1

135—jrefrmjynfzGm;vlrsdKrsKd;rsm;
*gr%d
etz[m t&iftpdk;&tqufqufeJ@ vrf;cGJxGufvmwmjzpfw,f/
t&iftpdk;&awGxufomw,fvdk@ 0gºuGm;ae ayrJh
OD;Ektpdk;&vkyfcJhwJh urBmat;v_d%f*l/ ae0if;vkyfcJhwJh
jrefrmpma&;&mrSm wpfck wpfa,mufpojzifh oHk;pGJa&;/ apmarmif
xGifcJhwJh jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om; 135 rsdKrsKd;/
cif!Gef@xGifcJhwJh jrefrmtp-vlom;tp yHkawmifyHknmu t,ltqawGudk
quf usifhoHk;aeygw,f? tckaqmif;yg;rSmawmh jrefrmjynfrSm
wdkif;&if;om; 135 rsdKrsKd;wu,f&Sdr&Sdudk
qef;ppfazmfxkwfoGm;ygr,f?
yxrqHk;ucsifvlrsdKrsKd;awGudk =unfh&if e0w-etzu ucsif 12
rsdKrsKd; vdk@azmfjyxm;&mrSm vlrsdKrsKd; wrsdKrsKd;xJu
aqGrsdKrsKd;pk uGJ/ bmompum; av,lav odrf;uGJawGudk
oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd;awGtjzpf ZGwftwif;jy xm;ygw,f? 'ghtjyif
ucsifqdkwJhemr,feJ@ vlrsdKrsKd;wrsdKrsKd; oD;oef@jyxm;ovkd
*sif;azmemr,feJ@vJvnf; jyxm;jyef w,f? wu,fawmh ucsifqdkwm
tm;vHk;udk+cHKac:wJh emr,fjzpfrSef; vlwdkif;odayrJh etz[m
vlrsdKrsKd;ta& twGuf azmif;yGapcsifvGef;tm;}uD;vdk@
oD;oef@vlrsdKrsKd; r[kwfwmudk t[kwf}uD;vkyfxnfhwmjzpfw,f? et
zpm&if;xJu a*:&D/ ccl eJ@ 'l;vef; wdk@[m *sif;azm
tEG,fuGJawGomjzpf+yD; oD;jcm; vlrsdKrsKd;pkawG r[kwfyg bl;?
ccleJ@'l;vef; qdk&if rsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJwckwnf;udkbJyJ
emr,fESpfrsdKrsKd; ac:xm;wmjzpfygw,f? ucsif 12 rsdKrsKd;xJ
wrsdKrsKd;tjzpfjyxm;wJh w±krf;eJ@'avmif qdkwmvJvnf; &0rf
rsdKrsKd;uGJjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh etzajymwJh ucsif 12 rsdKrsKd; [m
vufawG@ rSm 6 rsdKrsKd; bJyJjzpfygw,f?

etzpm&
trSefpm&if;
if;
*sdef;azm/ r±l/ &0rf/ v&SD/ tZD; ESifh
1 ucsif
vDql; wdk@udk v$rf;jcHKac:a0:onfhtrnf
2 w±krf; &0rfrsKd;EG,fpk
3 'avmif &0rfrsKd;EG,fpk
*sdef;a *sdef;azm (a*:&D/ ccl/ 'l;vef; ESifh
4 1
zm tjcm;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;yg0if)
5 a*:&D *sdef;azmrsKd;EG,fpk
6 ccl *sdef;azmrsKd;EG,fpk
7 'l;vef; *sdef;azmrsKd;EG,fpk
r±l
8 (avmfa 2 r±l
0:)
 2

&0rf odk@r[kwf EHk; ('avmif/ w±krf;

9 &0rf 3
ESifh tjcm;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;yg0if)
v&SD
1
(vcsdwf 4 v&SD
0
)
1
tZD; 5 tZD; odk@r[kwf Zdkif0g;
1
1 vDql; odk@r[kwf a,m,if odk@r[kwf
vDql; 6
2 vDa&Sm
1 pkpkay
6 pkpkaygif;
2 gif;

etz&J@ etzpm&i trSefpm&if;

u,m;vlrsdKrsKd;pm&if;xJrSm f;
vlrsdKrsKd; 9 rsdKrsKd;jyxm; 1 u,m; u,m;
ygw,f? 'DxJrSm Z,drf;/ u,ef; 2 Z,drf; u,ef; (ya'gif)
(ya'gif)/ uJhcdk/ ,if;abmf qdkwJh (uJhcdk/ ,if;abmf/
av;rsdKrsKd;[m wu,fawmh u,ef; Z,drf;
(ya'gif) vlrsdKrsKd;&J@ trnfuGJ ponfwdk@yg0if)
awG odk@r[kwf 3 u,ef; rEkraem
rsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJawGomjzpfvdk@ (ya'gif)
etzajymwJh 9 rsdKrsKd;[m 4 uJhckd y&J (ua,m)
vufawG@rSm 5 5 a*bm; ,if;wvJ
rsdKrsKd;bJyJjzpfoGm;ygw,f? 6 b&J@
a*bm;vlrsdKrsKd; uawmh bGJ (ua,m)
u&ifxJrSm yg0ifygw,f? 7 rEkraem
8 ,if;wvJ
etzpm&i trSefpm&if;
9 ,if;abmf
f;
1 u,m; 1 u,m;
2 Z,drf; u,ef;rsKd;EG,fpk
3 u,ef; 2 u,ef; (ya'gif/
(ya'gif) uJhcdk/ ,if;abmf/
Z,drf; wdk@yg0if)
4 uJhckd u,ef;rsKd;EG,fpk
5 a*bm; bGJu&ifrsKd;EG,f
pk
6 b&J@ 3 ua,m
(ua,m)
7 rEkraem 4 rEkraem
8 ,if;wvJ 5 ,if;wvJ
9 ,if;abmf u,ef;rsKd;EG,fpk
 3

