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8,4
8,3
7,9
8,3
8,9
9,2
8,7
8,5
10
10,1 10,2 9,5
9,0
7,9
7,3
7,1
8,1
9,2
10,0 10,1 10,1
20
11,1 10,6 9,4
7,7
5,9
5,0
5,3
6,5
8,1
9,4
10,6 11,1
30
11,5 10,1 8,2
5,7
3,7
3,0
3,4
4,7
6,6
9,3
10,2 11,7
40
10,8 8,3
6,2
3,7
1,5
0,9
1,6
2,9
4,8
6,8
9,4
11,2
50
7,8
5,9
3,8
1,8
-0,4
-0,8
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0,7
2,9
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8,4
60
7,0
5,0
2,9
1,0
-1,5
-2,3
-2,2
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1,2
4,0
7,0
7,5
2,4
0,5
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-1,9
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-06
0,6
2,2
90
90
28
,
.
,
: (1)
(), (2)
, (3) .

.
.

.
, . .
10.7 Kcal. cm-2 20
, 11.7 Kcal. cm-2,
30 .

.
.

, .
:

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,
,
.
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29
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, Kcal/cm2/month (KLangleys/month)
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.

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.
30
.11.
, Kcal/cm2/month (KLangleys/month)
.12.
Kcal/cm2/year (KLangleys/year)
, 140 Kcal. cm-2. year-1
( .12)
.
31

40-50 , ( .11).
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32
2.2

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1858, ,
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18 ( 1701).

.

. (World Meteorological
Organization)
37
1961-1990,

.

,
. :
(1) () ()
24 ((MAX-MIN)/2).
(2) 24. O 24
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.
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(
1997) ( 1997). .2,
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39
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40

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41
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42
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(.. Jan Mayen, =71N)
43

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44
45

.4,
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=
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( + 10)
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100 ( ), .
46
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,
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,

.
0.60 0.65 C 100 .
.. 1000
15 C, 0
15 +6 ( 6.5) = 21 ( 21.5) C.
,
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47
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49

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58 C (),
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.

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2-10-2003 ( ,
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51
( , ).
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6.5 C / 1000 .

(
.1)
.
.
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, .
,
, .8.
, ,

.
,
.
52
.1.
(m)
(C)
(hPa)
0000
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000
19000
20000
21000
22000
23000
24000
25000
26000
27000
28000
29000
30000
31000
32000
33000
34000
35000
15.0
8.5
2.0
-4.5
-11.0
-17.5
-24.0
-30.5
-37.0
-43.5
-50.0
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-56.5
-55.5
-54.5
-53.5
-52.5
-51.5
-50.5
-49.5
-48.5
-47.5
-46.5
-45.5
-44.5
-41.7
-38.9
-36.1
1013
900
800
700
620
540
470
410
360
310
260
230
190
170
140
120
100
90
75
65
55
47
40
34
29
25
22
18
16
14
12
10
8.7
7.5
6.5
5.6
53
(kg/m3)
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.91
0.82
0.74
0.66
0.59
0.53
0.47
0.41
0.36
0.31
0.27
0.23
0.19
0.17
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.088
0.075
0.064
0.054
0.046
0.039
0.034
0.029
0.025
0.021
0.018
0.015
0.013
0.011
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54

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55
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56
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57

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1931 -1997.
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1.
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2.

( 1933-1938, 1944-1952,
1959-1963 ..) (1939-1943 )

1970-1997,
,
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3. ,
1961-1990, 15,73 C,
,

( .10
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1969

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1939-1943,
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58
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.11. .
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1961-1990. .11,
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, 1858-2002, .

. 1998
145 ,
.
2002. 1998 0.66 C .

1998 El Ninio
.
.
59
0.51 C,
+1.02 C.
.11,
1858 1940
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1977,
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63
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1). .
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2500 Joules/gr .
2). .
.
-600 cal/gr -2500 Joules/gr .

3). .
.
680 cal/gr 2833 Joules/gr .
4) .
.
80 cal/gr 333 Joules/gr
.2
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64
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66
750 hPa, 230 hPa

4
32 hPa.
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,
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(es)
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.3.2. ()

,
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:
= (1.06 e)/ (1 +0.0037 t) ,

t = e mmHg.

,
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, .

