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)


- .

-

- -:

Neuropsychology "

". " " .

Anatomy ) (Biology

) (Pharmacology ) .(Physiology
Clinical Neuropsychology

-:
-1 .Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology
-2 .Clinical Psychology

-3 .Clinical Neuropsychology

-4 .International Journal of Neurosciences

-5 .Neuropsychologia
-6 .J. of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology
-7 .Neuropsychology

-8 )( .Brain & Language

1980

American Psychological Association

.

Bruce

W.Osler Hebb " : " .1947

Neurologists .Physiological Psychologists

- -:

: .

-1 Brain Hypothesis
.

435-495) Impedocles.(

. 347-427) -.( Tripartite Soul

. 322-384) Aristotle.(
3

 -
. .

370-460) Hippocrtes.(

. 27-130) Galen.(

600

Pineal body .

)(53

(1650-1596) R.Descartes

.Rational Soul

Phrenology
(1828-1758) F.G.Gall (1832-1776) Spurzheim

. (1867-1794) Flourens

(1880-1824) P.Broca 1861

. K.
(1904-1848) Wernick :

Fluency Aphasia Wernicks Aphasia .Word Deafness

-2 Neuron Hypothesis

neuron hypothesis
.

. .
Nerve net hypothesis
.

-:
4

 (1911-1835) J.Jackson
300 .

.
1900 1949 .

-:

-1 -

-2
.

-3
.

. Prosopagnosia

) ( .Facial Recognition Test

Localization test Tactile Form

.Perception Test
.

W. Halstead

. - R.Reitan -
-

.Halstead-Reitan 1980 Luria-Nebraska

-.

- -:

Localization .
.
.

Plain X Ray
Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI

.
-

.
5

 . Spinal Puncture

.

-:

Neurosciences .Neuroscientist

.

.

. "

" .
.

-1

. -
.

-2
- - .

-3

)(81

-:
6

.1

.
.2

Malingering ) ( ) (

-:
.
.

. .

Professional Psychology
Clinical Neuropsychology .

-:
- .
-

- -:
-1 .Basic neurosciences
-2 .Neuroanatomy

-3 .Neuropathology
-4 .Clinical Neurology
-5 .Psychological Assessment

-6 .Clinical Neuropsychological Assessment

-7 .Psychopathology

- .
- :
-1 ) ( .
-2 .

)(81

-3 3 .
7

 -:

.
.

) (

.

.

Nervous Tissues
.
- .
-1

Neuron .

%90

.
-:

-1 Nerve cells

-2 Neuroglia

.
.
-:
8

 .1 Unipolar
Ganglia Spinal .
.2

Bipolar

. .
.3

Multipolar

-:

-1

.Cell body

-2

.Axon

.
Dendrites

.Receiving part
Nerve endings

.Synapse

Sheath Myelin
. Neurolemma

. .

Nodes of Ranvier .
.Schwanns Cells

part Conducting
)( .

.End Plate Motor

-2

-:
-1 Sensory

-2 Motor

) (

.
9

 -3 Mixed - -
.

-3

Presynaptic

Postsynaptic .

(4

Neurotransmitters

Noradrenaline Acetyle choline

Dopamine .Serotonine

.

-1

Central Nervous System -:

- Brain Cavity Cranial

Cerebellum Thalamus
.Hypothalamus

- Spinal Cord
Spinal Canal .Vertebral Column

..

-2 Peripheral Nervous System

. -:
- Cranial Nerves 12
) ( . .

- Spinal Nerves 31
. .

- Autonomic

Nervous

System Sympathetic

. Parasympathetic

.
10


Defects Congenital

.1

Inflammations Encephalitis

.2

Meningitis .
.3

Vascular Disorders

Thrombosis Haemorrhage

.Cerebro-Vascular Insufficiency

.4

Tumors ) Primary

( ) Secondary
(.

.5

Degenerative

.6

disorders Metabolic :

.7

Trauma Direct :

injuries Open-Head

Contusions .Lacerations
injuries Closed-Head )(

. Haematoma

Oedema
.

