] f] dxTjk"0f{
tyf /rgfTds e"ldsfnfO{ k'gM :jLsf/ u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ dgg\ ub},{
c@
;Dk"0f{ dfgjclwsf/xsf] ljZjJokfstf, cljefHotf tyf cGt/lge{/tfnfO{ hf]8

lbFb} dfgjclwsf/sf] /fli6o :t/df k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] nflu ljZj e/L ckgfOPsf
ljleGg k|lqmofxnfO{ Wofg lbFb} Tfyf dfgjclwsf/ tyf df}lns :jtGqtfxsf]
ljZjJofkL ;Ddfg tyf kfngfsf] k|a4{gsf] nflu tL k|lqmofxsf] dfGotfxnfO{
149
hf]8 lbFb} tyf :jLsf/ ub},{
k]l/; l;4fGt
c@
150
!= dxf;efsf] ldlt !& l8;]Da/ !((! sf] lg0f{o $^ / !@$ cg';f/ dxf;lrjn]
tof/ ug'{ ePsf] cBfjlws k|ltj]bgaf6 ;Gt'i6 ePsf] 7x/ 5 .
@= dfgjclwsf/sf] k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] nflu /fli6o sfg'g cg';f/ k|efjsf/L
/fli6o ;+:yfxsf] ljsf; tyf tL ;+:yfxsf] :jtGqtf tyf ;b:otfdf
ax'njfbsf] ;'lglZrt ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf dfly k'gM k|lta4tf hgfpFb5 .
#= dfgjclwsf/sf] k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] nflu o:tf ;+:yf :yfkgfsf] nflu /
ePsf] eP o;sf] ;jnLs/0f ug{ / oL kIfxnfO{ /fli6o ljsf; of]hgfdf
;dfj]z ug{ kIf /fi6xnfO{ k|fT] ;flxt ub{5 .
$= dfgjclwsf/sf] k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] nflu kIf/fi6xn] :yfkgf u/]sf
/fli6o ;+:yfxnfO{ leogf 3f]if0ff tyf sfo{of]hgf / cGo ;DalGwt b:tfj]hxdf
pNn]v eP e}mF dfgjclwsf/ xgg\nfO{ /f]Sg tyf o;sf] ;fdgf ug{ k|fT] ;fxg
ub{5 .
%= vf;u/L k/fdz{ ;]jf, k|fljlws ;]jfsf ;fy} dfgjclwsf/sf] nflu ljZj
hg;"rgf cleofgsf] vfsfleq /xL ;"rgf tyf lzIff If]qdf ;+ot' m /fi6;3
+
/ /fli6o ;+:yfxaLr ;xsfl/tf clej[l4 u/fpg ;lrjfnosf] dfgjclwsf/
s]Gb|nfO{ cfgf] k|of;xnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg cg'/f]w ub{5 .
^= ;fy}, ;DalGwt /fi6sf] cg'/f]wdf /fi6;3
+ sf] :j]lR5s sf]ifleq jf dfgjclwsf/
If]qsf] nflu k/fdz{ tyf k|fljlws ;xof]uleq pknAw ;|ft] x k|of]u ug{ :yflkt
sfo{ljlwsf] cfwf/df /fi6;3
