Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BG-Cong Nghe Moi Truong C Hong
BG-Cong Nghe Moi Truong C Hong
MC LC
MC LC ........................................................................................................................... 1
PHN 1: CNG NGH X L KH THI ................................................................ 3
CHNG 1. Nhng khi nim c bn .......................................................................... 3
1.1. Thnh phn, cu trc v tiu chun v cht lng mi trng khng kh ............... 3
1.2. Cc ngun gy nhim mi trng khng kh ......................................................... 6
1.3. Cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng khng kh .................................................... 10
1.4. nhim th cp nh hng n kh hu ton cu .................................................. 16
CHNG 2. Cc gii php phng chng v x l nhim khng kh .................. 22
2.1. Gii php quy hoch .................................................................................................. 22
2.2. Gii php cch li v sinh ........................................................................................... 22
2.3. Gii php cng ngh k thut ................................................................................... 23
2.4. Gii php thng gi ...................................................................................................... 23
2.5. Gii php x l cht thi ngay ti ngun.................................................................. 26
CHNG 3. Cc phng php v thit b x l bi ................................................ 27
3.1. Khi nim chung v bi phn loi bi ................................................................... 27
3.2. Cc phng php x l bi ....................................................................................... 28
CHNG 4. Cc phng php x l hi v kh c ................................................ 45
4.1. Khi qut chung ......................................................................................................... 45
4.2. X l kh v hi bng phng php hp th ............................................................ 45
4.3. X l kh v hi bng phng php hp ph ........................................................... 50
4.4. X l kh v hi bng phng php thiu t ......................................................... 55
4.5. X l kh v hi bng phng php ngng t ......................................................... 58
PHN 2: CNG NGH X L NC THI ......................................................... 60
CHNG 5. Mt s vn c bn lin quan n nc thi .................................. 60
5.1. Ngun gc, lu lng v thnh phn nc thi .......................................................... 60
5.2. Mt s ch tiu nhim c trng trong nc thi ................................................. 65
5.3. Cc bin php k thut bo v ngun nc ............................................................. 67
CHNG 6. Cc phng php x l nc thi ....................................................... 69
6.1. Cc bc v phng php x l nc thi v bn cn trong nc thi ................. 69
- 2 -
6.2. S dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi .......................................................... 77
6.3. Cng trnh x l bn cn ......................................................................................... 100
CHNG 7. Cc v d x l nc thi ..................................................................... 103
7.1. Qui trnh x l nc thi thnh ph ....................................................................... 103
7.2. Qui trnh x l nc thi bnh vin ........................................................................ 104
7.3. Qui trnh x l nc thi cng nghip thuc da .................................................... 106
7.4. Qui trnh x l nc thi nh my giy.................................................................. 108
7.5. Qui trnh x l nc thi nh my bia .................................................................... 110
7.6. Qui trnh x l nc thi nh my ng .............................................................. 111
PHN 3: CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN .............................................. 113
CHNG 8. Ngun gc, phn loi cht thi rn th ......................................... 113
8.1. i cng v cht thi rn ...................................................................................... 113
8.2. Ngun pht sinh, phn loi cht thi rn th ..................................................... 115
8.3. Lng cht thi rn th pht sinh ....................................................................... 117
8.4. Thnh phn ca cht thi rn .................................................................................. 118
8.5. Tnh cht ca cht thi rn ...................................................................................... 120
8.6. Cht thi rn nguy hi.............................................................................................. 124
CHNG 9. Thu gom, tp trung v vn chuyn cht thi rn ............................ 126
9.1. Thu gom cht thi rn .............................................................................................. 126
9.2. Chn tuyn ng thu gom vn chuyn................................................................. 130
9.3. Trm trung chuyn ................................................................................................... 132
CHNG 10. X l cht thi rn th .................................................................. 135
10.1. C s la chn phng php x l....................................................................... 135
10.2. Cc phng php x l cht thi rn .................................................................... 135
10.3. Thu hi, ti ch v ti s dng cht thi rn th.............................................. 151
TI LIU THAM KHO .............................................................................................. 135
- 3 -
PHN 1: CNG NGH X L KH THI
CHNG 1. NHNG KHI NIM C BN
1.1. THNH PHN, CU TRC V TIU CHUN V CHT LNG MI
TRNG KHNG KH
1.1.1. Thnh phn kh quyn
Kh quyn l hn hp ca khng kh kh v hi nc. Hi nc thng c
nh gi theo m (% ). Cn khng kh kh cha b nhim c thnh phn ch yu
khong 78% Nit, 21% Oxy v khong 1% cc kh nhim khc nh CO
2
, CO, SO
2
,
NO,
Nhng thc t thnh phn ca khng kh b thay i kh ln do cc hot
ng ca con ngi thi ra nhiu loi kh thi khc nhau trong qu trnh sn xut v
sinh hot nn hm lng cc cht nhim tng ln ng k, nh hng trc tip n
i sng con ngi.
1.1.2. Cu trc kh quyn
Kh quyn ca Tri t c c im phn tng r rt:
- Tng i lu (0-10km): l lp khng
kh st b mt Tri t. Cht lng
khng kh y s nh hng trc tip
n sc khe ca con ngi. Tng i
lu hu nh trong sut i vi bc x
sng ngn ca Mt Tri, nhng thnh
phn hi nc trong tng ny hp th
rt mnh tia phn x sng di t b mt
t, t sinh ra s xo trn khng kh
theo chiu ng, hnh thnh ngng t
hi nc v xy ra cc hin tng my,
ma, gi, bo,... Tng ny chu s bc
x nhit t b mt tri t rt ln, nn
nhit s gim theo cao, khong
0,5-0,6
0
C/100m.
-60
o
C
Tng trung lu
Tng bnh lu
50km
10km
-100
o
C
1200
o
C
0
o
C
27
o
C Nhit (
o
C)
Tng i lu
90km
cao (km)
Tng nhit
Hnh 1.1. Phn tng kh quyn
- 4 -
- Tng bnh lu (10-50km): Tng ny tp trung kh nhiu hm lng kh ozon, hnh
thnh tng ozon, n hp th mnh cc tia t ngoi ca Mt Tri trong vng 220-
330nm, v th nhit khng kh dng li, khng gim na, n cao 20-25km li
bt u tng v t tr s khong 0
o
C cao 50km.
- Tng trung lu (50-90km): y cn gi l tng ion (tng in ly). Di tc dng
ca tia t ngoi sng cc ngn, cc phn t b ion ha:
O + h O
+
+ e
O
2
+ h O
2
+
+ e
Trong tng ny nhit khng kh gim dn theo t l bc nht vi cao v
t tr s khong -100
o
C, nhit ca kh quyn thp nht cao khong 8590km.
- Tng nhit (>90km): y l tng trn cng ca kh quyn, khng kh rt long vi
mt phn t 10
13
phn t/cm
3
, trong lc mt bin c mt 5x10
19
phn t/cm
3
.
Nhit trong tng nhit s tng theo chiu cao v t tr s khong 1200
o
C cao
700 km.
1.1.3. n v o v tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng kh
a. n v o:
nh gi hm lng cht nhim trong mi trng khng kh ngi ta
thng xc nh khi lng ca cht nhim chim bao nhiu so vi khi khng kh.
V d: trong 1m
3
khng kh th cht nhim nhim s chim bao nhiu cm
3
.
- i vi cc kh nhim thng o bng n v phn trm (%), phn triu (ppm),
phn t (ppb), hoc cm
3
/m
3
, mg/ m
3
, mg/l,...
- i vi bi, thng xc nh trng lng ca n cha trong 1 m
3
khng kh, nn c
n v o l mg/ m
3
, g/ m
3
,..
b. Tiu chun cht lng mi trng khng kh :
Cc cht nhim trong mi trng s nh hng n i sng v sc khe ca
con ngi, do vy nhm m bo sc khe con ngi v bo ton cc h sinh thi, c
quan bo v mi trng qui nh cc cht nhim thi vo mi trng khng c
vt qu gii hn cho php, n c biu hin qua nng gii hn cho php, nng
ny thng c thay i cho ph hp vi iu kin pht trin kinh t x hi ca
tng khu vc.
- 5 -
Bng 1.1. Mt s gi tr nng gii hn cho php ca mt s kh nhim:
CHT NHIM
NNG
TI A
(mg/Nm
3
)
CHT
NHIM
NNG TI
A (mg/Nm
3
)
Ct A Ct B
Bi tng 400 200 Axetaldehyt 270
Bi cha Silic 50 50 Anilin 19
Cacbon oxyt 1000 1000 Benzen 5
Clo 32 10 Clorofom 240
Axit clohydric 200 50 Etylen oxyt 20
Nit oxyt (tnh theo NO
2
) 1000 850 Metanol 260
Hydro sunfua 7,5 7,5 Naphtalen 150
Dioxyt lu hunh 1500 500 Phenol 19
Flo, HF, hp cht ca Flo 50 20 Toluen 750
ng v hp cht ng 20 10 Styren 100
Km v hp cht km 30 30
Vinylclorua
20
Ch v hp cht ch 10 5
Vinyltoluen
480
Ngun: Trch QCVN 19: 2009/ BTNMT v QCVN 20: 2009/ BTNMT
Ghi ch:
- Mt khi kh thi chun (Nm
3
) l mt khi kh thi nhit 25
0
C v p sut tuyt
i 760 mm thy ngn.
- Ct A quy nh nng ca bi v cht v c lm c s tnh gi tr ti a cho php
trong kh thi cng nghip i vi cc c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v
cng nghip hot ng trc ngy 16 thng 01 nm 2007, vi thi gian p dng n
ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2014.
- Ct B quy nh nng ca bi v cht v v lm c s tnh gi tr ti a cho php
trong kh thi cng nghip i vi:
+ Cc c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v cng nghip hot ng k
t ngy 16 thng 01 nm 2007.
+ Tt c cc c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh doanh, dch v cng nghip vi thi
gian p dng k t ngy 01 thng 01 nm 2015.
- 6 -
1.1.4. S nhim mi trng khng kh
S nhim mi trng khng kh l qu trnh thi cc cht nhim vo mi
trng lm cho nng ca chng trong mi trng vt qu tiu chun cho php,
nh hng n sc khe con ngi, cc ng thc vt, cnh quan v h sinh thi.
Nh vy, cc cht nhim thi vo mi trng m nng ca chng cha
vt qu gii hn cho php, cha nh hng n i sng sn xut ca con ngi v
h sinh thi th c th xem l cha nhim mi trng.
Do vy, cn phi xc nh nng ca cc cht nhim trong mi trng ri
so vi tiu chun cho php xc nh mi trng b nhim hay cha, hoc
nhim gp my ln tiu chun cho php.
1.2. CC NGUN GY NHIM MI TRNG KHNG KH
1.2.1. Phn loi
Hin nay s nhim mi trng khng kh c th do nhiu nguyn nhn khc
nhau, chng rt a dng v kh kim sot. nghin cu v x l c th phn thnh
cc loi ngun nh sau:
* Theo ngun gc pht sinh:
- Ngun t nhin: do cc hin tng thin nhin gy nn.
- Ngun nhn to: do cc hot ng ca con ngi gy nn.
* Theo c tnh hnh hc:
- Ngun im: ng khi ca cc ngun t ring l, ca cc nh my,...
- Ngun ng: tuyn giao thng.
- Ngun mt: bi rc, h nhim.
* Theo cao:
- Ngun cao: Cao hn hn cc cng trnh xung quanh (ngoi vng bng rp kh ng).
- Ngun thp: Xp x hoc thp hn cc cng trnh xung quanh.
* Theo nhit :
- Ngun nng: Nhit cao hn nhit mi trng xung quanh.
- Ngun lnh: Nhit thp hn hoc xp x bng nhit mi trng xung quanh.
Ch cn qua s phn loi nh vy l ta c th bit c qu trnh nhim ca
cc ngun gy ra i vi mi trng nh th no. Trn c s s c bin php hu
- 7 -
hiu nht x l v trnh c mc nguy him ca chng gy ra i vi cuc
sng ca con ngi.
1.2.2. Ngun nhim do thin nhin
Gi thi s tung bi t t b mt t vo khng kh, hin tng ny thng
xy ra nhng vng t trng khng c cy ci che ph, c bit l cc vng sa mc,
chng c th mang cht nhim i rt xa, gy nhim cho c nhiu khu vc.
Nhng ni m thp s l mi trng thun li cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin
mnh, n khi tri kh hanh chng s pht tn theo gi vo mi trng ri thm nhp
vo c th ngi qua con ng h hp, gy ra cc bnh v da, mt v ng tiu ha.
Ni la hot ng mang theo nhiu nham thch v hi kh c t lng t
vo mi trng, c bit l cc kh SO
2
, CH
4
v H
2
S.
Rng b chy nhiu cht c hi bc ln v lan ta ra mt khu vc rng ln.
Nhng cht c hi l: khi, tro bi, cc hydrocacbon khng chy, kh SO
2
, CO
,
NO
x
.
S phn hy t nhin cc cht hu c, cc xc cht ng thc vt s to ra
nhiu mi hi v kh c i vi sc khe con ngi. Sn phm phn hy thng sinh
ra l H
2
S, NH
3
, CO
2
, CH
4
v sunfua.
S pht tn phn hoa, bi mui bin, bi phng x trong t nhin,... u l
nhng tc nhn khng c li cho cuc sng ca con ngi v cc sinh vt.
Tng khi lng cht thi do thin nhin sinh ra l rt ln, nhng n thng
phn b u trong khng gian bao la nn nng ca n khng cao, v li con ngi
sng u th thch nghi vi mi trng t nhin , do vy s nh hng ca
chng i vi cuc sng ca con ngi l khng ng k, nhng cc hot ng ca
con ngi lm gia tng thm hm lng cht nhim vo mi trng th s nh
hng s rt nghim trng.
1.2.3. Cc ngun nhim nhn to
Hu ht cc hot ng ca con ngi u to ra cht thi, cht nhim vo mi
trng, c bit l trong sinh hot, cng nghip v giao thng.
a. Ngun thi do sinh hot
- 8 -
Hng ngy con ngi s dng mt khi lng kh ln cc nhin liu t nh
than, ci, du, kh t un nu v phc v cho cc mc ch khc. Trong qu trnh
chy chng s tiu th oxy ca kh quyn, ng thi to ra nhiu khi bi, kh CO,
CO
2
,... Nhng cht thi ny thng tp trung trong khng gian nh hp (nh bp), s
thot kh ra ngoi chm chp nn to ra nng ln trong khng gian sng ca con
ngi.
Ngoi ra, cc hot ng sinh hot ca con ngi cn to ra nhiu rc thi, thc
n hoa qu tha, l mi trng thun li cho cc vi trng gy bnh pht trin, trong
qu trnh phn hy s gy ra nhiu mi hi, chng c th pht tn vo mi trng theo
gi v vo c th ngi theo ng h hp.
V vy, trong sinh hot cn c bin php thng thong hp l, v sinh sch s
c mt mi trng sng trong lnh hn.
b. Ngun thi do giao thng vn ti
Vi s tin b ca khoa hc cng ngh, con ngi to ra nhiu thit b my
mc c gii, th hin bng nhng dng xe c nm np trn ng ph, chng chy
bng xng du nn sinh ra nhiu khi, cc kh CO, CO
2
, NO v HC ,... s nh hng
ny ph thuc ch yu vo cht lng ca xe c lu thng trn ng. Xng pha ch
cng l mt tc nhn nh hng rt ln n sc khe con ngi.
Khi xe lu thng trn ng ph s tung bi t t b mt ng vo mi
trng khng kh, iu ny ph thuc ch yu vo mc v sinh v s thng thong
ca ph phng.
Ngun giao thng c c im l pht tn theo dng tuyn, l ngun thp, nn
s nh hng ca n tp trung ch yu khu vc dn c hai bn ng ph, do vy
cn phi c bin php trng cy xanh ngn cn bt s pht tn cht nhim ti cc
cng trnh hai bn.
c. Ngun thi do sn xut cng nghip
Mt xu hng i ngc vi cht lng mi trng l qu trnh th ha, cng
nghip ha, l qu trnh gim bt din tch cy xanh v sng h, th vo l
nhng ngi nh cao tng, nhng nh my cng nghip vi cc ng khi tun thi nghi
- 9 -
ngt cc cht nhim khc nhau lm cho cht lng mi trng khng kh khu
th nh hng rt ln.
Cc cht thi ca khu cng nghip rt a dng, s nh hng ca chng n
mi trng cng khc nhau, do nghin cu th cn xt c th cho tng loi nh
my.
- Nh my nhit in: Thng dng than v du chuyn nhit nng thnh in nng
nn trong qu trnh chy thng sinh ra nhiu kh c v to ra mt lng tro bi ln
(khong 10-30 mg/m
3
). Cc bi than, cc bng ti ca nh my u l ngun gy
nhim nng. c im chnh ca nh my nhit in l c ng khi thi cao (80-
250m) nn s pht tn ca cht nhim c th i xa n 15 km, s nhim ln nht l
cch ng khi khong 2 n 5 km theo chiu gi.