(5357).

. -:

11

 -1 Cerebral Hemispheres
-:

- Cerebral Cortex Gray Mater

- Subcortex White Mater

.
- Basal Ganglia
.

-2 Brain Stem -:

- Midbrain .

- Pons
.

- Medulla Oblongata
Foramen Magnum

-3 Cerebellum
.

-1

)(Cerebral Hemispheres

.
Rolandic Fissure Central Sulcus

Sylvian Fissure Lateral sulcus

: Lobe Frontal :
-:

.1 Area Prefrontal .

.2 Area Brocas

.3 Area Exners

.4 .

.5

Motor Area .

* -:

.1

:
12

-
- Spontaneity .

- Poor strategy formation

.

- Social Behavior
response inhibition Poor
Associative learning

-2 : Aphasia 1861

.
-3
: -:Parietal Lobe

-:

-1 Main Sensory Area :

-2 Sensory Association Area :

-3 Wernicks Area :

-:
-1 Cortical sensations : :

- Tactile localization

- Tactile discrimination

- .

-2 .
-3 .

-4 Working memory
* -:

.
-2
-3
.Agnosia

-4
-5

-6 Apraxia :
- Ideational Apraxia
- Motor Apraxia

13

 - ) -( Apraxia Ideomotor
-7 Body Image

-8 Perceptive
Aphasia .

: Lobe Temporal :

-:

-1

Auditory Sensory Area :

-2 Auditory Association Area

-3 General Interpretative Area

-4 Medial Surface

system Limbic

Hippocampus Amygdala .

.
(3).

-:
-1 .

-2 )( ) (
-3 Affective tone .
* -:

-1 ) (.
-2 Selective Attention .
-3 .

-4 .
-5 .
-6 .

-7 .
-8 .

-9 Lobe Epilepsy Temporal :

- Occipital Lobe :

. .
* -:

-1 Visual Sensory Area

14

-2 Visual Association Area

-:

-1 .Accommodation Reflex
-2
-3

.Visual hallucinations and Illusions

-4 .

-5 ) ( Visual Agnosia

- ) . (

- ). (

-2
)(Brain Stem
Foramen

Magnum .
.

Mid Brain Pons

.Medulla Oblongata .
Formation Reticular

Reflexes Spinal .
-1 : ) ( Occulomotor ) (Trochlear
.

-2 : ) (Trigeminal

. ) (Abducent

) (Facial

. ) (Auditory
.

-3 : ) (Glosso pharyngeal
.

) (Vagus .

) (Accessory .

) (Hypoglossal .

-3
15

 Cerebellum Vermis
. Coordination

.
.

-4

Limbic system

. J. Papez
1937 .
-:

-1

Hippocampus :

Executive functions .

.
.

.
-2Septum :

.
-3 :Amygdala

Amygdaloid nucleus

Edible edible Non

. )
( .

.Hyperactivity

-4 Uncus

16


fits Uncinate

like state Dreamy

.
.

)(36496

.
.

-1

-1

-4 .

-7 ) (

-10 .

-2 .

-5 .

-8 .

-11

-3 .

-6.

-9 ) (.

17

-2 ) (

-3 ) (

-4

18

 -5

19

)(Laterality or Lateralization

. -:

-1 Right Hemisphere
Left Hemisphere .

-2 Dominant
) (%90-85
%15-10 .

-3
. .

-4
.

-5

)(104 3

-1

. ) (
Verbal Analytical
Logical . Linear
.

Sequential

20


. .

Visuospatial
Nonverbal Sensory .Intuitive
Holistic ) (
.

. .
.

.
Non Verbal Thoughts
Spatial Orientation .
-:
-1 .
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6

.

.
.
.

.

-2
: -:

.
- -:

.
: -:
.

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5 .