+ Lo dfgjclwsf/ clen]vLs/0f tyf k|lZfIf0f
s]Gb|x :yfkgf ug{sf] nflu klg dfgjclwsf/ s]Gb|nfO{ cg'/f]w ul/G5 .
&= dfgjclwsf/ If]qdf k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u sfo{qmdsf] Pp6f
efusf] kdf kIf/fi6xn] dfgjclwsf/sf] k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] nflu
/fli6o ;+:yfxsf] :yfkgf tyf o;sf] ;jnLs/0fsf ;fy} clen]vLs/0f tyf
k|lzIf0fsf] nflu /fli6o s]Gb|x :yfkgfsf] nflu ul/Psf cg'/f]w dfly dxf;lrjn]
;s/fTds k|To'Q/ lbg' x'gsf] nflu cg'/f]w ul/G5 .
*= o:tf /fli6o ;+:yfxsf] :yfkgf tyf k|efjsf/L ;~rfngsf] nflu ;"rgf tyf
cg'ejsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|a4{g ug{ kIf /fi6xnfO{ plrt sbdx
rfNg k|fT] ;fxg ub{5 .
c@
k]l/; l;4fGt
(= ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ sf] ;xof]udf tof/ ul/Psf] jf cfof]hgf ul/Psf] dfgjclwsf/
;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx tyf cGo lqmofsnfkxsf] ;Dk|i] f0f ug]{ lgsfoxsf]
kdf /fli6o ;+:yfxsf] e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5 .
!)= vf;u/L /fli6o ;+:yfxsf] ;xof]usf] nflu tyf ;jnLs/0fsf] nflu k|fljlws
;xof]u k|a4{g ug]{ tl/sf, ;|ft] xsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ tyf o:tf ;+:yfx;Fu
;DalGwt x/]s ljifoxsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] p2]Zon] dfgjclwsf/
s]Gb|sf] ;xof]udf l8;]Da]/ !((# df 6'lg;df ;DkGg ePsf] kZrftlqmof
a}7s (follow up meeting) sf] :jfut ub{5 .
!!= o;} lg0f{odf cg';l' rt ul/Psf] /fli6o ;+:yfxsf] x}l;ot;Fu ;DalGwt
l;4fGtxsf] klg :jfut ub{5 .
!@= x/]s kIf /fi6nfO{ /fli6o :t/df cfgf] vf; cfjZostf cg';f/ clwstd
cg'sn
" x'g] vfsfsf] 5gf]6 ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ tyf oL l;4fGtxsf]
;Ddfg ub}{ /fli6o ;+:yfxsf] :yfkgf tyf ;jnLs/0fsf] nflu k|fT] ;fxg
ub{5 .
!#= dxf;lrjnfO{ o; lg0f{osf] sfof{Gjogaf6 dxf;efsf] %* cf}F ;qdf cfgf]
k|lta]bg k]z ug{sf] nflu cg'/f]w ub{5 .
s= k]l/; l;4fGtx ;Ifdtf tyf lhDd]jf/Lx

!= dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;+a4{g ug]{ ;Ifdtf /fli6o ;+:yfnfO{ lbOPsf]
x'gk' b{5 .
@= /fli6o ;+:yf lj:t[t bfloTj /xg] u/L ;+/rgfut Joj:yf / If]qflwsf/
v'nfOPsf] ;+jw} flgs jf sfg'gL Joj:yf x'gk' b{5 .
#= /fli6o ;+:yfx;Fu lgDd lhDd]jf/Lx klg /x]sf] x'g' kb{5M
-s_ ;/sf/, ;+;b jf cGo s'g} klg ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ ltgsf] cg'/f]w jf
cfg} ljj]sdf dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+a4{g / ;+/If0f;DaGwL ljifodf ;'gj' fO{
ug]{ cfgf] clwsf/sf] pkof]u u/L ;Nnfxsf] kdf /fo, ;'emfj, k|:tfj
/ k|ltj]bg k]z ug],{ To;/L k]z u/]sf] s'/f k|sfzg ug]{ . oL s'/fx lgDg
If]q;Fu ;DalGwt x'gk' b{5M
151
k]l/; l;4fGt
c@
152
-c_ dfgjclwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf To;sf] lj:tf/sf] nflu s'g} klg ljwflosL,
k|zf;lgs tyf Goflos;+:yfx ;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gL tyf k|zf;lgs
k|fjwfgx tyf ltgsf] k|rngsf] af/]df, ;fy} ljw]ossf] tyf k|:tfjsf]
d:of}bf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ l;kmfl/; ug]{ . of] sfo{sf] p2]Zo
dfgjclwsf/sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt;Fu tfbfDotf sfod u/fpg' x'g5
] .
-cf_cfof]un] sfd ug]{ ;DaGwdf lnPsf] lg0f{o, dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf]
af/]df,
-O_ dfgjclwsf/sf ;fdfGo jf vf; ljifox;F+u ;DalGwt /fli6o
cj:yfsf] af/]df k|ltj]bgsf] lgdf0f{,
-O{_ /fi6sf] s'g} klg efudf dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3g ePsf] 5 eg] ;f]af/]
;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fpg] . o:tf] cj:yfsf] cGTo ug{sf] nflu
;/sf/n] rfNg' kg]{ sfo{af/] k|:tfj ug]{ . cfjZos ePdf ;/sf/sf]
wf/0ff tyf k|ltlqmofsf] ;DaGwdf cfgf] /fo cleJoQm ug],{
-v_ /fli6o sfg'g, lgod tyf cEof;xnfO{ /fi6 kIf ePsf cGt/f{li6o
dfgjclwsf/sf b:tfj]hx;Fu+ ;fd~h:o sfod /fVg] tyf ltgLxsf]
k|efjsf/L sfo{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug]{ / cfjZos k|a4{gfTds sfo{x
;~rfng ug]{ .
-u_ dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o b:tfj]hxsf] cg'df]bg jf ;lDdng
u/fpg k|fT] ;flxt ug]{ tyf ltgLxsf] sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
-3_ dxf;lGw;DaGwL bfloTjcg';f/ /fHon] ;+oQ
' m /fi6;3
+ Lo lgsfo tyf
;ldltx Pj+ If]qLo ;+:yfxdf k]z ug'{ kg]{] k|lta]bgxdf of]ubfg lbg]
Pj+ cfjZos ePdf To; ljifoj:t'df cfgf] /fo cleJoQm ug]{ . o;f]
ubf{ csf{sf] :jtGqtfsf] cltqmd0f gxf];\ eGg] s'/fdf ;ts{ x'gk' 5{ .
-_ /fi6;3
+ tyf /fi6;3
+ Lo k|0ffnL cGtu{tsf cGo s'g} klg ;7gx, If]qLo
;+:yfx / dfgjclwsf/sf] ;+a4{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] If]qdf ;Ifd cGo
b]zsf /fli6o ;+:yfx;Fu ;xsfo{ ug]{ .
-r_ dfgjclwsf/sf] lzIff / ltgLxdf ul/g]c g';Gwfg ;DaGwdf sfo{qmdx
lgdf0f{ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ / ljBfno, ljZjljBfno / k]zfut txdf sfof{Gjog
ug{ ;xefuL x'g] .
-5_ dfgjclwsf/x tyf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befjx, vf;u/L hftLo e]befjsf]