9 pkpkayg 5 pkpkaygif;
if;

etz&J@u&ifvlrsdKrsKd; 11 rsdKrsKd;pm&if;[mvJvnf;
vlrsdKrsKd;wrsdKrsKd;xJ &J@ emr,fuGJawG/
rsdKrsKd;EG,fpkuGJawGudk oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd;awG tjzpf
zefwD;xm;w,f? tm;vHk;udkv$rf;+cHKac:wJh u&ifvlrsdKrsKd;u owfowf/
paum ydk; bGJ pwJhvlrsdKrsKd;uowfowfvkyfxm;wm
tifrwef&,fp&maumif;ygw,f? vlrsdKrsKd;awGazmif;yGapcsifvGef;
vdk@ }uHrd}uH&mvkyfvdkufwm wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfaewJh tpdk;&
t&nftcsif;rJhr_udk jywmvJvnf;jzpfoGm;w,f? udk,fhwdkif;jynfu
vlrsdKrsKd;emr,fawmif trSeftwdkif;rodbJ tpdk;&vkyfae& ovm;
'gavmufav;rS rodbl;vm;vdk@ trsm;ar;aighp&m jzpfukefygw,f?
u&ifvlrsdKrsKd;[m 3 rsdKrsKd;bJyJ&Sdygw,f? yul;/ wavSyGm;/
armaeyGm;qdkwmawG[m paumu&if rsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJawGjzpfovdk
u&ifjzL/ yavuD; uawmh bGJu&if &J@ trnfuGJeJ@ rsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJ
omjzpfygw,f? rdk;yGm;eJ@ rGefu&ifqdkwm ydk;u&ifjzpf+yD;
pmjzLu&ifqkdwmuawmh vlrsdKrsKd;udkajymwmr[kwfbJ c&pf,ef
bmom0ifu&ifawGudk ajymwmjzpfwJhtwGuf etz&J@
uvdrfuuspfvkyfr_udk xif&Sm;aeapygw,f?
u,m;/ u,ef;vlrsdKrsKd; rsm;[m &if;jrpftm;jzifh
bGJu&ifvlrsdKrsKd;jzpfayrJh rsufarSmufumvrSmawmh
oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd;awG tjzpf &yfwnfoGm;=uyg+yD?
u,m;vlrsdKrsKd;xJxnfhxm;wJh a*bm;vlrsdKrsKd;uvJvnf;
bGJu&ifbJyJjzpfygw,f/ oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd;trSwf tom;vuQ%m cH,lwJh
tae txm;r&Sdao;bJ bGJu&ifrsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJ trSwftom;vuQ%mudkom
cH,laeqJjzpfygw,f? ytdk@ vlrsdKrsKd;uawmh e*dkrlv&if;jrpf tm;jzifh
ydk;u&ifjzpfayrJh tckawmh oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd;vuQ%m
cH,lxm;+yDjzpfw,f?

etzpm&if trSefpm&if; rGefu&if ydk;u&iftrnfuGJ/ pmjzLqdkonfrS

; (pmjzL) c&pf,efbmom0ifudk qdkvdk
u&if paum/ ydk; ESifh bGJpaum wdk@udk 1 paum (yul;/ wavSyGm;/ armaeyG
jcHKIac:aomtrnfpaum (yul;/ ESifh tjcm;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;yg0if)
wavSyGm;/ armaeyGm; etzpm&
yg0if) trSefpm&if;
u&ifjzL bGJu&ifrsKd;EG,fpk odk@r[kwf
trnfuGJydk; (&SL;) wmavSy
(rdk;yGm;/ paumu&ifrsKd;EG,fpk
rGefu&ifyg0if) Gm;
yavuD; bGJu&ifrsKd;EG,fpkbGJ yul; (u&ifjzL/ paumu&ifrsKd;EG,fpk odk@r[k
yavuD;/ a*bm; yg0if) trnfuGJ
 4

bGJ 2 bGJ (u&ifjzL/ yavuD;/ a*bm;

tjcm;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;yg0if)
&SL; 3 ydk; (rdk;yGm;/ rGefu&if ES
armaeyG paumu&ifrsKd;EG,fpk (ydk;) tjcm;rsKd;EG,fpkrsm;yg0if)
m; pkpkaygi 3 pkpkaygif;
rdk;yGm; ydk;u&ifrsKd;EG,fpk

etzpm&if;xJrSm tqdk;qHk;uawmh csif;vlrsdKrsKd; 53

rsdKrsKd;jyxm;wmygbJyJ? xHk;pHtwdkif; csif; qdkwJhemr,feJ@
vlrsdKrsKd;wrsdKrsKd; vJvnf;jyxm;ygao;w,f? 53 rsdKrsKd;xJrSm
csif;vlrsdKrsKd;tjzpf trSwftom;vuQ%m identity rowfrSwfEdkifwJh em*/
r%dyl&EG,f bGm;uonf; eJ@ eDaygEG,fbGm;vsif;bk
udkvJvnf;xnfhxm;w,f? 'Duae@
csif;EdkifiHa&;ygwDawGeJ@ynm&Sifrsm; vufcHtwnfjyK xm;wm
csif;vlrsdKrsKd; 8 rsdKrsKd;bJyJjzpfygw,f? vlrsdKrsKd; Race/Tribe
r[kwfwJh rsdKrsKd;EG,fpk§aqGrsdKrsKd;pk Clan pum;0Jtpk Dialect
awGudk a&maESmjyxm;wJh 53 rsdKrsKd;udk o±kyfcGJvkduf&if
tckvdkawG@&ygw,f?

etzpm&if; trSefpm&if;
(1 csif; ZdkrD;/ uluD;/ vdkifrD;/
) r&m/ csKdrD;/ crD;/
±d_rD; ESifh rDZdk
wdk@udk
v$rf;jcHKac:aomtrnf
(1 acgEdk;/ *efwJh/ a*G;wJ/ iGef;/ 1 ZdkrD;csif;
0) qDpmef/ qdkif;Zef/ Zdk/
1 wD;wdef/ awZef/ 'ifrf
(2 acgifqdkif/ wmh'dk; 2 uluD;csif;
)2
(1 cGmqif;rf/ cGefvD/ qifwef/ 3 vdkifrD;csif;
5) Zma[mif/ Zdkaz/ Zefn‡yf/
3 waygif/ wdkifc|ef;/ awm&f/ rdtJ/
vifwJ/ avmufwl/ vkdif/ vdkifZdk
(2 r&m/ rwl/ ZdkwHk; 4 r&m
)4
(5 'dkif (,if'l;)/ ruef;/ rGif;/ tkyk/ 5 csKdrD;csif;
)5 a&mifwl
(7 crD/ t0crD/ acgifpdk/ yeef;/ 6 crD;csif; (+rdK)
)6 av;+rdK/ 0guif;rf/ tEl;
(2 qvkdif;/ t±d_ 7 ±d_rD;csif;
)7
(3 uvifaum (vl±d_if;)/ vl±d_if; 8 rDZdkcsif; (vl±_dif;)
 5