.
.
67
45
(gr/m3)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
35
.3. .
.3.3. (q)

.
q = 0.622 e /(p-0.378e),
p = e mmHg.
III.3.4.
,

.

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68

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35
70
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40
30
Td
10
20
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10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
.4. (RH), ()
(Td) (1-9-97).
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, ,

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100 (RH = 100 e/es).
69
24 .4,

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.

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2000 .
(2) , 2000 - 7000
(3) , 6000 .
(4) ,
, .
:
1. (stratus), ,
2.
(cirrus), ,
76
3.
(cumulus),
4.
(nibus), ,
.

.
,
. 10
- , . 10
.1. ,
, 100.
.1. 10 .
Cirrus (Ci)
Cirrocumulus (Cc)
Cirrostratus (Cs)
Altocumulus (Ac)
Altostratus (As)
Nimbostratus (Ns)
Stratocumulus (Sc)
Stratus (St)

Cumulus (Cu)
10
Cumulonimbus (Cb)
.4.2.1. .
77
.4.2.1.1. stratus
(stratus)
, .

. ,

. stratus
, . ,
, stratus.
,
. , , ,
( ).
.4.2.1.1.1. stratus
1. Cirrostratus (): ,
6000 .
.
,
.
,
. cirrostratus

24 , .
2. Altostratus
(): -
2000-7000 . altostratus
.

.
. altostratus

.
78
3. Nimbostratus ():
2000
, , .
.
.
-
, .

,
. stratofractus.
4. Stratocumulus (): ,
,
2000
,
. sratocumulus
.
,
.
III.4.2.1.2. cumulus
(cumulus)
cumulus
,
.
2000 .
,
, cumulus (cumulus congestus).
, ,
(cumulonimbus),
.
79
cumulonimbus cumulus congestus
, 2000 ,
17000 , .
.4.2.1.2.1. cumulus
1. Altocumulus (): 2000
7000 ,
.
,

cirrocumulus.
.

.
2. Cirrocumulus ():
6000
, .
,
cirrostratus.
.
.
3. Stratocumulus ():
cirrus.
4. Cumulonimbus (): .
nimbus
.
cumulonimbus
,
, .

cumulonimbus mammatus. ,
.
80
.4.2.1.3. cirrus
cirrus () ,
6000 .

. cirrus
.
.
.

1) Cirrostratus,
2) Cirrocumulus .

Power Pint .
.5.

.1, ,
()
(, ) . ,
, .
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81
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82
.5.1.

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.

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mm. ,
.
.
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, +2-+36 mm/h >+3 mm/h.
.5.2.

, .
,
0 C 300
, .

, .
,
83
.5.3.

.

.

0.5 10 ( .5)
.5.
.5.4.

0.5 mm,
.
. ,
1000 ,
500-1000 ,
500 .
84
.5.5.

.

( .6).
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.5.6.
,

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85

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/m2.
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.

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14.000.000 m3.
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86
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.

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250
.
(725 mm)
(715
)
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
.8. .
90

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91
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92
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.10,
, 1946-1997.

, 457.025 mm
. 1977 , 1987 ,
52 .

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V = 100 ( / x )
93
(1)

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.
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R .

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95
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96
.
. EL NINIO
IV.1
,
,

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. ,
, ,
.
,

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.

.

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. . ,
40% , 60%
.

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.
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97
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. ,
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V.1 16
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.
.
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98
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99

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.
.
.
101
(2)
, . ,

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.
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,
. ,
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.
102
V.3 El Ninio
El Ninio
.

,
.

.

60-65 .
.

.

.
.

.

.
, ,
, .

.
El Ninio.

.
El Ninio.
103
El Ninio,
.
, ,
.

Walker.
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. .

,
(),

, , .
4 5 Walker,
, , /
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15, 8 15.
Walker
. ,
,
.

(SO)

Darwin
() Tahiti. Tahiti - Darwin ,

Darwin ,
, El Ninio.
SOI ( South Oscillation Index),
104
El Ninio
El Ninioness.

. multivariate ENSO Index.
El Ninio +1 ( -1
SOI)
IV.2 (),
Walker,
.

, ,
.
.
,
.
,
.

.
El Ninio
. ,

,
, .
Walker (
IV.2, ), El Ninio.
El Ninio

.
105
IV.2. Walker,
: )
(), ) El Ninio (), ) La
Ninia ().