cGTosf nflu ul/Psf k|of;xnfO{ ljz]iftM ;"rgf tyf lzIff dfkm{t
hgr]tgf clej[l4 u/fO{ / k|;
] sf ;a} csf] k|of]uf/f ;fj{hlgs ug]{ .
k]l/; l;4fGt
v= ;+/rgf / :jfoQtf tyf ax'nafbsf] k|Tofe"lt
c@
!= rfx] lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 xf];\ jf cGo s'g} dfWodaf6 xf];\ t/ /fli6o

;+:yfsf] ;+/rgf tyf ;b:oxsf] lgo'lQm dfgjclwsf/sf] k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0fdf
;+nUg ;fdflhs zlQmx -gful/s ;dfh_ sf] ax'n k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{
cfjZos ;a} k|Toe"ltx Jfxg ug]{ sfo{ljlw cg';f/ :yflkt x'g5
] g\, vf;u/L
clwsf/f/f tnsf ;+:yfx;Fu jf ltgLxsf] pkl:ylt jf k|ltlglwx Dffkm{t\
k|efjsf/L ;xsfo{ :yflkt ug{ ;dy{ x'g5
] g\ .
-s_ dfgjclwsf/k|lt lhDd]jf/ Pj+ hftLo e]befjsf lj?4 ;+3if{/t
u}/;/sf/L;+:yfx, 6]8 o'lgog, ;DalGwt ;fdflhs Pj+ k]zfut ;7gx
h:t} sfg'g Joj;foL, lrlsT;s, kqsf/ / VoftL k|fKt j}1flgsxsf]
;7g,
-v_ bfz{lgs jf wfld{s lrGtsx,
-u_ ljZjljBfnox / of]Uo ljz]if1x,
-3_ ;+;b,
-_ ;/sf/L ljefux -obL logLx ;dfj]z ul/Pdf ltgLxsf k|ltlglwn]
s]jn ;Nnfxsf/sf] x}l;otdf dfq 5nkmndf efu lng]5g\_ .
@= /fli6o ;+:yfnfO{ cfgf] lqmofsnfkx ;xh kn] ;~rfng ug{ pko'Qm
{ f] p2]Zo
k"jf{wf/ vf;u/L kof{Kt sf]if k|fKt x'g' kb{5 . o;/L sf]if k|fKt ug's
cfg} sd{rf/L / ejgsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;dy{ xf];\ eGg] xf], h;n] ubf{
;/sf/af6 :jtGq /xg / o;sf] :jtGqtf k|efljt ug{ ;Sg] ljlQo lgoGq0fdf
g/xg' x'g5
] .
#= :ki6 sfof{bz
] lagf jf:tljs :jtGqtf x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] /fli6o ;+:yfsf]
;b:oxsf] sfof{bz
] ;'lglZrt ug{ ltgLxsf] lgo'lQm cflwsfl/s sfg'gcg';f/
ul/g]5, h;n] sfof{bz
] sf] lglZrt cjlw :yflkt ug]5
{ . ;+:yfsf] ;b:otfsf]
] gjLs/0f x'g ;Sg]5 .
ax'njfbsf] ;'lglZrttf eP;Dd of] sfof{bz
153
u= sfo{ ;~rfngsf k4ltx
k]l/; l;4fGt
c@
154
sfo{ ;~rfngsf] vfsf leq /xL /fli6o ;+:yfn] b]xfo adflhdsf sfo{x ug]5
{ .
-s_ cfgf] ;Ifdtf cGtu{t kg]{ s'g} klg k|Zgx Rffx] Tof] ;/sf/n] k]z u/]sf]
xf];\ jf pRr clwsf/Lsf] l;kmfl/; ljgf g} o;} ;+:yff/f u|x0f ul/Psf]
xf];\ jf o;sf ;b:ox Jff s'g} lgj]bssf] k|:tfj pk/ :jtgqtf k"js
{
ljrf/ ug]{ .
-v_ cfgf] ;Ifdtf leq kg]{ cj:yfxsf] d"Nofg ug{ cfjZos s'g} klg
lnvt jf ;"rgf k|fKt ug]{ / ;'gj' fO{ ug]{ .
-u_ vf;u/L cfgf] /fo / ;'emfjx ;fj{hlgs ug{ k|ToIf kdf jf k|;
] sf
s'g} klg cdfk{mt\ cfd ljrf/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ .
-3_ lgoldt kdf a}7s ug]{ / cfjZos ePdf lgod adf]lhd af]nfOP
cg'k o;sf ;Dk'0f{ ;b:oxsf] pkl:yltdf a}7s a:g] .
-_ cfjZostfcg';f/ cfgf] ;b:ox dWo]af6 sfo{ ;d"x :yfkgf ug]{ /
o;sf sfo{ ;~rfngdf ;xof]u ug{ :yfgLo jf If]qLo zfvfx :yfkgf
ug]{ .
-r_ dfgjclwsf/sf] k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] nflu lhDd]jf/, If]qflwsf/ ePsf
jf gePsf, cGo ;+:yfx -Vff; ul/ GofofwLs/0f, dWo:ystf{ / o:t}
cGo ;+:yfx_ ;Fusf] k/fdz{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] .
-5_ /fli6o ;+:yfxsf] sfo{ lj:tf/df u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfxn] v]ns
] f] cfwf/e"t
e'ldsf x]/L dfgjclwsf/sf] k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0f, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs
ljsf;, hftLe]b lj?4sf] ;+3if{, vf;u/L sdhf]/ ju{sf] ;+/If0fdf jf
ljz]if If]qdf -vf;u/L afnaflnsf, k|jf;L sfdbf/, z/0ffyL{x, zf/Ll/s
tyf dfgl;s kdf czQm ju{_ sl6a4 u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx;Fu+ ;DaGw
ljsf; ug]{ .
3 = cw{Goflos ;Ifdtf k|fKt cfof]usf] x}l;ot;DaGwL cltl/Qm l;4fGtx
c@
k]l/; l;4fGt
/fli6o ;+:yfnfO{ JolQmut cj:yf;DaGwL ph'/L / lgj]bgx ;'gjfO{ ug]{ / ljrf/