- Nh my ha cht: Thng sinh ra nhiu loi cht c hi th kh v rn. Cc cht
ny khi pht tn trong mi trng c th ha hp vi nhau to thnh cc cht th cp
rt nguy hi i vi mi trng. Nh my t khi c ng khi thi cao (thng di
50m), ch yu thi qua ca mi, ca s v ca ra vo; cht thi c nhit thp nn s
nhim ch yu tp trung ti nhng khu vc ln cn nh my.
- Nh my luyn kim: Cc cht nhim sinh ra gm rt nhiu kh c (CO
x
, NO
x
, SO
2
,
H
2
S, HF,...) v bi vi cc kch c khc nhau do qu trnh chy nhin liu, qu trnh
tuyn qung, sng, lc, p nghin,... Nhit kh thi kh cao (300-400
o
C, c khi n
800
o
C hoc hn na), ng thi vi ng khi thi cng kh cao (80 - 200m) nn to
iu kin cho cc cht nhim khuch tn i ln v bay xa, gy nhim trong c mt
khng gian rng ln.
- Nh my vt liu xy dng: l cc nh my nh xi mng, gch ngi, vi, xng
b tng,... chng thng sinh ra nhiu khi, bi t v cc kh CO, NO
x
, SO
2
,... S
nhim ca cc nh my ny ch yu ph thuc vo cng ngh sn xut, mc x
l cht thi trc khi thi vo mi trng; nhng hin nay c nhiu vng nng thn
cn tn ti nhiu l gch, ngi, vi vi cch thc t th cng nn gy nhim rt ln,
nh hng khng nh n sc khe con ngi v nng sut cy trng, vt nui khu
vc .
- 10 -
1.3. CC TC NHN GY NHIM MI TRNG KHNG KH
C th ni cc cht nhim trong mi trng tn ti rt nhiu dng khc
nhau, nhng c th c xp thnh 2 loi chnh sau:
- Kh : SO
x
, NO
x
, CO
x
, H
2
S,... v cc hi c.
- Rn : tro, bi, khi v cc Sol kh.
1.3.1. Cc kh gy nhim mi trng khng kh
a. Kh CO
x
: (CO: cacbon monoxit; CO
2
: cacbon dioxit).
CO
x
l kh khng mu, khng mi v khng v. Sinh ra do qu trnh chy khng
hon ton ca cc nhin liu c cha cacbon (than, ci, du):
C + O
2
CO
x
- Vi CO : Tr lng sinh ra hng nm l 250 triu tn / nm. Hm lng CO trong
khng kh khng n nh, chng thng bin thin nhanh nn rt kh xc nh c
chnh xc.
Khi CO thm nhp vo c th ngi theo con ng h hp, chng s tc dng
thun nghch vi oxy hemoglobin (HbO
2
) tch oxy ra khi mu v to thnh
cacboxyhemoglobin, lm mt kh nng vn chuyn oxy ca mu v gy ngt:
HbO
2
+ CO HbCO + O
2
CO tc dng vi Hb mnh gp 250 ln so vi O
2
.
Triu chng ca con ngi khi b nhim bi CO thng b nhc u, tai,
chng mt, bun nn, mt mi. Nu b lu s c triu chng au u dai dng, chng
mt, mt mi, st cn. Nu b nng s b hn m, co git, mt xanh tm, chn tay mm
nhn, ph phi cp.
Thc vt t nhy cm vi CO, nhng khi nng cao (100 - 10.000ppm) s lm
xon l cy, cht mm non, rng l v km hm s sinh trng ca cy ci.
- Vi CO
2
: c li cho cy ci pht trin trong qu trnh quang hp nhng gy nn hiu
ng nh knh lm nng bu kh quyn ca Tri t.
b. Kh SO
x
: (SO
2
: Sunfua dioxit; SO
3
: Sunfua trioxit).
Ch yu l SO
2
, l kh khng mu, c v hng cay, mi kh chu. SO
2
trong
khng kh c th bin thnh SO
3
di nh sng Mt Tri khi c cht xc tc.
- 11 -
Chng c sinh ra do qu trnh t chy nhin liu c cha lu hunh, c
bit l trong cng nghip c nhiu l luyn gang, l rn, l gia cng nng.
Hm lng lu hunh thng xut hin nhiu trong than (0,2-0,7%) v du
t (0,5-4%), nn trong qu trnh chy s to ra kh SO
2
:
S + O
2
SO
2
Tr lng ca SO
2
l khong 132 triu tn/ nm, ch yu l do t than v s
dng xng du.
SO
2
s kch thch ti c quan h hp ca ngi v ng vt, n c th gy ra
chng tc ngc, au u, nu nng cao c th gy bnh tt v t vong.
Trong khng kh SO
2
gp nc ma d chuyn thnh axit Sulfuric (H
2
SO
4
).
Chng s lm thay i tnh nng vt liu, thay i mu sc cng trnh, n mn kim
loi, gim bn sn phm dng.
Thc vt khi tip xc vi SO
2
s b vng l, rng l, gim kh nng sinh trng
v c th b cht.
c. Kh NO
x
: (NO: nitric oxit ; NO
2
: nit dioxit).
NO
x
thng xut hin nhiu trong giao thng v cng nghip. Trong khng kh
nit v xy c th tng tc vi nhau khi c ngun nhit cao > 1100
o
C v lm lnh
nhanh trnh phn hy:
N
2
+ xO
2
t> 1100
-- 2NO
x
Tr lng NO
x
sinh ra khong 48 triu tn / nm (ch yu l NO
2
).
NO
2
l kh c mu nu, khi nng 0,12 ppm th c th pht hin thy mi.
NO
x
s lm phai mu thuc nhum vi, lm cng vi t, ni lng v gy han r
kim loi.
Ty theo nng m NO
2
m cy ci s b nh hng nhng mc khc
nhau:
- Nng khong 0,06 ppm c th gy bnh phi cho ngi nu tip xc lu di.
- Nng khong 0,35 ppm thc vt s b nh hng trong khong 1 thng.
- Nng khong 1 ppm thc vt s b nh hng trong khong 1 ngy.
lm ln non
- 12 -
- Nng khong 5 ppm c th gy tc hi n c quan h hp sau vi pht
tip xc.
- Nng khong 15 50 ppm gy nh hng n tim, phi, gan sau vi
gi tip xc.
- Nng khong 100 ppm c th gy cht ngi v ng vt sau vi pht tip xc.
Vi NO
2
l tc nhn gy ra hin tng khi quang ha.
d. Kh H
2
S:
H
2
S cn gi l Sunfur hydro, l kh khng mu, c mi trng thi.
H
2
S sinh ra do qu trnh hy cc cht hu c, cc xc cht ng thc vt, c
bit l cc bi rc, khu ch, cng rnh thot nc, sng h nhim v hm l khi
thc than.
Tr lng H
2
S sinh ra khong 113 triu tn / nm (mt bin 30 tiu tn, mt
t 80 triu tn, sn xut cng nghip 3 triu tn).
H
2
S c tc hi l gy rng l cy, thi hoa qu v gim nng sut cy trng.
i vi con ngi, khi tip xc vi H
2
S s cm thy kh chu, nhc u, bun
nn v mt mi. Nu tip xc lu s lm mt kh nng nhn bit ca khu gic, t
tn hi n h thn kinh khu gic v ri lon n kh nng hot ng bnh thng
ca cc tuyn ni tit trong c th, cui cng dn n bnh thn kinh hong ht tht
thng. Ngoi ra n cn kch thch tim p nhanh, huyt p tng cao khin nhng ngi
mc bnh tim cng nng thm.
- nng 150 ppm s gy tn thng n c quan h hp.
- nng 500 ppm s gy tiu chy v vim cung phi sau 15-20 pht tip xc.
- Nu nng cao (700-900ppm) n c th xuyn qua mng ti phi, gy h
m v t vong.
e. Kh Ozon:
Ozon c k hiu l O
3
, n l sn phm ca cht cha oxy (SO
2
, NO
2
v
andehyt) khi c tia t ngoi ca Mt Tri kch thch:
NO
2
1u t ngo
-- NO
+ O
O + O
2
O
3
Kic tic
- 13 -
Ngoi ra, di tc dng ca tia t ngoi Mt Tri chiu vo phn t O
2
s phn
tch chng thnh nguyn t oxy (O), cc nguyn t oxy ny li tng tc vi phn t
O
2
to thnh O
3
: O
2
+ hv O + O
O + O
2
O
3
Ozon sinh ra v mt i rt nhanh, n ch tn ti trong khong vi pht. Ozon tp
nhiu cao 25 km (tng bnh lu), nng khong 10ppm. Cn st mt bin,
nng ozon ch khong 0,005 - 0,007 ppm.
Ozon c tc dng to thnh l chn ngn cn tia t ngoi ca Mt Tri chiu
xung Tri t, iu tit kh hu ca Tri t, trnh gy nn nhng nguy hi i vi
i sng ca con ngi v cc sinh vt. Nhng nu nng ozon trong kh quyn qu
ln s gy nhim ozon v s nh hng trc tip n sc khe ca con ngi :
- nng 0,02ppm cha c tc ng gy bnh r rt.
- nng 0,3ppm mi v hng b kch thch, cm thy rt.
- nng 1-3ppm gy mt mi sau 2 gi tip xc.
- nng 8ppm gy nguy him i vi phi.
Ngoi ra O
3
cn nh hng ti qu trnh pht trin ca cc thc vt (c bit l
cy c chua, u,...), chng thng gy ra bnh m l, kh ho mm non.
Bn cnh ozon cn gy tc tc hi n cc loi si bng, si nilon, si nhn
to v hng mu thuc nhum, lm cng cao su.
Nu ozon qu cao cng s tham gia vo qu trnh lm nng ln ca Tri t,
khi nng ozon tng ln 2 ln th nhit trung bnh ca Tri t tng ln 1
o
C, gy
nh hng n kh hu ton cu.
f. Kh C
x
H
y
:
L hp cht ca hydro v cacbon (mtan, tylen, anilin,...).
L kh khng mu, khng mi.
Sinh ra do qu trnh t chy nhin liu khng hon ton, c bit l ti cc nh
my lc du, khai thc v vn chuyn xng du, s r r ng ng dn kh t,...
Ty vo hp cht ca chng m to ra cc cht nhim khc nhau v gy ra
nhng tc hi khc nhau:
- 14 -
-tylen (C
2
H
4
): gy bnh phi cho ngi, lm sng ty mt, c th gy ung th
phi cho ng vt. N cn lm vng l cy v cht hoi cy trng.
- Benzen (C
6
H
6
): N thng c dng trong k ngh nhum, dc phm,
nc hoa, lm dung mi ha tan du m, sn, cao su, lm keo dn dy dp. Trong
xng c t 5-20%. Khi benzen thm nhp vo c th theo h hp s gy ra bnh thn
kinh, thiu mu, chy mu rng li, suy ty, suy nhc, xanh xao v d b cht do
nhim trng mu.
g. Ch (Pb) v cc hp cht ca ch:
Ch xut hin nhiu trong giao thng v c s dng xng pha ch (khong 1%).
N l cht lng, bc hi nhit thp, c mi thm.
Ngoi ra, trong cng nghip luyn kim, n lot, sn xut pin, cng nghip ha
cht,... cng gy nhim ch rt ln.
Ch thm nhp vo c th ngi gy tc hi n no, thn, huyt qun v cng
nng to mu ca c th, thm ch nh hng xu n c quan sinh dc v kh nng
sinh sn ca con ngi, c bit l cc ph n mang thai, ch c th lm yu thai nhi,
d b sy thai.
Nguy him nht l cc tr em, nu b nhim c ch s nh hng n tr tu,
sinh ra bnh ng ngn v n gy c tnh i vi no. i vi ngi ln b nhim c
ch cng mc cc bnh thiu mu, vim thn, cao huyt p, thm ch c th vim thn
kinh trung ng v vim no.
h. Kh NH
3
:
NH
3
cn gi l amoniac, c trong khng kh di dng lng v kh. L kh
khng mu, c mi khai. Sinh ra do qu trnh bi tit ca c th, qu trnh phn hy
cht hu c, trong mt s cng ngh lnh s dng mi cht NH
3
, ti cc nh my sn
xut phn m, sn xut axit nitric,...
nng 5-10ppm c th nhn bit c amoniac qua khu gic.
Tc hi ca amoniac ch yu l lm vim da v ng h hp. nng 150-
200ppm gy kh chu v cay mt. nng 400-700ppm gy vim mt, mi, tai v
hng mt cch nghim trng. nng 2000ppm da b chy bng, ngt th v t
vong trong vi pht.
- 15 -
Ngoi ra, amoniac nng cao s lm l cy trng bch, lm m l v hoa,
lm gim r cy, lm cy thp i, lm qu b thm tm v lm gim t l ht ging ny
mm.
1.3.2. Bi v sol kh
Bi c sinh ra trong giao thng, cng nghip, hm l khai thc than v c
bit l trong mt s cng ngh sn xut c s dng cc nguyn vt liu sn sinh ra bi.
Nhng ht bi kch thc ln c kh nng gy chn thng bn ngoi c th nh da v
mt, nhng ht bi nh (<10m) th c th i vo c th theo con ng h hp. Bi
c kch thc >100m c th lng ng ri xung t di tc dng ca lc trng
trng.
Bi c nhiu loi khc nhau, chng c hnh dng, kch thc v thnh phn
khc nhau nn s gy nh hng khc nhau i vi cuc sng ca con ngi. C th
k ra mt tc hi ca mt s loi bi nh sau:
* Bi silic: Gy nguy hi i vi phi, gy nhim c t bo li du vt x ha cc
m lm gim nghim trng s trao i kh ca cc t bo trong l phi. Cng nhn
trong cc ngnh cng nghip khai thc than, khai thc , c gang, phun ct,... rt d
b mc bnh phi nhim bi silic.
* Bi aming: Cc ht bi aming thng c dng si, kch thc di ( 50m), n s
gy x ha l phi v lm tn thng trm trng h thng h hp. Ngoi ra n cn c
kh nng gy ung th phi.
* Bi st, bi thic: Gy nh hng phi nh hn cc loi bi khc, n lm m phim
chp phi bng tia X-quang. Bi ny khi i vo d dy c th gy nim mc d dy,
ri lon tiu ha.
* Bi bng, bi si lanh: Thng gy bnh h hp mn tnh, xut hin nhiu nng
dn trng bng, cng nhn khai thc, ch bin bng, cng nhn ngnh si dt. Bi c
c tnh gy d ng. Triu chng ban u ca bi l gy tc ngc, kh th nhng
chng qua khi sau mt thi gian nu ngng lm vic. Nu tip tc lm vic tip xc
vi loi bi trn th s suy gim chc nng h hp dn n tn thng nghim trng.
- 16 -
* Bi ng: gy bnh nhim trng da, bi tc ng cc tuyn nhn lm cho da b kh
gy ra cc bnh da nh trng c, vim da. Loi bnh ny thng cc th l hi, th
my sn xut xi mng snh s hay b nhim phi.
* Bi nha than: di tc dng ca nng lm cho da sng ty bng, nga, mt sng
, chy nc mt, gy chn thng mt, vim mng tip hp, vim mi mt.
* Bi kim, bi axit: c th gy bng gic mc, li so, lm gim th lc, nng hn
c th m.
* Bi vi sinh vt, bi phn hoa: Thng ma ma ti cc cng rnh, sng h thot
nc, bi rc... l nhng ni l tng cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin mnh, nhng n
khi nng kh chng s pht tn theo gi vo mi trng khng kh v con ngi h
hp phi s gy ra nhng trn dch gy bnh nht nh, c bit l cc bnh v mt v
ng tiu ha. Ngoi ra, s pht tn phn hoa cng l nguyn nhn gy ra cc bnh d
ng ngoi da, bnh mt,... hin tng ny thng xut hin mt s nc c rng
cy m hoa ca n khng thch ng cho mi trng sng ca con ngi.
trn l tc hi ca mt s loi bi i vi sc khe ca con ngi, ngoi ra bi cn
nh hng trc tip n thm thc vt, chng bm vo l cy, lm cy mt kh nng
quang hp, gim nng sut cy trng. Mt s loi bi cn gy cht cc t bo l cy,
lm cho cy kh vng v chy. Bi cn lm tng nhanh qu trnh bo mn cc chi tit
my mc, thit b trong qu trnh hot ng, lm h hng cc sn phm v dng
cn thit ca con ngi,...
1.4. NHIM TH CP NH HNG N KH HU TON CU
1.4.1. Ma axit
Khi ngnh cng nghip pht trin th trong khng trung s xut hin nhng trn
ma axit, l nc ma c pH thp (< 5,6) lm cho nc c v chua nh dm.
Nm 1948, cc nh khoa hc Thy in qua kho st cc trm quan trc nc
ma trong kh quyn pht hin ra nhng trn ma axit. Nm 1981 thnh ph Trng
Khnh (Trung Quc) cng xut hin ma axit, xt nghim cho thy nng trong
nc ma l 4,6; thp nht l 3. Chng nh hng nghim trng n cy trng v cc
cng trnh l thin.