( IV.2,
). El Ninio
106

,
.

IV.2 () El Ninio
. .
.
El Ninio
, ,

. El Ninio La Ninia.
El Ninio,
La Nia
.
,
La Ninia
, .
Walker,
IV.2 ().
La Ninia,

,
. ( IV.2,
). La Ninia,
.
.
,

.

El Ninio
107
,
:
1) NINIO 1-2. 0 10
80 90 .
2) NINIO 3. 150 90 5
5 .
3) NINIO 3-4,
120 170 .
4) NINIO 4, 5
5 160
150 .
El Ninio
, ,
,
El Ninio.

, , ,
.
El Ninio ,
, .

.
El Ninio
108
V.3.
1950-1998, El Ninio.
109
90, El Ninio,
,
4 - 7 ,
IV.3,
1950-1998, 4
El Ninio .
4 5 .
El Ninio. ,
El Ninio
1983 1998 1973.
( )
NINIO -4.
110
V.
V.1
,
,
,
. ,
..
20 m/s.

, ,
.

,
. ,
, ...,
, ..
.
.

.

.

,

. ,
111

.
,
, ,
.

, .
V.1.1.
,
,
.

, .
.

- -

1400
. 3 - 6 m/s
(1-2 m/s).
50-60 Km, 1-2 Km. , ,
150 km.
, ,
.
24
.

, ,
.

.
112

,
.
.
,

.
, ( V.1, ),

(- ).
V.1. () () .

( V.1, ) .
(-
).
V.1.2.

, .

, ,
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,
,
113

.
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.
.
.
,
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,
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.
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,
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.
,
, (
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V.2.
114
, ,
, .

,

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,
,
,
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,
,
115

.
,
,
.

.
, (, ,
, , , )
, ,
,
, , ...,
.

.

.
.
300 19 m/s.
45 m/s.
,
, .
.
V.1.3

, ,
,
, , ...

.
116
V.1.3.1. Foen: , ,
, .
5 - 7
/Km. ,
, 10 /Km ( V.4).

,
.
, Fhn
.
(lenticularis).
V.4.
Fhn. (a): , (b):
900 mbar, (700 mbar),( c ):
.
117
,

.
(10
C/1000m) ,
(~ 6 C/1000m)

.
,

. V.4
3000 ,
500 .
V.5
foen,
15
95% 15% ,
.
V.5.
Altdorf 13-19 1967.
118
,
.

. Chinook
.
Zonda, ,
.
,
.
,
,
.

,
. ,
( 1600-2000 )
2500- 4000 . , Otta 250 300 .
V.1.3.2. Bora:
,
.
, Bora
.
,
, .
.
,
.,
.
V.1.3.3. Mistral:
,
119
.

. Mistral
,
Cevennes
.
Bise () .
,

.
V.1.3.4. :
.
.
, , Sirocco, ,
Ghibli, Khasmin Samun.

, Altostratus Altocumulus .
V.2.

.

. ,

.
.
,
,
.
. , , , ,
120
,
,
.

, .
,

,
. . ,
0.55 ppm, 0-2 m/s,
:
(m/s)
(ppm)
0-1.9
0.55
2-3.9
0.39
4-5.9
0.30
6-7.9
0.26
8-9.9
0.25

.

.

,
.
,
,
,
.
.
121

, .
,
. , ,
,
24.
,
,
.
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(
). , ,
,
. ,
,

.
.
V.6.
V.6,
.
,

122
.
, .
, ,
, .

.

.
,

.
,
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V.7.
,
,
,
.
.
,
,
.
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123

.

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, ,
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,
( Bernoulli).
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.
,
.
.
,

124
.
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( V.9,).

( V.9,). ,
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.

VI.1.
125
.

.

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.
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.
,
.
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,
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,
.

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.

30 , ,
.

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.

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.
.

126
.
,
.
,
.

,
.

,
,
, ,
,
.
.

,. :
(1)
,
.

(Principal
Component Analysis) (Cluster

Analysis).

.
(2) ,

.
(3) ,
,
127
.

.

.
,
.
,

.
VI.2.