ug]{ clVtof/L lbg ;lsg]5 . JolQmx, ltgsf k|ltlglwx, t];f| ] kIf, u}/;/sf/L
;+:yfx, 68] o'lgog ;7gx jf cGo s'g} klg k|ltlglwd"ns ;7gxn] o;
;+:yf ;dIf ph'/L lbg ;Sg]5g\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfof]usf] cGo clwsf/x;Fu
;DalGwt dfly pNn]lvt l;4fGtxdf k|lts"n k|efj gkg]{ u/L ltgLxnfO{
;'lDkPsf] sfo{x lgDg l;4fGtxdf cflwl/t x'g ;Sg]5g\M
-s_ d]nldnfksf] dfWoodaf6 jf sfg'gdf pNn]lvt l;df leq /xL afWofTds
lg0f{oaf6 jf cfjZos ePdf ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg
vf]lhg] 5 .
-v_ cfj]bg ug]{ kIfnfO{ p;sf] clwsf/x, vf;u/L p;nfO{ k|fKt x'g] pkrf/x
af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg] / ltgLx ;dIf p;sf] kx'r
F k|a4{g ug]{ .
-u_ s'g} klg ph'/L jf lgj]bg pk/ ;'gjfO{ ug]{ jf sfg'gn] tf]ss
] f] l;dfleq
/xL ltgLxnfO{ cGo ;Ifd clwsf/L ;dIf k7fpg] .
-3_ ljz]ifu/L s'g} sfg'g, lgod, k|zf;sLo cEof;xn] JolQmxnfO{
pgLxsf] clwsf/ bfjL ug{ lgj]bg btf{ ubf{ ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ s'g}
cK7f/fx ;[hgf u/]sf] ePdf tL sfg'g, lgod / k|zf;sLo cEof;xdf
;+zf]wg jf ;'wf/x k|:tfj u/L ;Ifd clwsf/L ;dIf ;'emfjx k7fpg] .
155
12
P;f]l;P;g km/ b lk|eG] ;g ckm 6r{/

P;f]l;P;g km/ b lk|eG] ;g ckm 6r{/ -PkL6L_ h]ge] fl:yt :jtGq u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] .
:jL; Aof/ tyf jlsn lhg HofS; upl6o/n] !(&& df o;sf] :yfkgf u/]sf x'g\ .
PkL6Ln] To:tf] ljZjsf] kl/sNkgf ub{5 h;df ljZj dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ffkqdf
k|lt1f ul/Pe}mF s;}n] klg oftgf jf q"m/ tyf cdfgjLo Jojxf/ jf ;hfosf]
lzsf/ aGg' gk/f];\ .
PkL6L oftgf /f]syfd ug{] sfo{df PsLs[t tLgj6f p2]Zodf s]lGb|t /xG5M
!= ;+:yfdf kf/blz{tf
JolQmx lghL :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt x'g] u/]sf ;+:yfdf :jtGq lg/LIf0f e|d0f tyf
cGo ko{jI] f0f ;+oGqf/f aflx/sf] lg/LIf0f / hjfkmb]xLtfnfO{ a9fjf lbg' .
@= k|efjsf/L sfg'gL vfsf