.
21

 Dexterous
) Dextral ( . ) ( ) Sinister (
)( . ) (Left
.
.
. Devil Servants of the
* -:
-:
-1 Theories Genetic
-2 Environmental theories
-3 Anatomical Theories
-4 Developmental Theories Hormonal
-1 -:
Gene Dominant Recessive
.
-2 -:
.
-:
-Hypothesis Sword-Shield :
-
- -Mother-Baby Theory :
- *Parental Pressures Theory :
-3 -:
-:
-:
-
- *Theory Birth Stress :
- * Vestibular monoaminergic Previc Theory
-4 -:

Temporal Planum
. .

)(Higher functions
* -:

: Attention

-1 Sustained attention
-2 Selective or focused attention

: )(Memory

- -:

.1

Registration

.2

.3

Retrieval

- -:

-1 Immediate memory :
22

 -2 Short-Term memory :
-3 Long-Term memory :
- -:

- Declarative memories :
: .
-1 Working memory :
-2 Reference memory :
- Non declarative memory :

-:

-1 Skill memories
-2 Classical Conditioning memory
-3 Orienting memory

- ) (- :

-1

) (.

-2

-3

-4

.Mamillary bodies

- :.1
.2

-:

-1 -:
-2 :

-3 Global amnesia :

-4 Korsakovs syndrome

-5 )(-:

- -:

: )(Language

: -:
.1

Oral comprehension .
.2

.3

) (

Written comprehension .

. .
23

 : -:
Written .Spoken -:

.3

.1

.2

.
.4
.5

-1

-1 Anatomical Classification :
-2 -:
-3 Classification Clinical
-1 Brocas Aphasia
-2

Wernicks Aphasia

-3 Global aphasia :

-4 Amnestic Aphasia
- -:

-2 )(Dyslexia

-1

) .(Letter blindness

-2

) .(Word blindness

-3

).(Sentence blindness

-:

-1 Attentional dyslexia :
-2 :Neglect dyslexia :
-3 Letter by letter reading :
-4 Deep dyslexia :

-5 Phonological dyslexia :
-6 Surface dyslexia :

-3

- -:

:4

24

)(3

 -1 .
-2 .

-3 .
-4 .

-:
-1 -:
- Flat emotion :

- Apathy:

- Emotional liability :

-2 -:

-Euphoria:
-Ecstasy :

:5 )(Spatial Behavior

-: -1 -:
-2 -:

) (

-:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .

- -:

-1 -:
-2 -:
-3 -:

-4 -:
- -:

-:

-1 : : - .
- .

-2 : : - .
25

 - .
-

)(Neuropsychological Evaluation
-:
-1 -:

-2 -:
-3 -:

)(Test Batteries

-: -1 Thoroughness
-2

Ease and Cost

-4

Adaptability

-3 -:

-5 Flexibility

-
.1

- .Halstead Reitan

.2

.Lurias Neuropsychological Investigation

.3

.Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery

-1 -

-:
26

 -1 .Category Test
-2 .Finger Oscillation Test
-3 .Flicker Fusion Test

-4 .The Speech Sounds Perception Test

-5 Tactile Performance Test

-6 ).The Trail Making Test (

-7 .The Strength of the Grip Test

-8 .The Sensory Perceptual Examination

-9 .The Finger Localization Test
-10

.Test The Finger Tip Number Writing Perception

-11 The Tactile Form Recognition Test

-12 ) Aphasia Screening Test (.

-2
-:
-1 Cerebral Dominance

-2 Motor functions-:
-

- .

- .

-3 Acousticmotor organization-:
- .
- .

-4 Higher cutaneous functions-:

- .
- ) (.

- .Stereognosis

-5 :Higher visual functions-:

- .

- .Spatial orientation
- .

-6 -:
- .

- .

- .
27

- .
-7 -:
- .
- .

- .
- .Narrative speech

-8 -:
- .
-.

-.
-9 -:
- .

- .

-10 -:
-

- .
- .

-11 processes Intellectual-:

-

- .