.
.
.. Flhn, Alissov ...
, Koeppen, Thornthwaite de Martonne.
.
Kppen, , ,

V.2.1. Kppen

20 ,
. Vladimir Kppen (1846-1940)
1918
.
128
Kppen,
, .
Kppen
. :
(1) - ,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4) ,
(5) .

, .
Kppen
.
Kppen
. ..
18 C,
10 C.
,
.
- .
A, B, C, D, E H,

. A, C, D, E
, ,
( > ),
.
, ,
.
.
, .
C .
129
D .
,
,
.
,
f, m, w, s, W, S, F T. f, m, w, s, W, S
, F
.
a, b, c, d, h k,
.
, ,
, .. ,
,
.
, Koeppen :

18 C
60
<60 mm 10 (R/25)
< 10-(R/25)

130
70% 6
, R < 2T + 28
70% 6
, R < 2T

70% , R < 2T + 14
W
R < 0.5 ,
< +14, < + 7 <
R :
2 + 28 <R< + 14, 2 + 14 <R< + 7 2 <R<
h
18 C
< 18 C
C
18 C,
0 18 C
s
<30mm 1/3

1/10

>30mm
a
> 22 C
< 22 C 4
>10C
< 22 C 1-3
>10C
D
> 10 C,
0 C
s
<30mm 1/3

1/10

131
>30mm
a
> 22 C
< 22 C 4
>10C
< 22 C 1-3
>10C
<-38 C

10 C
10 0 C
0 C

10C,
( 1500 )
: C
R
V.2.1.1

:
(1) , A
C D F . : = (2 T + 28), 70%
(- .
). = (2T + 14), . = 2T
( - ). T
.
, R cm . R<K ,
(), R>K, A, B, C, D F.
R = K .
132
(2) R<,
.
S
W .

2. K=T+14, K=T+7
K=T. R>K BS, ,
R<K , BW.
,
.
18 C, BWh BSh
( ).
18 C,
BWk BSk.
(3) R>, , (, , C, D, E)

.
(4) ()
18 C, , .
0 18 C, ()
>10 C, C,
. >10 C, < 0 C, D,
. <10 C
.
(5) :
Af
60
mm .
Am,
.
6 cm, 10 -(R/25) , R =
cm.
133
Aw , ,
10 - (R/25).
(6) C
,
:
. Cs.
() 30 mm (rd < 30 mm).
(rw) ()
, rw>3rs.
22 C, a,
. Csa,
( ). 22 C,
4 10 C,
Csb,
( ).
Cw.
1/10 . > 22 C
Cwa, .
22 C Csb, Swb,
.
Cf.
30 mm . 22 C,

Cfa, .
22 C Csb,
Cfb, . 22 C
1-3 10 C,
Cfc, .
(7) D,
:
, Df,
30 mm. 22 C
134
Dfa ( ).
22 C 4 10
C, Dfb, .
22 C, 1-3 10 C,
Dfc, .
-38 C, Dfd,
.
, Dw, ,
1/10 ,
: Dwa,
, 22 C. Dwb,
, 22 C 4
10 C. Dwc,
, 22 C 1-3
10 C. Dwd,
,
-38 C.
(8) :
0
10 C, .
0 C, EF,
.
(9) , <10 C,
, 1500 ,
.

V.1.
135
V.1.
136
V.2.2 -
, VI.1,

.
,
,
.
, ,
,
.

. , ,
.

,
.

2000
.

.
,
.
,
. , ,
,
.

,

.
137
( ,
),
, .

, , .
( -m )
( - c). :
(1) , (m = cA = )
()
(2) , (mP, cP)
(3) , T (mT, cT) ,
(4) ,
, .

,
.

, ,
.

.
V.2,

, V.2
. ,
, , .
V.3 ,
.
138
,
,
.
VI.2. .
139
V.3

V.3.1 (f)

. ,
.
V.3, ..
(. ), , ...

25 28 C
(, ), 3 C
8 11 C.
1500 mm .
.
cT, ,
.

,
,

.

,
(. ,
).
140
VI.3 ().
141
VI.3 .
142
V.3.2 (Am)
,

. ( V.3)
, , , ,
.

, (
). 1500 2000 mm
.

15 .

.

.
.
18 C.
V.3.3. (Aw)

,
.

700 1500 mm.

.
. V.3
143
,
, , .
, , ,
.
cT
,
. , ,
() .
.