oftgf tyf cGo b'Jo{jxf/ /f]syfd ug{sf lglDt cGt/f{li6o, If]qLo tyf /fli6o
sfg'gL dfGotfnfO{ ;j{q a9fjf lbg', cfb/ ug'{ / nfu" ug'{ .
#= Ifdtf ;'b9[ Ls/0f

lghL :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt JolQml;t ;/f]sf/ /fVg] /fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o ;/f]sf/jfnf
1fg tyf /f]syfdsf] cEof;k|ltsf] k|lta4tf j[l4 u/L ltgsf] IfdtfnfO{ ;'b9[ t'Nofpg' .
P;f]l;P;g km/ b lk|eG] ;g ckm 6r{/
kf]=a= @@^&!@!! h]ge
] f @ :jL6\h/Nof08
kmf]g $! @@ (!( @! &) ofS; $! @@ (!( @! *)
O{d]n M apt@apt.ch j]e;fO6 M www.apt.ch
cfly{s ;xof]u

Torture Control Mechanism

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Torture Control Mechanism

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/fli6o ;+oGq;DaGwL lg0f{osf] k|lqmof

ePsf JolQmh:tf hf]lvddf /x]sf hg;+Vofsf nflu sfo{/t ;+:yfxnfO{ klg

ljBdfg lgsfosf d"n ljz]iftfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ lj:tf/k"js

;a} ;xefuLnfO{ b]zsf y'gf :ynsf] cg'dflgt ;+Vof, cfsf/ / cjl:yltsf]

5nkmndf ;/sf/L clwsf/L, gful/s ;dfh, /fli6 o dfgjclwsf/

/fli6o ;+oGq;DaGwL lg0f{osf] k|lqmof

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/fli6o ;+oGq;DaGwL lg0f{osf] k|lqmof

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o; cfn]vsf] p2]Zo :jtGqtfaf6 jl~rt ul/Psf JolQmx /flvPsf :yfgxdf

o;kl5 nuQ}sf v08xdf xfdL oL tLgj6f wf/0ffxsf] ;"Id cWoog k|f/De

#=!=! /f]syfd e|d0f

tof/ kfl/g] lj:t[t ;'emfjxsf] cfwf/df clwsf/Lx;Fu ul/g] /rgfTds

/fli6o tyf cGt/f{li6o lj1xnfO{ ljgf k"j3

p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

#=!=@ lgoldt e|d0f

e|d0f 6f]nLnfO{ aGbL / clwsf/LaLr /rgfTds ;+jfb :yfkgf u/L To;nfO{

sfod /fVg ;dy{ agfpF5,

#=!=# e|d0f k|0ffnL

sfof{Gjog;DaGwL sfg'gdf Pp6f To:tf] k|fjwfg ;dfj]z x'g'k5{ h;n]

p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

#=!=$ PkL6Lsf ;'emfj

pQm sfg'gsf] k|of]hgsf] JofVof u/L oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3+ Lo dxf;lGwsf]

#=@ sxfF e|d0f ug]{ <

@= o; cfn]vsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu :jtGqtfaf6 ljd'v eGgfn] s'g} klg Goflos

oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

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#=@=@ If]qflwsf/ tyf lgoGq0f

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p2]Zo tyf sfof{bz

kmf}hL ;xdlt;DaGwL ;lGwsf] ljBdfg x}l;otcGtu{t /fHo kIfsf] e"efudf

#=@=# cglws[t y'gf :ynx

kn] cfb]z glbPsf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs clVtof/l;t ufFl;Psf sf/0fxaf6

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oftgf lj?4 /fi6;3

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