)8 (vla&S)/ [Gmvfidk
(4 em*/ wefcl;/ rm&if/ teef em*
)
(1 arhax; (uonf;) r%dyl&
)
(1 vsif;bk eDayg
)
53 pkpkaygif; 8š pkpkaygif;
3

uluD; (om'dk;) [m &if;jrpftm;jzifh ZdkrD;vlrsdKrsKd;jzpfayrJh

tckawmh oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd;tjzpf &yfwnfyg+yD? vdkifrD; &if;jrpf
jzpfwJh r&m [mvnf; tck oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd;tjzpf &yfwnfaeyg+yD?
etz[m crGD;eJ@+rdK udk &ckdifvlrsdKrsKd;xJxnfhrxm;&if csif; 545
rsdKrsKd; jzpf oGm;Edkifw,f? csif;ykef;/ csif;bkwf pwJhemr,fuGJawG
xyfxnfhvdkuf&if etz&J@ csif;pm&if;[m
100 em;uyfoGm;Edkifygw,f? etzpm trSefpm&if;
em*vlrsdKrsKd;udkawmh &if;
csif;vlrsdKrsKd;xJ 1 Arm Arm (a,m/
owfrSwfxnfhoGif;vdk@r&bJ xm;0,f/ bdwf)
oD;jcm;jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;vlrsd 2 xm;0,f ,Adef;
KrsKd;wrsdKrsKd;tjzpf owfrSwf&rSm 3 bdwf u'l;ueef;
jzpfygw,f? etz&J@csif;awGvdkbJyJ 4 a,m
em*xJu aqGrsdKrsKd;pk/ 5 ,Adef;
pum;0JtpkawGu 64 rsdKrsKd;&Sdvdk@ 6 u'l;
csif;xufrsm;ygw,f? em*vlrsdKrsKd;rSm 7 ueef;
jynfe,fr&Sdvdk@ 8 qvHk qvHk (rav;)
csif;vdkvlrsdKrsKd;trsm;}uD; 9 zGef; zGef; (ucsif)
cGJrjywmjzpfygvdrfhr,f? Edk@r[kwf&if
jrefrmjynfu “wdkif;&if;om;ta&twGuf” 300 ausmfoGm;Edkifyg w,f?

etzpm trSefpm&if;
&if;
 6

1 Arm 1
Arm (a,m/
xm;0,f/ bdwf)
2 xm;0,f Armpum;0Jtpk
3 bdwf Armpum;0Jtpk
4 a,m Armpum;0Jtpk
5 ,Adef; 2 ,Adef;
6 u'l; 3 u'l;ueef;
7 ueef; u'l;ueef;rsKd;E
G,fpk
8 qvHk qvHk
9 zGef; zGef;
9 pkpka 3š pkpkaygif;
ygif; 2

etzu ArmvlrsdKrsKd;pkta&twGufudk e0if;ausatmif 9 ckjy

xm;ygw,f? a,m/ xm;0,feJ@ bdwf wdk@udk oD;jcm;
vlrsdKrsKd;awGtjzpf jy xm;w,f? pum;0J dialect tpkuGJomjzpfw,fvdk@
rEk\aA'ynm &Sifrsm;eJ@ bmomaA'ynm&Sifrsm; owfrSwfxm;wm
tm;vHk;todygbJyJ? tcktcsdefxdawmh 'DtpkawG[m
oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd;o±kyfvuQ%meJ@ &yfwnf csifpdwf jyif;jy wm
us,fus,fjyef@jyef@r&Sdao;ygbl;? aemifrSmawmh bdwf eJ@xm;0,f[m
oD;jcm;o±kyfvuQ%meJ@ &yfwnfcsifvJ &yfwnfvm Ekdif ygw,f? etz[m
&Srf;jynfu oD;jcm;ArmvlrsdKrsKd;pktEG,f0if "Ek/ awmif±dk; eJ@
tif;om; udkawmh &Srf;vlrsdKrsKd;xJ xnfhxm;yg w,f?
u'l;eJ@ueef;udkvJvnf; cGJjyxm;ovdk ucsifjynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,fxJu
zGef;vlrsdKrsKd;eJ@ wdbuf-jrefrmtEG,fr[kwfwJh qvHkawGudk
ArmvlrsdKrsKd;xJxnfhxm;wmawG[m[m rEk\aA'tod
EHk@eJ&musygw,f? ppfudkif;wdkif;xJu em*awGusawmh csif;
vlrsdKrsKd;xJxnfhxm;ayrJh ucsifjynfe,fxJu u'l;ueef;awGudkawmh
ArmvlrsdKrsKd;xJ xnfhxm;w,f?
etz[m rGefudkawmh etzpm trSefp
wrsdKrsKd;xJbJyJjyxm;+yD; &if; m&if;
wjcm;rGefcrmrsdKrsKd;EG,fawGjzpfwJh 0/ 1 &ckdif &cdkif
yavmif/ ,if;euf ,if;usm; pwmawGudk 2 uref uref
&Srf;vlrsdKrsKd;awGxJxnfhjyxm;ygw,f? 3 crD; 'dkif;eu
etzpm trSefp f
&if; m&if; 4 'dkif;e r&rm}
1 rGef 1 rGef uf uD;
1 pkpkay 1 pkpkay 5 r&rm} ouf
gif; gif;
uD;
6 +rdK
7 ouf csif;-
crD;§+
rdK
 7

etzpm trSefpm
&if; &if;
1 &ckdif 1 &cdkif &cdkifvlrsdKrsKd;udk 7
2 uref 2 uref rsdKrsKd;pm&if;jyxm;&mrSm wu,fawmh
3 crDG; crD;csif; crGD; eJ@ +rdK (r±dk) [m &cdkif
4 'dkif;e 3 'dkif;euf jynfrSmaewJh crD;csif;awGjzpf+yD; etz&J@
uf csif; 53 rsdKrsKd;qdkwJhtxJyg+yD;jzpfygw,f?
5 r&rm} 4 r&rm}u 'ghtjyif crGD;eJ@+rdK [m
uD; D; oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd;ESpfrsdKrsKd;r[kwfbJ
6 +rdK crD;csif; wrsdKrsKd;wnf;atmufu
rsKd;EG, rsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJawGom jzpf ygw,f?
fpk etzpm&if;yg &Srf; 33 rsdKrsKd;uawmh
&Srf;wifrubJ ArmrsdKrsKd;EG,fawG/ wjcm;
7 ouf 5 ouf
wdbufArmrsdKrsKd;EG,fawG/
7 pkpka 5 pkpkayg
rGefcrmrsdKrsKd;EG,f awGpojzifh
ygif; if;
a&maxG;aeygw,f? &Srf;}uD;eJ@ wdkif;vHk
qdkwm wckwnf;jzpf+yD; &Srf;uav; eJ@ wdkif;avh [mvJvnf;
wrsdKrsKd;wnf; jzpf w,f? cEWD;&Srf; eJ@ wdkif;vsrf udkjyxm;ayrJh
wdkif;El (&Srf;w±kwf)/ wdkif;vd/ wdkif;vsef (&Srf;eD) eJ@ '&,f
udkcsefxm;w,f? wdkif; (&Srf;) vlrsdKrsKd;awG[m
oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd;awGtjzpf o±kyfvuQ%mcH,lrvm;/
wdkif;vlrsdKrsKd;xJu rsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJ/ pum;0J tpkuGJawGtjzpf om
cH,lrvm; qdkwmawmh qufvufazmfxkwf&tHk;rSm jzpfygw,f?
tif/ pHk/ 0 eJ@ wdkif;vG,f wdk@[m wrsdKrsKd;wnf; jzpfygw,f?
(wdkif;vG,f udkawmh oD;jcm;rGefcrmvlrsdKrsKd;wcktjzpf ,lvdk@
&Edkifw,f?) uGD eJ@ vm;[l ruGmovdk zsif eJ@ tcg vJvnf; twlwlygbJyJ?
yav; eJ@ yavmif wrsdKrsKd;wnf;jzpfovdk ajrmifZD;/ ,tdk (a,mif) eJ@
tdkufqG,f wrsdKrsKd;wnf;jzpf=uygw,f? e,fcsif;xdpyfaevdk@
,leefw±kwfvlrsdKrsKd;udk Armjynf&J@ wdkif;&if;om;
udk;uef@vlrsdKrsKd;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;wmawG@&ovdk ,Gef; (avm)
vlrsdKrsKd;/ crl (avm) vlrsdKrsKd;/ &Srf;uav; (0g) wdkif;avh (xdkif;)/
wdkif;vsrf (,leef) vlrsdKrsKd;wdk@udkvJvnf;
jrefrmEdkifiHwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdKrsKd;tjzpf
owfrSwfxm;wmawG@&w,f? csif;jynfbufrSm vJvnf; uonf; (r%dyl&)
vlrsdKrsKd;/ vif;bk (eDayg) vlrsdKrsKd;wdk@udk
wdkif;&if;om;owfrSwfxm;ayrJh tvm;wl Armjynfe,fedrdwf xJ
aexdkifaewJh wdkif;vd (,leef)/ yo#L; (rav;)/ wdbuf/ a*:&cg; (eDayg)/
ppfwaumif;om; (b*FgvD) (±dk[if*sm) wdk@udkawmh wdkif;&if;
om;tjzpf azmfjyxm;wmrawG@&ygbl;?