- .Discursive intellectual activity

-3

) 269( 11
. -:

-1

Motor functions

-3

Tactile functions

-5

Receptive functions

-7

Writing functions

-8

Reading functions

-2
-4
-6

-9
-10

-11

Rhythm functions

Visual functions
Expressive functions

Arithmetic functions
Memory functions

Intellectual functions
28

 -:
-1

Pathognomonic

-2

Lt. Sensorimotor

-3

Rt. Sensorimotor

)(Composite Batteries Informal

-1 Montreal Neurological Investigation :

-:
-1

-:
-

-2

Handedness questionnaires

- .Dichotic Words

-:

- ) (.

-3 .Academic skills
-4 Visuoperceptual -:
- .Rey Complex Figure

- .Mooney Faces
-5 -:
- .

- Facial Memory Test

-6 -:
- .

- Semmes Body-Placing Test

-7 Somatosensory -:
- .Passive movements

- Point localization

- .Two-points discrimination
-8 -:
- .

- .

- - Chapman-Cook Speed of Reading

-9 .Blocks Corsi Recurring

-10 -:
- Test Wisconsin Card Sorting
29

- Chicago Word-

.Fluency test

-11 -:
-

.Hand dynamometer

- .Finger Tapping

- .Box Test Kimora

- .copy Facial movement & Complex arm

-2 Boston Process Approach :

-:

-1 Perceptual functions & Intellectual

-2
-3 .
-4 .

-5 .

-1 --:

-2 -:
-3 (Trail Making Test (TMT

-1 .

-2 Torque Test :
-3 .

30


-1 )(Functional versus Organic
-2
-3 )(Minimal Brain Dysfunction

-4 )(Mental Deterioration
-5

-6

-7

- Speech Lateralization

- -:

-8 )(Acquired Dyscalculia

-9

-10
-11

-12

-13

-1 Frontal Lobe Tests :

-2 -:

-3 -:
-4 :

*
-:
-1 -.
-2 -.
-3 .
-4 .

-1 -
12 - :
31

.1

Category tests

.2

Tactual performance test

.3

Finger tapping test

.4

.Speech sounds perception test

.5

Seashore rhythm test

.6

) Trail making test (.

.7

Strength of grip test

.8

Sensory perception test

.9

Tactile finger localization test

.10

Fingertip number writing test

.11

.Tactile form recognition test

.12

.Aphasia screening test

-2 -
16 - :
.1

.2

.3

..

.4

Marching test

.5

.6

.7

.8

Fingertip symbol writing test

.9

.10

.11

Color form test

.12

.Progress figure test

.13

.Matching picture test

.14

Target test

.15

).Matching figures & Matching Vs test( V

.16

.Drawing of star and concentric squares

-3
11 ) (
32

.1

Motor test

.2

.3

.4

.5

.6

Expressive

.7

Writing

.8

Reading

.9

Arithmetic

.10

.11

-4
-:

- -:Simultaneous Processing Scale

.1

.2 4-2.5 ) Face recognition(

.3

) Gestalt closure (12.5-2.5

12.5-4) Triangles(

.4
.5

12.5-5) Matrix analogies(

.6

12.5-5 ) Spatial memory(

.7 12.5-6) Photo series(

- :Sequential Processing Scale

.1

Hand movements : 12.5-2.5.

.2

Number recall : 12.5-2.5

.3

Word order 12.5-4

: Achievement subtests
.1

) Expressive vocabulary (4-2.5

.2 ) Faces & Places (12.5-2.5

.3

) (12.5-3

.4

) Riddles (12.5-3

.5

)(12.5-5

.6

)(12.5-7

33


-1 :
-2 .
-3 .
-4 .
-5

-6 .
-7

-8
-9

Autism
Attention Deficit Disorders

-11
-12
-13
-14

Conduct Disorders

. -1 .
-2 .

-:* -:

- .
: .

: .

: .

-1 -:Attention
-2

- 4

- 5
-6 .

-1

Alzheimers disease :

-2 Picks disease :
34

 -3 Jackob-Creutzfeldt Disease
-4 Parkinsons disease :

-5 Multi-infarct dementia
-: -1
-2
-3

-4 Gresham Ward Questionnaire :

-5

-:
-1 Chief complaint & its history :
-2

Background informations :

-3 Intellectual & Cognitive functioning :

-4 Motor Performance :
-5 Memory Functioning :
-7 Perceptual Motor Functioning :
-8 Personality Tests :
-9 Conclusion & Recommendations :

) (.
) (
)(.
.
)(.
.
) (
.
.