- 17 -
S d c ma axit l v trong cc hot ng sn xut v sinh hot ca mnh, con
ngi t nhiu than v du m, trong khi thi c cha sunfua ioxit (SO
2
) v
nit oxit (NO
x
). Hai loi kh ny khi gp nc ma hoc hi m trong khng kh s
tng tc vi nc to thnh axit v gy ma axit:
SO
2
, NO
2
,... + H
2
O H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
,...
Thng thng, nu kh quyn hon ton trong sch, khng b nhim bi cc
kh SO
2
, NOx th pH ca nc ma khong 5,6 - tc l thuc vo axit do kh
CO
2
trong kh quyn tc dng vi nc ma theo phn ng:
CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3
H
+
+ HCO
3
-
H
2
CO
3
cn gi l axit cacbonic, l loi axit yu, phn ng trn l thun nghch
vi nng axit trong nc ma ph thuc vo nng CO
2
trong kh quyn.
Khi ma c nng pH 4,5 bt u c tc hi i vi c v thc vt. Khi
pH nh hn na th ma axit gy tc hi nguy him i vi ngi, ph hy cn bng
sinh thi, gy thit hi cho ma mng, ph hy rng v hy dit s sng.
Ty c ma axit lm thit hi 8% din tch rng vo nm 1982 v 34% vo
nm 1983.
Chu u, vo nm 1988 theo s liu theo di kho st trn 26 khu rng th c 22
khu b thit hi 30%, s cn li thit hi trn 50%. Tnh chung ton Chu u c n 50
triu ha rng b h hi - chim 35% din tch rng ton chu lc. Rng Ty-Nam Trung
quc b ma axit gy thit hi rt nng, c ni t l cy cht ln ti 90%. tnh H
Nam ma axit lm ma mng b tht thu v thit hi c tnh ln n 260 triu USD.
Canada c hn 4000 h nc b axit ha, cc sinh vt trong h u cht ht,
nn cc h nc gi l "h cht".
Ngoi ra, ma axit cn gy n mn v hy cc bc tng i, cc cng trnh th
k ngoi tri gy thit hi rt nng n. Ngi ta cn gi l hin tng "mt dn"
cc di tch lch s. Hin tng ny thng do axit sunfuric, v n c kh nng n mn
rt mnh, c th bo mn cc lp vi theo phn ng:
H
2
SO
4
+ CaCO
3
H
2
O + CO
2
+CaSO
4
Phn ng ny sinh ra thch cao nhng n tan trong nc ma v chim ch
nhiu hn vi.
- 18 -
Vi nhng tc hi nh vy i hi cc nc trn th gii phi c bin php
gim cc cht nhim gy ma axit. C th thng 11-1988 khi th trng chung
Chu u EEC a ra mc tiu ct gim lng pht thi SO
2
t cc nh my nhit in
xung cn 57% mc pht thi nm 1980 cho n nm 2003 v kh NOx xung 30%
cho n nm 1988. Mc ct gim pht thi SO
2
ca tng nc thnh vin EEC
c xc nh ph thuc vo mc gy nhim xuyn bin gii ca nc , trnh
pht trin cng nghip, thnh phn lu hunh trong ngun nhin liu a phng v s
n lc trong vic kim sot nhim c p dng trc nm 1980.
1.4.2. Hiu ng nh knh
Trong cc hot ng ca con ngi thiu t rt nhiu nhin liu c cha
cacbon, in hnh l sinh hot, cng nghip v giao thng. Tnh tng khi lng CO
2
sinh ra do t nhin liu l khong 2,5x10
13
tn/nm. Ngoi ra, hot ng ni la hng
nm sinh ra lng CO
2
bng khong 40.000 ln CO
2
hin c. Ton b CO
2
sinh ra
khng phi lu ng mi trong kh quyn m n c cy xanh v bin hp th i
khong mt na. Phn CO
2
do bin hp th c ha tan v kt ta trong bin. Cc
loi thc vt di bin ng vai tr ch yu duy tr s cn bng CO
2
gia kh quyn
v b mt i dng.
Cn lng CO
2
lu tn trong kh quyn, thc vt hp th tn ti v pht
trin, nhng khi hm lng CO
2
qu cao s l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng hiu ng
nh knh.
Hin tng ny l do trong kh quyn c cha nhiu CO
2
, CH
4
, N
2
O , CFC v
O
3
. Nhng thnh phn ch yu vn l CO
2
(xem hnh v).
CO
2
, 55
%
CH
4
, 15
%
N
2
O, 6
%
CFC, 7%
CFC
11+12
, 17%
- 19 -
y l nhng cht gn nh trong sut i vi tia sng ngn nn tia bc x Mt
Tri d dng i qua xung vi Tri t (v bc x Mt Tri l tia sng ngn),
nhng cc cht ny li hp th rt mnh cc tia sng di phn x t b mt Tri t
(tia hng ngoi), chnh v th Tri t ch nhn nhit ca Mt Tri m khng thot
c nhit ra ngoi lm cho nhit trung bnh ca Tri t tng ln, ngi ta gi
l hin tng hiu ng nh knh, v kh CO
2
v mt s kh k trn c tc dng nh mt
lp knh ngn cn tia phn x nhit t Tri t.
Nhit tri Tri t tng ln l nguyn nhn lm tan bng cc Bc, nng
cao mc nc bin, lm trng ngp cc vng t lin ven b. Ngoi ra, khi nhit
tng cn lm tng cc trn ma, bo, lt, ng ngp gy rt nhiu thit hi cho cuc
sng con ngi.
Theo G.N.Plass: nu nng CO
2
trong kh quyn tng ln gp i th nhit
trung bnh ca Tri t tng ln 3,6
o
C.
Do vy, trnh c hiu ng nh knh i hi tt c mi quc gia cn phi
c bin php hn ch thi ra cc kh gy nh knh, c bit l kh CO
2
.
1.4.3. Khi quang ha
Trong giao thng v cng nghip thng xut hin nhiu kh NO, n s phn
ng vi cc nhin liu khng chy ht, di tc dng ca Mt Tri s to ra cc cht
nhim th cp gi l "khi quang ha".
Cc phn ng trong khi quang ha rt phc tp, c th n gin ha nh sau:
NO
2
1u t ngo
-- NO + O
CH
4
+ 2O
2
+ 2NO
Anh sng
-- H
2
O +HCHO + 2NO
2
.
CH
4
+ O
2
HCHO + H
2
O
O + O
2
O
3
O
3
+NO O
2
+NO
2
...
Theo phn ng dy chuyn nh vy s hnh thnh ra mt lot cc cht mi, sn
phm cui cng: NO
2
li sinh ra, NO mt i, O
3
c tch ly, andehit, fomandehit,...
xut hin. Tt c cc cht tp hp li to thnh khi quang ha.
- 20 -
Khi quang ha thng gy cay, nhc mt, au u, rt c hng v kh th.
Ngoi ra n cn nh hng trc tip n thm thc vt, lm cho l cy chuyn t mu
xanh sang mu , xy ra hin tng rng l hng lot, cy b kh v cht. Khi quang
ha cn nh hng xu n hoa qu v cy lng thc, gy nhiu bnh tt cho gia sc,
gia cm; cc mt hng cao su b lo ha rt nhanh, cc cng trnh kin trc b nhanh
chng ph hy,...
1.4.4. Hin tng thng tng ozon
Tng ozon c hnh thnh cao 25km (tng bnh lu), c tc dng chn tia
t ngoi ca Mt Tri chiu xung Tri t, che ch cho s sng loi ngi v cc
sinh vt.
Ngy nay, cng ngh lnh pht trin mnh, cht c s dng trong qu trnh
lm lnh l CFC, xut hin nhiu trong t lnh, my iu ha, x nghip ng lnh,
thy sn v trong cc dung dch ty ra, bnh cu ha,... N c nhiu dng F-11
(CCl
3
F), F-12 (CCl
2
F
2
),... Ni chung l cc hp cht c cha Clo. Khi r r v tht
thot ra ngoi, cc cht ny s khuch tn ln n tng bnh lu v b tn cng bi cc
tia cc tm ca Mt Tri v phn hy gii phng ra cc nguyn t Clo. Chnh cc
nguyn t Clo ny gy ra s suy gim tng ozon:
Cl + O
3
ClO + O
2
ClO + O
3
Cl + 2O
2
.
Ngi ta c lng mi nguyn t Cl c th phn ng vi 100.000 phn t
ozon v gy thng tng ozon.
Tng ozon b thng s to iu kin cho tia cc tm ca Mt Tri chiu xung
Tri t, gy ra cc bnh ung th da v mt cho con ngi, nhiu loi thc vt khng
thch nghi vi tia t ngoi s b mt dn h min dch, cc sinh vt di bin s b tn
thng v cht.
Ngi ta d on rng mt s suy gim 10% sc chu ng ca lp ozon mi
nm s sinh ra thm t nht 300.000 ca ung th lnh tnh, 4.500 ca ung th c khi u c
tnh v 1,6 triu ca c thy tinh th trn ton th gii. ngn chn nh hng ca
tng ozon b suy gim v ph hy, nhiu quc gia trn th gii, nht l cc nc pht
trin tham gia cng c Vin (22-3-1985) cam kt p dng mi bin php bo v
- 21 -
sc khe con ngi v mi trng khi nhng tc ng tiu cc do tng ozon b suy
gim, hp tc trong nghin cu, quan trc v trao i thng tin v lnh vc ny.
Tip l Ngh nh th Montral (Canada) v cc cht lm suy gim tng
ozon ODS c k kt ngy 16/9/1987 nhm xc nh nhng bin php cn thit
cc bn tham gia hn ch v kim sot c vic sn xut v tiu th cc cht lm suy
gim tng ozon.
i vi Vit Nam, chnh thc tham gia v ph chun Cng c Vin v bo v
tng ozon v Ngh nh th Montral v cc cht lm suy gim ozon cng nhng sa
i b sung ca Ngh nh th vo thng 1-1994. Chng trnh quc gia v bo v
tng ozon ca Vit Nam nh sau:
- n nm 2005 ct gim 50% mc tiu th CFC so vi mc tiu th trung bnh
thi k 1995-1997.
- Nm 2010 s loi tr hon ton cht CFC.
- 22 -
CHNG 2. CC GII PHP PHNG CHNG V X L
NHIM MI TRNG KHNG KH
2.1. GII PHP QUY HOCH
Thc t cho thy nhiu nh my cng nghip nm ngay gia khu dn c v
th, gy ra nhiu bi, khi, ting n v cc cht nhim; nhiu ng khi nm ngay
u hng gi i vi khu dn c; trong cc khu ca con ngi cn m thp; s
thng thong, chiu sng khng m bo,... Tt c nhng nhc im l do cha c
bin php qui hoch hp l khi xy dng. Trc tnh hnh , hin nay nh nc yu
cu cc c s cn phi c s nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi cc c s c c
bin php khc phc; i vi cc cng trnh mi bt u c thc thi th cn phi bo
co nhng nh hng c th c i vi mi trng, phi m bo khng gy ra nhng
nh hng ln trong qu trnh xy dng v c qu trnh vn hnh, s dng sau ny.
Do vy, cn phi xem xt cc iu kin kh tng, a hnh v thy vn b tr
cc cng trnh cho hp l. Mt bng qui hoch phi m bo thng thong, n c
hng gi tt nht cho th. Bn cnh phi xt n s pht trin ca th trong
tng lai, cho cng trnh hin ti v tng lai khng nh hng ln nhau,...
2.2. GII PHP CCH LI V SINH
Thng cng gn ngun nhim th s nh hng ca n gy ra cng ln, do
vy cn phi qui nh vnh ai bo v xung quanh khu cng nghip, l khong cch
tnh t ngun thi n khu dn c. Khong cch ty thuc vo tnh cht v c
im ca tng loi hnh nh my, loi hnh sn xut gy nn, khong cch ny m
bo nng cht nhim khu dn c do ngun ny gy nn khng vt qu tiu
chun cho php.
Ngoi ra, i vi cc khu cng nghip cn c tng bao che hoc dng di cy
xanh ngn cn s pht tn bi v ting n trong khng gian, nhm gim ti a s
nhim mi trng n ni sinh sng ca con ngi.
Bng 2.1. Qui nh di cch ly v sinh theo cc cp c hi ca sn xut cng nghip:
Cp c hi I II III IV V
Di cch li (m) 1000 500 300 100 50
- 23 -
2.3. GII PHP CNG NGH K THUT
Cn phi hon thin cc cng ngh sn xut, s dng cng ngh tin tin hin
i, cng ngh sn xut kn, gim cc khu sn xut th cng, p dng c gii ha v
t ng ha trong dy chuyn sn xut.
Gii php ny cn bao gm vic thay th cht c hi dng trong sn xut bng
cht khng c hi hoc t c hi hn, lm sch cht c hi trong nguyn liu sn
xut; v d tch lu hunh trong nhin liu than du, thay phng php sn xut kh
cc vt liu sinh ra nhiu bi bng phng php sn xut t, thay vic s dng than
du trong un nu bng in nng hoc nng lng Mt Tri, nng lng gi,...
Cc thit b my mc sn xut, cc ng ng vn chuyn cn phi kn, m
bo vn hnh an ton, kinh t v trnh s r r cht nhim ra ngoi mi trng.
2.4. GII PHP THNG GI
Nhim v ca thng gi l m bo trng thi khng kh cho con ngi sng v
hot ng ph hp vi tiu chun v sinh quy nh.
2.4.1. Cc s thng gi c bn
Trong mt phng kn ta c th thay i khng kh bn trong b nhim (do
nhit, do bi, do kh c) bng khng kh trong sch a t ngoi vo trong mt
khong thi gian nht nh (thng gi nh k) hoc trong mt thi gian khng hn
ch (thng gi thng xuyn). c gi l thng gi cho phng.
a .Thng gi chung:
Mc ch ca thng gi chung l a khng kh t ngoi vo vi lu lng cn
thit nhm pha long cng nhim (bi nng, bi, hi hoc kh c) trong ton
b khng gian nh xng, sau thi ra ngoi.
c thc hin trong phng m ngun c hi phn b u (trng hc, nh
ht, bnh vin) hoc nhng phng m khng on trc c ngun c hi s xut
hin v tr no (ca hng n, qun gii kht, cu lc b.)
H thng thng gi chung c nhc im l ni khng c c hi cng b nh
hng ca ngun c hi ni khc trn qua.
b. Thng gi cc b:
c thc hin thi trc tip cht c hi t ngun pht sinh ra ngoi (ht cc
- 24 -
b) hoc l thi khng kh sch vo cc v tr cn thit v bit trc (thi cc b).
Vic t chc, x l hp l cc cht gy nhim phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
- Khng cn tr thao tc cng ngh.
- Khng cho khng kh cha cht nhim i qua vng th.
- Vn tc thu kh ln.
Hnh 2.1. Thi cc b Hnh 2.2. Cu to t ht
Tu theo iu kin thc t, trong mt cng trnh c th va kt hp thng gi
chung va thng gi cc b.
c. Thng gi s c:
l s thay i nhanh chng th tch khng kh trong phng b nhim
khi nh hng n sc kho ca cng nhn v tc hi n sn xut. Trong thng gi
s c thng dng h thng thng gi p sut m (ch c ht ch khng c thi) m
bo kh c hi khng b lan to ra ngoi. Thit b pht hin v x l thng t ng
(cc r le kch thch nng c hi, cc rle ni mch in) hoc ng m h
thng bng tay.
2.4.2. Phn loi h thng thng gi
Ngi ta cn c vo s chuyn ng ca khng kh phn loi. Thng c
hai loi: thng gi t nhin v thng gi cng bc.
a. Thng gi t nhin:
S chuyn ng ca khng kh t trong nh ra ngoi nh (hay ngc li) l do
chnh lch nhit bn trong v bn ngoi. T ch chnh lch nhit dn ti chnh
- 25 -
lch p sut v lm cho khng kh chuyn ng.
- Hin tng gi la: Khng kh vo nh v ra khi nh qua cc khe h ca ca v
qua cc l trn tng khi c gi thi c gi l gi la. Hin tng gi la u khng
khng ch c lu lng, khng iu chnh c vn tc gi v hng
ginn cn c gi l thng gi t nhin v t chc.
- Thng gi t nhin c t chc: Xc nh c din tch ca gi vo, din tch gi ra
xc nh c lu lng thng gi cho phng -> iu chnh c vn tc hng gi
l hin tng thng gi t nhin c t chc. Thng gi t nhin c t chc c
ngha rt ln v mt kinh t v khng tn km thit b, khng tn in nng nhng vn
gii quyt tt vn thng gi. V vy, Vit Nam c p dng rt nhiu c bit l
trong cc phn xng nng c nhit tha v trong cc nh cng nghip mt tng.
- Thng gi trng lc: l h thng thng gi t nhin di sc y ca trng lc hay
cn gi l thng gi ct p l thng gi t nhin bng mng dn c p dng trong
cc nh dn dng v cng cng. Khng kh chuyn ng trong mng dn do chnh
lch p sut ca ct khng kh bn trong v bn ngoi nh. Thng dng thng gi
cc ng khi ca cc nh gia nh.