()
().
18 25 C.
, ,
10 45 C .
V.3.4. (W) (S) .

.
.
.
100 mm .

, ,
.
.

,
.

:
144
(1) (BWh) (BSh) .

.
20 - 25
. ,
- .
, ,
. ,
V.3 , ,
, , ,
. BWh,
BSh.

.
(2) (BWk) (BSk) .

.
- , -
.

.
. (
V.3) , .
,
. (100 - 200
mm
)
. ,

.
145
V.3.5
, (Cs).
.
,
, (),
, ,
. ( V.3).

, .

, .

.
, .
()
.
, .
.
( )
, .
,

...

.
.
45 C, -30 C,
.
146
,

, .

.
.
350 - 1000 mm.
, Moulya
200 mm,
, Kotor , 5000 mm.
.,
.

, 2000 mm (
) 350 mm.
,
.

.
De Martone 4
:
(1) . ,
.
.
.
, , ,
.
, .
(2) . ,
.
- .
, . .
147
(3) . .
,
. , , .
.
(4) . , ,
,
. ,

, ,
[
.
V.3.6.

( V.3), .
40 -60 , . , 42 65
, , .
. ,
.
; ,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
.
. , Bergen ,
-16 C, -25
C.

,
.
15 20 C,
, ,
38 C. ()
148
0 C,
. 13 C.

, .
.
500 4500 mm
.

, .
.
, .
.

, ,

.
,

.
V.3.7.

. .
( V.3) 35 60 .
,
.
.
,
, ,
150 .
.
149
(1) . (Dfb). ( V.3)

. , ,
. ,
, . ,
, ,
.
. , ,
-9.9 C 19.0 C.
-50 C.
370 - 630 mm.

cP .
(2) (Dfa).
.

. ,
, , ( V.3).
, .
cP mP,
. mP, mT cT
.
.
. Zagreb ..
22.0 C 0.2 C. 5001250 mm.
.
.
,
.
150
V.3.8. (Dfc)
,
, ,
.

( V.3).
cP .
.
. 6 - 8
-18.0 C.

.
-68 C
(-63 C) ,
.

10 C 20 C,
, 60 C.
60 - 90 .

,
.
500 mm
. .

.
.
151
V.3.9. (Dfd, Dwd)

, .
, , .
.
cP cA
. ,
, ( )
( V.3).

.

. 10 ,
50 60 C.
0 10 C.
25 C , 15 20 C.
; 200 400 mm ,
1200
mm. ,
.
,
.
, ,
V.3.10. ()
,
.
,
.
152

.
. ,
,
,
,

.
(),
,

.
.

. ,
,
.
-70 C,

. ,
.
( ) -33 C.
.
, ,
-30 -45 C, ,
-40
-72 C.
-94 C,
1965 .
150
-40 C.

153
.
.
, ,

.

.
.
50 500 mm
.

, .
.
320 Km/h,
Denison .

V.3.11

,
1000

1000 .

.

.
,

. .
154
,
,
, , ,
. ..
.. Csa

..

Dfa.
Csa,
.

1500
, , , .
,
.
,
.
.

.
VII.
155
,
, , ,
. ,
, .
,
28 40
. , , ,
, , .

,
3700 .

,
,
.
,
, .

.
, Vi,
:
1.
2. ,
,
45C
(, , ), ,
, -25C
(,
),
.
3. ( )
4.
156
,

.
VII.1

, .

.
( VII.1).

.
521
W 36 10 E,
3700 . 45 10 ,
31. 1700
, 2.500.000 .

150
1961-1990.
10 W 40 30 50
.
,
, ,

,
.
, .
,
, .
,
, .
157

, 2
.
VII.2
,
.
(
),
, -,
, .
, coriolis,
.
(,
, , ,
,
768 mm ,

765 mm.

,

,
, .

.
158
159

,

.
,
.
VII.1,
( ),
( ).
, ,
,
, ,
.
, .
,
, . ,
,
.
,
,
.
VII.3

.

, ,
.

,
.
160

. ,
VII.2,
, 400 .

,
4000 .
VII.2.
100

. , 300 ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
, ,

. 10 C,
2-4 C. VII.2
,
.
161
,
.