etzpm&if; trSefpm& ( &Srf;/ 1 wdkif;vHk

if; 3 &Srf;}uD;/ (wdkif;,dk
 8

) wdkif;vHk if) 1
1 1
( *Hk 2 wdkif;cGe ( awmif±dk; 1 awmif±d
1 f (*Hk) 1 2 k;
) )
2 1
( arm&Srf; 3 wdkif;arm 2
1 trSefpm
) &if;
3 ( "aem 1 "aem
( wdkif;vsrf 4 wdkif;vsrf 1 3
1 (,leef) )
) 1
4 3
( cEWD;&Srf; 5 wdkif;crf; ( vm;[l/ uGD 1 vm;[l
1 wD; 2 4
) )
5 1
( &Srf;uav;/ 6 wdkif;EGJ 4
2 wdkif;avh @ (xdkif;) ( aumf/ zsif 1 tcg
) 2 5
6 )
( ,Gef; (avm) 7 wdkif;,Ge 1
1 f; (avm) 5
) ( crl 1 crl (avm)
7 1 6
( yav;/ yavmif 8 yavmif )
2 1
) 6
8 ( ajrmifZD;/ 1 ajrmif
( 0/ tif/ pHk 9 0 3 a,mif/ 7
3 ) tdkufqG,f
) 1
9 7
( wdkif;vG,f 1 wdkif;vG, ( udk;uef@ 1 udk;uef@
1 0 f (0) 1 8 (w±kwf)
) )
1 1
0 8
( "Ek 1 "Ek ( tif;om; 1 tif;om;
1 1 1 9
) )
 9

1 )
9 2
( ytdk0f; 2 ytdk0f; 1
1 0 2 rdkif;om 2 rdkif;om
) 2 2
2 (
0 1
( ,if;usm;/ 2 ,if; )
2 ,if;euf 1 3 pkpkaygif; 2 pkpkaygif
3 2 ;

'gudkcsKyf=unfhvdkuf&if etzajymwJh wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdKrsKd;

135 rsdKrsKd;qdkwmrSm 77 rsdKrsKd;[m pm&if;xyfaewm/
vkyf}uHwnfxGifxm;wmjzpfae+yD; (58) rsdKrsKd;om
wu,ftrSeftuefjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'g[m ArmjynfrSm vlrsdKrsKd; 58
rsdKrsKd;om &Sdw,fvdk@ qdkvkdwmr[kwfygbl;? xref/
wdkif;vsefwdk@vdk 'Dpm&if;xJrygbJ usefaewJhvlrsdKrsKd;awG
&Sdygao;w,f? 58 rsdKrsKd;xJrSm ,Adef;/ "aem/ crlwdk@vdk
rsdKrsKd;wHk;vkqJqJ/ odk@r[kwf vlOD;a&&m*%ef;av;om&SdwJh
vlrsdKrsKd;awGvJvnf;&Sdao;w,f? 'ghtjyif oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd;tjzpf
trSwfvuQ%mopfcH,lvdkwJh odk@r[kwf rcH,lvdkwJh
rsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJawG &SdEdkifygao;w,f? &Srf;vlrsdKrsKd;uGJawGxJ u
oD;jcm;vuQ%mtrSwftom; rcH,lvdkwm&Sd&if 58
rsdKrsKd;xufavsmhEdkifygw,f? b,fvdkbJyJjzpfjzpf Armjynf&J@
wdkif;&if;om; vlrsdKrsKd;ta&twGuf[m 70 rausmfygbl;? 'gayrJh etz[m
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdKrsKd;ta&twGuf q,f*%ef;rjynfhvJvnf; ta=umif;
trsdKrsKd;rsdKrsKd;jy+yD; ppftm%m&SifpepfxlaxmifrSmygbJyJ?
etzpum;/ etzpm&if;awG[m b,fvdkrS pdwfcs,Hk=unfp&m r&Sdbl;
qdkwm&,f/ udk,ftkyfcsKyfaewJhEdkifiHxJu vlrsdKrsKd;awGudkawmif
rSefrSefuefuef pm&if;aumufEdkifwJh t&nftcsif;r&Sdbl; qdkwm
udkawmh 135 rsdKrsKd;pm&if;u oufaocHaeygw,f?
'gjzifh jrefrmEdkifiHvdk@ vuf&SdowfrSwfxm;wJh e,fedrdwftwGif;
aexdkifae=uwJhvlrsdKrsKd; b,fESpfrsdKrsKd;&SdovJ?
urBmay:rSm rlvueOD;vlrsdKrsKd; 5 rsdKrsKd;uawmh
rGef*dkvGdKuf/ aumhau;qGdKuf/ =opa=w;vGdKuf/ uGef*dGKuf eJ@
udyfyGdKuf wdk@jzpfygw,f? uGef*GdKufeJ@udyfyGdKufu
tmz&duwdkufu uy`vDrsdKrsKd;awGjzpf+yD; =opa=w;vGdKufuawmh
awmiftm&S-ta&S@ awmiftm&Suu|ef;awGeJ@
=opa=w;vswdkufwdk@rSmaewJh uy`vDawGjzpfw,f?
ArmjynfrSmvJvnf; rGef*dkvGdKufawG 0ifrvmcif u aecJh=u+yD;
&ckdif/ rGef/ Arm&mZ0ifawGrSm bDvl;-,uQawGtjzpf
o±kyfazmfowfrSwfcH&olawGjzpfygw,f? &ckdif/ rGef/ ysL/ Arm pwJh
 10