Hnh 2.3. Thng gi t nhin trong nh dn dng v cng nghip
b. Thng gi cng bc (thng gi c kh)
L h thng thng gi hot ng a khng kh t trong phng ra ngoi (hay
ngc li) nh tc ng ca my qut v ng c. Thng c cc loi sau:
- 26 -
- Ht c kh: Ht khng kh b nhim, ht nhit, ht bi t cc ngun pht sinh
a ra khi phng m bo iu kin v sinh cho mi trng gi l ht c kh.
- Thi c kh: thi khng kh trong sch vo nh ti cc v tr cn thit v bit trc
tng cng hiu qu lm mt cho ngi cng nhn.
- H thng iu ho khng kh: Trong h thng thng gi c kh c y cc thit b
x l khng kh m bo yu cu ca con ngi v yu cu cng ngh gi l h
thng iu ho khng kh. Cc thit b bao gm: thit b lc bi, thit b sy nng,
lm lnh, lm m khng kh
2.5. GII PHP X L CHT THI NGAY TI NGUN
Cc cht nhim trc khi thi ra ngoi mi trng theo ng khi th ngi ta
cho chng i qua cc thit b x l gim nng cht nhim trnh cht thi c
nng vt qu tiu chun cho php. Cch lp t thit b nh hnh sau:
Hnh 2.4. Lp t thit b x l.
1- Ngun thi cht nhim.
2- Chp ht cht nhim.
3- Thit b x l cht nhim.
4- Qut khng kh vn
chuyn cht nhim trong
ng ng.
5- ng khi thi.
Cht nhim trc khi i vo thit b x l s 3 c khi lng l G
1
(mg/h) v
sau khi ra thit b x l c khi lng l G
2
(mg/h), lc hiu sut ca thit b s l:
=
0
2
0
1
x 1uu (%)
i khi ngi ta c th xc nh hiu sut x l cht nhim theo cng thc sau:
=
y
u
y
cu
y
u
x 1uu (%)
Trong y
u
, y
cui
l nng cht nhim ban u v sau khi qua thit b x l.
- 27 -
CHNG 3. CC PHNG PHP V THIT B X L BI
3.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V BI PHN LOI BI
3.1.1. Khi nim chung v bi
Bi l cc phn t cht rn, th ri rc c to nn do cc qu trnh nghin,
tn, p, dp hay do qu trnh ngng kt hoc do cc phn ng ha hc to ra.
Di tc ng ca cc dng khng kh chng chuyn thnh cc trng thi l
lng trong mi trng hay ri t do nh sc ht ca lc trng trng.
Bi l h thng gm hai pha: pha kh v pha rn ri rc. Cc pha rn ri rc
gm nhng ht c kch thc khc nhau (tn ti dng rn, lng).
Cc sol kh cng l h thng cc ht vt cht ri rc v n chuyn ng Brao
trong mi trng. Tc lng chm ca cc sol kh rt b.
Vn tc lng chm ca cc ht bi v
c
l vn tc ri ca cc ht bi trong mi
trng tnh di tc dng ca lc trng trng.
3.1.2. Phn loi bi
a. Da vo c ht, ng knh 6 ca ht bi phn loi
- Bi th: c o 7Spm, nhng ht c kch thc nh ht ct, sn, bi than,
- Bi: cc ht c o = (5-75) pm, thng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh hot ng ca
cc ngnh c kh, v d: mi, tn,
- Khi: o = (1-5) pm, gm cc ht vt cht (rn, lng) to ra do qu trnh t chy
nhin liu.
- Khi mn: gm cc ht vt cht rt mn c o 1 pm.
- Sng: cc ht cht lng, o 1u pm.
b. Da vo ngun gc pht sinh
- Bi hu c: bi ng, bi go, bi bt m.
- Bi v c: bi kim loi, bi , bi t.
c. Da vo nguyn nhn hnh thnh
- Bi t nhin: Do qu trnh t nhin gy ra, do ng t, ni la v qu trnh khuch
tn bi phn hoa trong khng kh.
- Bi nhn to: Do qu trnh nhn to: bi c to ra do cc hot ng ca con ngi
- 28 -
d. Da vo tnh cht, ngun gc m xm nhp vo c th.
- Bi c 0,1 m: khi ht vo phi, b c quan h hp chn li (mi), khng nh
hng n h h hp.
- Bi c = (0,1-5) m: l bi nguy him nht, khi ht vo ng li trong phi (60-
90)%, nh hng trc tip n sc khe con ngi.
- Bi c = (5-10) m: ht vo trong phi c phi o thi ra.
- Bi c 10m: khng vo h thng h hp c nhng gy tc hi i vi mt v
da.
3.2. CC PHNG PHP X L BI
3.2.1. X l bi bng phng php kh
a. X l bi bng bung lng bi
- Cu to:
+ Bung lng bi c dng hp
c tit din ngang ln hn nhiu ln so
vi tit din ng ng dn kh, khng
kh vo 1 u v ra u kia.
+ Bung lng bi c lm t
gch, b tng ct thp, hoc thp.
- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Da vo c s lc trng trng lng cc ht c kch thc tng i ln
bng cch gim vn tc dng kh v bi khi vo bung lng, cc ht bi do c khi
lng (c trng lc P) nn khi vn tc gim cc ht bi s tch ra khi dng kh v
lng li. Kh sch c a ra ngoi.
- c im:
+ Hiu sut lc bi thp: p = 40-60%, c p dng lng bi th c kch
thc ht ln t (60-70)m.
+ Thng s dng cp lc s b hoc nhng ni iu kin mi trng khng
kht khe.
Hnh 3.1. Bung lng bi
a) Mt ct dc
b) S khng gian
- 29 -
- u, nhc im:
+ u im:
Chi ph u t ban u, vn hnh thp
Kt cu n gin
S dng trong x l kh c nng bi cao cha cc ht bi c kch
thc ln c bit t ngnh cng nghip luyn kim, nu chy kim loi.
Tn tht p lc qua thit b thp.
Vn tc kh i trong thit b thp nn khng gy mi mn thit b.
Gp phn lm ngui dng kh trc khi thi ra mi trng hoc dn qua
cc thit b thu bi k tip.
+ Nhc im:
Phi lm sch th cng nh k.
Cng knh, chim din tch, cn c khng gian ln khi lp t.
Ch c th thu c nhng ht bi c kch thc tng i ln
Khng th thu c bi c bm dnh v dnh t.
- Bin php nng cao hiu qu bung lng bi:
+ S dng bung lng
phn tng: ngha l chia
bung lng ra thnh nhiu
tng bng nhau, c th phn
tng theo chiu dc hoc
chiu ngang.
+ C th to ra cc
vch ngn trong bung lng
kt hp bung lng vi cc
thit b lc bi kiu qun tnh
lc bi.
+ Tng chiu di v chiu rng bung lng.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ p dng lng bi th c kch thc ht t (60-70)m.
Hnh 3.2. Mt s bung lng bi
a) Bung lng bi nhiu tng
b) Bung lng c tm chn
a)
b)
- 30 -
+ Do hiu sut thp nn thng c s dng cp lc s b hoc nhng ni
iu kin mi trng khng kht khe.
b. X l bi bng thit b lc bi kiu ly tm
C hai loi: Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu nm ngang v thit b lc bi ly tm
kiu thng ng.
* Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu ng:
- Cu to:
Thit b gm 2 hnh tr lng vo nhau, hnh tr ngoi c bc kn, hnh tr
trong hai u rng.
1. ng dn kh v bi vo
2. Thn ca thit b
3. Cn
4. ng x bi
5. ng dn kh sch ra
6
a
,6
b.
Van x bi
- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Kh v bi c a vo theo phng tip tuyn vi thnh bnh (b mt hnh
tr ngoi) v thc hin chuyn ng xoy t trn xung di. Bi c khi lng m
theo qun tnh va p vo thnh bnh nn mt ng nng v ri xung di. Khng kh
sch i chiu v theo hnh tr nh bn trong chuyn ng ngc ln trn ra ngoi.
- u, nhc im:
+ u im:
Kh v bi i vo theo phng tip tuyn vi thnh bnh nn lc xoy li
tm ln do hiu sut lc bi t: p = 60-80%. Lc c cc loi bi
c kch thc va v tng i ln.
Hnh 3.3. Xyclon ng
- 31 -
Kh v bi i ngc chiu nhau nn hiu sut x l cao.
Ch to n gin, vn hnh d dng, c th sa cha thay th tng b
phn.
C th lm vic nhit cao (n 500
o
C), lm vic tt p sut cao
Hiu qu khng ph thuc vo s thay i nng bi.
Chim t khng gian lp t nn thng c s dng nhiu trong thc
t.
+ Nhc im:
Hiu qu x l km i vi bi c kch thc nh hn 5 m.
Tr lc ca dng kh ln nn ng c phi ln do chi ph vn hnh
cao.
Khng th thu c bi c tnh kt dnh.
- Bin php nng cao hiu qu cho xyclon:
+ tng hiu sut lc bi ngi ta thng dng xyclon chm.
+ Cc xyclon chm c th c ghp ni tip v song song vi nhau
- Phm vi p dng:
+ Xyclon thng c s dng lc tro bi trong kh thi l hi, l nhit in.
+ C th dng cp lc th, lc va, lc tinh.
* Thit b lc bi ly tm kiu ngang:
- Cu to:
Hnh 3.4. Cu to ca thit b lc bi ly tm kiu nm ngang
1. ng hnh tr bn ngoi; 2. Li hnh tr hai u bt trn v thon;
3. Cnh hng dng; 4. Khe hnh vnh khn; 5. ng loa; 6. Van iu chnh.
- 32 -
- Nguyn tc lm vic
Kh v bi c a vo thit b. Di tc dng ca l hng dng to ra
chuyn ng xoy ca dng khng kh v bi theo phng tip tuyn. Lc ly tm sn
sinh t dng chuyn ng xoy tc dng ln cc ht bi v y chng ra xa li hnh tr
ri chm vo thnh ng bao v thot ra qua khe hnh vnh khn ri vo ni tp
trung bi. Khng kh sch theo ng loa thot ra ngoi.
- c im:
Lc li tm sinh ra ph thuc vo l hng dng, nu l hng dng to vn tc
dng kh ln th lc ly tm sinh ra mnh do vy hiu sut lc s cao hn. Ngc li,
nu l hng dng to vn tc dng kh nh th lc ly tm sinh ra yu do vy hiu sut
lc thp.
- u, nhc im:
+ u im:
Cu to thit b n gin
+ Nhc im:
Kh v bi i cng chiu vi nhau nn hiu sut lc bi khng cao, ch
nhng ht bi to mi b vng ra ngoi.
L hng dng d gy, lc li tm do l hng dng gy ra nh.
Tn nhiu din tch lp t do thit b nm dc theo chiu kh v bi vo.
- Phm vi p dng:
Do nhng nhc im trn m xyclon kiu nm ngang t c s dng trong
thc t.
c. X l bi bng thit b lc bi kiu mng lc (ti vi, li lc bi)
* Nguyn l chung:
Dng kh v bi c chn li bi mng hoc ti lc; ti (mng) ny c cc
khe (l) nh cho cc phn t kh i qua d dng nhng gi li cc ht bi. Khi lp
bi dy ngn cn lng kh i qua th ngi ta tin hnh rung hoc thi ngc
thu hi bi v lm sch mng.
* Thng c hai hnh thc lc bi kiu mng lc l li lc bi v lc bi bng ti
vi.
- 33 -
* Li lc bi:
- Cu to:
+ Li c lm bng thp an, ty thuc
vo mc x l m chn kch thc li an
khc nhau.
+ Hp li (li thp hai bn) gia l cc
vt liu lc bi.
- c im:
+ Hiu sut lc bi rt cao: p = 80-90%.
+ Lc c cc ht bi c kch thc t nh n ln.
+ Khi nng bi qu ln, bi bm nhiu, th phi thng xuyn lm v sinh
thit b.
- Bin php nng cao hiu qu li lc bi:
+ S dng li c bi du nhn s gip tng hiu qu lc bi ln cao hn : p =
90-95%.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ Li lc bi thng c s dng lc sch bi trong khng kh thi vo
ca h thng thng gi, iu ha khng kh nh vi nng bi ban u khng qu
5mg/m
3
.
+ Li lc du thng c s dng cc nh my nhit in.
* Lc bi bng ti vi (ng tay o)
- Cu to: (Hnh 3.6)
+ Thit b gm nhng ti vi dt
t cc loi si khc nhau c lng vo
khung li ng bng thp bo v v
a s c trang b c cu gi bi.
+ ng knh tay o c th khc
nhau, ph bin nht l 120-300mm,
khng vt qu 600mm.
+ C hai loi: lc t pha trong v
lc t pha ngoi.
Hnh 3.5. Li lc bi
Hnh 3.6. S thit b lc bi kiu ti vi
- 34 -
- c im:
+ Hiu sut lc bi cao: p = 90-95%.
+ Thi gian lm vic theo chu k thng ngn.
+ Cn c vo nhit khi thi chn loi vi lm ti:
Nhit khi thi > nhit mi trng: loi vi lm ti thng l vi
aming hoc li thp.
Nhit khi thi < nhit mi trng: loi vi lm ti thng l vi
thng thng.
+ Kh v bi vo thit b phi kh trnh tnh trng lm g thit b.
- Phm vi p dng:
Thit b ny ch c s dng nhng ni cn thu hi nhng loi bi qu c
gi tr hoc nhng ni yu cu cht lng mi trng cao.
d. X l bi bng thit b lc bi kiu tnh in
* Nguyn tc lc bi bng tnh in:
Tch in m cho ht bi, bi s mang in tch m, khi bi i qua b mt c
in tch dng, bi s b ht vo b mt ny, trung ha in v ri xung. Thit b
s dng dng in mt chiu vi in th cao (khong 50.000V).
* Thng c 2 hnh thc lc bi tnh in: lc bi bng in kiu ng v lc bi
bng in kiu tm.
* Thit b lc bi bng in kiu ng
- Cu to:
1. Dy kim loi ngn, tit din b,
mang in tch (-)
2. ng kim loi, mang in tch (+)
3. i trng cng dy 1.
4. Thit b cch in
5. Phu cha bi
Hnh 3.7. Cu to thit b lc bi
tnh in kiu ng.
5
- 35 -
- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Kh v bi c a vo thit b. Di in th cao m dy kim loi c np,
n s to ra bn trong ng cc dng mt in trng mnh v khi dng kh mang bi
i qua, nhng phn t kh trong dng kh s b ion ha ri truyn in tch m cho ht
bi di cc tc ng va p qun tnh v/ hoc khuch tn ion. Nh th cc ht bi b
ht v pha cc dng, ng li trn b mt trong ca ng hnh tr, mt in tch v ri
xung phu cha bi. Kh sch theo ng ng dn kh thot ra ngoi.
- c im:
+ Thit b s dng dng in mt chiu c U = 30 - 70 kV
+ Yu cu bi vo thit b phi kh.
+ Hiu sut lc bi cao: p = 95-99%.
+ Lc c tt c cc loi bi t kch thc ln n kch thc nh.
+ Gi thnh t
- Phm vi p dng:
Thit b ny ch c s dng nhng ni cn thu hi nhng loi bi qu c
gi tr hoc nhng ni yu cu cht lng mi trng cao.
Ngoi loi thit b lc bi bng in kiu ng, ngi ta cn c th to cc dng ht
bi bng cc tm bn t song song hai bn cc dy cc m v lc ta c thit b lc
bng in kiu tm bn nh hnh 3.8
Hnh 3.8. Thit b lc bi bng in kiu tm bn
- 36 -
3.2.2. X l bi bng phng php t
* Nguyn tc:
Nguyn l ca qu trnh l da vo s tip xc gia dng kh mang bi vi cht
lng, bi trong dng kh b cht lng gi li v thi ra ngoi di dng cn bn.
Phng php lc bi bng thit b lc kiu t c th xem l rt n gin nhng hiu
qu li rt cao.
* c im:
- u im:
+ Thit b lc bi kiu t d ch to, gi thnh thp nhng hiu qu lc bi cao.
+ C th lc c bi kch thc thc di 0,1m.
+ C th lm vic vi kh c nhit v m cao m mt s cc thit b lc
bi khc khng th p ng c nh lc bng ti vi, lc bng in.
+ Thit b lc bi kiu t khng nhng lc c bi m cn lc c c kh
c hi bng qu trnh hp th, bn cnh cn s dng nh thit b lm ngui v lm
m kh m trong nhiu trng hp trc thit b lc bi bng in phi cn n n.
- Nhc im:
+ Bi thi ra di dng bn cn gy kh khn cho vic thu gom bi ng thi
lm phc tp cho h thng thot nc v x l nc thi.
+ Dng kh thot ra khi thit b mang theo lng hi nc c th gy n mn
cc thit b pha sau thit b lc nh ng ng, ng khi,
+ Trong trng hp khi thi cha nhiu cht d n mn nh: SO2, CO2,
cng c kh nng lm cho cc ng ng v thit b b n mn v vy cn phi s dng
nhng vt liu chng g nh inox, cht do hoc m cc thit b .