. ,
, ,
-
, ,
. , ,
.
,
, 20C,
( VII.5).
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
.
,
,
11C
,
( VII.4).
, ,
VII.3, 4, 5 6.
.

.
162
VII.3
( )
163
VII.4
( )
164
VII.5 (
)
165
VII.6.

( )
166

,
.
, ,
, ,
)
.
, ,
, .
,
.
,
( VV.3 VII.4)
11 12 C ,
,
, .
-.
17 C,
. - ,
18 C, ,
20 C.
( VII.5
VII.6),
16 C,
.
.
, 28C

22C, .
VII.4
,
,
,
167
,
.
,

. :
)
, .
.
)
, .
)
( ) ,
) ,
.

,
.

VII.7 VII.1,
.
, VII.7
-.
,
.
, -,
.
168
VII.7. ( hPa)
169
VII.8. ( hPa)
170
VII.9. ( hPa)
171
172

.

,
.

, .

, 1015 hPa,
, ,

.
.
, 1023 hPa , .
VII.8,
, -.

. -,
,
.

,. 1010 hPa
().
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
.

.
173
,
.
, .
, VII.9,
.
.

, ,
,
.
.
,
.

.

, .

,

.

.
( VII.8)
.
( VII.10)
.
,
.
. ,
, .
174
,
.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.

.
,
, -,
,
, - .
.

,
,

,
.
VII.5

.
( VII.11)
,
, , , ,
.
175
VII. 11.
,
.
, ,
.

,
, ,
VII.12,
.
,
,
, ( VII.16).
, .
,
(
VII.11).
.
176
VII.12. M

, ,
, ,

.

, .
.
,
, ( VII.11)
,

.
,
,
, ,
.
177
, .

.
.
, - ,
,
,
.

,
,
, .
VII.13 ,

,
.
VII.13, , ,
,
.
178
, .

,
.

, .
, ,
.
13C
3C .
,
,
, 30 C (
28C, -25 C,
12.8 C).
.
,
,
.
VII.14. ,
179

,
. VII.14,
,
33 C,
. ,
, , ,
20 C.
,
24C 27 C ,
.

,
,
.
VII.5. .
,
(, , ), (, ),

47.2 C
180
( = 48.0 C).

,
.
, , ,
1987 1500 ,
2003 15.000 .
,
VII.15, 21 C
13 C .
,
,
.

,
15 19 C.
VII.6

.
.,

(Westerlies)
().
,
VII.16.
VII.12.

.
.

.
181
Hadley,

.
, 3000
,
VII.16. (MF)
.

.
, .,
, ,
20
. 50-60%
90% .
,

8-10 1999,
182
.
.
2003.

.
3C
.
VII.3 VII.13.

,

(convective instability) .
(mP)
,
(mA), (5-8 ).

.
, ,
35 .
,

, ,
20 .

, -
. 1963,
.

., 9%
. 17%
-

. (74%) ,
183
() .

,
(mP) .

,

, 5 25
.

, .

(cT), ,
VII.16.

15C. ,

, VII.7,
(c) .

,
(cP) .
,

, .
184
VII.17. .
185
,
, ,
.
,
,
.
, 25%
. 48%
.
( VII.7).
, , ,
( VII.17).
.
2-7/, 1012/ 15 /.

(-), ,
.
()
,
,
,

.
, ,
,

..

, . , , . ,
.
.
186

, .

, .
VII.18.
VII.18,
. ,
-
.
, . ,
,
. ,
.
.
VII.19, ,
1961-1990.

. ,
.
187
VII.18.
188
. :

1000 .

.
,
,
.

,
400 600 .
,
,
.
150
1500 1500 .

.
.
650 , 1800
.
3000 5000
.
, ,
1000 .

, .

.
1000 .
,
.
189
500-900 , .