,Ofaus;r_tqifhjrifhvlrsdKrsKd;awGu
vlrsdKrsKd;wHk;okwfoifarmif;xkwfwmcH&vdk@
vuf&SdArmjynfe,fedrdwfxJu aysmuf oGm;+yD jzpfygw,f?
vuf&SdjrefrmjynfzGm;tm;vHk;vdkvdk[m
rGef*dkvGdKufawGbJyJjzpfygw,f? tm&Sta&S@ydkif;u
wjcm;vlrsdKrsKd;awGvkdbJyJ arG; uif;pcav;wifyg;u
trnf;rSwf}uD;awG[m rGef*dkvGdKuftrSwftom;jzpfygw,f? etzawG
rsufpdrSdwfajymaeovdk jrefrm [m
wjcm;wdkif;jynfawGu0ifvmwmr[kwfbJ yHkawmifyHknmwdk@/
tnmom;wdk@/ EG,facG-jy'g;vif;wdk@uae ay:aygufvm
w,fqdkwmr[kwfa=umif; rGef*dktrSwfawGu oufaocHaeygw,f?
tapmydkif;ausmufacwfvlom;awGuawmh =opa=w; vGdKufawGbJyJ
jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh =opa=w;vGdKufvlrsdKrsKd;qdkwmvJvnf; 'Dtifat
(ADZarmfvDusL;) ppfaq;csuft& tmz&duwdkuf rSm
pwifaygufzGm;+yD;rS tmz&dutjyifudk rGef*dkvGdKuft&ifxGufvmwJh
[dkrdkaqysefvlom;awGjzpfygw,f? Armjynf odk@r[kwf
tm&Swdkufwae&m&mrSm ,ae@acwfvlom;awG pwifaygufzGm;wm
vHk;0r&Sdygbl;? tu,fI tnmom; odk@r[kwf EG,facG
[dkrdktD&ufwyfvlom;uae jzpfxGef;vmwm&Sd&ifvnf;
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH zavm&pPu|ef;rSm ausmufjzpf
±kyfºuGif;awG@wJh tqifhedrfhvlykrsdKrsKd;awGvdk
,uQvl±dkif;rsdKrsKd;awGbJyJjzpfvm+yD; tmz&duwdkufuxGufvmwJh/
ydktod^m%fjrifhrm;wJh rGef*dkvGdKufvlrsdKrsKd;
[dkrdkaqysefvlom;awGu okwfoifypfvdkufvdk@
rsdKrsKd;jyKwfoGm;+yDjzpfw,f?
jrefrmjynfa&mufrGef*dkvGdKufawGudk t&ifuawmh wdbuf-Arm/
xdkif;-&Srf;-w±kwf eJ@ rGef-crm qdkwJh yifrvlrsdKrsKd;&if; }uD; 3
rsdKrsKd;uaeaygufzGm;vmw,fvdk@ ,lqowfrSwfcJh=uw,f?
tckaemufqHk; rEk\aA'eJ@ bmomaA'avhvmcsuft& awmh wdbuf-
w±kwfvlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD;uae wdbuf-ArmvlrsdKrsKd;}uD;eJ@
w±kwfvlrsdKrsKd;}uD;jzpfvm+yD; xdkif;-&Srf;awGuawmh w±kwf
eJ@rqdkifwJh oD;jcm; wdkif;-u'dkifvlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD;uae
aygufyGm;vmwmjzpfw,f? ArmjynfxJenf;enf;yJ&Sd+yD; w±kwf/ avm/
xdkif; EdkifiHwdk@rSm ydkrsm;rsm;&SdwJh
ajrmifvlrsdKrsKd;awGuvnf; w±kwf/ &Srf;wdk@eJ@rqdkifwJh
oD;oef@ajrmifvlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD;jzpfygw,f?
rGef-crmvlrsdKrsKd;awG[m =opx±dkat;&Sm;wpfqdkwJh
yifrvlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD;uaeaygufzGm;vmwmjzpf+yD; qvHk/ yo#L;
(rav;) vlrsdKrsKd;awGuawmh =opx±kdeD;&Sef;qkdwJh
yifrvlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD;u aygufzGm;vmwmjzpfygw,f?
wcsdKcsKd@ynm&SifawGu =opx±kdat;&Sm;wpf eJ@
=opx±kdeD;&Sef; vlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD; 2 ckudk =opx&pf qdkwJh
 11

