Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Head and Neck
Head and Neck
Head and Neck
Nose
Nose is the only portion of the RT that is externally visible
CT, bone, hyaline cartilage
pg 1023
Vestibule
Superior to nostrils Skin lined with:
Sebaceous glands
Greasy secretion Collect dirt Lubricate Kill bacteria
Sweat glands
Acidic Slows growth of bacteria
Hair follicles
Trap small particles of dirt
Vibrissae
pg 1013
Nasal Cavity
Functions:
Provides airway for respiration Moistens and warms air Filters inhaled air Resonating chamber for speech Houses olfactory receptors
2 divisions:
External nose Internal nasal cavity
pg 1023
Nasal Cavity
Divided into R and L by nasal septum Continuous with the nasopharynx through the internal nares (choanae)
pg 992
Nasal Cavity
Boundries:
Roof ethmoid bone (cribiform plate) Floor maxilla (palatine process) palatine (horizontal plate) Lateral walls nasal bones, superior and middle nasal conchae of ethmoid bone, inferior nasal conchae, maxilla, palatine bone
Hard palate
Palatine bones and maxillary bone
Soft palate
Skeletal muscle posterior portion End in uvula
Venous plexus Function is to filter and warm inhaled air Highly innervated
Sneeze!
Olfactory Mucosa
Roof of nasal cavity Houses smell receptors No goblet cells Cilia modified for olfaction
Nasal Conchae
Project medially from each lateral wall 3 structures:
Superior of ethmoid bone Middle of ethmoid bone Inferior
Functions:
Create turbulence to increase:
Filters air Heats air Moistens air Reclaim heat and moisture during exhalation
pg 1023
Paranasal Sinuses
Air filled cavities that surround the nasal cavity Lined by mucosa Perform same function as nasal cavity and lightens skull Located in Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, Maxilla bones
pg 1018
Pharynx
Connects the nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus Extends from base of skull to level of C6 vertebra Common passage for food and air Lined with skeletal muscle Divided into:
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
pg 992
Tonsils
Lymphoid organ
MALT
Swellings of the mucosa lining the pharynx Form ring around the entrance to the pharynx 4 groups: Palatine Lingual Pharyngeal Tubal pg 992 Remove pathogens
Nasopharynx
Location:
Posterior to nasal cavity Inferior to sphenoid bone Superior to level of soft palate
ONLY an air passageway Closed off during swallowing by the soft palates uvula
Giggling!
pg 992
Oropharynx
Location:
Posterior to the oral cavity Extends inferiorly from level of the soft palate to level of the esophagus
Swallowed food and inhaled air pass through here Stratified squamous epithelium Contain:
Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils
pg 992
Laryngopharynx
Location:
Lies posterior to larynx Continuous with the esophagus and larynx
pg 992
Larynx
Voice box Extends from C4 to C6 Attachments: pg 1001 Hyoid bone superiorly Continuous with trachea inferiorly Functions: Vocalization Provides open airway Switches to route air and food into proper channels Innervation: Vagus Superior part = stratified squamous epithelium Below vocal cords= ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Larynx
All hyaline cartilage except epiglottis Composed of 9 cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments:
1 Thyroid 1 Cricoid 1 Epiglottis 2 Arytenoid 2 Corniculate 2 Cuneiform
pg 1001 pg 1000
Laryngeal Cartilages
Thyroid Cartilage
Large Shield shaped Formed by 2 plates Contains laryngeal prominence
Adams Apple!!
