Chapter 9.

1 Cellular Reproduction
NWRC BIO 30 Nancie martin

Section 9.1 Page 244-247

Do large cells perform tasks more efficiently than small cells? Bigger isnt bigger at the cellular level Small cells transport substances more efficiently than large cells . Diffusion is a slow process, the larger the cell the less efficient transport within it becomes

Cell Size
Calculate a cells surface area and its volume to determine ratio of area to volume the larger the ratio the more efficient the cell is. Smaller cells have higher ratios.

 To calculate the surface area of a cell multiple the LXWX # of sides To calculate the volume multiply LXWXH You will note that the ratio increases as the size of the cell decreases making smaller cells more efficient
1 micrometer (m) = 1/1,000,000 meter = 1/10,000 cm

Cell Size

The Cell Cycle

Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing in 2 this is called the cell cycle There are 3 main stages of the cell cycle Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis

Im going through the cell cycle!!

The Cell Cycle

You need your notebook and some pencil crayons. You will end up with a coloured diagram and a good understanding of the cell cycle.

Use this model to help memorize the cell cycle - Draw a circle

Now divide it into 1/4s

draw another circle around it

Get your pencil crayons ready!

Colour the top quadrant with a colour or line this section represents Mitosis

I remember Mitosis like it was yesterday!

Mitosis is nuclear division plus cytokinesis, and produces two identical daughter cells during prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
This happens here! P Mitosis M A T Cytokinesis

After Mitosis the cell has 2 nuclei Its not until cytokinesis occurs that you have 2 new cells. Cytokinesis is division of the cytoplasm

Cytokinesis!!!!

Mitosis- M phase consists of nuclear division (mitosis) and cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)
This happens here! P Mitosis M A T Cytokinesis

 Video on mitosis Mitosis demo Dont put away the diagram! We are going back to it!!

The rest of the orange circle is Interphase during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and duplicating its DNA
Mitosis P M A T Cytokinesis

Interphase

G1 phase: The period prior to the synthesis of DNA. In this phase, the cell increases in mass in preparation for cell division. Note that the G in G1 represents gap and the 1 represents first, so the G1 phase is the first gap phase
Mitosis P M A T Cytokinesis

G1

Stages of Interphase

Interphase

S phase: The period during which DNA is synthesized. In most cells, there is a narrow window of time during which DNA is synthesized. Note that the S represents synthesis.
Mitosis P M A T Cytokinesis

G1

S
Interphase

Stages of Interphase

G2 phase: The period after DNA synthesis has occurred but prior to the start of prophase. The cell synthesizes proteins and continues to increase in size. Note that the G in G2 represents gap and the 2 represents second, so the G2 phase is the second gap phase.

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P

Mitosis M A T Cytokinesis

G2

G1

S
Interphase

Stages of Interphase

More information on cell division

Video on mitosis

The Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is an ordered set of events, culminating in cell growth and division into two daughter cells. Non-dividing cells not considered to be in the cell cycle. The stages, pictured on previous slide, are G1-S-G2-M. The G1 stage stands for "GAP 1". The S stage stands for "Synthesis". This is the stage when DNA replication occurs. The G2 stage stands for "GAP 2". The M stage stands for "mitosis", and is when nuclear (chromosomes separate) and cytoplasmic (cytokinesis) division occur.(your book adds C as a separate stage) Mitosis is further divided into 4 phases

Assessment
1. When the cell increases in size transport of nutrients and wastes across the plasma membrane and control of cell contents by the nucleus becomes increasingly difficult

Assessment
2. Interphase Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Assessment
3. DNA is replicated during the S phase

Assessment
4.