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CH 11 - Generator Protection
CH 11 - Generator Protection
Generator Protection
Introduction Device Numbers Symmetrical Components Fault Current Behavior Generator Grounding Stator Phase Fault (87G) Field Ground Fault (64F) Stator Ground Fault (87N, 51N, 59N, 27-3N)
Generator Protection
Loss of Field (40Q, 40Z) Over/Under Frequency (81O/81U) Overexcitation and Overvoltage (24, 59) Out of Step (78) Negative Sequence (Current Unbalance) (46) Inadvertent Energization (27, 50, 60, 81, 62, 86) Loss of Voltage Transformer (60) System Backup (51V, 21) Conclusion
Generator Protection
49 63 25 G 64F 87G 24 62 27 59 60 REG 47 81U 81O 51 87T 51N 51
40
51V
50 IE
46
59N
51GN
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
Generator Protection
Symmetrical Components
Positive Sequence
A set of three phasors that have the same magnitude, are equally displaced from each other by 120, and have the same phase sequence as the system under study (ex ABC) A set of three phasors that have the same magnitude, are equally displaced from each other by 120, and have the opposite phase sequence as the system under study (ex ACB) A set of three phasors of equal magnitude that are all in phase or have zero displacement from each other
Negative Sequence
Zero Sequence
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Components Example Problem One conductor of a three phase line is open. The current flowing to the delta connected load thru line a is 10A. With the current in line a as reference and assuming that line c is open, find the symmetrical components of the line currents.
Symmetrical Components
Example Problem Ia = 10/0 A, Ib = 10/180 A, Ic = 0 A Ia0 = (1/3)(Ia + Ib + Ic ) Ia0 = (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180 + 0) = 0 Ia1 = (1/3)(Ia + Ib + 2 Ic ) Ia1 = (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180+120 + 0) Ia1 = 5.78 /-30 Ia2 = (1/3)(Ia + 2 Ib + Ic ) Ia2 = (1/3)(10/0 + 10/180+240 + 0) Ia2 = 5.78 /30
Symmetrical Components Example Problem Ib0 = 0 Ib1 = 5.78 /-150 Ib2 = 5.78 /150 Ic0 = 0 Ic1 = 5.78 /90 Ic2 = 5.78 /-90
Symmetrical Components Example Problem Note: the components Ic1 and Ic2 have definite values although line c is open and can carry no net current. As expected, the sum of these currents is zero. The sum of the currents in line a is 10/0 The sum of the currents in line b is 10/180
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Components
Symmetrical Components
Max DC Offset
No DC Offset
Generator Grounding
Generator Grounding
Low Impedance Grounding Single phase to ground fault current between 200A and 150% High Impedance Grounding Single phase to ground fault current between 5 and 20A
Generator Stator Ground Fault Protection (87N, 51N, 59N & 27-3N)
Generator Stator Ground Fault Protection (87N, 51N, 59N & 27-3N)
Generator Stator Ground Fault Protection (87N, 51N, 59N & 27-3N)
Generator Stator Ground Fault Protection (87N, 51N, 59N & 27-3N)
Generator Stator Ground Fault Protection (87N, 51N, 59N & 27-3N)
Generator Stator Ground Fault Protection (87N, 51N, 59N & 27-3N)
Generator Stator Ground Fault Protection (87N, 51N, 59N & 27-3N)
High Impedance Grounded 50MVA, 13.2kV Generator Xc = 10,610 for 0.25uf @ 60Hz Rpri = 10,610/3 = 3537
GENERATOR CONTROL AND PROTECTION
Generator
Transformer +X
System
ZB
+R
ZA
A -X
System R
Trans
P
Gen X'd
Mho Element
Blinder Elements
60
60 81U
62
86
-DC
60
To Protective Relays
To Excitation Controller
21 51V
25%
Inhibit
25%
Pickup Inhibit/Enable
100%
80%
100%
Conclusion
Generators must be protected from electrical faults, mechanical problem and adverse system conditions Some faults require immediate attention (shutdown) while others just require alarming or transfer to redundant controllers Design of these systems requires extensive understanding of generator protection Further study IEEE C37.102 Guide for AC Generator Protective Relaying