Thit b lc bi kiu t thng c th chia thnh cc loi sau y ty thuc
vo nguyn l hot ng ca chng:
- Bung phun, thp ra kh rng.
- Thit b kh bi c lp m bng vt liu rng ti nc.
- Thit b lc bi (ra kh) c a cha nc si bt.
- Thit b lc bi (ra kh) vi lp ht hnh cu di ng.
- Xyclon t.
- 37 -
a. Bung phun -Thp ra kh rng
- Cu to: Hnh 3.9
Hnh 3.9. Bung phun hoc thp
ra kh rng
1. V thit b b.
2. Vi phun nc.
3. Tm chn nc.
4. B phn hng dng v phn
phi kh.
- Nguyn tc hot ng
Dng kh mang bi i vo thit b t di qua sn phn phi ln trn, dng
nc c phun di dng ht nh t trn xung. Khi hai mi cht tip xc nhau, bi
trong dng kh b cun theo nc i xung di, cn kh sau khi tch bi, qua b phn
chn nc tch c hi nc thot ra ngoi u thit b.
- c im:
+ Yu cu vn tc dng kh vo thit b trong khong (0,6 1,2) m/s.
+ Hiu sut x l ph thuc vo cng phun nc v vn tc dng khng
kh chuyn ng trong thit b.
+ Cu to thit b n gin, gn, d ch to.
+ Vn hnh d.
+ Hiu sut x l kh cao: p = 80-90%.
- Phm vi p dng:
Thit b ny c s dng ph bin lc bi th trong kh thi ng thi
lm ngui kh.
b. Thit b kh bi c lp m bng vt liu rng ti nc
- Cu to:
- 38 -
Gm mt thng tit din trn hoc
ch nht bn trong c cha mt lp m
bng vt liu rng v c ti nc.
Hnh 3.10. Thp ra kh Scrub
1. Tm c l;
2. Lp vt liu rng;
3. Dn ng phun nc
- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Kh i t di ln xuyn qua lp vt liu rng, khi tip xc vi b mt t ca
lp vt liu rng bi s bm li cn kh sch thot ra ngoi. Mt phn bi s b
nc cun tri xung thng cha v c x ra di dng bn cn. nh k ngi ta
thau ra lp vt liu rng.
- c im:
+ Vt liu rng thng dng cc loi khu c hnh dng khc nhau lm bng s,
thy tinh, nha
+ Cu to thit b n gin.
+ Hiu sut x l cao hn so vi thp ra kh rng, p = 90% i vi cc ht
c o > 2 pm.
+ Tr lc thit b ln.
+ Phi nh k thau ra lp vt liu rng.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ p dng lm bc lc bi th nht trong cc h thng ht bi my p nh
va phn loi, my d khun trong cc phn xng c.
+ Lm bc lc ln th hai trong cc h thng lc bi c nng bi ban u
ln.
* Ngoi loi thp phun nc kiu ng chuyn ng ngc chiu ca kh v nc nh
trn, ngi ta cn ch to loi thit b phun c lp m rng kiu nm ngang (hnh
- 39 -
3.11). Cu to ca loi thit b ny cho php lm vic vi vn tc kh ln hn so vi
thit b thng ng (c th t 10 m/s) nh kch thc ca loi thit b ny s gn
nh hn.
Hnh 3.11. Thit b phun nc c lp m rng kiu nm ngang
1. Vi phun; 2. V v khung; 3. H thng ti nc; 4. Phn khng ti nc
ca lp m thay cho tm chn nc; 5. B cha cn bn; 6. Lp vt liu rng.
c. Thit b lc bi (ra kh) c a cha nc si bt
- Cu to:
Hnh 3.12. Thit b lc bi c a cha nc si bt
a) Loi gii nc dp kh: 1. V thit b b; 2. Vi phun nc; 3. a c l.
b) Loi chy trn: 1. V thit b b; 2. a c l; 3. Hp cha nc cp vo; 4. Tm
chn chy trn; 5. Hp x nc trn.
- 40 -
- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Nguyn tc lm vic ca thit b lc bi c a cha nc si bt l cp nc
vo a va to mt lp nc c chiu cao thch hp; dng kh i t di ln trn
qua a c l, lm cho lp nc si bt. Bi trong kh tip xc vi b mt ca nhng
bong bng nc v b gi li ri theo nc chy xung thng cha.
- c im:
+ Thit b lc bi c a cha nc si bt c kh nng lc c bi c kch
thc o 5 pm vi hiu qu lc tng i cao.
+ a c l dng trong thit b c th l l trn ng knh d
o
= 4 - 8 mm hoc
rnh song song b rng b = 4 5 mm, b dy ca a c l cn ly trong khong 4 -6
mm.
+ Trong thit b si bt kiu chy trn, ngi ta thng dung a c l trn
ng knh l 3 8 mm. Vn tc kh qua tit din sng (din tch l) ca a 5 -15 m/s
tng ng vi vn tc kh trn ton tit din ngang ca thit b l 1 -3 m/s.
- Phm vi p dng:
Thit b ny thng c s dng x l bi trong cng nghip.
d. Thit b lc bi (ra kh) vi lp ht hnh cu di ng
- Cu to: Hnh 3.13
Vt liu ch to ht hnh cu l nha, cao su hoc thy tinh. Ht rng hoc
c, khi lng ring ca ht cu khng c vt qu khi lng ring ca nc
m bo cho cc ht hnh cu chuyn ng mt cch t do trong hn hp kh nc bn
trong thit b.
- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Kh mang bi c a vo thit b t di ln. Dng kh a vo ny lm cho
cc ht hnh cu chuyn ng hn lon trong trng thi l lng, bi trong kh va p
vo cc ht hnh cu tch khi dng kh. Nc c phun t trn xung cun theo cc
ht bi to thnh cn bn c dn ra ngoi x l.
- c im:
+ Hiu sut lc bi vi lp ht hnh cu di ng c hiu sut x l bi kh cao.
- 41 -
+ Vn tc dng kh vo cho php trong khong (5-6) m/s v t l nc kh l
(0,5-0,7) l/m
3
.
+ ng knh thch hp ca cc ht hnh cu l d = (20-40) mm.
+ Trng lng n v ca cc ht hnh cu: p = (200-300) kg/m
3
.
+ Sc cn ca thit b kh ln: (900-1400) Pa.
Hnh 3.13. Thit b lc bi vi lp
ht hnh cu di ng
1. Tm chn c l hoc li.
2. Ht cu.
3. Tm chn c l hoc li.
4. Vi phun nc.
5. Tm chn nc.
.
- Phm vi p dng:
Thit b ny thng c p dng x l bi trong cc ngnh cng nghip.
e. Thit b lc bi kiu t di tc dng va p qun tnh
- Cu to:
Dng in hnh ca loi thit b lc bi theo nguyn l va p qun tnh t l
loi Rotoclon N.
- 42 -
- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Khi dng kh c ht vo thit b, kh s i vo rnh gia cc cnh hng
dng v ko theo nc to thnh mt mng nc tung te ln vi git mn 300-
400pm. S lun lch ca hn hp khng kh nc qua cc b mt c cu to thay
i s lm cho cc ht bi va p v ri xung. Kh sch gi ht bi c dn ra
ngoi.
- c im:
+ Thit b ny khng cn phng tin vn chuyn nc phun vo thit b,
khng cn vi phun. Ch cn mt lng nc cha sn trong thit b v c sung thm
bng h thng cp nc sinh hot thng thng, khng cn bm p lc cao.
+ ng knh ca ht nc t 300-400pm.
+ Vn tc kh vo thit b l 15 m/s. Vn tc dng kh ra khi qut kh ln.
+ p lc ca thit b l 2700 3000 N/m
2
.
+ Lng nc tiu hao cho qu trnh ny thng khng qu ln, thng 0,7 l/m
3
+ Nng lng tiu th cho loi thit b ny nm trong khong 1,0 1,3 kWh
cho 1000 m
3
/h lu lng kh cn x l.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ Thit b lm vic c vi nng bi ban u rt cao.
+ Rotoclon N thng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip luyn kim
lc bi thng thng v bi c tnh kt dnh cng nh cc loi bi d gy chy n
Hnh 3.14. Rotoclon - N
1. Ming vo ca kh
2. Cnh hng dng
3. Tm chn nc
4. Ming dn kh sch thot ra.
5. Qut ht
- 43 -
f. Xyclon t
- Cu to:
Hnh 3.15. Xyclon LIOT c mng nc
- Nguyn tc hot ng:
Nc c phun ra theo chiu thun vi chiu chuyn ng xon c ca dng
kh bn trong xyclon v phi to ra c mng nc mng chy t trn xung di v
lng khp mt trong ca thn xyclon. Kh i vo xyclon t di ln trn bng ng dn
vo ni theo phng tip tuyn vi v tr ca xyclon to cho dng kh c chuyn
ng xon c. Bi tch ra chm vo thnh ng b nc cun i nn khng c kh nng
bn ngc tr li vo dng kh. ng thot kh ra cng c ni theo phng tip tuyn
vi v tr thun chiu quay xon c ca dng kh bn trong xyclon.
- c im:
+ Vn tc dng kh vo v = (18-22) m/s.
+ Hiu sut x l cao, p >90%, c th ln n 99% .
+ Thit b gn nh.
- 44 -
+ Lc c c bi v c ln bi hu c (nhng khng lc c cc loi bi k
nc).
+ Lp t v vn hnh phc tp.
+ Cn phi c thm cng trnh ph tr l b cha nc.
- Phm vi p dng:
C th p dng lc bi kt hp vi x l cc cht c hi trong kh thi,
ng thi c th s dng gim nhit khi thi.
- 45 -
CHNG 4. CC PHNG PHP X L HI V KH C
4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
Khc vi bi, kh v hi t n ti di dng cc phn t ring bit ln vo
khng kh theo cc chuyn ng chaose.
iu kin bnh thng hi c th ngng t c, cn kh th ch ngng t
c khi to c p sut hoc nhit ph hp (p sut cao, nhit thp).
X l hi hoc kh thi c hi c th tin hnh bng cc phng php tiu
hy, ngng t, hp ph hoc hp th. Ty thuc vo iu kin pht sinh, nng
cht nhim, iu kin a hnh, trang thit b hin c la chn p dng cc
phng php x l khc nhau.
4.2. X L KH V HI BNG PHNG PHP HP TH
4.2.1. Khi nim
Hp th kh bng cht lng l qu trnh ha tan cht kh trong cht lng khi
chng tip xc vi nhau.
Qu trnh ha tan cht kh trong cht lng gm ba bc chnh:
- Khuch tn cc phn t cht nhim th kh trong khi kh thi n b mt
ca cht lng hp th.
- Thm nhp v ha tan cht kh vo b mt ca cht hp th.
- Khuch tn cht kh ha tan trn b mt ngn cch vo su trong lng khi
cht lng hp th.
Tu thuc vo bn cht ca s tng tc gia cht cn c hp th v cht
hp th m ngi ta chia thnh s hp th vt l hay s hp th ha hc:
- Hp th vt l: l qu trnh da trn s tng tc vt l thun ty;
ngha l ch bao gm s khuch tn, ha tan cc cht cn hp th vo trong lng
cht lng v s phn b ca chng gia cc phn t cht lng. V d nh s phn b
ca kh ho tan gia cc phn t cht lng: NH
3
/aceton, CO/benzen,
trimetylamin/du ho, s ho tan ca kh SO
3
/H
2
SO
4
.
- Hp th ha hc: l mt qu trnh lun i km vi mt hay nhiu phn ng
ha hc. Mt qu trnh hp th ho hc bao gi cng bao gm 2 giai on:
giai on khuch tn v giai on xy ra cc phn ng ha hc.
- 46 -
Phng php hp th cht nhim bng cht lng c s dng kh ph bin
trong x l kh thi Vit Nam, hay c p dng x l cc loi kh nh SO
2
, CO
2
,
H
2
S, NO
x
,Cht lng hp th c th l nc, axit, baz
4.2.2. Cc cht hp th
Trong k thut x l kh thi bng phng php hp th, nc l loi cht hp
th sn c, gi r v thun li nht. Tuy nhin, nc ch hp th c mt s t loi kh
c hi, hn na mc hp th vt l ca nc cng b hn ch. Trong nhiu trng
hp ngi ta phi p dng phng php hp th ha hc bng cc loi dung dch ha
cht khc nhau ty theo cht c hi cn kh, c th nh sau:
Bng 4.1. Mt s cht hp th x l cc kh nhim thng gp
Kh nhim cn kh Cht hp th
Oxit nit: N
2
O
3
, NO
2
,
N
2
O
5
Nc v cc cht huyn ph: dung dch NaOH,
Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
, KOH, K
2
CO
3
, KHCO
3
, Ca(OH)
2
,
CaCO
3
, MgCO
3
, Mg(OH)
2
, Ba(OH)
2
, BaCO
3
,
NH
4
HCO
3
Nit Oxit NO
Dung dch FeCl
2
, FeSO
4
, Na
2
SO
3,
Na
2
S
2
O
3
, NaHCO
3
,
NaHSO
3
Sunfua ixit SO
2
Nc, dung dch NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
, CaCO
3
, K
2
CO
3
,
Na
2
CO
3
(15-20)%, KOH,
ihyro sunfua H
2
S
Dung dch Na
2
CO
3
+ Na
3
AsO
4
Dung dch AsO
3
(8-10)g/l + NaCl (1,2-1,5)g/l
(NH
4
)
3
AsO
3
(3,5-6) g/l.
Cacbon oxit CO Nit lng, dung dch [Cu(NH
3
)]
n
, COCH
Cacbon ioxit CO
2
Dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, NaOH, KOH, K
2
CO
3
, Ca(OH)
2
Cc ha cht cha Flo:
HF, SiF
4
Nc, dung dch NaOH, Ca(OH)
2
, Na
2
CO
3
Clo Cl
2
Dung dch: NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2
Hi, sng HCl
Nc, dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, NaOH, KOH, K
2
CO
3
,
Ca(OH)
2
- 47 -
4.2.3. Thit b hp th
Thit b hp th c chc nng to ra b mt tip xc cng ln cng tt gia hai
pha kh v lng. C rt nhiu dng kiu khc nhau ca thit b hp th, nhng c th
phn chia thnh bn loi chnh sau y:
- Bung phun, thp phun: trong cht lng c phun thnh git nh trong
th tch rng ca thit b v cho dng kh i qua.
- Thit b sc kh: kh c phn tn di dng cc bong bng i qua lp cht
lng. Qu trnh phn tn kh c th thc hin bng cch cho kh i qua tm xp, tm
c l hoc bng cnh khuy c hc.
- Thit b hp th kiu si bt: kh i qua tm c l bn trn c cha lp nc
mng.
- Thit b hp th c lp m bng vt liu rng: Cht lng c ti trn lp
m rng v chy xung di to thnh b mt t ca lp m dng kh tip xc
i qua.
a. Thp hp th phun kiu thng rng
- Cu to:
Thit b hp th kiu thng
rng c dng hnh tr, c vi phun
sng thng c t pha trn
phun xung. Trong trng hp thp
hp th c chiu cao ln, ngi ta
thng t cc vi phun chia ra cc
tng khc nhau.
Hnh 4.1. Thp phun kiu thng rng
- 48 -
- Nguyn tc lm vic:
Trong thp phun, cht lng c phun thnh bi m (sng) t pha trn
xung, kh thng i t di ln nhm lm tng din tch tip xc v nng
thc t ca cht cn hp th trong pha kh gim dn theo chiu t di i ln v
nng cht b hp th trong pha lng c tng dn theo chiu t trn i xung.
- c im:
+ Yu cu tc dng kh khng c qu ln (phi nh hn 1 m/s) trnh
hin tng cht lng b cun theo kh ra ngoi.
+ Thit b hp th thng rng c u i m l n gin, chi ph u t thp,
lc cn thy ng nh v c th s dng i vi kh thi c nhim bn cao;
cht lng dng hp th c th quay vng cho ti khi hp th no mi thi cho
nn tit kim c cht hp th.
+ Tuy nhin, nhc im ca thit b thng rng l kh thng phn b
khng u trong ton b thp dn dn lm gim hiu sut x l.
b. Thp m
- Cu to:
c dng ph bin nht. Trong thp, ngi ta thng nhi cc vt liu
m nh c, snh s, l so kim loi. vn than cc... lm tng din tch tip xc
hai pha.
- Nguyn tc lm vic:
Cht lng c ti trn b mt lp vt liu rng v chy t trn xung di
to ra b mt t ca lp vt liu m. Kh c dn t di ln tip xc vi cc b
mt t , cc cht nhim b hp th li, kh sch c dn ra ngoi.
- c im:
+ Thit b ny vn hnh n gin nhng hiu qu x l cao.
+ Vt liu m d b tt nghn do tch t cn, do lm tng tr lc qu trnh
hp th.
c. Thp hp th si bt (ging thp si bt trong x l bi)
Thng c s dng trong trng hp ti lng cao, p sut kh phi ln v
qu trnh hp th c s to nhit, cn c lm lnh.
- 49 -
Hp th kiu si bt c nhc im ln nht l lun c lp bt chim th
tch kh ln trong thit b. Vic chuyn ng ca cht lng gp phi tr lc ln.