r[mvlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD;uaeaygufzGm;vmwmvkd@ ,lqayrJh
ynm&Siftm;vHk;oabmrwlvufrcHao;ygbl;? (=opx&pf[m
=opa=w;vGdKufeJ@rqdkifbJ rGef*dkvdGKufrsdKrsKd;jzpfygw,f)
'gha=umifh vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHe,fedrdwftwGif;u
vlrsdKrsKd;awGudk yifrvlrsdKrsKd;&if;t&cGJ=unfh&if
rGef*kdvGdKufawGjzpfwJh —
1? wdbuf-w±kwfvlrsdKrsKd;&if;
2? wdkif;-u'dkifvlrsdKrsKd;&if;
3? =opx±dkat;&Sm;wpfvlrsdKrsKd;&if;
4? =opx±kdeD;&Sef;vlrsdKrsKd;&if;
5? ajrmifvlrsdKrsKd;&if;
aumhau;qGdKufawGjzpfwJh
6? tif'dkOa&myvlrsdKrsKd;&if; qdkwJh vlrsdKrsKd;&if; 6
ckawG@&ygw,f?
wdbuf-w±kwfvlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD; uae wdbuf-
ArmvlrsdKrsKd;&if; eJ@ w±kwfvlrsdKrsKd;&if; qdk+yD;
ESpfckuGJoGm;ygw,f? w±kwf vlrsdKrsKd;&if;xJu
vuf&SdjrefrmEdkifiHe,fedrdwfxJa&mufaewmuawmh udk;uef@
w±kwfvlrsdKrsKd;jzpfygw,f? udk;uef@w±kwfqdkayrJh uefwHk/
zl;usifhw±kwfawGvdk udk;uef@bmompum; oD;oef@r&SdbJ
ref'gvDw±kwfpum;bJyJ ajym=uw,f? wdbuf-ArmvlrsdKrsKd;&if; uae
*sdef;azm/ u&if/ uluD;-csif;-em*/ vdkvdk-Arm/ EHk;
pwJhjrefrmEdkifiHae vlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJawGeJ@ [dr0EWm/
ajrmuftmoH/ arhao; pwJh eDayg/ wdbuf/ tmoH/ r%dyl&ae
vlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJawG jzpfvmygw,f?
*sdef;azmvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ uae *sdef;azm/ xref/ u'l;ueef;/
ouf/ 'dkif;euf eJ@ em* vlrsdKrsKd;awGjzpfvmw,f?
u'l;ueef;vlrsdKrsKd;udk oufvlrsdKrsKd;vdk@vnf; ac:=uw,f?
'Duae@rSmawmh ,Ofaus;r_t& u'l;ueef;vlrsdKrsKd;[m &Srf;awG
ArmawG eJ@eD;pyf oGm;+yD; &cdkifjynfbufu ouf/ 'dkif;euf
vlrsdKrsKd;awGuawmh &cdkifvlrsdKrsKd;eJ@eD;pyfoGm;w,f?
bmompum;ydkif;rSmawmh &cdkif jynfu Ak'<bmom0if
oufeJ@'dkif;eufvlrsdKrsKd;awGrSm
rl&if;bmompum;awGaysmufoGm;+yD; tif'dktm&D,HrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ
u b*FgvD-tmoHtpk0if bmompum;wrsdKrsKd;udk ajymaew,f?
Ak'<bmom0if 'dkif;euf ac: csuUrmvlrsdKrsKd;[m Armjynf (&cdkifjynf)
xJrSmxuf b*Fvm; a'h&SfxJrSm ydkOD;a&rsm;w,f?
u&ifvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ uae paumu&if/ ydk;u&if/ bGJu&if/
u,m;/ u,ef;/ ytdk0f; vlrsdKrsKd;awGjzpfvmw,f? ydk;u&ifrSm
ta&S@ydk;u&if (zvHk) eJ@
taemufydk;u&ifrsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJawG&Sdovdk bGJu&ifxJrSm
a*bm;rsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJ&Sdao;w,f? u,m;/ u,ef; vlrsdKrsKd;awGvnf;
 12

bGJu&ifxJtusHK;0ifayrJh tcktcg oD;jcm; identity vuQ%mtrSwftom;udk

cH,lae=u+yDjzpfw,f? ytdk0f;vlrsdKrsKd;[mvnf;
ydk;u&ifxJtusHK;0ifayrJh tck oD;jcm;vuQ%mtrSwftom; cH,lxm;w,f?
u,m;vlrsdKrsKd;xJrSm u,m;/ ua,m (y&J@)/ rEl;raem/ ,if;wvJ
vlrsdKrsKd;awGxyfjzpfvm+yD; u,ef; vlrsdKrsKd;xJrSm ya'gif/ a*cdk/
,if;abmf (uief)/ vx (Z,drf;) rsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJawG&Sdw,f?
vxvlrsdKrsKd;udk ytdk0f;vlrsdKrsKd;uvnf;
bmoma&;eJ@,Ofaus;r_eD;pyfwma=umifh rdrdwdk@&J@
wd,efrsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJtjzpfowfrSwfayrJh bmompum;&if;jrpft&
u,ef;vlrsdKrsKd;eJ@ ydkeD;pyfygw,f? ,Ofaus;r_t&awmh u,m;/ u,ef;/
ua,m/ rEl;raem/ ,if;wvJvlrsdKrsKd;awG[m u&ifeDvlrsdKrsKd;EG,fawG
jzpf=uygw,f?
uluD;-csif;-em*vlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ uae uluD;csif;/
ZdkrD;csif;/ vdkifrD;csif;/ r&m/ rDZdkcsif; (vl±d_if;)/
csdKcsKdrD;csif;/ ±d_rD;csif;/ crGD; csif; (+rdK) eJ@ em*
vlrsdKrsKd;awG jzpfvmw,f? a&S@u 8 rsKd;[m csif; vlrsKd;awGtjzpf
trsm;uowfrSwfxm;w,f? rDZdkeJ@csif;/ uluD;csif;awG[m
tdENd,EdkifiHbufrSm OD;a&ydkrsm;w,f? +rdK ac: crGD;csif;
vlrsdKrsKd;[m &cdkifvlrsdKrsKd;eJ@eD;pyfoGm;w,f?
*sif;azmvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJu qifhyGm;vmwJhem* eJ@ uluD;-csif;
-em*vlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJu qifhyGm; vmwJhem*vlrsdKrsKd;awG[m
tcktcgrSm em* vlrsdKrsKd;qdkwJh oD;jcm;trSwftom;wckwnf; cH,lxm;
=uw,f? *sdef;azmEG,fem* awGu aemufaumf/ yHkndK/ 0JavmifpwJh
em*rsdKrsKd;EG,fawGjzpf+yD; csif;EG,fem*awGuawmh wefcl;/
yg&m/ qGrfr&mpwJh em*rsdKrsKd; EG,fawG jzpfygw,f?
vdkvdk-ArmvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ uae Arm eJ@ vdkvdk
vlrsdKrsKd;tkyfpkuGJoGm;+yD; Armtkyfpk rSm
ajrmufydkif;ArmtpkeJ@ awmifydkif; Armtpk/ vdkvdktkyfpk rSmvnf;
ajrmufydkif;vdkvdktpkeJ@ awmifydkif;vdkvdktpk xyfuGJw,f?
ajrmufydkif;Armtpk uae r±l/ v&SD/ tZD; (Zdkif0g;)/ zGef;/
rdkif;om (tmcsef) vlrsdKrsKd;awG jzpfvmw,f? rdkif;omvlrsdKrsKd;u
w±kwfEdkifiHrSm trsm;pkae+yD; &Srf;w±kwfvlrsdKrsKd; vdk@vnf;
owfrSwfcH&avh&Sdw,f?
awmifydkif;Armtpk uae Arm/ &cdkif/ r&rm}uD;/ xm;0,f
(+rdwf)/ "Ek/ awmif±dk;/ tif;om;/ ,Adef; vlrsdKrsKd; awG
jzpfvmygw,f? Arm xJrSmawmh a'otvdkuf a,m/ rif;wkef;/ xm;0,f/
bdwfpojzifh av,lavodrf;uGJoGm;=uw,f? Ak'<bmom0if
r&rm}uD;uawmh rl&if;bmompum;aysmufoGm;+yD;
tif'dktm&D,eftpk0if b*FgvD-tmoHpum;ajymaew,f?
ajrmuf ydkif;vdkvdktpk rSm vDql; (vDa&Sm-a,m,if)
vlrsdKrsKd;awGyg0if+yD; awmifydkif;vdkvdktpk uawmh tcg eJ@
vm;[l vlrsdKrsKd;awG jzpfvmw,f?
 13