400-650 .
150-350
,
, 750 .
190
19
7 ()
,
28-30 , 2004.
7TH PANHELLENIC (INTERNATIONAL) CONFERENCE OF

METEOROLOGY, CLIMATOLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC
PHYSICS
Nicosia 28-30 September, 2004.
PROCEEDINGS
( A& VOLUMES A&)

Cyprus Meteorological Association
Meteorological Service of Cyprus
Hellenic Meteorological Society
University of Cyprus
. .
Editor: Dr. Silas Chr.Michaelides
2005
November 2005
7 () ,
7th Panhellenic (International) Conference of Meteorology, Climatology and Atmospheric Physics

. 1, . 1,2
1
, ,
2
,
,
,
. ,
(). ,
,
.
, ,
( )
.
: )
, .
) ,
(. , ,
. ). ,
. )
,
. , ,
. )
,
.
SUNSHINE DURATION IN GREECE

A. MATZARAKIS1, V. KATSOULIS1, 2
1
Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg, Germany

2
Laboratory of Meteorology, University of Ioannina
ABSTRACT
In this study, the annual and seasonal geographical distribution of the bright sunshine
duration over the Greek region is statistically analysed and examined, on the basis of monthly
data. Then, the mean monthly percentage of the duration of bright sunshine, with respect to the
maximum possible duration (theoretical duration) is investigated. Furthermore, mean annual
and seasonal duration of bright sunshine have been determined from empirical formulae. In
addition, the differences between actual and estimated average annual and seasonal sunshine
values are also accounted for.
The most pronounced conclusions obtained are: a) The annual march of sunshine is a
simple one giving a maximum in July and a minimum in January or December. b) The
geographical distribution of the annual and seasonal bright sunshine duration shows minimum
values in the interior mountain areas of the Greek region (Western Macedonia, Epirus, Central
Greece), increasing gradually towards the coasts of the Ionian and Aegean seas as well as from
north to south. c) The outmost maximum sunshine values occur in the southeastern islands of
the Aegean Sea and over the southern coasts of the Crete, followed by the Attica and
surrounding coastal areas, the islands of the eastern Aegean Sea and the southwestern coastal
and island parts of the Ionian Sea. d) The estimated sunshine duration values and their spatial
and temporal distribution appear to have quite good agreement with actual bright sunshine
duration.
- 531 -
7 () ,
1.
,
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
. ,
,
, .
,
,
(, 1907-1908; , 1938; , 1963; Met.
Office, HMSO, 1962; Reiter, 1975).
,
Livathinos (1926), Mariolopoulos Livathinos (1938), Van der Stok (1942)
Riehl (1944) , ,
( 08:00, 14:00 20:00), ,
= 8 (1
(1)
, = ( 1 8), = =
. ,
( . / ).
40 , ,
Campbell-Stokes 35
. ,
,
.
, 10 1960,
,
(Livadas, 1969, 1970; Livadas and Flocas, 1972; Livadas and Karakostas, 1975;
Livadas et al., 1975; Pennas, 1976), (
et al., 1974; Catsoulis, 1978; , 1979; Macris, 1976; Katsoulis and
Leontaris, 1981).
,

.
2.
, ,
37
().
Campbell-Stokes,
1930 - 1990.
1,
(.. , ). ,

RayMan (Matzarakis et al., 2000),
, ,

.
- 532 -
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, (
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1997; et al., 1998).
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,
(Furmage, 1970).
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.

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,
(Riehl, 1944).
,
(Macris, 1976)
, (, 1995).
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,
, /

(Catsoulis, 1978). ,
Ray Man (Matzarakis et al., 2000)
:
, (),
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(),
. () ( 1 (19) 570
(2830)),
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(3430)).
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:
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- 535 -
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Y = 2248.2-0.2429+0.1350-0.1511+0.2177+1.3585,
Y = 303.1-0.1457-0.0067 +0.1149- 0.0619+0.3132,
Y= 579.1-0.1091+0.0271 -0.0100+0.0607+0.3182,
Y= 877.7-0.0691+0.0700 -0.2745+0.1179+0.3741,
Y= 488.3-0.0572+0.0446 +0.0185+0.1010+0.3530.

1, ,
, (0.5) . ,
,
.
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.