Cc nh thit k c nhiu cng trnh lm gim bt nhng nhc im trn c
th s dng kiu hp th ny trong cng nghip v n c h s chuyn khi rt cao.
Chiu cao lp cht lng tng s lm tng kh nng hp th song ng thi
cng tng tr lc ca thit b. V vy, thng thng ngi ta khng tng lp cht
lng qu 50 mm.
4.2.4. V d v x l kh SO
2
bng phng php hp th (cht hp th l nc)
Hp th kh SO
2
bng nc l phng php n gin c p dng sm nht
loi b kh SO
2
trong kh thi, nht l khi t cc loi l cng nghip.
S h thng x l kh SO
2
bng nc bao gm 2 giai on:
- Hp th kh SO
2
bng cch phun nc vo dng kh thi hoc cho kh thi i
qua lp vt liu m (vt liu rng) c ti nc scrub.
- Gii hp kh SO
2
ra khi cht hp th thu hi SO
2
(nu cn) v nc sch.
Hnh 4.2. S h thng x l kh SO
2
bng nc
1. Thp hp th; 2. Thp gii thot kh SO
2
; 3. Thit b ngng t;
4,5. Thit b trao i nhit; 6. Bm.
- 50 -
Mc ha tan ca kh SO
2
trong nc gim khi nhit nc tng cao, do
nhit nc cp vo h thng hp th SO
2
phi thp. Cn gii thot kh SO
2
khi nc th nhit ca nc phi cao. C th l nhit 100
o
C th SO
2
s thot
ra khi dung dch hp th hon ton v trong khi thot ra c ln c hi nc. Bng
phng php ngng t ngi ta c th thu c kh SO
2
.
- u nhc im:
+ u im:
Cng ngh n gin.
Nc l dung mi d kim v r tin.
+ Nhc im:
Hiu sut thp, nu kh thi sch bi th hiu sut ch t p = Su%
gii hp th cn phi un nng mt lng nc rt ln tc l cn
phi c mt ngun cp nhit cng sut ln.
Ngoi ra, s dng nc cho qu trnh hp th phi lm ngui nc
xung 10
o
C tc l phi cn n ngun cp lnh, gy tn km chi ph.
- Phm vi p dng:
+ Phng php ny p dng ti cc khu vc c sn ngun cp nhit (hi nc),
c sn ngun lnh.
+ p dng nhng ni c sn lng nc thin nhin v ni cho php thi
lng H
2
SO
4
ra mi trng (sng ngi).
4.3. X L KH V HI BNG PHNG PHP HP PH
4.3.1. Khi nim
Hp ph l qu trnh phn ly kh da trn i lc ca mt s cht rn i vi mt
s loi kh c mt trong hn hp kh ni chung v trong kh thi ni ring, cc phn t
cht kh nhim trong kh thi b gi li trn b mt ca vt liu rn.
Vt liu rn s dng trong qu trnh ny c gi l cht hp ph, cn cht kh
b gi li trong cht hp ph c gi l cht b hp ph.
Phng php hp ph c s dng x l mi hi, thu hi mt s cht
kh c gi tr hoc kh hi dung mi v mt s cht kh khc.
4.3.2. c im ca qu trnh hp ph
- 51 -
Qu trnh hp ph c p dng rt ph hp cho nhng trng hp sau:
+ Cht kh nhim khng chy c hoc kh t chy.
+ Cht kh cn kh l c gi tr v cn thu hi.
+ Cht kh nhim c nng thp trong kh thi m cc qu trnh kh kh
khc khng th p dng c.
Qu trnh hp ph c chia thnh hp ph vt l v hp ph ha hc:
+ Hp ph vt l:
Cc phn t kh b ht vo b mt ca cht hp ph nh c lc lin kt
gia cc phn t (lc Vander Waals).
Qu trnh hp ph vt l c ta nhit, Q = (2 20) kJ/g.mol. Lng nhit
ny ph thuc vo cng ca lc lin kt phn t.
Qu trnh hp ph vt l l qu trnh thun nghch. y l qu trnh c
ngha quan trng nh ta c th thu hi cc cht kh b hp ph c gi
tr hoc c th hon nguyn cht hp ph bo ha ti s dng.
Lng kh b hp ph vt l gim nhanh khi tng nhit tng. Lng
kh b hp ph t l thun theo din tch b mt ca vt liu hp ph.
Hp ph vt l c tc hp ph din ra rt nhanh.
+ Hp ph ha hc:
Hp ph ha hc l kt qu ca c phn ng ha hc gia cht b hp
ph v vt liu hp ph.
y l qu trnh m lng nhit ta ra rt ln, Q = (20 400) kJ/g.mol.
Qu trnh hp ph ha hc l qu trnh khng thun nghch
4.3.3. Vt liu hp ph
Vt liu hp ph thng dng ht, kch thc c ht t 6 10 mm xung n
c 200 pm, c rng ln c hnh thnh do nhng mao qun li ti nm bn trong
khi vt liu.
Vt liu hp ph cn p ng cc yu cu sau:
+ C kh nng hp ph cao.
+ Phm vi p dng rng, kh c nhiu loi kh khc nhau.
+ C bn c hc cn thit.
- 52 -
+ C kh nng hon nguyn d dng.
+ Gi thnh r.
Vt liu hp ph c th c chia thnh ba nhm chnh:
+ Vt liu khng c cc.
+ Vt liu c cc.
+ Vt liu m trn b mt ca chng xy ra qu trnh hp ph ha hc v qu
trnh lm thay i cu trc ca phn t kh.
Tuy nhin, vt liu c s dng ph bin nht l loi vt liu khng c cc,
i vi loi vt liu ny rng cng ln th kh nng hp ph cng cao.
Kch thc l rng (ng knh mao qun) ng vai tr quan trng lm cho vt
liu hp ph c kh nng hp ph chn lc.
Trong cng ngh x l mi trng, lm sch cc hi v kh thi
ngi ta thng s dng cc cht hp ph xp nh than hot tnh, silicagel, zeolit
4.3.4. Thit b hp ph
Trong thit b hp ph, vt liu hp ph c thnh lp m c b dy nht
nh v cho dng khi cn x l i qua.
Hnh 4.3. S thp hp ph s dng than hot tnh
- 53 -
Yu cu ra khi thit k hoc la chn thit b hp ph l:
+ Phi m bo thi gian chu k hp ph thch hp.
+ C x l s b i vi kh thi loi b mt s cht m m vt liu hp ph
khng hp thu c.
+ X l lm gim bt nng ban u ca cht cn kh trong kh thi bo
v lp vt liu hp ph khi b qu ti.
+ Phn phi dng kh i qua lp vt liu hp ph mt cch u n.
+ m bo kh nng thay th mi hay hon nguyn vt liu hp ph sau khi t
trng thi hp ph mt cch d dng.
4.3.5. Hon nguyn vt liu hp ph
Khi xut hin im ngng, l im m nng cht nhim u ra ca
thit b x l khng gim m c xu hng tr li bng ban u hoc bt u tng
hn so vi nng ban u, cn phi ngng chu k hp ph v chuyn sang chu k
hon nguyn gii thot cht nhim b hp ph trn b mt vt liu.
C th p dng cc phng php sau y hon nguyn vt liu hp ph:
+ Hon nguyn bng nhit: Vt liu hp ph c sy nng ln kh nng
hp ph ca n gim xung n mc thp v lc cht kh b hp th s thot ra
ngoi. Sau khi hon nguyn xong tng kh nng hp ph phi lm ngui vt liu
hp ph trc khi a vo s dng li. Ph bin nht ca phng php nhit l dng
khng kh nng hoc hi nc.
+ Hon nguyn bng p sut: nhit khng i, nu p sut gim th kh
nng hp ph gim v do cht b hp th s thot khi b mt vt liu.
+ Hon nguyn bng kh tr: Dng kh tr khng cha cht kh b hp th
thi qua vt liu hp ph y cht kh b hp ph ra khi vt liu hp ph.
Trong cc phng php trn, phng php nhit bng hi nc c p dng
rng ri nht vi l do n gin, t tn km v hiu qu cao.
4.3.6. V d v x l kh H
2
S bng phng php hp ph (cht hp ph l oxyt st)
X l H
2
S bng cht hp ph oxit st Fe
2
O
3
l phng php x l c in nht
da trn cc phn ng sau:
- 54 -
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
S Fe
2
S
3
+ 3H
2
O (1)
2Fe
2
S
3
+ 3O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 6S (2)
Hnh 4.4. S h thng hp ph H
2
S bng oxit st
1. Bnh hp ph, 2. Eject
Sau khi bo ha H
2
S, oxit st c hon nguyn bng khng kh (cp oxy)
thu lu hunh.
Tc phn ng hp ph H
2
S ca oxit st ph thuc vo mc tip xc gia
kh v b mt vt liu hp ph. Do nng cao tc phn ng, rng (xp) ca
vt liu phi ln. Thng rng ca oxit st khng nh hn 50%.
iu kin cho qu trnh hp ph H
2
S bng oxit st ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
+ Nhit ca mi trng: nhit ca mi trng tt nht nm trong khong
(28 30)
o
C.
+ m ca vt liu hp ph: khong 30%.
hon nguyn vt liu hp ph c th p dng cc phng php khc nhau:
+ Oxy ha vt liu hp ph bng oxy trong khng kh.
+ Thi hn hp kh c cha 2% 3% oxy qua lp vt liu hp ph. Nhit
hon nguyn 600
o
C - 800
o
C.
- 55 -
+ Hon nguyn lin tc khi vt liu hp ph bng cch b sung vo dng kh
cn x l mt th tch khng kh c tnh ton. Nh vy qu trnh hon nguyn s xy
ra song song vi qu trnh hp ph.
4.4. X L KH V HI BNG PHNG PHP THIU T
4.4.1. Khi nim
X l kh thi bng qu trnh thiu t hoc cn gi l t chy sau c p
dng kh ph bin trong cc trng hp sau:
- Dng trong trng hp lu lng kh thi ln m nng cht nhim li rt
b m cc phng php khc thc hin khng hiu qu.
- Cc cht nhim c mi nh H
2
S, NH
3
, cc hi dung mi.
- Cc loi sol kh hu c c khi nhn thy c, v d nh khi t l rang c
ph, l sn xut tht hun khi, l nung men s,
- Mt s hi, kh hu c nu thi trc tip ra mi trng s gy hin tng khi
quang ha.
- Kh thi t cng ngh khai thc v lc du.
4.4.2. Cc u, nhc im ca phng php
Nhng u, nhc im ca phng php x l nhim bng thiu t c th
nu ra nh sau:
- u im:
+ Phn hy c hon ton cc cht nhim chy c khi thit b thiu t
c thit k v vn hnh theo ng quy cch.
+ Kh nng thch ng ca thit b i vi s thay i va phi ca lu lng
kh thi cng nh nng cht nhim trong kh thi.
+ Hiu qu x l cao i vi cc cht nhim c bit m cc phng php
khc x l khng hiu qu hoc hiu qu thp.
+ C kh nng thu hi, tn dng nhit thi trong qu trnh thiu t.
+ Cng ngh kh n gin, an ton trong vn hnh.
- Nhc im:
+ Chi ph u t thit b v vn hnh tng i ln.
+ C kh nng lm phc tp hn vn nhim khng kh.
+ Phi cn c h thng thu gom v x l tro bi trong qu trnh t.
- 56 -
+ Trong qu trnh thiu t c cp thm nhin liu hoc c xc tc -> gy cn
tr cho qu trnh vn hnh thit b.
4.4.3. Cc qu trnh thiu t
V mt bin php thc hin, qu trnh thiu t cht nhim c th c phn
chia thnh ba dng khc nhau:
- Thiu t bng ngn la trc tip trong khng kh.
- Thiu t c bung t.
- Thiu t c xc tc.
a. Thiu t bng ngn la trc tip
Thiu t bng ngn la trc tip l bin php lm cho kh nhim chy trc
tip trong khng kh m khng cn cp nhin liu b sung, trng hp chung, ch cn
nhin liu mi la v iu chnh khi cn thit.
Cn c vo gii hn chy ca cht ngi ta c th chia kh thi c cha cc cht
nhim chy c thnh ba nhm sau:
- Nhm 1: Thnh phn nhin liu trong kh thi thp hn gii hn di ca qu
trnh chy khong 25%.
- Nhm 2: Thnh phn nhin liu trong kh
thi nm trong phm vi t gii hn di n gii
hn trn ca qu trnh chy.
- Nhm 3: Thnh phn nhin liu trong kh
thi cao hn gii hn trn ca qu trnh chy.
Hnh 4.5. u t ca h thng thiu t
bng ngn la trc tip
1. ng dn kh thi
2. Vng khng ch vn tc kh thi
3. ng gp phn phi hi nc
4. Cc im phun hi
5. B phn mi la.
- 57 -
b. Thiu t c bung t
Thiu t c bung t c p dng rng ri i vi cc loi kh thi c cha
cht nhim dng kh, hi hoc sol kh chy c vi nng tng i thp.
Cc b phn chnh v quan trng ca h thng thiu t ny l bung t, cc
vi t, b phn iu chnh qu trnh chy v dng c ch th nhit .
Bung t thng c dng hnh tr v c xy dng bng v thp c p gch
chu la. Nhit trong bung t khong 900
o
C - 1500
o
C. Vn tc kh trong bung
t dao ng trong khong 5 8 m/s v thi gian lu li ca dng kh trong bung t
khong 0,2s 0,5s.
Hnh 4.6. S cu to ca bung t
1. Kh thi i vo thit b thiu t; 2. B mt trao i nhit sy nng kh thi;
3. Nhin liu; 4. Vi t; 5. Kh sch ra.
Trong qu trnh t nu cn thit phi cho thm nhin liu ph tr vo bung
t.
Khi nng cht chy trong kh thi qu thp, nhit lng chy ca n khng
duy tr s chy, ngi ta thng dng bin php hm nng kh thi trc khi a
vo bung t.
c. Thiu t c xc tc
Thiu t c xc tc l mt bc pht trin tip theo ca cng ngh x l kh
thi trong khng gian kn bung t.
Phng php ny c nhng u im sau:
- Lm gim nhit ca bung t.
- Phn ng chy trn b mt vt liu xc tc din ra rt nhanh v cng rt
mnh.
- 58 -
- Nhit chy trn b mt cht xc tc thp hn, vo khong 200
o
C - 450
o
C.
Tuy nhin, phng php thiu t c cht xc tc cng c nhng nhc im sau:
- Vt liu xc tc thng l cc kim loi qu nn gi thnh rt t. Tuy nhin
lng xc tc i hi khng nhiu, thng ch cn t 0,03 m
3
0,12 m
3
cho 1m
3
kh
thi cn oxy ha trong 1s.
- Mun t hiu qu cao ca qu trnh chy th yu cu trong kh thi vo phi
sch bi v tp cht. Do kh thi trc khi a vo x l bng oxy ha c xc tc
cn c lc bi n mt mc cho php.
Hnh 4.7. S cu to bung t c xc tc
1. Lp m bng vt liu xc tc; 2. B mt trao i nhit sy nng kh thi;
3. Kh thi dn vo; 4. Kh sch thot ra ng khi; 5. Cp nhin liu; 6. Cp khng
kh; 7. Vi t; 8. ng dn kh thi vo bung t.
4.5. X L KH V HI BNG PHNG PHP NGNG T
Phng php ngng t thng p dng x l kh thi l cao, thng
dng khi nng cht nhim trong kh thi tng i thp v cc phng php
khc x l khng hiu qu.
Nguyn tc ca phng php l da trn s h thp nhit mi trng
xung mt gi tr nht nh th hu nh cc cht th hi s ngng t li v sau
c thu hi hoc x l tiu hy. iu kin lm lnh bnh thng, nu x l
bng ngng t thng khi thu hi c hi cc dung mi hu c, hi axt. Tt
nhin phng php ny ch ph hp vi nhng trng hp kh thi c nng hi
tng i cao (>>20 g/m
3
). Trong trng hp nng nh, ngi ta thng dng
- 59 -
cc phng php hp ph hay hp th.
Hnh 4.8. Thit b ngng t dng tip xc
- 60 -
PHN 2: CNG NGH X L NC THI
CHNG 5. MT S VN C BN LIN QUAN
N NC THI
5.1. NGUN GC, LU LNG V THNH PHN NC THI
5.1.1. Phn loi nc thi
Ngi ta nh ngha nc thi l cht lng c thi ra sau qu trnh s dng
ca con ngi v b thay i tnh cht ban u ca chng. Thng thng nc thi
c phn loi theo ngun gc pht sinh ra chng. cng l c s cho vic la chn
cc bin php hoc cng ngh x l. Theo cch phn loi ny, c cc loi nc thi
sau y:
- Nc thi sinh hot: l nc thi t cc khu dn c, khu vc hot ng thng
mi, cng s, trng hc v cc c s tng t khc.
- Nc thi cng nghip: l nc thi t cc nh my ang hot ng, c c
nc thi sinh hot nhng trong nc thi sn xut l ch yu.