&ckdifvlrsdKrsKd; [m wdbuf-ArmvlrsdKrsKd;&if;ujzpfayrJh
tif'dktm&D,efaoG;vnf; aESmoGm;wJhyHk&Sdygw,f? 'Dtifatenf;
ynmeJ@rS twdtusodEdkifrSmjzpfygw,f?
uAsmq&marmifatmifyGifhajymovdk a,bk,stm;jzifhawmh
cav;aygufpwifyg; rSm trnf;rSwfyg&if rGef*dkvGdKufaoG;
ydkrsm;wmjzpfvdrfhr,f? &ckdifjynf "n0wD/ a0omvDacwfrSm
tif'dktm&D,efEG,fawG tajccsaexdkifcJh&mu ,leefuae
Armjynftv,fydkif;udk0ifvmwJh a&S;OD;ArmawG[m ausmufqnf/
rif;bl;uwqifh &cdkif ±dk;rausmf+yD; at'D 957 rSm &ckdifjynfxJudkyg
tvHk;t&if;eJ@wdk;0iftajccs&mu tif'dktm&D,efEG,fawGtay: wdbuf-Arm
tEG,fawG v$rf;rdk;aoG;aESmoGm;+yD; ,ae@acwf
&cdkifvlrsdKrsKd;awG jzpfvmyHk&ygw,f? tJ'DumvwHk;u
yk*HjynfrxGef;um;cif jzpfvdk@ yk*HjynfppfwyfawGu
&cdkifa0omvDjynfudkwdkufwJhoabmr[kwfbJ ,leefuae
a&=unf&mjrufEk&ma&$@ajymif; e,fopf&SmvmwJh rGef*dkvdGKuf
wdbuf-ArmEG,fawGu a0omvDudkwdkuf+yD;
&cdkifjynfxJ0iftajccswJhoabmjzpfygw,f?
a&S;a[mif;wdbuf-ArmvlrsdKrsKd;awGjzpfwJh
ysLeJ@urf;,Huawmh b,frsdKrsKd;&if; b,ftpkujzpfvmw,fqdkwm twd
tusrod&ygbl;? a,me,fu awmifom;awG[m ysLtEG,fvkd@ajymayrJh
taotcsmpdppfzdk@ vkdygao;w,f? ytdk0f;vlrsdKrsKd; [m
ysLvlrsdKrsKd;uqif;oufw,fvdk@ wcsdKcsKd@ajymwmvJvnf;
cdkifrmr_r&Sdyg? urf;,HvlrsdKrsKd;[m 'Duae@ 'dkif;euf (csuUrm)
vlrsdKrsKd; jzpfoGm; w,fvdk@ tqdkwckvnf;&Sdygw,f?
u&ifvlrsdKrsKd;/ u,ef;vlrsdKrsKd;awGudk
urf;,HvlrsdKrsKd;uqif;oufw,fvdk@ ajymwm&SdayrJh
taxmuftxm;r&Sdyg? ouf (u'l;ueef;) uawmh
*sdef;azmvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJrSmygw,fvdk@ bmomaA'eJ@
rEk\aA'ynm&Sif awGu owfrSwfxm;w,f?
EHk;vlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ u &0rf vlrsdKrsKd;awGjzpfvmw,f?
x±Hk/ '±l;/ EHk;/ 'avmifrsdKrsKd;EG,fuGJawGyg0ifw,f?
'Dae@umvrSmawmh *sdef;azmvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJu
*sdef;azmvlrsdKrsKd;/ vdkvdk-ArmvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ
ajrmufydkif;Armtpk0if r±l/ v&SD/ tZD;vlrsdKrsKd;rsm;/
EHk;vlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJu &0rfvlrsdKrsKd;awG[m ,Ofaus;r_t& ucsif
vlrsdKrsKd;EG,fawG jzpfoGm;yg+yD?
[dr0EWmvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ ujzpfvmwJh wdbuf/ vif;bk/
a*:&cg; vlrsdKrsKd;awG/ arhao;vlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ ujzpfvmwJh
r%dyl& uonf; (arhao;) vlrsdKrsKd;awG[mvnf; e,fajrcsif;eD;pyfr_t&
uae@ Armjynfe,fedrdwfxJ aexdkifae=uwmawG@&w,f?
a*gwrAk'<&J@vlrsdKrsKd;jzpfwJh omuD,vlrsdKrsKd;uawmh
[dr0EWmvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ ujzpf+yD; vkdvdk-ArmvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ
 14

ur[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifh waumif;tbd&mZm[m ArmrsdKrsKd;EG,f

odk@r[kwf Armjynfa'ocHxJuwdbuf-ArmrsKd;EG,fawGxJu r[kwfygbl;?
wdkif;-u'dkifvlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD; xJu urf-
wdkif;vlrsdKrsKd;&if; uae &Srf;/ xdkif;/ avmvlrsdKrsKd;awG
jzpfvm=uw,f? w±kwf/ AD,uferf/ avm/ jrefrmeJ@
tdENd,EdkifiHtmoHjynfe,fwdk@rSm tESH@tjym;aexdkif=uw,f?
tmoHu t[krf&Srf;awGuawmh tcktcg &Srf;pum;rajym=uawmhbJ
tif'dktm&D,efpum;ajym [dENLbmomudk;uG,folawG jzpfoGm;yg+yD?
urf-wkdif;vlrsdKrsKd; &if;uaygufzGm;vmwJh &Srf;
vlrsdKrsKd;awGuawmh wdkif;,dkif (&Srf;}uD;)/ wdkif;arm (arm&Srf;)/
wdkif;El-acwdkif;El (&Srf;w±kwf)/ wdkif;cGef (*Hk&Srf;)/
wdkif;crf;wD; (ylwmtdkcEWD;&Srf;)/ wdkif;vsef (&Srf;eD)/ '&,f
vlrsdKrsKd;wdk@jzpf+yD; jrefrmEdkifiHe,fedrdwftwGif;rSmvnf;
awG@&wJh/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawGrSmt"duaewJh
&Srf;vlrsdKrsKd;awGuawmh xdkif; (wdkif;EGJ@)/ avm (wkdif;,Gef;)/
,leefjynfe,f qpf aqmifyem;&Srf; wdkif;vk (wdkif;vd)/ ,leefjynfe,f
rkef;vifrf&Srf; wdkif;vifrf wdk@jzpfygw,f? 'D&Srf;vlrsdKrsKd;awG[m
oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd; wrsdKrsKd;pDtjzpf vuQ%mtrSwftom; identity
cH,lrvm;/ &Srf;vlrsdKrsKd;wrsdKrsKd; odk@r[kwf 3-4 rsdKrsKd;xJu
rsdKrsKd;EG,fpkuGJ/ pum;0J tpkuGJawGtjzpfyJ
trSwftom;cH,lrvm;qdkwmawmh oufqdkif&m&Srf;vlrsdKrsKd;awGuom
qHk;jzwfygvdrhfr,f?
=opx±kdat;&Sm;wpfvlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD; uae rGef-
crmvlrsdKrsKd;&if; eJ@ rk¾vlrsdKrsKd;&if;qdk+yD; 2
ckcGJxGufvmw,f? rk¾vlrsdKrsKd; &if;uawmh
tdENd,EdkifiHrSm&Sd+yD; rGef-crmvlrsdKrsKd;&if; uae AD,uferf/
crm (uarBm'D;,m;) vlrsdKrsKd;awGeJ@ jrefrmEdkifiHrSmawmh rGef
vlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ eJ@ ajrmufydkif;rGefcrmvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ 2
ckjzpfvmw,f? rGefvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ rSm rGef
vlrsdKrsKd;wrsdKrsKd;bJyJygw,f? ajrmufydkif;rGefcrm
vlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ xJygwJh crltpk u crl vlrsdKrsKd;[m
jrefrmjynfrSmenf;enf;bJyJ&Sd+yD; avm/ w±kwfEdkifiHwdk@rSm
ydkrsm;w,f? ajrmufydkif; rGefcrmvlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJxJu yavmiftpk
rSmawmh ta&S@yavmiftpki,f uae yavmif/ ,if;euf,if;usm;/ "aem
vlrsdKrsKd;awG jzpfvm+yD; taemufyavmiftpki,f uae 0/ wdkif;vG,f
vlrsdKrsKd;awGjzpfvmw,f? rEk\aA't& ta&S@ taemuf owfrSwf csufeJ@
vufawG@yx0Dt&wnf&Sdaewm ajymif;jyefjzpfaeygw,f?
=opx±dkeD;&Sef;vlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD; uawmh urBmrSm
vlrsdKrsKd;ta&twGuftrsm;qHk;vlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD;jzpfayrJh
jrefrmjynfrSm awmh rav;-ay:vDeD;&Sef;vlrsdKrsKd;&if;
rav;vlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ armfuif;tpk xJu armfuif; (qvHk)
vlrsdKrsKd;bJyJ&Sd+yD; rav;vlrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ rav;tpk xJu rav;
 15