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6.
5.
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1.
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. (
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3.
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- 536 -
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1. 2.
, , (
( ).
).
3. 4.
, , ( ).
( ).
- 537 -
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5. 6.
, ( ).
( ).
4. ,
, ,
,
, .
, ., 1907/1908: . . 1 2, .
, ., 1963: . . . .
, ., . , . , 1974:
. . . , , ,
. 38.
, ., . , 1979: .
. 6, . . ().
, ., 1938: .
, A., 1995: .
, .
Catsoulis, B. D., 1978: Sunshine duration and empirical formulae for average sunshine values,
in Greece. Bul. Hell. Meteor. Society Vol. 3, No. 3, 22-32.
Furmage, D. E., 1970: A method of adjusting sunshine averages at an obstructed site taking into
account obstructions and diurnal variation of sunshine. Met. Mag. 99, 61-68.
Katsoulis, B. D., S. Leontaris, 1981: The distribution over Greece of global solar radiation on a
horizontal surface. Agric. Meteorology, 23, 217-229.
Livadas, G., 1969: Sunshine duration in Thessaloniki (I). Publ. of the Meteorol. Institute, No. 1,
Maths. Section of Ioaninna Univ. Campus.
Livadas, G., 1970: Sunshine duration in Thessaloniki (II). Publ. of the Meteorol. Institute, No. 3,
Maths. Section of Ioaninna Univ. Campus.
Livadas, G., A. Flocas, 1972 : Sunshine duration in Thessaloniki, Greece, II, Meteorologika,
No. 15, Publ. Univ. of Thessaloniki.
Livadas, G., T. Karakostas, 1975: Sunshine duration in Athens (I). Meteorologika, No. 47,
Publ. Univ. of Thessaloniki.
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7 () ,
Livadas, G., P. J. Pennas, Th. Maldoyiannis, 1975: Sunshine duration in Ioaninna, Greece.
Meteorologika, No. 46, Publ. Univ. of Thessaloniki.
Livathinos, A., 1926: Linsolation en Grce. Ann. de lbs. Nat. dAthenes. T. IX.
Macris, G., 1976: On the distribution of solar energy (estimated from sunshine hours) in
Greece. Hypomnemata of the Nat. Obs. Of Athens, Serie II, Meteorology No. 43.
Mariolopoulos, E., A. Livathinos, 1938: Atlas climatique de la Grce, Nat. Obs. Athenes.
Matzarakis, A., . Mayer, 1997: Heat stress in Greece. Int. J. Biometeor. 41, 34-39.
Matzarakis, A., C. Balafoutis, H. Mayer, 1998:
. Proc. 4th Panhellenic Congress on MeteorologyClimatology-Physics of the Atmosphere, Athens September 1998, 3, 477-482.
Matzarakis, A., F. Rutz, H. Mayer, 2000: Estimation and calculation of the mean radiant
temperature within urban structures, WCASP-50, WMO/TD No. 1026, 273-278.
Meteorol. Office, HMSO, 1962: Weather in the Mediterranean, 1 and 2.
Pennas, P. J., 1976: Sunshine duration in Crete. Meteorologika,No 65, Publ. Univ. of
Thessaloniki.
Reiter, E. R., 1975: Handbook for forecasters in the Mediterranean. Tech. Paper No. 5-75,
Environmental Prediction Research Facility, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 344 p.
Riehl, D., 1944: The Climatology of the Mediterranean Basin. Chicago Univ. Press.
Van der Stok, J. P., 1942: On the relations, between cloudiness of the sky and the duration of
sunshine. Kon. Acad. Van Wetenshappen et Amsterdam. XIV, 31-37.
- 539 -
20
21
22
23
24
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(...

3, : flavedo albedo. flavedo ,

... (. 13, 3).

-1. 19-09-2003 (0600 UTC)

() UV-A ( ) 0.315 - 0.40

UVC, 0.25 -0.27 ,

UV-B (0.28 - 0.30 ).

10,1 10,4 9,7

10,2 10,7 10,6 10,4 9,7

10,1 10,2 9,5

10,0 10,1 10,1

11,1 10,6 9,4

11,5 10,1 8,2

1959-1963 ..) (1939-1943 )

2002. 1998 0.66 C .

-600 cal/gr -2500 Joules/gr .

750 hPa, 230 hPa

= (1.06 e)/ (1 +0.0037 t) ,

100 (RH = 100 e/es).

cumulonimbus cumulus congestus

() Tahiti. Tahiti - Darwin ,

1983 1998 1973.

Component Analysis) (Cluster

(1) (BWh) (BSh) .

(1) . (Dfb). ( V.3)

V.3.9. (Dfd, Dwd)

7TH PANHELLENIC (INTERNATIONAL) CONFERENCE OF

SUNSHINE DURATION IN GREECE

Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg, Germany

: 14, 2009 1:01 pm

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