- Nc thm qua/ nc chy trn: nc thm qua l tt c cc loi nc chy
vo h thng cng rnh do s r r, b v ng ng hoc thm qua tng chn. Nc
chy trn l lng nc ma chy vo h thng cng rnh t h thng tiu nc ma,
mi nh, h ph, ...
- Nc thi t nhin: nc trn mt do ma ti ch hoc do tuyt tan.
Nc thi th l thut ng chung ch cc loi nc c thi b ra t cc
khu th, n l hn hp ca cc loi nc thi k trn.
Ngoi ra, theo quan im qun l mi trng, cc ngun nhim nc cn
c phn thnh hai loi: ngun xc nh (c th kim sot c) v ngun khng xc
nh (kh kim sot, qun l)
- Cc ngun xc nh bao gm nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, cc ca
cng x nc ma v tt c cc ngun thi vo ngun tip nhn c t chc qua h
thng cng v knh thi.
- Cc ngun khng xc nh bao gm nc chy tri trn b mt t, nc ma
v cc ngun nc phn tn khc.
- 61 -
5.1.2. Nc thi sinh hot
a. Ngun gc
Nc thi sinh hot l nc c thi b sau khi s dng cho cc mc ch sinh
hot ca cng ng: tm, git gi, ty ra, v sinh c nhn,Chng c thi ra t
cc cn h, c quan, trng hc, ch, v cc cng trnh cng cng khc.
Nc thi sinh hot c phn chia thnh hai nhm:
- Nc en: l nc thi t cc nh v sinh, cha phn, nc tiu, vi khun
gy bnh.
- Nc xm: nc thi tm git, nu n,, cha cc thnh phn v c cao
(ch yu l cht rn l lng), cht ty ra, du m.
b. Lu lng
Lng nc thi sinh hot ca khu dn c c xc nh theo tiu chun cp
nc (TCVN 33-2006), thng thng tiu chun nc thi sinh hot ly bng (60-
80)% tiu chun cp nc. Cc trung tm th thng c tiu chun cp nc cao
hn so vi cc vng ngoi thnh v nng thn, do lng nc thi sinh hot tnh
trn mt u ngi cng c s khc bit gia thnh th v nng thn. Ngoi ra, lng
nc thi ca khu dn c cn ph thuc vo iu kin trang thit b v sinh nh , c
im kh hu thi tit v tp qun sinh hot ca ngi dn.
Lng nc thi sinh hot ti cc c s dch v, cng trnh cng cng ph
thuc vo loi cng trnh, chc nng, s ngi tham gia, phc v trong .
Bng 5.1. Tiu chun nc thi ca mt s loi c s dch v v cng trnh cng cng
Ngun nc thi n v tnh Lu lng
(lt/n v tnh.ngy)
Nh ga, sn bay Hnh khch 7,5 - 15
Khch sn Khch 152 - 212
Nhn vin phc v 30 - 45
Nh n Ngi n 7,5 - 15
Siu th Ngi lm vic 26 - 30
Trng i hc Sinh vin 56 - 113
- 62 -
Bnh vin Ging bnh 473 - 908
Nhn vin phc v 19 - 56
B bi Ngi tm 19 - 45
Khu trin lm, gii tr Ngi tham quan 15 - 30
Ngun: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Disposal, Reuse, 2004
Ch thi ca nc thi sinh hot c th lin tc (iu ha hoc khng iu
ha) hoc gin on (khng n nh). S dn ca thnh ph cng ng th ch thi
cng iu ha.
c. Thnh phn nc thi
Thnh phn nc thi sinh hot ph thuc vo tiu chun cp nc, c im
h thng thot nc, iu kin trang thit b v sinh,Nng cc cht nhim trong
nc thi sinh hot c nu trong bng 5.2
Bng 5.2. Thnh phn nc thi sinh hot khu dn c
Ch tiu Trong khong Trung bnh
Tng cht rn (TS), mg/l
- Cht rn ha tan (TDS), mg/l
- Cht rn l lng (TSS), mg/l
350 - 1200 720
250 - 850 500
100 - 350 220
BOD
5
, mg/l 110 - 400 220
Tng Nit, mg/l
- Nit hu c, mg/l
- Nit Amoni, mg/l
- Nit Nitrit, mg/l
- Nit Nitrat, mg/l
20 - 85 40
8 - 35 15
12 - 50 25
0 - 0,1 0,05
0,1 - 0,4 0,2
Clorua, mg/l 30 - 100 50
kim, mgCaCO
3
/l 50 - 200 100
Tng cht bo, mg/l 50 - 150 100
Tng Pht pho, mg/l 4 - 15 8
Ngun: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Disposal, Reuse, 2004
- 63 -
Trong qu trnh sinh hot, con ngi x vo h thng thot nc mt lng
cht bn nht nh, phn ln l cc loi cn, cht hu c, cc cht dinh dng. c
trng ca nc thi sinh hot l hm lng cht hu c ln (t 50 n 65% tng lng
cht bn), cha nhiu vi sinh vt, trong c vi sinh vt gy bnh. Thnh phn cht
bn trong nc thi sinh hot c biu din theo hnh 5.1.
Hnh 5.1. Thnh phn cc cht bn trong nc thi sinh hot
5.1.3. Nc thi cng nghip
a. Ngun gc
Nc thi cng nghip l dung dch thi ra t cc c s sn xut, ch bin, kinh
doanh, dch v cng nghip.
Trong cc x nghip cng nghip da vo ngun gc pht sinh ngi ta chia
nc thi cng nghip thnh ba loi sau:
- Nc thi sn xut: l nc dng ri trong qu trnh sn xut. Ngi ta phn
bit hai nhm nc thi sn xut l nc khng bn (qui c sch) v nc bn.
- Nc thi sinh hot: to ra t cc khu v sinh ca nh hnh chnh, nh sn
xut, t cc nh tm ca cc phn xng, hoc cc v tr c lp ring bit.
- Nc ma chy trn qua b mt nh my, x nghip.
y ch yu ta xt n nc thi sn xut. c im ni bt ca n l rt a
dng v thnh phn v khi lng.
b. Lu lng
Lu lng nc thi dao ng ty thuc vo quy m, tnh cht sn phm, quy
trnh cng ngh, vic tun hon nc ca tng c s sn xut.
- 64 -
Trong iu kin khng c s liu o c thc t, c th c tnh lu lng nc
thi theo lng nc cp vo (Q
NT
Q
cp
) hoc theo phng php iu tra nhanh
ngun thi do WHO xut (1993). Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l da trn cc
s liu thng k a ra cc h s pht thi cho mi n v hot ng (nguyn liu tiu
th, sn phm sn xut ra,) v cng sut ca nh my tnh ton lu lng v ti
lng nhim chnh ca tng loi hnh cng nghip.
Bng 5.3. Cc h s pht thi (theo WHO) i vi mt s ngnh cng nghip
Cng nghip n v tnh
(U)
Th tch
NT
(m
3
/U)
BOD
5
(kg/U)
TSS
(kg/U)
Tng
N
(kg/U)
Tng
P
(kg/U)
Cc tc nhn
khc(kg/U)
313 Ru bia
3133 Nu nha v
nu bia
- Nh my mi m
3
bia 5,4 10,5 3,9
- Nh my c m
3
bia 11 18,8 7,3
321 Dt nhum
Si cotton (bng)
C dy chuyn Tn bng 265 155 70
Tng cng on
- H si Tn bng 4,2 2,8
- Gi h Tn bng 22 58 30
- Nu Tn bng 100 53 22
- Ty Tn bng 100 8 5
- Lm bong Tn bng 35 8 2,5
- Nhum Tn bng 50 60 25
- In hoa Tn bng 14 54 12
353 Lc du
- Cng ngh
cracking
1000m
3
du th
605 72,9 18,2 28,3 Du: 31,2
Phenol: 4,0
Sunfua: 0,94
Cr: 0,25
Ngun: A.P. Economopoulos, Assessment of Source of air, water, and land pollution,
WHO, Geneva, 1993.
- 65 -
Cn ch rng lu lng ca nc thi cng nghip thng khng u nhau
theo tng gi trong ngy, khng u nhau gia cc ngy trong thng, gia cc thng
trong nm,Ch thi nc c th iu ha hoc khng iu ha trong ca kp, ngy
m. V mi loi hnh sn xut c c im ring v nc thi, nn vic xc nh h s
iu ha i vi nc thi cng nghip cn phi da trn phn tch thng k s liu
nc thi ca c s sn xut. Thng hay ly gi tr k = 2,5 cho nhiu trng hp
khng c s liu thng k.
c. Thnh phn nc thi
Thnh phn, tnh cht nc thi cng nghip rt a dng v phc tp, ph thuc
vo nhiu yu t nh lnh vc sn xut cng nghip, nguyn liu v cc ha cht s
dng trong sn xut, dy chuyn cng ngh, cht lng nc tiu th cho cc nhu cu
sn xut, iu kin a phng. c bit i vi nc thi cng nghip lun cn ch
n thnh phn cc cht c hi c trong nc thi c nhng bin php x l thch
hp.
Thnh phn gy nhim chnh ca nc thi cng nghip l cc cht v c
(nh my luyn kim, nh my sn xut vt liu xy dng, nh my phn bn v c,
), cc cht hu c dng ha tan (thng qua ch tiu BOD), cc cht hu c vi lng
gy mi, v (phenol, benzene,), cc cht hu c kh b phn hy sinh hc hay bn
vng sinh hc (mt s dng thuc tr su, thuc dit c,), cht hot tnh b mt, cc
cht hu c c th phn hy sinh hc tng t nh trong nc thi sinh hot.
5.2. MT S CH TIU NHIM C TRNG TRONG NC THI
C ba nhm ch tiu (thng s) c bn dng nh gi cht lng ngun nc
l: cc ch tiu vt l, cc ch tiu ha hc v cc ch tiu sinh vt.
5.2.1. Cc ch tiu vt l
Bao gm hm lng cht rn tng cng, nhit , c, trong, mu, mi,
v, nh gi v mt nh tnh nhim bn ca nc do cc loi nc thi cng
nghip, nc thi sinh hot gy ra.
- Hm lng cht rn tng cng: Tng cht rn l thnh phn vt l c trng quan
trng nht ca nc thi. N bao gm cht rn l lng, keo v ha tan.
- 66 -
- Nhit (
o
C): Nhit ca nc thi nh hng n i sng ca thy sinh vt v
s ha tan ca oxy trong nc. N cn l mt trong nhng thng s cng ngh quan
trng trong qu trnh cng ngh x l nc thi.
- mu (n v tnh: Pt - Co): Mu ca nc thi l do cc cht sinh hot, cng
nghip, thuc nhum hoc do cc sn phm c to ra t cc qu trnh phn hy cc
cht hu c. mu l mt thng s mang tnh nh tnh, c th c s dng xc
nh trng thi chung ca nc thi.
- c: c ca nc thi l do cc cht l lng v cc cht dng keo cha trong
nc thi to nn. n v o c thng thng l NTU.
5.2.2. Cc ch tiu ha hc
Bao gm pH, axit, kim, cng, hm lng oxy ha tan DO, nhu
cu oxy sinh ha BOD, nhu cu oxy ha hc COD, hm lng cc cht dinh dng
(Nit, Phtpho,...), cc kim loi nng v cc cht c hi.
- pH: pH l ch tiu c trng cho tnh axit hoc baz ca nc v c tnh bng
nng ca ion hydro (pH = - lg[H
+
]). pH l ch tiu quan trng nht trong qu trnh
sinh ha bi tc ca qu trnh ny ph thuc ng k vo s thay i ca pH.
- Oxy ha tan: Oxy ha tan (DO) l mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng trong x l
sinh hc hiu kh. Lng DO trong nc thi ban u dn vo trm x l thng bng
khng hoc rt nh.
- Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD): Nhu cu oxy ha hc l lng oxy cn thit oxy ha tt
c cc cht hu c k c nhng cht hu c k c cc cht hu c khng b phn hy sinh
hc c trong nc thi v c n v tnh l mg/l. Ch tiu ny cho bit mc nhim bn
nc thi cha cht hu c, kh nng phn hy chng trong mi trng nc,...
- Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD): Nhu cu oxy sinh ha l i lng c trng v mc
nhim nc thi bi cc cht hu c c th oxy ha sinh ha. BOD c nh
ngha l lng oxy cn thit cho vi sinh vt s dng trong qu trnh oxy ha cc cht
hu c trong bng ti iu kin tiu chun v nhit v thi gian.
- Hm lng Nit: Nit c trong nc thi dng cc lin kt hu c v v c. Trong
nc thi sinh hot, phn ln cc lin kt hu c c trong cc cht c ngun gc protit,
- 67 -
thc phm d tha. Cn Nit trong cc lin kt v c gm cc dng kh NH
4
+
, NH
3
v
dng oxy ha: NO
2
-
v NO
3
-
.
- Hm lng Photpho: Photpho trong nc v nc thi thng tn ti cc dng
orthophotphat (PO
4
3-
, HPO
4
2-
, H
2
PO
4
-
, H
3
PO
4
) hay polyphotphat v photphat hu c.
- Cc ch tiu tng lng mui: clorua (Cl
-
) c th dng nh gi mc nhim bn
do nc thi cng nghip .
- Cc ch tiu du m, hm lng cc mui kim loi nng, cc cht phng x... nh
gi nhim bn ca cc loi nc thi khc nhau.
5.2.3. Cc ch tiu sinh vt
Nc thi cha nhiu vi sinh vt trong c nhiu vi trng, vi khun gy bnh.
xc nh bn sinh hc ca nc thi ngi ta tin hnh phn tch s tn ti ca
mt loi vi khun c bit: trc khun Coli, mc d n khng l loi vi khun gy bnh
in hnh song s tn ti ca n chng t s tn ti ca cc loi vi khun gy bnh khc.
Mc nhim bn sinh hc ca nc thi c xc nh bng cc ch tiu sau y:
- Chun s Coli: Th tch nc thi t nht (ml) c 1 coli.
- Tng s Coliform: s lng vi khun dng Coli trong 100ml nc.
5.3. CC BIN PHP K THUT BO V NGUN NC
5.3.1. iu kin v sinh khi x nc thi vo ngun nc
Trong vic s dng ngun nc, mi mt mc ch s dng c mt yu cu
cht lng nc ring. Vic qui nh cc iu kin v sinh khi x nc thi ra ngun
nhm mc ch hn ch lng cht bn thi vo mi trng, m bo an ton v mt
v sinh cho vic s dng ngun nc.
i vi tng loi nc thi khc nhau s c nhng quy chun quy nh gi tr ti
a cho php ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi khi x vo ngun tip nhn.
Trong iu kin Vit Nam, ngun tip nhn nc thi sinh hot hay nc thi
cng nghip gm ch yu l ngun nc mt (sng, h, ao, sui, bin...) v c phn
thnh hai loi: ngun loi A (ngun nc c dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot)
v ngun loi B (ngun nc khng dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot).
5.3.2. Cc gii php kim sot nhim nc
nhim ngun nc mt ch yu l do tt c cc dng nc thi cha qua x
- 68 -
l x vo ngun tip nhn lm thay i cc tnh cht ha l v sinh hc ca ngun
nc. S c mt ca cc cht c hi trong nc thi x vo ngun nc s lm ph
v cn bng sinh hc t nhin ca ngun nc v km hm qu trnh t lm sch ca
ngun nc. Bn cnh , s c mt ca cc vi sinh vt trong c cc vi khun gy
bnh e da n tnh an ton v sinh ca ngun nc.
Chnh v vy, ngi ta a ra cc gii php sau kim sot nhim ngun nc:
- Hn ch, gim thiu s lng nc thi ngay ti ngun pht sinh: y l gii
php mang tnh ch ng, bng cch p dng cng ngh sn xut sch hn, cc gii
php phng nga nhim, gim pht sinh cht thi ngay t khu s dng nguyn liu,
la chn cng ngh,
- Gim thiu nng cht nhim trong nc thi theo quy nh bng cch p dng
cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp nc thi tiu chun khi x vo ngun tip nhn.
+ Mc ch ca x l nc thi l loi b hon ton hay lm gim mt phn
hm lng cc tc nhn nhim c th t tiu chun thi hay c th ti s dng.
+ V nc thi c thnh phn a dng, phc tp, kh nng t lm sch ca cc
loi ngun nc khc nhau nn cng c nhiu bin php x l nc thi khc nhau.
Hin nay theo yu cu x l nc thi ngi ta chia ra cc mc: x l s b, x l tp
trung v x l trit . Theo bn cht qu trnh lm sch, ngi ta chia ra cc phng
php x l c hc, phng php x l ha l v phng php x l sinh hc...
- Ti s dng nc thi:
+ Vic nghin cu p dng cng ngh s dng li nc thi va c ngha v
mt mi trng (gim lu lng nc thi x vo mi trng) va c ngha v mt
kinh t (tit kim ti nguyn nc, thu hi cc cht qu c gi tr s dng)
+ Cc hng ti s dng nc thi:
Cp nc tun hon v s dng li nc thi trong cc x nghip cng
nghip. Da vo thnh phn, s lng nc thi v iu kin a phng
c th chn cc phng php sau: dng li nc sau khi x l trong h
thng cp nc ca nh my, dng li nc cho qu trnh sau, dng
nc thi v cn phc v nng nghip, thu hi cht qu.
