Concept of vector magnetic potential

For the point charge configuration

dV
dq
r
=
4
0
tc
The electric potential is directly proportional to its source.
The electric potential is inversely proportional to the distance of point from source.
The electric potential depends on media.
The proportionality constant is 1/4t
Analogues to these lines we can have
The magnetic potential is directly proportional to its source. (i.e. differential current element .)
The magnetic potential is inversely proportional to its distance of point from source. (i.e. r)
The magnetic potential depends on media (medium constant is )
The proportionality constant is 1/4t

dA
d
r
=

t
I l
4
E V = V Similar to
V = V = A H or A B
But as we have accepted that the magnetic potential depends on media
then its space derivative i.e. must depend on media.
V = A B
V = A B
V = A 0
VV = V = V = V = A B H H J
V V = V V V A A A ( )
2
V V = V = A A J
2

V =
2
A J
V = V + V + V = + +
2 2 2 2
A a A a A a A J a J a J a
x x y y z z x x y y z z
( )
V =
2
A J
x x

V =
2
A J
y y

V =
2
A J
z z

V =
2
0
V
v
/ , c
A
J dv
r
x
x
=
z z z

t 4
A
J dv
r
y
y
=
z z z

t 4
A
J dv
r
z
z
=
z z z

t 4
A
r
J a J a J a dv
x x y y z z
= + +
z z z

t 4
1
( )
A
Jdv
r
vol
=
z

t 4
.
For the sake of simplicity we choose
Taking the curl of equation (A) we get,
A
But the vector identity curl of curl of a vector is,
B
C
V
R
dv
v
v
=
z
1
4
0
tc

Poissons equation
has a particular solution
Expression for A:
Retarded vector potential
I I =
m
t sine
[ ] sin I I =
F
H
G
I
K
J
m
t
r
c
e
where, r = distance travelled,
c = velocity of propagation,
[ I ] =Retarded current and the bracket is added to
` indicate that it is retarded current
A
J
R
dv
v
=
z

t 4
V
R
dv
v
v
=
z
1
4tc

A r t
J r t R c
R
dv
v
( , )
( ', / )
' =

z

t 4
V r t
r t R c
R
dv
v
v
( , )
( , / )
'
'
=

z
1
4tc

A
J
R
dv
v
=
z

t 4
'
V
R
dv
v
v
=
z
1
4tc

'
RADIATION
To obtain A:
STEP 1:
A r
J t
r
v
R
dv ( )

' =
F
H
G
I
K
J
z

t 4
OR A r
J t
r
c
r
dv
v
( )

=
F
H
G
I
K
J
z

t 4
A
J t
r
c
dv
r
z
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
z

t 4

For current in z direction

Let I I =
m
t cose
Jdv Jds
v v
z
=
z
= ( ) d I d
A
d t
r
c
r
z
m
=
F
H
G
I
K
J

t
e
4
I cos
STEP 2:
To obtain B :
V = A
r
a r a r a
r
A r A r
r
r
1
2
sin
sin
sin
u
u
c
c
c
cu
c
c|
u
u |
u |

A
A A
A A
A
r z
z
=
=
=
cos ;
sin ;
u
u
u
|
0
Due to spherical symmetry
c
c|
= 0
V = = A
r
a a r a
r
A r A
r
r
1
0
0
2
sin
sin
u
u
c
c
c
cu
u |
u
r

u u | |
H a + H a H a
r r
+
=
1
2
r
r a
r
r A A
r
sin
sin ( ) ( )
u
u
c
c
c
cu
| u

L
N
M
O
Q
P
=
1
r r
r A A a
r
c
c
c
cu
u |
( ) ( )
L
N
M
O
Q
P
H i e H
r r
= = 0 0 . .

u u
H i e H = = 0 0 . .

c
c
c
cu
| u
H
r r
r A
A
r
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
1
( )
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
H
r r
r A A
z z |

c
c
u
c
cu
u
1
( sin ) ( cos )
A
d t
r
c
r
z
m
=
F
H
G
I
K
J

t
e
4
I cos
=
L
N
M
O
Q
P
H
r r
r A A
z z |

c
c
u
c
cu
u
1
( sin ) ( cos )
H
d
r
t
r
c r
t
r
c
m
|
t
c
c
u e
c
cu
u
e =
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
R
S
T
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
U
V
W
I
4 r
l
sin cos
cos
cos
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
M
M
M
O
Q
P
P
P
P
I
4
dl
t
r
c
rc
t
r
c
r
sin
sin cos
u
t
e e e
2
= +
L
N
M
O
Q
P
I
4
dl t'
rc
t'
r
sin sin cos u
t
e e e
2
t' t
r
c
=
F
H
G
I
K
J

V =
-
H E c
E Hdt = V
z
1
c
H
r
= 0 ; H and
u
c c| = = 0 0 /
V = H
r
a ra r a
r
r H r
r
r
1
2
sin
sin
sin
u
u
c
c
c
cu
c
c|
u
u |
u |

H H
V = H
r
a ra r a
r
r
r
1
0
0 0
2
sin
sin
sin
u
u
c
c
c
cu
u
u |
|

H
=
1
r
H H
2
sin
( sin )] [ ( sin )
u
c
cu
u
c
c
u
| u |
a r r a
r
r
r

L
N
M
O
Q
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
=
c
c
c
u u
t
E a E a
r r
[ ] +