)(A
Abducent nerve.
Absence seizure.
Abstract thinking.
Abstraction.
Academic skills.
Acalculia.
Acetylcholine.
Achromatopsia.
Acetylecholinesterase.
35

 )(.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)(
.
.
.
.
.
) (.
.
.
.
.
) . (.
)(.
.
.
.
.
) (
.
) (.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)(.
. . .
) (.
.
.
.

.

.
.
.
.
.
.

Acopia.
Acoustic.
Acousticmotor.
Acute.
Acute confustional state.
Acquired.
Affective disorders.
Afferent nerve.
Aging.
Agnosia.
Agraphia.
Aguesia.
Akathisia.
Alpha wave.
Alexia.
Alzheimers disease.
Amnesia.
Amusia.
Amygdala.
Anaethesia.
Anartheria.
Anarithmia
Anatomical.
Anatomy.
Aneurysm
Angiography.
Angular gyrus.
Anomia.
Anomic aphasia.
Anorexia nervosa.
Anosmia.
Anosognosia.
Anoxia.
Anterograde amnesia.
Antons syndrome.
Aphasia
-expressive.
- receptive.
Arachnoid mater.
Apraxia.
Aprosodia.
Arachnoid mater.
Articulation.
Astereognosis.
Ascending tracts.
Asomatognosia.
Astereognosis.
Association area.
Asymbolia.
Asymmetry.
36

 )(.
.
.
.
.
.
) (.
)(.
.
)(.
.
.

) (.
.
.
) (.
.
.
.
)(.
.
)(.
.
.
) (.
.
)(C
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)(.
.
.
.
.
) (.
.
.
.
.
.

Ataxia.
Atherosclerosis.
Attention.
Atrophy.
Attention Deficit Disorder.
Auditory.
Aura.
Autism.
Automatism.
Autonomic Nervous System.
Autopagnosia.
Axon.

)(B
Balints syndrome.
Basal ganglia.
Battery.
Beta wave.
Block design.
Body image.
Blood flow.
Brain.
Brain imaging.
Brain scan.
Brain stem.
Brocas aphasia.
Brocas area.
Bulimia nervosa
Carotid artery.
Category test.
Central fissure.
Central Nervous System.
Cerebellar cortex.
Cerebellum.
Cerebral hemisphere.
Cerebral cortex.
Cerebral dominance.
Cerebrospinal fluid.
Cerebrum.
Cerebro vascular.
Chiasma.
Chlinergic system.
Cingulate gyrus.
Closed head injury.
Cognitive neuropsychology.
Cognitive processing
Color agnosia.
Color Anomia.
37

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
.(
.
.
.
.
.
.

Comissure.
Comissurotomy.
Complex partial epilepsy.
Computerized tomograpgy.
Concentration.
Concussion.
Conduction aphasia.
Confabulation.
Congenital.
Constructional apraxia.
Contralateral.
Contusion.
Convergent thinking.
Coping apraxia
Corpus callosum.
Cortex.
Cortical atrophy.
Cortical sensations.
Cranial.
Cranial nerves.
(D)
Decortication.
Decerebration.
Declarative memory.
Decussation.
Deficit.
Degenerative disorder.
Dj vu.
Delirium.
Delta wave.
Dementia.
Dendrites.
Depersonalization
Descending tracts.
Diagnosis.
Diagnostic.
Dichotic listening.
Differential diagnosis.
Digit spans.
Digit symbols.
Disconnection.
Discrimination.
Disinhibition.
Disorder.
Disorientation.
Disseminated sclerosis.
Divergent thinking.
Dominance.
Dura mater.
Dyscalculia.
38

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.( )
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.( )
.
.
.( )
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.