S dng nc thi sinh hot ti cho cy trng v nui trng thy sn.
- 69 -
CHNG 6. CC PHNG PHP X L NC THI
6.1. CC BC V PHNG PHP X L NC THI V BN CN
TRONG NC THI
6.1.1. Cc bc x l nc thi th
Nc thi th thng c x l theo ba bc (mc ) nu trn hnh 6.1.
Nc thi sinh hot Nc thi bnh vin Nc thi sn xut
Kh trng dit vi khun gy
bnh (cc bin php php ha
hc v vt l).
Tch rc, ct v cn lng
trong nc thi (cc bin
php c hc)
Kh cc cht c hi v m
bo iu kin lm vic bnh
thng ca cc cng trnh x
l sinh hc ca nc thi (Cc
bin php c hc, ha hc hoc
ha l).
Tch cc cht hu c trong
nc thi (bin php sinh hc).
Kh cc cht dinh dng (N-P)
v kh trng nc thi. (Cc
bin php sinh hc, ha hc
hoc ha l).
X nc thi ra ngun tip nhn
Hnh 6.1. Cc bc x l nc thi th
X l s b v
x l bc mt
X l bc hai
T lm sch ca
ngun nc
X l bc ba
- 70 -
S cc bc x l nc thi th c th c thuyt minh mt cch tm tt
nh sau:
- Bc th nht (X l bc 1)
X l bc mt bao gm cc qu trnh x l s b tch cc cht rn ln nh
rc, l cy, x, ct, c th nh hng n hot ng ca cc cng trnh x l tip
theo v lm trong nc thi n mc yu cu bng cc phng php c hc nh
chn rc, lng ct, lng, lc, y l bc bt buc i vi tt c cc dy chuyn
cng ngh x l nc thi. Hm lng cn l lng trong nc thi x l giai on
ny phi b hn 150 mg/l nu nc thi c x l sinh hc tip tc hoc b hn cc
quy nh nu trong cc quy chun mi trng lin quan nu x nc thi trc tip vo
ngun nc mt.
- Bc th hai (X l bc hai hay x l sinh hc)
Bc th hai l x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc. Giai on x l
ny c xc nh trn c s tnh trng s dng v qu trnh t lm sch ca ngun
tip nhn nc thi. Trong bc ny ch yu l x l cc cht hu c d oxy ha sinh
ha (lm gim BOD) khi x ra ngun thi khng gy thiu ht oxy v mi hi thi.
- Bc th ba (X l bc ba hay x l trit )
Bc th ba l loi b cc hp cht Nit v Photpho ra khi nc thi v kh
trng nc thi. Giai on kh trng sau qu trnh lm sch l yu cu bt buc i
vi mt s loi nc thi hoc mt s dy chuyn cng ngh x l trong iu kin
nhn to.
* Ngoi ra, trong x l nc thi cng cn ch n x l bn cn trong nc thi.
Cc loi ct (ch yu l thnh phn v c v c t trng ln) c phi kh v san
nn. Rc th c nghin nh hoc vn chuyn v bi chn lp. Cn lng c gi li
trong cc b lng t 1 (cn s cp) c hm lng cht hu c ln c kt hp vi
cn th cp c hnh thnh trong qu trnh x l sinh hc ca nc thi, c x l
theo cc bc tch nc s b, n nh sinh hc trong iu kin ym kh hoc hiu kh
v lm kh. Bn cn sau x l c th dng lm phn bn.
6.1.2. Cc phng php x l nc thi th
a. X l nc thi bng phng php c hc
- 71 -
- Mc ch:
+ X l s b nc thi, thng dng loi b ra khi nc thi cc cht
khng ha tan v mt phn hn hp keo c kch thc ln.
+ Phng php c hc thng x l khng trit nn n thng l giai on
u ca qu trnh lm sch trc khi x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc v
ha hc.
- C s, nguyn l ca qu trnh:
C s ca phng php l da vo kch thc ht, t trng ca n trong mi
trng nc. Da trn nguyn l ca qu trnh lng, lc, bay hi, pha long,
+ Phng php lng: Nhng cht l lng (huyn ph) l nhng cht c kch
thc ht ln hn 10
-4
mm. Nhng cht l lng trong nc thi gm nhng
ht hoc tp hp ht khc nhau v hnh dng, kch thc, trng lng ring v
bn cht xut x. Tnh cht c bn ca cc cht dng huyn ph l lng l khng
c kh nng gi nguyn ti ch trng thi l lng. Thi gian tn ti ca chng
ty thuc vo kch thc ht. Cc ht ln s lng hoc ni ln mt nc di tc
dng ca trng lc.
+ Phng php lc: Lc l qu trnh tch cc ht rn ra khi pha lng hoc
pha kh bng cch cho dng kh hoc lng c cha ht cht rn chy qua lp vt
ngn xp. Cc ht rn s b gi li trn b mt lp vt ngn cn kh hoc cht
lng s thm qua vt ngn.
+ Phng php pha long: Khi lu lng ca dng chy trong sng ln,
kh nng t lm sch ca sng cao. Trong trng hp ny, nu lu lng nc
thi khng ln v xa khu dn c c th x trc tip nc thi vo sng. Trong
trng hp ny nng cht nhim c pha long, qu trnh t lm sch ca
nc din ra thun li s t gy tn tht n h sinh thi thy sinh.
- Cc bin php k thut:
Ngi ta c th dng cc cng trnh c hc nh song chn rc, li lc rc, b
lng ct, cc loi b lng, b lc cc loi thc hin qu trnh loi b cc cht khng
tan v cc cht l lng.
- 72 -
+ gi cc tp cht khng ha tan ln v mt phn cht bn l lng: dng
song chn rc, li lc.
+ tch cc cht l lng c t trng ln hn hoc b hn nc dng b lng:
Cc cht l lng c ngun gc khong (ch yu l ct) c lng b
lng ct.
Cc ht cn c tnh hu c c tch ra b lng.
Cc cht cn nh hn nc nh du, m, c tch b thu du, m
(p dng cho nc thi cng nghip)
gii phng cht thi khi cc cht huyn ph, phn tn nh, dng
li lc, vi lc hoc lc qua lp vt liu lc (thng dng cho nc thi
cng nghip).
- Phm vi ng dng:
+ p dng cho giai on x l ban u.
+ Phng php x l c hc tch khi nc thi sinh hot khong 60% tp cht
khng tan, tuy nhin BOD khng gim.
Bng 6.1. p dng cc cng trnh c hc trong x l nc thi
Cng trnh p dng
Li chn rc Tch cc cht rn th v c th lng
Nghin rc Nghin cc cht rn th n kch thc nh hn ng nht
B iu ha iu ha lu lng v ti trng
Khuy trn Khuy trn ha cht v cht kh vi nc thi, gi cn
trng thi l lng.
Lng Tch cc cn lng v nn bn.
Lc Tch cn l lng cn li sau x l sinh hc hoc ha hc
Mng lc Tng t nh qu trnh lc.
Vn chuyn kh B sung v tch kh
Bay hi v bay kh Bay hi cc hp cht hu c bay hi t nc thi
Ngun: Metcalf & Eddy, Wastewater Engineering Treatment, Disposal, Reuse
b. X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc
- Mc ch:
- 73 -
Ngi ta s dng phng php sinh hc lm sch nc thi sinh hot cng
nh nc thi sn xut khi nhiu cht bn hu c ha tan, phn tn v mt s cht v
c nh H
2
S, cc sunfit, ammoniac, nit,
- C s, nguyn l ca qu trnh:
Phng php ny da trn c s s dng hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hy
cc cht hu c gy nhim bn trong nc thi. Cc vi sinh vt s dng cc cht hu
c v mt s cht khong lm ngun dinh dng v to nng lng. Trong qu trnh
trao i cht, chng nhn cc c cht xy dng t bo, sinh trng v sinh sn nn
sinh khi ca chng c tng ln, cc cht hu c gim xung.
Nguyn l chung ca qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha: thc hin qu trnh oxy
ha sinh ha, cc cht hu c ha tan, c cc cht keo v phn tn nh trong nc thi
cn c di chuyn vo bn trong t bo ca vi sinh vt. Vic thu hi cht bn t nc
thi v vic vi sinh vt hp th cc cht bn l mt qu trnh gm ba giai on sau:
+ Giai on 1: Khuch tn, chuyn dch v hp th cht bn t mi trng ln
b mt t bo vi khun.
+ Giai on 2: Oxy ha ngoi bo v vn chuyn cc cht bn hp ph c
qua mng t bo vi khun.
+ Giai on 3: Chuyn ha cc cht hu c thnh nng lng, tng hp sinh
khi t cht hu c v cc nguyn t dinh dng khc bn trong t bo vi khun.
Ty theo iu kin sinh trng ca vi sinh vt trong h x l m c th xy ra
cc qu trnh sinh ha nh sau:
+ Qu trnh hiu kh (Aerobic process):
Cht hu c + O
2
v sInht
-- CO
2
+ H
2
O
+ Qu trnh k kh (Anaerobic process):
Cht hu c
1h phn s b
-- CHC n gin
1h phn hon ton
-- Mui khong, CO
2
, CH
4
,...
+ Qu trnh ty tin (Facultative Process): L qu trnh sinh ha trong cc vi
sinh vt s dng oxy trong cc hp cht ha hc nh nitrit, nitrat, photphat,Trong
iu kin thiu oxy ha tan vic kh nitric ha s din ra. Oxy gii phng t Nitrat s
oxy ha cht hu c, Nit v kh CO
2
s c to thnh.
- 74 -
NO
3
-
v sInht
-- NO
2
-
+ O
2
Cht hu c + O
2
N
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Qu trnh loi b cht hu c trong nc thi bng VSV ph thuc vo cc yu
t chnh sau:
+ Nng ca cht nn (c cht, cht hu c).
+ Nng ca bn hot tnh.
+ Thi gian tip xc.
y chnh l ba yu t chnh iu khin tc , hiu sut qu trnh x l nc
thi bng phng php sinh hc.
Bng 6.2. Cc iu kin v yu cu ca qu trnh sinh ha
iu kin Hiu kh K kh
DO 2 mg/l < 2 mg/l
Nhit 6 37
o
C 20 65
o
C
pH 6,5 8,5 7,5 8,5
SS < 150 mg/l
BOD < 500 mg/l > 500 mg/l
Cc cht dinh dng BOD/N/P~100/5/1 BOD/N/P~10/2/1
Nguyn t vi lng y y
Cc cht c, c ch Gii hn cho php
- Cc bin php k thut:
Cc cng trnh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc c th thc hin
trong iu kin t nhin nh cnh ng ti, cnh ng lc, h n nh,... hoc trong
cc cng trnh nhn to nh b thi kh, b lc sinh hc, h sinh hc thi kh, mng
oxy ha, aeroten, biophin,...
c. X l nc thi bng phng php ha hc v ha l
- Mc ch:
X l nc thi bng phng php ha l t hiu qu cao khi x l nc thi
cng nghip c cha cc cht v c c hi (kim loi nng, acid, baz) hoc cc cht
hu c bn vng, kh mu, kh mi v kh trng...
- 75 -
- C s, nguyn l ca qu trnh:
X l nc thi bng phng php ha l v ha hc da trn c s cc phn
ng ha hc, cc qu trnh ha l.
Cc phng php ha l thng dng trong x l nc thi:
+ Phng php keo t v lng: s dng phn nhm, phn st, natri aluminat...
loi b cc cht l lng c trong nc thi.
+ Phng php trung ha: trung ha cc loi nc thi c tnh acid hoc kim
m bo pH yu cu.
+ Phng php hp ph: s dng than hot tnh, than bn kh mu v hp
ph cc kim loi nng, cc cht c hi ha tan trong nc thi.
+ Phng php oxy ha: oxy ha cc mui kim loi nng chuyn chng t dng
c thnh khng c hoc lng cn.
+ Phng php tuyn ni: tch cc cht l lng, cht hot tnh b mt, du m...
trong nc thi bng bt kh ni.
+ Phng php clo ha: clo c s dng dit trng, to v kh mi trong
nc sau khi x l nc thi bng phng php c hc hoc sinh hc trc khi thi
vo sng h. C th dng clo lng, clorua vi c clo hot ng 25-35 %, cc
hypoclorit....
+ Phng php trch ly: l phng php ph bin x l nc thi cha
phnol v cc loi acid bo. Thc cht ca qu trnh l s dng mt dung mi no
cho vo nc thi, dung mi ny s li ko cc cht bn t nc thi v sau tch
dung mi v nc thi ra khi nc.
- Cc bin php k thut:
Cc cng trnh khuy trn, phn ng, cc b lng trong c kt hp ng t, thp
hp ph, cc thit b dng trong k thut tuyn ni.
- Phm vi ng dng:
+ Phng php ha hc v ha l thng c p dng x l nc thi cng
nghip. N c th l khu x l cui cng (nu vi mc x l t c, nc thi
c th s dng li) hoc l khu x l s b (i vi nc thi c cha cc hp cht
c hi trc khi em i x l bng phng php sinh hc).
- 76 -
+ Phng php ny thng dng trong x l nc thi th trong trng hp
kh trng nc trc khi vo ngun tip nhn.
d. Tch cc nguyn t dinh dng ra khi nc thi:
Ch yu y l qu trnh tch Nit v photpho. Vi nng rt ln, cc nguyn
t ny to iu kin cho cc thy thc vt pht trin, gy ph dng v lm ti nhim
bn sng h.
Cc nguyn t dinh dng nh N, P c trong nc thi cng c th x l bng
phng php sinh hc. Cc mui Nitrat, Nitrit to thnh trong qu trnh phn hy hiu
kh s c kh trong iu kin thiu kh trn c s cc phn ng kh Nitrat.
Nito v Photpho cn c th tch c bng phng php ha hc v ha l:
+ Vi ha nc thi n pH = 10-11 to thnh NH
4
OH v thi bay hi trn
cc thp lm lnh.
+ Photpho c lng xung nh cc mui st, nhm, vi.
e. Cc phng php x l cn:
Mc ch ca x l cn l:
- Lm gim th tch v m ca cn.
- n nh cn.
- Kh trng v s dng li cn cho cc mc ch tip theo.
Cn c tch ra t b lng t mt v bn hot tnh d (phn bn hnh thnh
trong qu trnh x l sinh hc m khng c dng tun hon li) tch ra ti b lng
t hai. Bn cn gm nhiu phn t rn pha nc. trng thi ti chng c mi v
cha nhiu vi khun v trng giun.
gim lng cc cht hu c trong cn, ngi ta s dng cc phng php:
+ Ln men bn nh cc vi sinh vt k kh (b metan).
+ n nh bn hiu kh.
Gim m ca bn cn bng cch lu gi trn sn phi bn hoc h phi bn
hoc bng cc phng php c hc nh lc chn khng, p lc, lng ly tm,
i vi cc trm x l nc thi cng sut nh, vic x l cn c th tin hnh
n gin hn: nn sau lm ro nc sn phi cn trn nn ct.
Bn cn c thu hi lm phn bn cho nng nghip.
- 77 -
* C th tm tt cc giai on v phng php x l nc thi trong bng sau:
Bng 6.3. Cc giai on v phng php x l nc thi
Giai on XLNT Phng php
XLNT
Cc cng trnh XLNT Hiu qu XLNT
X l s b Ha l Tuyn ni, hp ph,
keo t,
Tch cc cht l lng
v kh mu.
Ha hc Oxy ha, trung ha, Trung ha v kh c.
X l tp trung C hc Song chn rc, b lng
ct, b lng I,
Tch cc tp cht rn,
cn l lng.
Sinh hc H sinh vt, cnh ng
ti, cnh ng lc,
knh oxy ha, aeroten,
biofin,
Tch cc cht hu c
dng l lng v ha
tan.
X l bn cn B metan, sn phi
bn, trm x l c hc
bn cn,..
n nh v lm kh
bn cn.
X l trit C hc B lc ct Tch cc cht l lng
Sinh hc Aeroten bc 2, b lc
sinh hc bc 2, h sinh
hc,
Kh Nito, photpho.
Ha hc Cc b oxi ha, b trn,
b phn ng,
Kh Nito, photpho v
cc cht khc.
Kh trng Mng trn, b tip xc,
trm ha cht,
Kh trng nc thi
trc khi x ra ngoi.
6.2. S DY CHUYN CNG NGH X L NC THI
6.2.1. C s la chn dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi (XLNT)
Cc phng php dy chuyn cng ngh v cc cng trnh XLNT trong phi
c la chn trn cc c s sau:
- Quy m, cng sut ca ngun thi v c im i tng thot nc (lu vc phn
tn ca th, khu dn c, bnh vin,).
- c im ngun tip nhn nc thi v kh nng t lm sch ca n.
- 78 -
- Mc v cc giai on x l nc thi cn thit.
+ Hiu sut x l nc thi theo cn l lng:
E
SS
=
C
- C
c
C
x 100%
Trong : C
- L
c
L
x 100%
Trong : L