E
=
1
r
H
1
r
H
2
c
c
c
u
c
cu
u
u
c
cu
u
| |
r
t
r
sin
( sin )]
sin
(sin )] =

E
= -
1
r
r H
1
r
2
c
c
c
u
c
c
u
c
c
u
| |
t r
r
r
r H
sin
( sin )] ( )] =
STEP 3 To find E :
A
B

t
=
2I
4

c

+
R
S
T
U
V
W
c
c
u
t c
e e e E d t'
r
t'
r
r
cos sin cos
2 3
E =
2I
4

c
=
z

+
R
S
T
U
V
W
z
E d
d t'
r
t'
r
dt
r r
cos sin cos u
t c
e e e
2 3
= +
F
H
G
I
K
J
2
4
2 3
Id t
r c
t
r
l cos cos ' sin ' u
tc
e e
e

E
=
1
r
c
c
c
c
c
u
|
t r
r H ( )]
= + +
F
H
G
I
K
J
E
I
r
u
u
tc
e e e e
e
d t
r c
t
r c
t sin sin ' cos ' sin '
4
2 2 3
H
d t
r c
t
r
|
u
t
e e e
= +
F
H
G
I
K
J
I l sin sin ' cos '
4
2
H
d t
r
t
r c
Induction field
Near field
Radiation
|
u
t
e e e
= +
F
H
G
G
G
G
G
I
K
J
J
J
J
J
I

field
(Far field)
l sin cos ' sin '
( )
4
2

Similarly From B :

E
=
1
r
H
1
r
H
2
c
c
c
u
c
cu
u
u
c
cu
u
| |
r
t
r
sin
( sin )]
sin
(sin )] =

E
= -
1
r
r H
1
r
2
c
c
c
u
c
c
u
c
c
u
| |
t r
r
r
r H
sin
( sin )] ( )] =
A
B
C
D
E

E 1
r

I
4

=

+
R
S
T
U
V
W
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
c
c
c u
c
cu
u
u
t
e e e
r
t
dl t'
r c
t'
r
sin
sin
sin sin cos
2

1
r
I
4

=

+
R
S
T
U
V
W
L
N
M
O
Q
P
sin
sin cos
sin
u t
e e e c
cu
u
d t'
r c
t'
r

2
2
=
1
r
I
4

sin
sin cos
sin cos
u t
e e e
u u
d t'
r c
t'
r

+
R
S
T
U
V
W
L
N
M
O
Q
P
2
2
From A :
t' t
r
c
=
F
H
G
I
K
J

P E
r u |
= H
= +
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
L
N
M
O
Q
P
2
4 4
2 3 2
I I d t
r c
t
r
d t
r c
t
r
l l cos cos ' sin ' sin sin ' cos ' u
tc
e e
e
u
t
e e e
= +
F
H
G
I
K
J
I

2
d t
r c
t
r c
t t
r
t t
r c
l
2
2
2
4
2
4 5 3 2
2
16
sin sin ' cos ' sin 'cos ' sin 'cos ' u
t c
e e e e
e
e e e
= +
F
H
G
I
K
J
I

2
d t
r c
t
r
t
r c
l
2
2 4 5 3 2
2
16
2 2
2
2
2
sin cos ' sin ' sin ' u
t c
e e
e
e e
P E
r
=
u |
H
= + +
F
H
G
I
K
J
+
F
H
G
I
K
J
I
r
I d t
r c
t
r c
t d t
r c
t
r
sin sin ' cos ' sin ' sin sin ' cos ' u
tc
e e e e
e
u
t
e e e
4 4
2 2 3 2
l
= +
F
H
G
+
I
K
J
I

2 2 2
2 5
2
4 3 2
2
4 3 2
2 2
2 3
16
dl t' t'
r
t'
r c
t' t'
r c
t'
r c
t' t'
r c
t'
r c
sin sin cos cos

sin cos

sin

sin cos sin

u
t c
e e
e
e e e e
e e e e e e
= + +
F
H
G
I
K
J
I
2 2 2
2 5 4 3 2
2
2 3
16
2
2
2 2 1 2
2
dl t'
r
t'
r c
t'
r c
t'
r c
sin sin cos

sin ( cos ) u
t c
e
e
e e e e e
= +
F
H
G
I
K
J
I
2 2 2
2
2
3 2
16 2
2 2
dl
c r
Terms containing t' and t'
sin
cos sin
u
t c
e
e e
STEP 4 To find Rr :
P
d
r c
r av ( )
sin
=
e u
t c
2 2 2 2
2 2 3
32
I l
P
d
rc
Watts sq m
r av ( )
sin
/ . =
F
H
G
I
K
J
q e u
t 2 4
2
I l
Power P ds
r av
surface
=
z
( )

I
=
z
F
H
G
I
K
J z
= = |
t
u
t
q e u
t
u u |
0
2
2
2
0
2 4
d
rc
r d d
l sin
sin

I
=
F
H
G
I
K
J z
=
q e u
t
t u u
u
t
2 4
2
2
2
0
d
rc
r d
l sin
sin
= =
z
qe
t
u u
t
2 2 2
2
3
0
16
I d
c
d
l
sin
= + +
L
N
M
O
Q
P
qe
t
u
u
t
2 2 2
2
2
0
16
3
2
I d
c
l cos
(sin )
=
qe
t
2 2 2
2
12
I d
c
Watts
l
q

c
c
c
c
= ==
F
H
G
I
K
J
=
1
1
1
( ) c
I I
rms
= / 2
Power
d
c
rms
=
qe
t
2 2 2
2
6
I l

I
=
120 2
6
2 2 2
2
t t
t
( ) f d
c
rms
l
)I = 80
2
2
2
2 2
t (
f
c
d
rms
l
I R
2
r
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
= 80
2 2 2
t

d
I
rms rms
l
R
d
r
=
F
H
G
I
K
J
80
2
2
t

l
ohm