(yo#L;) vlrsdKrsKd;vnf; e,fajrcsif;eD;pyfr_a=umifh jrefrmjynfxJrSm

ae=uwm&Sdw,f?
ajrmifvlrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD; xJuvlrsdKrsKd;awGuawmh w±kwf/
avm/ xdkif;EdkifiHwdk@rSm ydkrsm;rsm;ae=u+yD; ajrmif/ a,mif/
r_H/ ar#mh pojzifh trsdKrsKd;rsdKrsKd;ac:=uw,f? ArmjynfrSmawmh
ajrmifZD; (a,mif/ ajrmif) vdk@ od=uw,f?
tif'dkOa&myrsdKrsKd;&if;}uD;
tif'dktm&D,efrsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ xJrSmawmh &cdkifjynfu uref
vlrsdKrsKd;awG[m &cdkiftifyg,m acwf aumif;pOf 16-17
&mpkawGrSm &cdkifbk&ifxH vmppfr_xrf;=uwJh ukvm;awGuae
qif;oufvmwmjzpf+yD; tmz*efepPwef u yxef/ tD&efu yg;&Sm;/ r*dk
eJ@ b*FgvDawGtygt0if ukvm;trsdKrsKd;rsdKrsKd;yg0ifcJhayrJh
tcktcgrSmawmh uref (av;onfawmf) vlrsdKrsKd;tjzpfom cH,lae=uw,f?
16 &mpkuwnf;u aevmwmjzpfwJhtwGuf wdkif;&if;om;ppfppf
&cdkifrlqvifqkdwm urefvlrsdKrsKd;awGbJyJ jzpfygw,f? ,cktcg
rdcifbmompum;tjzpf &cdkifpum;yJajymwJh rlqvifbmom0ifawGjzpfw,f?
e,fajrcsif;eD;pyfvdk@ t*FvdyfudkvdkeDacwfrSm
tvHk;t&if;eJ@0ifvm+yD;aewJh tif'dktm&D,ef rsdKrsKd;&if;cGJ
b*FgvD –tmoHtpk xJu ppfwaumif;om; (±kd[if*sm) vlrsdKrsKd;vnf;
jrefrmEdkifiHe,fedrdwftwGif; aexdkifaeygw,f?
tJ'gawGuawmh ArmjynfrSmaexdkifae=uwJh vlrsdKrsKd;awGudk
pm&if;aumuf=unfhwmjzpfygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm vlrsdKrsKd;
qdkwmowfrSwfzdk@tcsufawGtjzpf rdrdudk,fudkrdrd
oD;oef@vlrsdKrsKd;tjzpf trSwftom; identity cH,lrcH,l/ bmomaA'
rEk\aA'eJ@ ,Ofaus;r_t& oD;oef@vuQ%mtrSwftom;&Sdr&SdeJ@bJyJ
wdkif;wmygw,f? a,bk,stm;jzifhawmh ArmjynfrSm
vufeufudkifawmfvSefa&;vkyfwJh odk@r[kwf
vufeufudkifwyf&SdwJhvlrsdKrsKd;awG/ 1988-90 rSm
EdkifiHa&;ygwDaxmifcJhwJh vlrsdKrsKd; awGudk
oD;jcm;vlrsdKrsKd;awGtjzpf aumif;aumif;}uD;owfrSwfvdk@&ygw,f?
tcka&wGufazmfjyxm;wJh jrefrmjynfzGm;vlrsdKrsKd; (67)
rsdKrsKd;xJu wcsdKcsKd@[m tdrfeD;csif;wdkif;jynfawGrSm
yifrtrsm;pk&SdwJhvlrsdKrsKd;awGjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh
tJovdkjzpfwdkif;vnf; jrefrm wdkif;&if;om;pm&if;xJu
y,fvdk@r&Edkifygbl;? bmha=umifhvJqdkawmh em*vlrsdKrsKd;qdk&if
tdENd,EdkifiHbufrSmydkrsm;ovdk ucsif vlrsdKrsKd;awGvnf;
w±kwfjynfbufrSm enf;enf;ydkrsm;wm odk@r[kwf
rwdrf;r,drf;&SdwmrsdKrsKd;jzpfvdk@yg? 'ga=umifh jrefrmEdkifiH
wdkif;&if;om;vdk@ b,folawGudk owfrSwfrvJqdkwm
tjiif;yGm;p&mawG tawmfhudk&Sdygw,f? tJ'DtwGuf usaemhftaeeJ@
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;vdk@ roHk;E_H;rac:a0:bJ
jrefrmjynfzGm;vlrsKd;rsm; vdk@om oHk;E_H;vdkufygw,f?
 16

&nf!¸ef;? 1) Ethnologue 2) Encyclopedia Brittanica 3) Encyclopedia Encarta 4)

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;

*gr%d