pg 998
Laryngeal Cartilages
Cricoid
Inferior to thyroid cartilage Forms a complete ring Directly superior to trachea
pg 998
Laryngeal Cartilages
Epiglottis
Composed of elastic cartilage Covered by mucosa Projects upward from anterior wall of laryngeal inlet to level of base of tongue Close off larynx during swallowing
pg 999
Vocal Cords
Located in the larynx Mucosal folds formed by vocal ligaments
Composed of elastic fibers Run from arytenoid cartilages (posterior) to the thyroid cartilages (anterior)
Thyroid Gland
Location:
In anterior neck On trachea, inferior to larynx
2 lateral lobes
Connected by the isthmus Butterfly shape
Calcitonin
Depresses excess levels of Ca+ in blood
pg 966
Thyroid Gland
Internally, composed of follicles
Follicular cells
TH
Parafollicular cells
Calcitonin
Blood supply
Superior thyroid arteries
Branches of external carotids
Parathyroid Gland
Two pairs Located on the deep surface of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland Produce parathyroid hormone
Increases blood calcium levels
pg 966
Hyoid Bone
Location:
Inferior to mandible In anterior neck
Functions:
Moveable base for tongue Points of attachment for larynx and neck muscles
Sternohyoid, thyrohyoid,
pg 803
Mouth
Tongue Teeth
pg 992
pg 1041
Boundaries:
Lips anteriorly Cheeks laterally Palate superiorly Tongue inferiorly Oropharynx posteriorly
Mouth
Lips (labia) and Cheeks
Keep food inside mouth during chewing Composed of skeletal muscle surrounded by skin Lips formed by orbicularis oris muscle Cheeks; Muscles of Mastication
Temporalis & Masseter (elevate mandible, close mouth) Buccinator (chewing) Digastric (lower mandible against resistance, opens mouth) Pterygoids (lateral movements)
Tongue
Functions
Grips and moves food between teeth during chewing Mixes food with saliva = BOLUS Moves bolus down pharynx Speech production Houses taste buds (= gustation)
Creates floor of mouth Attachments: hyoid, mandible, styloid process, soft palate Made of Skeletal muscle with a CT septum
pg 1037
Intrinsic muscles (change shape; rolling) Extrinsic muscles (movement; protrude, retract) Motor = Hypoglossal (CN XII) Sensory = Mandibular (CN V3), Facial (CN VII), Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
Moving Bolus
Swallowing voluntarily initiated (pharynx) Peristalsis = propulsion
Involuntary Alternate waves of contraction and relaxation of muscles in organ walls (e.g. esophagus) Squeezes food from one organ to next Some mixing
www.answers.com
pg 1043
Salivary Glands
Compound tubuloalveolar glands Intrinsic salivary glands
In mucosa of tongue, palate, lips and cheeks Keeps mouth moist at all times
pg 863
Salivary Glands
Produce saliva
Mixture of water, ions, mucus and enzymes Moistens mouth Dissolves food for taste Binds food into a bolus Enzymes digest starch Bicarbonate buffer neutralizes acids Kill microorganisms Contains proteins to promote growth of beneficial bacteria
pg 1046
Teeth
Gomphosis
Synarthrosis Peg in socket with ligament
The sockets (alveoli) are in gum-covered margins in mandible and maxilla Periodontal ligaments (collagen fibers) anchor tooth in bony socket
Continous with gingiva (gum)
Teeth Substances
Enamel
Made of calcium salts Avascular, acellular Not renewed or replaced HARDEST substance in body!!!!
Dentin
Underlines enamel Forms bulk of tooth Made of minerals and collagen Maintained during life Harder than bone
Cementum
Calcified external surface Attaches tooth to periodontal ligament
Teeth
Regions:
Crown
Covered with enamel Projecting into oral cavity
Pulp cavity
Center of tooth Loose CT with vessels and nerves Supplies nutrients to hard tissues
Teeth
Root Canal
Portion of the pulp cavity in the root
Apical foramen
Opening into the root canal at the tip of each root
Blood supply
Superior/Inferior Alveolar artery, branches of External Carotid artery
Innervation
Maxilla = Superior Alveolar Nerves Mandible = Inferior Alveolar Nerves
Teeth at Birth
Number of erupted teeth = 0 Jaws covered by gingiva (gums)
Lots of drooling!!!
pg 1056
X 2 = 20
****No premolars!
Adolescence Adult
Permanent teeth enlarge and develop
Roots of deciduous teeth reabsorbed Teeth loosen and fall out Begin to erupt from 7-13 years of age Third molars (wisdom teeth) emerge from 17-25 years
May be absent!!
X 2 = 32
Tooth Troubles
Cavities (caries)
Demineralization of enamel by bacteria In severe cases, erodes the dentin of tooth Most severe cases erosion penetrates pulp cavity
Tooth Troubles
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gingiva caused by plaque accumulation Leads to.
Periodontitis
Infection of periodontal ligament leading to its destruction along with the bone around the teeth Leads to toothlessness!
Contents:
Nerves: accessory nerve, phrenic nerve, brachial plexus Artery: Subclavian Vein: External jugular
pg 948
Contents:
Glands: Submandibular Muscles: Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles Artery: Common carotid Vein: Internal jugular, External jugular Nerve: Accessory
pg 954