Dysgraphia.
Dysfunction.
Dyslexia.
Dysphasia.
(E)

.
.( ).
.
.
.
.
.( )
.
.

Echolalia.
Efferent nerve.
Electroencephalogram.
Emotion.
Encephalitis.
Epilepsy.
Exners area.
Expressive.
Expressive aphasia.
(F)

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Facial.
Facial agnosia.
Facial expressions.
Finger localization test.
Finger oscillation test.
Falsification.
Fissure.
Flicker fusion test.
Fluency.
Fluent aphasia.
Focal.
Focal fit.
Frontal.
Frontal lobe.
Frontal lobectomy.
Functional.
(G)

.
.
.
.
.
.

Gestalt psychology.
Glasgo Coma Scale.
Global amnesia.
Grand mal epilepsy.
Gray matter.
Gyri.
(H)
Hallucinations.
Handedness.
Head Trauma.
Hemiplegia.
Hemiparesis.
Hemisphere.
Hippocampus.
Histology.
Hydrocephalus.
39

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)

(.
.
.
) (.

Hyperactivity.
Hypermnesia.
Hypothalamus.
)(I

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Ictal.
Ideomotor.
Illusion.
Implicit memory.
Inattention.
Innervation.
Intellectual.
Intellectual functions.
Interictal.
Intracranial.
Intracranial pressure.
Ipsilateral.
)(J

)
(

Jamai vu.
)(K

) (.

Korsakofs disease.
)(L

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Language.
Laterality.
Lateralization.
Lesion.
Limbic system.
Linguistic.
Lobe.
Lobectomy.
Localization.
)(M

.
.
)(.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
)
(.

Macropsia.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI).
Malingering.
Medulla oblongata.
Memory.
Meningitis.
Midbrain.
Micropsia.
Minimal Brain Dysfunction.
Motor.
Motor area.
Motor cortex.
Motor nerves.
Myeline sheath
40

)(N
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
) (.

Nasal.
Nasal field.
Neuroanatomy.
Neuroimaging.
Neurons.
Neuropsychology.
Neurosurgery.
Neurotransmitter.
Nominal aphasia.
Nystagmus.
)(o

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Occipital lobe.
Olfaction.
Optic Chiasma.
Optic nerve.
Organic.
Organicity.
Organic lesion.
)(P

.
.
) (.
.
)(.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

)(
.
.

Palsy
Papilledema.
Paraplegia.
Parietal lobe.
Parkinsonism.
Paramnesia.
Parietal lobe.
Peripheral Nervous System.
Perseveration.
Pia matter.
Pons.
Positron Emission tomography

Postictal.
Post Trumatic
Posttraumatic amnesia.
Prefrontal area.
Preoccupations.
Prosopagnosia.
Psychomotor.
Pyramidal tracts.
)(R

.
.
.
.
.
.

Recall.
Receptive aphasia.
Rehabilitation.
Reticular formation.
Retina.
Retrograde amnesia.
41

Rolandic fissure.
)(S

) (.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Schwans cell.
Seizure.
Semicoma.
Senile dementia.
Sensory cortex.
Sensory perceptual test.
Somatic.
Somatosensory.
Spatial.
Spatial orientation.
Spinal.
Spinal cord.
Split brain.
Subcortex.
Stereognosis.
Stroke.
Stroop Effect.
Sylvian fissure.
Sympathetic.
Synapse.
)(T

.
.
.
.
.
.
)(.
) (.
.
.

Tachistoscope.
Tactile.
Tactile form recognition test.
Taste buds.
Temporal lobe.
Temporal memory.
Thalamus.
Theta wave.
Thrombosis.
Tic

)(U
) (.
) (.

Uncus.
Uncinate fits.

)(V
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

Vascular.
Ventricle.
Verbal aphasia.
Vertebral column.
Visual agnosia.
Visual field.
Visual memory.
Visuoconstructural ability.
Visuomotor.
Visuospatial.
42

)(W
.
.
) (.
.
.
.

Wada test
Wernicks area.
Wernicks aphasia.
Word blindness.
Word deafness.
Working memory.

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.
.

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